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  • Embryo Transfer Day in Thailand: What to Expect Step by Step

    Understanding Embryo Transfer Day

    Embryo transfer is a crucial step in your IVF journey. On this day, a carefully selected embryo is placed into your uterus. While the procedure is typically quick and painless, knowing what to expect can help you feel more at ease. This guide walks you through a typical transfer day in Thailand, from arrival to post-transfer instructions. Remember, every clinic may have specific protocols, so always confirm details with your treating team.

    At a Glance: Key Points for Transfer Day

    • Arrive at the clinic with a full bladder as instructed.
    • Bring your passport and any required documents.
    • Follow your doctor’s medication schedule exactly.
    • The transfer procedure itself usually takes only a few minutes.
    • After transfer, you can resume normal activities but avoid strenuous exercise.

    Before the Transfer: Preparation Steps

    Medication and Instructions

    Your clinic will give you specific instructions for medications leading up to the transfer. These may include progesterone supplements to prepare your uterine lining. Follow the schedule precisely and ask if you have any doubts.

    Bladder Preparation

    You may be asked to come with a full bladder, as this helps the doctor visualize your uterus via ultrasound. Drink water as directed, but avoid overfilling to prevent discomfort.

    What to Bring

    Bring your passport, any medical records, and a list of current medications. Also, have a phone charger and a book or music to help you relax while waiting.

    Arrival at the Clinic

    Plan to arrive at the clinic at your scheduled time. Check-in may involve confirming your identity and reviewing your treatment plan. You might have a final ultrasound to check your uterine lining and bladder fullness.

    The Embryo Transfer Procedure

    Step-by-Step Process

    1. You will lie on an examination table, similar to a gynecological exam.
    2. The doctor will insert a speculum to visualize your cervix.
    3. A thin, flexible catheter is passed through the cervix into the uterus.
    4. The embryo, loaded in a small drop of fluid, is gently placed into the uterine cavity.
    5. The catheter is removed, and you may rest for a short period.

    The entire procedure typically takes only a few minutes. You may feel mild cramping or nothing at all.

    After the Transfer: Post-Transfer Instructions

    After the transfer, you will rest for a short while before being discharged. Your clinic will provide instructions for the following days, which may include:

    • Continuing progesterone and other medications as prescribed.
    • Avoiding heavy lifting and vigorous exercise.
    • Resuming normal daily activities, including work, unless advised otherwise.
    • Noting any symptoms to report, such as severe pain or heavy bleeding.

    You will likely have a pregnancy test scheduled about two weeks after the transfer. Ask your clinic when to take it and what to do if you have questions.

    Checklist for Transfer Day

    • Confirm appointment time and location with your clinic.
    • Follow medication schedule and bladder instructions.
    • Pack your passport, documents, and personal items.
    • Arrange transportation to and from the clinic.
    • Wear comfortable clothing.
    • Have a light meal unless instructed otherwise.
    • Bring a list of questions for your doctor.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the exact time of my transfer?
    • Should I have a full bladder? How much water should I drink?
    • Are there any restrictions on food or drink before the procedure?
    • What medications should I take on the day of transfer?
    • How long will the procedure take?
    • What are the post-transfer instructions?
    • When will I have a pregnancy test?

    Travel and Logistics for International Patients

    If you are traveling to Thailand for your transfer, plan to stay for at least a few days after the procedure. Discuss your travel plans with your clinic to ensure you have adequate time for rest and any follow-up appointments. Confirm visa requirements and travel insurance coverage with relevant authorities.

    Emotional Preparation

    Embryo transfer can be emotionally charged. It’s normal to feel a mix of hope and anxiety. Consider bringing a supportive partner or friend, and practice relaxation techniques such as deep breathing. Remember that the outcome is not guaranteed, and it’s important to have realistic expectations.

    Next Steps

    After your transfer, focus on following your clinic’s instructions and taking care of your physical and emotional well-being. If you have any concerns, don’t hesitate to contact your clinic. For more information about the IVF process in Thailand, explore our resources on embryo transfer in Thailand and IVF in Thailand. You can also review our treatment process overview and information for international patients.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does an embryo transfer procedure take?

    The actual embryo transfer procedure typically takes only a few minutes. However, you should expect to spend a few hours at the clinic for preparation, the procedure, and a short rest afterward.

    Is embryo transfer painful?

    Most women experience little to no pain during embryo transfer. You may feel mild cramping similar to menstrual cramps. The procedure is usually well-tolerated without anesthesia.

    Can I travel immediately after embryo transfer?

    It is generally recommended to avoid long-distance travel immediately after transfer. Discuss your travel plans with your clinic, as they may advise you to rest for a day or two before flying.

    What should I eat on embryo transfer day?

    You can eat a light meal before the procedure unless your clinic advises otherwise. Avoid foods that may cause bloating or discomfort. Stay hydrated, but follow your clinic's instructions about fluid intake for bladder filling.

    When will I know if the transfer was successful?

    A pregnancy test is usually scheduled about two weeks after the transfer. Your clinic will provide specific instructions on when and how to take the test.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding IVF Success Rates: What They Do and Don’t Tell You

    When you start researching IVF, success rates are often the first numbers you see. But these figures can be misleading if you don’t know what they actually measure. This guide explains the difference between pregnancy and live birth rates, why patient age and other factors matter, and how to compare success rates meaningfully—especially if you’re considering treatment in Thailand.

    At a Glance: Key Points About IVF Success Rates

    • Success rates are not a single number; they depend on the patient’s age, diagnosis, and treatment approach.
    • Live birth rate is more meaningful than pregnancy rate, as not all pregnancies result in a live birth.
    • Clinics may report different types of rates (e.g., per cycle, per embryo transfer), so always ask for clarification.
    • Comparing rates across clinics without adjusting for patient demographics is not reliable.
    • In Thailand, international patients should consider how their own characteristics align with the clinic’s reported data.

    What Do IVF Success Rates Actually Measure?

    IVF success rates are typically reported as the percentage of cycles that result in a pregnancy or a live birth. However, the definition of a “cycle” can vary. Some clinics report success per egg retrieval, others per embryo transfer, and some per started cycle. Each denominator gives a different impression.

    For example, a clinic might report a high success rate per embryo transfer, but if many cycles are canceled before transfer, the overall success per started cycle could be lower. Always ask which denominator is used.

    Pregnancy Rate vs. Live Birth Rate: Why It Matters

    A pregnancy rate usually refers to a positive pregnancy test or the presence of a fetal heartbeat on ultrasound. However, not all pregnancies progress to a live birth. Miscarriage rates are higher in older women and with certain genetic conditions. Therefore, the live birth rate—the percentage of cycles that result in a live baby—is a more meaningful measure of success.

    When you see a clinic advertising a high pregnancy rate, ask for the live birth rate as well. The difference between the two can be significant.

    Why Patient Age and Other Factors Affect Success Rates

    IVF success is strongly influenced by the age of the woman providing the eggs. Younger women typically have higher success rates because they have more healthy eggs. Other factors include the cause of infertility, previous pregnancies, and lifestyle factors like smoking.

    Clinics often report success rates broken down by age group, such as under 35, 35-37, 38-40, and over 40. When comparing clinics, look for the age group that matches your own situation. A clinic with excellent results for women under 35 may not have the same success for women over 40.

    How to Compare IVF Success Rates in Thailand

    If you’re considering IVF in Thailand, you’ll want to compare success rates among clinics. However, direct comparisons are only valid if the patient populations are similar. Some clinics may treat a higher proportion of older women or women with complex medical histories, which can lower their overall success rates.

    Ask each clinic for their live birth rates per cycle, broken down by age group. Also, ask about their policy on transferring multiple embryos, as this can affect success rates and the risk of multiple pregnancies.

    Remember that success rates are just one factor in choosing a clinic. Consider the clinic’s experience, laboratory standards, and the support they offer international patients.

    Questions to Ask a Clinic About Success Rates

    • What is your live birth rate per started cycle, and how is a “cycle” defined?
    • Do you report success rates separately for different age groups?
    • What is your policy on single vs. multiple embryo transfer?
    • How many cycles do you typically perform per year?
    • What is your cancellation rate before embryo transfer?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    When you have gathered success rate data from several clinics, compare them with your own profile in mind. If you are over 40, focus on the rates for that age group. If you have a specific diagnosis, ask if the clinic has data for patients with similar conditions.

    Remember that success rates are historical data and do not guarantee your outcome. Use them as a starting point for discussions with your doctor, not as a definitive predictor.

    For more information, explore our guides on IVF and PGT, or visit our FAQ section for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between pregnancy rate and live birth rate in IVF?

    Pregnancy rate is the percentage of cycles that result in a positive pregnancy test or a heartbeat on ultrasound. Live birth rate is the percentage of cycles that result in a live baby. Live birth rate is a more accurate measure of success because it accounts for miscarriages and stillbirths.

    Why do IVF success rates vary by age?

    IVF success rates decline with age because the number and quality of a woman's eggs decrease over time. Younger women typically have higher success rates because they have more healthy eggs that are more likely to fertilize and develop into a viable embryo.

    How can I compare IVF success rates between clinics in Thailand?

    To compare success rates, ask each clinic for their live birth rate per started cycle, broken down by age group. Ensure the clinics are reporting the same type of rate and consider whether their patient population is similar to yours. Also, ask about their embryo transfer policies and cancellation rates.

    What is a good IVF success rate?

    There is no single 'good' success rate because it depends on many factors, especially the patient's age. For women under 35, live birth rates per cycle are often higher than for older women. Instead of looking for a universal number, compare rates for your specific age group and medical situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Embryo Storage Fees in Thailand: What to Expect Per Year

    Understanding Embryo Storage Fees in Thailand

    If you are considering IVF in Thailand and planning to freeze embryos for future use, one of the practical questions is: what will it cost to store them each year? Embryo storage fees are separate from the initial IVF cycle and embryo freezing procedure. They cover the ongoing cryopreservation (freezing) and maintenance of your embryos in a laboratory’s storage tanks.

    In Thailand, annual storage fees vary by clinic and by the number of embryos stored. While exact prices depend on the clinic and your specific situation, understanding how fees are structured can help you plan financially and avoid surprises.

    At a Glance: Key Points About Embryo Storage

    • Annual storage fees are typically charged per year, often per embryo or per batch.
    • Fees usually cover laboratory storage, monitoring, and administrative costs.
    • Contracts may include terms about payment schedules, renewal, and what happens if fees are not paid.
    • Ask about discounts for multi-year prepayment or if you store multiple embryos.
    • Confirm whether the fee includes any future handling, such as thawing or transfer preparation.

    How Embryo Storage Fees Are Structured

    Clinics in Thailand generally structure embryo storage fees in one of two ways:

    • Per embryo per year: You pay a set amount for each embryo stored annually.
    • Per batch or per cycle: You pay a flat annual fee for all embryos from one IVF cycle, regardless of how many are stored.

    Some clinics may also charge an initial setup or documentation fee when you first freeze embryos, but this is usually part of the IVF package. The annual storage fee is what you will pay each year to keep your embryos in the lab.

    What the Annual Fee Typically Covers

    While the exact inclusions vary, annual embryo storage fees generally cover:

    • Storage in cryopreservation tanks with liquid nitrogen.
    • Monitoring of storage conditions and temperature.
    • Security and backup systems to protect your embryos.
    • Administrative record-keeping.

    Some clinics may include a yearly review or communication about your storage status. However, the fee usually does not include future procedures like thawing, genetic testing, or embryo transfer. Those are separate costs you will incur when you decide to use your embryos.

    Contract Terms and Renewal Policies

    Before you sign a storage agreement, ask about the contract terms. Key points to clarify include:

    • Billing cycle: Is the fee charged annually in advance? When is the renewal date?
    • Payment methods: Can you pay by bank transfer, credit card, or in person?
    • Renewal reminders: Will the clinic notify you before your storage period ends?
    • What happens if you miss a payment? Some clinics may have a grace period, while others may require you to sign a consent form for disposal if fees are not paid.
    • Transfer of embryos: If you move to another clinic, what is the process and cost for transporting your embryos?

    It is important to keep your contact information up to date with the clinic so you do not miss renewal notices.

    What Happens If You Do Not Pay Storage Fees?

    If you stop paying storage fees, the clinic will typically try to contact you. Policies vary, but common practices include:

    • A grace period (e.g., 30-90 days) to make the payment.
    • If no payment is received, the clinic may ask you to sign a form to discard the embryos or donate them for research or to another couple, depending on your prior consent.
    • In some cases, the clinic may continue to store embryos but charge late fees.

    Because policies differ, it is critical to read your storage agreement carefully and ask about the clinic’s specific procedure for non-payment.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About Storage Fees

    When comparing clinics or before signing a storage agreement, ask these questions:

    • What is the annual storage fee per embryo or per batch?
    • Are there any additional fees for the first year, such as an initial setup fee?
    • Does the fee include any future handling, like thawing or preparation for transfer?
    • Is there a discount for paying multiple years in advance?
    • What is the clinic’s policy if I miss a payment?
    • How will I be reminded to renew my storage?
    • Can I transfer my embryos to another clinic, and what are the costs?
    • Are there any long-term storage limits?

    Getting clear answers will help you compare costs and avoid unexpected charges.

    Budgeting for Long-Term Storage

    Embryo storage is often an ongoing cost that you may need to budget for over several years. When planning your finances, consider:

    • How many embryos you plan to store.
    • How long you expect to store them (e.g., until you complete your family).
    • Potential future costs for using the embryos, such as thawing and transfer.
    • Whether your insurance or any package covers storage (most do not).

    Some clinics may offer package deals that include a certain number of years of storage with your IVF cycle. Ask about such options.

    Next Steps: What to Do Now

    1. Contact your IVF clinic or potential clinics to request their current embryo storage fee schedule.
    2. Ask for a written copy of the storage agreement and review the terms.
    3. Clarify all costs, including any additional fees for handling or disposal.
    4. Set up a reminder for your annual renewal date.
    5. Keep your contact details updated with the clinic.

    For more information on IVF costs in Thailand, see our IVF cost guide. If you need help understanding your options, visit our patient resources or contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    How much does embryo storage cost per year in Thailand?

    Annual embryo storage fees in Thailand vary by clinic and by the number of embryos stored. Some clinics charge per embryo, while others charge a flat fee per batch or cycle. Exact prices depend on the clinic's policy and your specific situation, so it is best to request a current fee schedule directly from the clinic.

    Are embryo storage fees included in the IVF package?

    Some IVF packages may include the first year of storage or a limited storage period, but ongoing annual storage fees are usually separate. Check your IVF package details and ask the clinic if any storage is included and for how long.

    What happens if I don't pay my embryo storage fees in Thailand?

    If you do not pay storage fees, the clinic will typically contact you and may offer a grace period. If payment is not made, the clinic may ask you to sign a consent form to discard or donate the embryos, depending on your prior instructions. Policies vary, so it is important to understand your clinic's specific terms.

    Can I transfer my embryos to another clinic in Thailand?

    Yes, it is usually possible to transfer embryos to another clinic, but there may be costs for preparation, transportation, and the receiving clinic's storage fees. Contact both clinics to understand the process and any requirements.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing Cost in Thailand: What’s Included and What’s Extra

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is an optional add-on to IVF that screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. In Thailand, the cost of PGT-A is not a single fixed price; it is built from several components. Understanding what is typically included in a package and what may be billed separately helps you compare quotes fairly and avoid surprises.

    At a glance: PGT-A cost components

    • Biopsy – the procedure to remove a few cells from each embryo
    • Genetic analysis – the laboratory testing of those cells
    • Shipping and handling – if embryos are sent to an external lab
    • Biopsy freezing – cryopreservation of embryos after biopsy
    • Consultation and follow-up – genetic counseling and result interpretation

    What is typically included in a PGT-A package?

    Most IVF clinics in Thailand offer PGT-A as an add-on to an IVF cycle, either as a package or as itemized charges. A package often bundles the biopsy procedure, the genetic analysis of a set number of embryos, and sometimes the initial consultation. However, the exact inclusions vary by clinic.

    When you receive a quote, ask for a detailed breakdown. Common inclusions in a PGT-A package may be:

    • Embryo biopsy (often performed on day 5 or day 6 blastocysts)
    • Genetic analysis of a specified number of embryos (for example, up to 8 or 10)
    • Local shipping to the genetic laboratory if it is off-site
    • One follow-up consultation to discuss results

    Some clinics may also include the cost of freezing embryos after biopsy, but this is not universal. Always confirm whether the package covers the entire biopsy-to-result process or only part of it.

    What is usually extra?

    Even with a package, certain costs may be billed separately. These can include:

    • Additional embryos – if you have more embryos than the package covers, each extra embryo may incur an additional analysis fee.
    • Repeat biopsy – if a biopsy fails or the sample is insufficient, a second attempt may cost extra.
    • International shipping – if you are using a lab outside Thailand or need expedited transport.
    • Embryo freezing and storage – annual storage fees are often separate from the PGT-A package.
    • Genetic counseling – some clinics include it, others charge separately.
    • Medication and monitoring – the IVF cycle itself, including stimulation drugs and blood tests, is usually not part of the PGT-A fee.

    Because these extras can add up, ask for a written itemized quote that lists every potential charge.

    Why prices vary between clinics

    PGT-A pricing in Thailand is not standardized. Differences arise from:

    • Laboratory type – in-house labs may have different pricing than external labs.
    • Technology used – next-generation sequencing (NGS) is common, but some labs may use other methods.
    • Number of embryos tested – packages often have tiered pricing based on quantity.
    • Clinic location – Bangkok clinics may have different overhead than those in other cities.
    • Included services – some packages bundle more services than others.

    When comparing, look beyond the headline price and compare the total cost of the entire IVF cycle with PGT-A, including all potential extras.

    Questions to ask when comparing PGT-A quotes

    To make a fair comparison, ask each clinic the same set of questions. Here are key ones:

    • What exactly does the PGT-A package include? (biopsy, analysis, shipping, consultation?)
    • How many embryos are covered by the quoted price?
    • What is the cost per additional embryo beyond the package limit?
    • Are there any additional charges for biopsy freezing or embryo storage?
    • Is the genetic testing done in-house or at an external laboratory? If external, are shipping costs included?
    • What happens if a biopsy sample is insufficient – is there a repeat biopsy fee?
    • Are there any hidden fees, such as administrative charges or result delivery fees?
    • Is genetic counseling included in the price?

    Request a written quote that itemizes each component. This helps you compare apples to apples.

    How to plan your budget

    When budgeting for PGT-A in Thailand, consider the full IVF cycle cost, not just the PGT-A add-on. Your budget should include:

    • IVF cycle fees (consultation, monitoring, egg retrieval, embryo culture)
    • PGT-A biopsy and analysis
    • Embryo freezing and storage (if applicable)
    • Medications
    • Travel and accommodation (if you are coming from abroad)
    • Potential extra cycles if no embryos are suitable for transfer

    Because PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy, some patients plan for the possibility of multiple cycles. Discuss with your doctor how many embryos you might expect and what that means for your overall budget.

    Next steps

    If you are comparing IVF clinics in Thailand for PGT-A, start by requesting detailed quotes from several clinics. Use the questions above to guide your conversations. Also, review our resources on PGT-A cost considerations and overall IVF costs in Thailand to understand the broader financial picture. For personalized assistance, you can contact our team or explore patient resources for more guidance.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is typically included in a PGT-A package in Thailand?

    A PGT-A package usually includes the embryo biopsy procedure, genetic analysis of a set number of embryos, and sometimes local shipping and a follow-up consultation. However, inclusions vary by clinic, so always ask for a detailed breakdown.

    What are common extra costs for PGT-A in Thailand?

    Common extras include charges for testing additional embryos beyond the package limit, repeat biopsy if needed, embryo freezing and storage, international shipping, and genetic counseling if not included. Always ask for an itemized quote.

    Why do PGT-A prices vary between clinics in Thailand?

    Prices vary due to differences in laboratory type (in-house vs. external), technology used, number of embryos covered, clinic location, and what services are bundled. Comparing total IVF cycle costs, not just PGT-A fees, is important.

    How can I compare PGT-A quotes fairly?

    Ask each clinic the same questions about inclusions, number of embryos covered, additional embryo costs, biopsy freezing, shipping, and potential hidden fees. Request a written itemized quote to compare accurately.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M for Balanced Translocation: What Carriers Should Know

    If you or your partner carry a balanced translocation, you may be exploring IVF with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) to reduce the chance of miscarriage or a child with a chromosomal imbalance. In Thailand, clinics offer several types of PGT, and the terminology can be confusing. This guide explains the differences between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR, how they relate to balanced translocations, and what to consider when planning your treatment.

    At a Glance: Key Points

    • Balanced translocation carriers often have normal health but may face fertility challenges.
    • PGT-A screens for chromosome number abnormalities (aneuploidy) in embryos.
    • PGT-M tests for a specific genetic condition, such as a single-gene disorder.
    • PGT-SR is designed to detect structural rearrangements like balanced translocations.
    • PGT-SR is often the most relevant test for translocation carriers, but it may be combined with PGT-A or PGT-M depending on your situation.
    • No test guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy child; all have limitations.

    Understanding Balanced Translocations

    A balanced translocation is a chromosomal rearrangement where segments of two chromosomes have swapped places, but the total amount of genetic material is normal. Carriers usually have no health problems themselves, but they may produce eggs or sperm with unbalanced chromosomes, leading to miscarriages, infertility, or a child with developmental issues.

    If you are a carrier, you may have been advised to consider IVF with PGT to select embryos that are chromosomally balanced or normal. However, the type of PGT you need depends on the specific translocation and your reproductive history.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. It does not look for specific structural rearrangements like translocations. Instead, it identifies embryos with missing or extra chromosomes, which are a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage.

    For balanced translocation carriers, PGT-A can be useful because it may detect embryos with unbalanced chromosomes that result from the translocation. However, PGT-A is not designed to distinguish between a balanced translocation carrier and a completely normal embryo. Both may appear normal on PGT-A because they have the correct amount of genetic material.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is used to test for a specific single-gene condition, such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease. It requires a prior genetic diagnosis in the family and involves building a test specific to that mutation.

    PGT-M is not typically used for balanced translocations unless the translocation disrupts a specific gene or is associated with a known genetic syndrome. In such cases, PGT-M might be combined with PGT-SR to address both the translocation and the gene disorder.

    What Is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is specifically designed to detect structural chromosomal abnormalities, including balanced translocations, inversions, and other rearrangements. It can identify embryos that carry the balanced translocation (like the parent) and those that are completely normal, as well as those with unbalanced chromosomes.

    For balanced translocation carriers, PGT-SR is often the most appropriate test because it directly assesses the translocation. However, PGT-SR may not be available at every clinic, and its accuracy depends on the laboratory’s technology and expertise.

    Comparing PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR

    Test What It Screens For Relevance to Balanced Translocation
    PGT-A Chromosome number (aneuploidy) May detect unbalanced embryos but cannot distinguish balanced carriers from normal
    PGT-M Specific single-gene disorder Only if the translocation is linked to a gene disorder
    PGT-SR Structural rearrangements (e.g., translocations) Directly identifies balanced, unbalanced, and normal embryos

    Which Test Is Right for You?

    The choice between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR depends on your specific translocation, your medical history, and the recommendations of your fertility specialist. In many cases, PGT-SR is the primary test for translocation carriers, but it may be combined with PGT-A to also screen for common aneuploidies.

    If you have a balanced translocation and are considering IVF in Thailand, you should ask your clinic:

    • Do you offer PGT-SR? If not, what alternatives are available?
    • How many embryos are typically biopsied, and what is the expected turnaround time for results?
    • What is the laboratory’s experience with balanced translocations?
    • Will PGT-A be performed in addition to PGT-SR, and why?
    • What are the limitations of the test in terms of detecting mosaicism or other complexities?

    Limitations and Considerations

    No genetic test can guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child. PGT-SR and PGT-A have limitations, including the possibility of inconclusive results, mosaicism (when an embryo has both normal and abnormal cells), and the risk of embryo damage during biopsy.

    Additionally, PGT cannot prevent all genetic conditions, and some embryos may be deemed unsuitable for transfer even if they are balanced. It is important to discuss the potential outcomes and limitations with your genetic counselor and fertility team.

    Next Steps: Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before starting treatment, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • What type of PGT do you recommend for my specific translocation, and why?
    • How many embryos are typically available for testing after IVF?
    • What is the cost of PGT-SR, PGT-A, and PGT-M, and are there additional fees for biopsy or shipping?
    • How long does it take to receive results, and how does that affect the timing of a frozen embryo transfer?
    • Do you have a genetic counselor on staff to help interpret results?

    Taking the time to understand your options can help you make an informed decision that aligns with your family goals.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect balanced translocations?

    PGT-A screens for the correct number of chromosomes, so it can detect embryos with unbalanced chromosomes that may result from a translocation. However, it cannot distinguish between a balanced translocation carrier and a completely normal embryo, as both have the correct amount of genetic material.

    What is the difference between PGT-SR and PGT-A?

    PGT-SR is specifically designed to detect structural rearrangements like balanced translocations, while PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (missing or extra chromosomes). PGT-SR can identify whether an embryo carries the balanced translocation, is completely normal, or has an unbalanced arrangement.

    Is PGT-M ever used for balanced translocations?

    PGT-M is used for single-gene disorders. It may be relevant if the translocation disrupts a specific gene or is associated with a known genetic syndrome. In such cases, PGT-M might be combined with PGT-SR to address both the translocation and the gene disorder.

    What are the limitations of PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR has limitations, including the possibility of inconclusive results, mosaicism, and the risk of embryo damage during biopsy. It also cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child. Discuss these limitations with your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M for Aneuploidy Screening in Thailand: What’s the Difference?

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand, you may have come across terms like PGT-A and PGT-M. Both are types of preimplantation genetic testing, but they serve different purposes. This guide explains the difference, focusing on which test screens for aneuploidy, and how they may be used together.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A screens embryos for aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes).
    • PGT-M tests for specific genetic mutations that one or both parents carry.
    • They answer different questions and can be used together in some cases.
    • Neither test guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What Is Aneuploidy?

    Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with an extra or missing chromosome is considered aneuploid. Many aneuploid embryos do not implant or result in miscarriage, and some can lead to conditions such as Down syndrome.

    PGT-A is designed to detect aneuploidy in embryos created through IVF before transfer.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. It screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities, specifically looking for extra or missing chromosomes. This test can help identify embryos that are more likely to implant and develop normally, but it does not guarantee success.

    PGT-A is sometimes recommended for women of advanced maternal age, couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage, or those who have had multiple failed IVF cycles. However, it is not necessary for everyone.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M stands for preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders. It is used when one or both parents carry a specific genetic mutation that could cause a serious inherited condition, such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease. PGT-M tests embryos for that particular mutation, allowing the transfer of embryos that do not carry it.

    PGT-M is not a general screening test; it is targeted to a known genetic risk.

    Key Differences: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screens for aneuploidy (chromosomal number abnormalities) Tests for a specific genetic mutation
    Who may consider it People with concerns about embryo chromosome health Couples with a known inherited condition
    What it detects Extra or missing chromosomes Presence or absence of a specific mutation
    Can it be used together? Yes, with PGT-M Yes, with PGT-A

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M Be Used Together?

    Yes, in some situations, both tests may be performed on the same embryo. For example, if a couple carries a genetic mutation and also wants to screen for aneuploidy, they might use PGT-M to select embryos without the mutation and PGT-A to select embryos with a normal chromosome number. This combined approach can provide more information, but it is not always necessary or available.

    Discuss with your clinic whether combined testing is appropriate for your situation.

    What About PGT-SR?

    You may also hear about PGT-SR, which stands for preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements. This test is used when one parent has a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation, that could lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos. PGT-SR is different from PGT-A and PGT-M, but it also aims to identify embryos with a higher chance of implantation.

    How Are These Tests Performed?

    PGT is performed on embryos created through IVF. After fertilization, embryos are cultured for several days. A small number of cells are then biopsied from each embryo, usually on day 5 or day 6. These cells are sent to a laboratory for genetic analysis. The results help guide which embryos to consider for transfer.

    The biopsy process is delicate and requires specialized expertise. The testing itself is done in a genetics laboratory, which may be located within the clinic or at an external facility.

    What Do the Results Mean?

    PGT-A results typically categorize embryos as:

    • Euploid – normal number of chromosomes
    • Aneuploid – abnormal number of chromosomes
    • Mosaic – a mix of normal and abnormal cells

    PGT-M results indicate whether an embryo carries the specific mutation tested for. However, results are not always black and white. Mosaic embryos, for example, may have varying levels of abnormal cells, and their potential is still being studied.

    It is important to discuss your results with a genetic counselor or your doctor to understand what they mean for your specific situation.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it has limitations:

    • It does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • It cannot detect all genetic conditions or birth defects.
    • It involves an invasive biopsy, which carries a small risk to the embryo.
    • It is not necessary for everyone and may not be recommended for all patients.
    • Results can be inconclusive or show mosaicism, which can be difficult to interpret.

    Before deciding on PGT, consider your medical history, age, and personal preferences. A fertility specialist can help you weigh the potential benefits and risks.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, ask your clinic:

    • Which type of PGT do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    • Does your laboratory have experience with PGT-A and PGT-M?
    • How long will it take to get results?
    • What are the costs involved, and are they separate from IVF?
    • How do you handle mosaic or inconclusive results?
    • Is genetic counseling available?

    Next Steps

    If you are exploring PGT in Thailand, take these steps:

    1. Research clinics that offer PGT and understand their approach.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your medical history and testing options.
    3. Ask about the laboratory used for genetic analysis.
    4. Clarify costs and timelines.
    5. Consider speaking with a genetic counselor.

    For more information, see our PGT in Thailand guide, explore other guides, or check our FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A screen for aneuploidy?

    Yes, PGT-A is specifically designed to screen embryos for aneuploidy, which is an abnormal number of chromosomes. It can identify embryos with extra or missing chromosomes, which may affect implantation or development.

    Can PGT-M detect aneuploidy?

    No, PGT-M is not designed to detect aneuploidy. It tests for a specific genetic mutation that one or both parents carry. If you need both aneuploidy screening and mutation testing, you may consider using PGT-A and PGT-M together.

    Is PGT-A necessary for everyone doing IVF?

    No, PGT-A is not necessary for everyone. It may be recommended for certain situations, such as advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, or previous failed IVF cycles. Your doctor can help you decide if it is appropriate for you.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (chromosome number abnormalities), while PGT-SR is used when one parent has a structural rearrangement of chromosomes, such as a translocation. Both aim to identify embryos with a higher chance of implantation, but they address different types of chromosomal issues.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M for HLA Matching in Thailand: What Patients Need to Know

    Understanding PGT-A and PGT-M

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used to screen embryos created through IVF before transfer. Two common types are PGT-A and PGT-M. PGT-A (aneuploidy testing) checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes, which can affect implantation or lead to miscarriage. PGT-M (monogenic testing) looks for specific single-gene disorders, such as thalassemia, and can also be used to identify embryos with a particular tissue type, known as HLA matching.

    For patients who already have a child with a condition like thalassemia or a blood disorder, PGT-M can help select an embryo that is both free of the genetic condition and a tissue match for the existing child. This allows the birth of a healthy sibling whose umbilical cord blood or bone marrow could potentially be used for treatment.

    Why PGT-A Alone Is Not Enough for HLA Matching

    HLA (human leukocyte antigen) typing is a genetic test that determines tissue compatibility. PGT-A does not examine HLA genes; it only counts chromosomes. Therefore, PGT-A cannot tell you whether an embryo is a match for a sibling. To achieve HLA matching, PGT-M must be performed using a specific test designed to identify the HLA type of each embryo.

    In some cases, clinics may combine PGT-A and PGT-M in the same IVF cycle. This means embryos are screened for both chromosomal abnormalities and the specific genetic condition, as well as HLA type. However, PGT-A alone will not provide the information needed for HLA matching.

    How PGT-M for HLA Matching Works in Thailand

    In Thailand, PGT-M for HLA matching is offered at specialized fertility centers. The process typically involves several steps:

    1. Consultation and genetic counseling: You will meet with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor to discuss your family history, the genetic condition involved, and the feasibility of HLA matching.
    2. IVF cycle: You undergo ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, and the eggs are fertilized with sperm in the laboratory to create embryos.
    3. Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo, usually on day 5 or 6 of development.
    4. Genetic testing: The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for PGT-M, which includes testing for the specific genetic disorder and HLA typing.
    5. Embryo selection: Only embryos that are both unaffected by the genetic condition and HLA-matched to the existing child are considered for transfer.
    6. Frozen embryo transfer: A suitable embryo is thawed and transferred to your uterus.

    It is important to note that the entire process requires careful planning and coordination between the fertility clinic and the genetics laboratory. Not all clinics in Thailand may offer PGT-M for HLA matching, so you will need to confirm availability and specific protocols with the clinic you choose.

    Key Differences Between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screen for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) Detect specific single-gene disorders and HLA type
    What it tests Number of chromosomes Specific gene mutations and HLA markers
    Can it select for HLA match? No Yes, when designed for that purpose
    Typical use To improve implantation chances and reduce miscarriage risk To avoid passing on a genetic disease and to find a tissue match for a sibling
    Combination Often used alone or with PGT-M May be combined with PGT-A for additional screening

    Considerations for Patients Seeking HLA-Matched Embryos

    If you are considering PGT-M for HLA matching in Thailand, there are several factors to keep in mind:

    • Genetic counseling: You will need to understand the inheritance pattern of the condition and the probability of having an HLA-matched, unaffected embryo. This is not guaranteed, and the number of suitable embryos may be limited.
    • Legal and ethical aspects: HLA matching for the purpose of creating a “savior sibling” may be regulated in some countries. In Thailand, you should discuss the legal framework with your clinic and possibly seek independent legal advice.
    • Cost: PGT-M for HLA matching is more complex and expensive than standard PGT-A. Costs can vary significantly between clinics, so you should request a detailed breakdown.
    • Time: The entire process, from initial consultation to embryo transfer, may take several months. Be prepared for potential delays.
    • Success rates: The chance of achieving a pregnancy and a live birth depends on many factors, including your age, the number of embryos available, and the quality of the laboratory. No clinic can guarantee a successful outcome.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before proceeding, consider asking the following questions:

    • Does your clinic offer PGT-M for HLA matching?
    • What is the experience of your genetics laboratory with HLA typing?
    • How many embryos are typically needed to have a reasonable chance of finding an HLA match?
    • What is the cost of PGT-M for HLA matching, and what does it include?
    • Are there any legal restrictions in Thailand regarding HLA matching?
    • What is the timeline from start to embryo transfer?

    Next Steps

    If you are ready to explore PGT-M for HLA matching in Thailand, here is a simple checklist:

    1. Research fertility clinics that offer PGT-M and have experience with HLA matching.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your specific situation.
    3. Ask for a referral to a genetic counselor who can explain the testing process and implications.
    4. Request a detailed cost estimate and timeline.
    5. Clarify any legal or ethical questions with the clinic or a legal professional.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, you can visit our PGT in Thailand page. You may also find our guides helpful, and check our FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A be used for HLA matching?

    No, PGT-A only screens for chromosomal abnormalities and does not test HLA type. HLA matching requires PGT-M, which is specifically designed to identify tissue compatibility.

    Is PGT-M for HLA matching available in Thailand?

    Yes, some fertility clinics in Thailand offer PGT-M for HLA matching, but availability may vary. You should confirm with the clinic directly and ask about their experience with this specific testing.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M for HLA matching?

    Success rates depend on many factors, including the number of embryos produced, the genetic condition involved, and the laboratory's expertise. There is no guarantee of finding an HLA-matched embryo or achieving a pregnancy. Discuss your individual chances with your clinic.

    Is PGT-M for HLA matching legal in Thailand?

    Legal regulations may apply to HLA matching for medical purposes. It is essential to consult with your clinic and possibly seek legal advice to understand the current legal framework in Thailand.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Success Rates in Thailand: What to Expect

    PGT-A Success Rates in Thailand: A Realistic Overview

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand, you have likely come across PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy). This test screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. Many patients ask: “What are the success rates with PGT-A in Thailand?” The short answer is that PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy or live birth, but it can help you choose embryos with the best chance of implanting and developing. Success rates vary widely based on your age, embryo quality, and clinic protocols. This guide explains what PGT-A measures, how success is reported, and what factors influence your chances.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-A

    • PGT-A screens embryos for abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy).
    • It does not improve embryo quality; it helps select embryos more likely to be chromosomally normal.
    • Success rates are often reported as live birth per transferred embryo, but this varies by age and embryo quality.
    • PGT-A is not necessary for everyone; your doctor can advise based on your history.
    • In Thailand, many IVF clinics offer PGT-A, but outcomes depend on lab standards and your individual situation.

    What Is PGT-A and How Does It Work?

    PGT-A is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. A few cells are removed from the embryo (usually at the blastocyst stage, around day 5 or 6) and analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities. Embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid) are considered viable for transfer. Those with missing or extra chromosomes (aneuploid) often fail to implant or result in miscarriage.

    This test is different from PGT-M (for single-gene disorders) and PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements). PGT-A focuses on chromosome number, not specific genetic diseases.

    How Are PGT-A Success Rates Measured?

    Success rates can be reported in several ways, and it is important to understand the difference:

    • Live birth per transferred embryo: The most meaningful measure for patients. It tells you the chance that a single transferred embryo results in a live birth.
    • Ongoing pregnancy rate: The percentage of pregnancies that progress past a certain point (e.g., 12 weeks).
    • Clinical pregnancy rate: The presence of a fetal heartbeat on ultrasound.
    • Euploidy rate: The percentage of embryos that are chromosomally normal. This is not a success rate but a laboratory measure.

    When clinics quote “success rates,” ask exactly what they are measuring. A high clinical pregnancy rate may not translate to a live birth.

    Factors That Influence PGT-A Success in Thailand

    Several factors affect your chances of a successful PGT-A cycle:

    Maternal Age

    Age is the strongest predictor of embryo aneuploidy. Women under 35 have a higher proportion of normal embryos, while women over 40 have fewer. Therefore, PGT-A success rates are higher in younger women simply because they are more likely to have at least one euploid embryo for transfer.

    Embryo Quality and Development

    Embryos that reach the blastocyst stage and have good morphology are more likely to be euploid. However, even high-grade embryos can be aneuploid. PGT-A adds genetic information to morphological assessment.

    Laboratory Standards and Biopsy Technique

    The accuracy of PGT-A depends on the laboratory’s experience and the biopsy method. In Thailand, clinics may use different platforms (e.g., next-generation sequencing). Ask about the lab’s accreditation and how many cycles they perform annually.

    Number of Embryos Available

    To benefit from PGT-A, you need a sufficient number of embryos to test. If you produce few embryos, the chance that at least one is euploid decreases.

    Clinic-Specific Protocols

    Each clinic has its own protocols for ovarian stimulation, embryo culture, and transfer. These can affect the number and quality of embryos you produce.

    What Do Published Success Rates Show?

    While specific Thailand-specific published rates are not available in this guide, international studies show that transferring a euploid embryo results in higher implantation and live birth rates per transfer compared to transferring an untested embryo, especially in women of advanced maternal age. However, the overall chance of a live birth per cycle may not be higher because some cycles produce no euploid embryos.

    In Thailand, many clinics report success rates on their websites, but these are not standardized. Always ask for the clinic’s own data, broken down by age group and transfer type.

    Is PGT-A Right for You?

    PGT-A is not for everyone. It is often recommended for:

    • Women over 35
    • Couples with recurrent miscarriage
    • Previous failed IVF cycles
    • Severe male factor infertility

    However, it adds cost and time to the IVF process. Some couples may not need it, especially younger women with no known fertility issues. Discuss your specific situation with a fertility specialist.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About PGT-A Success

    When evaluating clinics in Thailand, ask these questions:

    • What is your live birth rate per transferred euploid embryo for my age group?
    • How many PGT-A cycles do you perform per year?
    • What genetic testing platform do you use, and is your lab accredited?
    • How do you handle embryos with no result or mosaic results?
    • What is the cost of PGT-A, and are there additional fees for biopsy or storage?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    Before committing to PGT-A in Thailand, take these steps:

    1. Gather your medical history and any previous IVF results.
    2. Consult with a fertility specialist to determine if PGT-A is appropriate.
    3. Research clinics and ask for their success data.
    4. Consider the emotional and financial investment.
    5. Prepare questions for your initial consultation.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool to help you make informed decisions, not a guarantee. Your doctor can guide you based on your unique circumstances.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the success rate of PGT-A in Thailand?

    Success rates vary widely depending on maternal age, embryo quality, and clinic protocols. There is no single national rate. Ask your clinic for its live birth rate per transferred euploid embryo, broken down by age group.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a live birth?

    No. PGT-A helps select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which increases the chance of implantation and reduces miscarriage risk, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or live birth. Other factors, such as uterine receptivity and embryo quality, also matter.

    Is PGT-A worth the extra cost in Thailand?

    For some patients, especially those over 35 or with recurrent miscarriage, PGT-A may reduce the number of failed transfers and miscarriages. However, it adds significant cost and may not be necessary for everyone. Discuss the potential benefits and limitations with your doctor.

    How long does PGT-A testing take in Thailand?

    PGT-A typically adds about 2-4 weeks to the IVF process because embryos must be biopsied and sent to a lab for analysis. This may require a frozen embryo transfer in a subsequent cycle. Your clinic will provide a specific timeline.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M for Single Gene Disorders: What Patients in Thailand Should Know

    PGT-A vs PGT-M: What’s the Difference?

    If you carry a single gene disorder (also called a monogenic condition), you may be exploring preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) as part of your IVF journey. Two common types of PGT are PGT-A and PGT-M. While both involve testing embryos created through IVF, they answer different questions.

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It is often used to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy, especially for people of advanced maternal age or those with recurrent miscarriage.

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) looks for a specific genetic mutation that causes a particular single gene disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. If you or your partner carry a known mutation, PGT-M can identify embryos that do not inherit the disorder.

    For patients with a known single gene disorder, PGT-M is usually the necessary test. PGT-A alone cannot tell you whether an embryo carries your specific mutation. In some cases, both PGT-A and PGT-M may be performed together, but they serve distinct purposes.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A: Checks chromosome number (aneuploidy). Does not test for specific gene mutations.
    • PGT-M: Tests for a specific single gene mutation. Requires prior genetic testing of parents and often other family members.
    • PGT-SR: Tests for structural rearrangements of chromosomes (e.g., translocations). Sometimes relevant if you also have a chromosome issue.
    • Which one?: If you have a known single gene disorder, PGT-M is essential. PGT-A may be added for chromosome screening.

    Why PGT-M Is Necessary for Single Gene Disorders

    Single gene disorders are caused by mutations in a specific gene. PGT-M is designed to detect whether an embryo has inherited that mutation. Without PGT-M, you cannot know if an embryo is affected by the condition you carry.

    PGT-A, on the other hand, only counts chromosomes. An embryo can have a normal number of chromosomes but still carry a disease-causing mutation. Therefore, PGT-A is not a substitute for PGT-M when you have a known monogenic disorder.

    In some situations, your clinic may recommend doing both PGT-A and PGT-M. This is because embryos that are free of the mutation may still have chromosome abnormalities that could affect implantation or lead to miscarriage. Combining both tests can provide more complete information, but it also adds complexity and cost.

    How PGT-M Works

    PGT-M is a multi-step process that begins before you start an IVF cycle. Here is a general overview:

    1. Genetic counseling and testing: You and your partner will meet with a genetic counselor. The specific mutation must be identified through genetic testing of you, your partner, and sometimes other family members.
    2. IVF and embryo biopsy: After eggs are retrieved and fertilized, embryos are grown in the lab for several days. A few cells are then removed from each embryo (biopsy).
    3. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are analyzed for the specific mutation. This requires a customized test for your family’s mutation.
    4. Embryo selection: Embryos that do not carry the mutation are considered for transfer.

    Because PGT-M requires a personalized test, it is not a one-size-fits-all procedure. The laboratory needs time to develop and validate the test before your cycle begins.

    PGT-A: What It Can and Cannot Do

    PGT-A is often used to select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes. It can help reduce the risk of miscarriage due to aneuploidy and may improve the efficiency of IVF by avoiding transfer of embryos that are unlikely to implant.

    However, PGT-A does not test for single gene mutations. If you have a known monogenic disorder, PGT-A results will not tell you whether an embryo is affected by that condition. Therefore, PGT-A is not a replacement for PGT-M.

    Some patients may choose to have both PGT-A and PGT-M. This can be beneficial because it provides two layers of information: the specific mutation status and the chromosome status. But it also means more testing, which can increase the time and cost of the IVF cycle.

    PGT-SR: When Chromosome Structure Matters

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is used when one or both parents have a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation. This can cause embryos to have missing or extra chromosome segments, leading to miscarriage or birth defects.

    If you have a single gene disorder, PGT-SR is not typically needed unless you also have a known chromosomal rearrangement. Your genetic counselor can help determine if PGT-SR is relevant for your situation.

    Choosing Between PGT-A and PGT-M in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, you will likely work with an IVF clinic that offers genetic testing services. The choice between PGT-A and PGT-M depends on your medical history and genetic status.

    For patients with a known single gene disorder, PGT-M is the primary test. PGT-A may be added if you also want chromosome screening. Some clinics may offer a combined approach, but this is not always necessary.

    When researching clinics in Thailand, ask about their experience with PGT-M for your specific condition. Not all laboratories may have the capability to develop a customized test for every mutation. It is important to confirm that the clinic can handle your case.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • Do you offer PGT-M for my specific single gene disorder?
    • How long does it take to develop a personalized PGT-M test?
    • Can you perform PGT-A and PGT-M together on the same embryo biopsy?
    • What is the success rate for embryos that are free of the mutation?
    • What are the limitations of PGT-M? Are there any embryos that may have unclear results?
    • What is the cost of PGT-M, and does it include genetic counseling and test development?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Confirm your genetic diagnosis and the specific mutation with a genetic counselor.
    2. Research IVF clinics in Thailand that offer PGT-M for your condition.
    3. Ask about the laboratory’s experience with your type of mutation.
    4. Discuss whether PGT-A is also recommended in your case.
    5. Understand the timeline, including the time needed for test development.
    6. Clarify all costs and what they include.

    PGT is a personal decision. It is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child, but it can provide valuable information to help you make informed choices. Always consult with your medical team to determine the best approach for your situation.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect single gene disorders?

    No. PGT-A only checks for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It does not test for specific gene mutations. If you have a known single gene disorder, you need PGT-M to determine whether an embryo carries the mutation.

    Is PGT-M necessary if I have a single gene disorder?

    Yes, if you want to identify embryos that do not carry the specific mutation causing your disorder. PGT-M is the only type of PGT that tests for a particular monogenic condition. PGT-A cannot provide that information.

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, in many cases both tests can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. This provides information about both the specific mutation and chromosome number. However, not all clinics may offer combined testing, so it is important to ask.

    How long does PGT-M take in Thailand?

    The timeline can vary. PGT-M requires a personalized test to be developed for your family's mutation, which can take several weeks or months. Your clinic can give you a more specific estimate based on your case.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Lab Accreditation in Thailand: What to Look For and Where to Start

    When you are researching preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, one of the first questions is often: “Is the lab accredited?” Accreditation matters because it signals that a laboratory follows recognized quality standards, participates in external quality assessments, and is regularly audited. However, there is no single global “PGT-A accreditation.” Instead, you will see a mix of hospital accreditations, laboratory standards, and proficiency testing schemes. This guide explains what those credentials mean, which Bangkok fertility centers currently publish relevant information, and how to compare them fairly.

    At a Glance: What to Look For in a PGT-A Lab

    • Hospital or clinic accreditation: JCI, RTAC, ISO 9001 – these assess overall quality and safety of the facility.
    • Laboratory-specific standards: ISO 15189 (medical laboratories) and ISO 15190 (laboratory safety) are more specific to lab operations.
    • Proficiency testing: CAP (College of American Pathologists) and UK NEQAS (United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Service) check lab accuracy through external samples.
    • Genetics lab scope: Confirm that the lab actually performs PGT-A (not just IVF) and uses validated methods like next-generation sequencing (NGS).
    • In-house vs. referral: Some centers have their own genetics lab; others send biopsies to an external lab. Ask which applies to you.

    Understanding PGT-A Lab Certifications

    PGT-A involves three steps: embryo biopsy, genetic amplification, and analysis. Each step can be affected by lab quality. Accreditation helps reduce the risk of errors, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Here are the main credentials you will encounter in Thailand:

    JCI (Joint Commission International)

    JCI accredits hospitals and clinics worldwide, focusing on patient safety, staff qualifications, and quality improvement. It is a broad organizational accreditation, not a specific test for genetic accuracy.

    RTAC (Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee)

    RTAC is an Australian accreditation scheme specifically for fertility clinics. It assesses the entire IVF service, including laboratory practices, counseling, and ethical standards. Some Thai centers highlight RTAC as a mark of reproductive-specific quality.

    ISO 9001

    ISO 9001 is a general quality management standard. It shows that a clinic has documented processes and continuous improvement, but it does not directly evaluate medical or laboratory competence.

    ISO 15189 and ISO 15190

    ISO 15189 is the international standard for medical laboratories – it covers technical competence, quality control, and traceability. ISO 15190 addresses laboratory safety. These are more relevant to the actual testing lab than hospital-level accreditations.

    CAP and UK NEQAS

    CAP (College of American Pathologists) accreditation and UK NEQAS proficiency testing are external quality assurance programs. They send unknown samples to the lab and compare results with peers. Participation indicates that the lab is regularly checked for accuracy.

    ESHRE Certification for Embryologists

    ESHRE (European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology) offers certification for individual embryologists, not the lab itself. If a center mentions ESHRE-certified staff, it suggests a certain level of professional training.

    When you see a clinic list several of these credentials, it is a positive sign, but always ask for the current certificate and its scope. Accreditation can lapse or cover only certain departments.

    How We Compare PGT-A Labs in Bangkok

    This article is an editorial comparison, not a ranking of success rates or clinical outcomes. We selected centers from our hospital library that publish relevant information about fertility services and, in some cases, laboratory quality. The order below is not a “best to worst” list. Instead, we present each center with the same set of questions: What accreditations are published? Is the genetics lab in-house? What PGT methods are described? What should you confirm directly?

    We start with Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) because it is our featured commercial partner, but that does not mean it is the right choice for everyone. Always verify details with the clinic before making decisions.

    1. Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC)

    DHC is a dedicated fertility center in Bangkok’s Rama 9 area. Its official materials list a range of quality credentials: JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, and UK NEQAS. This combination covers both organizational quality (JCI, ISO 9001) and laboratory proficiency (CAP, UK NEQAS). DHC also describes an in-house embryology lab and provides PGT services, along with IVF, ICSI, embryo culture, egg freezing, and embryo freezing.

    DHC’s published equipment includes Embryoscope+ and Geri time-lapse incubators, IVF Witness for sample tracking, and IMSI and MACS for sperm selection. These are not accreditations, but they indicate a focus on laboratory technology.

    DHC’s 2026 hospital profile reports an average embryo-transfer success rate of about 78% for 2025. This is a clinic-wide average, not a prediction for any individual. The June 2026 reference price for the basic single-cycle medical package is THB 490,000, but final costs vary with medication, testing, storage, and travel.

    What to confirm: Ask for the current certificates for each credential (JCI, RTAC, CAP, UK NEQAS) and their expiration dates. Clarify whether PGT-A is performed in-house or sent to an external lab. Request a written quotation that itemizes PGT-A biopsy, genetic analysis, and any additional fees.

    2. Jetanin Hospital

    Jetanin is a specialist fertility hospital in central Bangkok, founded in 1995. Its official history describes a team that includes reproductive physicians, embryologists, molecular geneticists, and laboratory staff. Jetanin states that it became the first IVF centre in Southeast Asia accredited by both JCI and RTAC. Its facilities page also mentions ISO 15189 and ISO 15190 laboratory standards and annual quality-control audits.

    Jetanin’s genetics laboratory describes PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR using NGS and Sanger sequencing. The embryo, genetics, and sperm laboratories are presented as in-house services. This is a strong signal for patients who want a fully integrated lab.

    What to confirm: Verify the current scope of JCI and RTAC certificates – do they cover the genetics lab specifically? Ask for the latest ISO 15189 audit report. Confirm which geneticist will interpret your results and how you will receive counseling.

    3. MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center

    MedPark is located within MedPark Hospital in Bangkok. Its official center page describes reproductive medicine, urology, infertility nursing, and embryology support. Published services include IVF/ICSI, IUI, egg, sperm, and embryo freezing, PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR, recurrent miscarriage evaluation, and fertility preservation.

    MedPark highlights ESHRE-certified embryologists, time-lapse incubation, and AI-assisted embryo assessment. The center does not explicitly list JCI or RTAC on the page we reviewed, but it does mention ESHRE certification for staff. The official page listed an IVF/ICSI package at THB 280,000 when reviewed, but validity and inclusions require written confirmation.

    What to confirm: Ask whether the genetics lab is in-house or outsourced. Request details on the PGT-A platform (e.g., NGS) and the embryologists’ ESHRE certificates. Clarify what the package includes – medication, PGT, freezing, and transfer may be extra.

    4. Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center

    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center is part of Bangkok Hospital Headquarter. Its official center page describes reproductive endocrinologists, embryologists, an in-house embryology laboratory, and male-factor testing. Published services include IVF, ICSI, PGT-A, egg and embryo freezing, and semen analysis.

    The center does not list specific accreditations on the page we reviewed, but it is part of a large hospital network that may hold JCI or other certifications. The official fly-in packages reviewed in July 2026 list THB 335,000 from stimulation through embryo transfer and THB 456,000 with PGT and freezing for two embryos, valid to 31 December 2026.

    What to confirm: Ask for the hospital’s current accreditations and whether they cover the fertility center’s lab. Confirm if PGT-A is performed in-house or referred. Request a detailed quotation that matches the package inclusions.

    5. Bumrungrad International Hospital

    Bumrungrad is a large multidisciplinary hospital in central Bangkok. Its provider listing describes IVF, ICSI, and reproductive medicine services. The listing names Dr. Phattaraphum Phophong, with training in reproductive medicine and prenatal genetics. Bumrungrad’s integrated setting may be useful if you need other medical specialties, but the fertility team and laboratory details are not fully described in the public profile.

    What to confirm: Ask for the current fertility center accreditations, the embryology lab’s quality certifications, and whether PGT-A is available on-site. Request the names and credentials of the geneticists who would handle your case.

    6. Superior A.R.T. Thailand

    Superior A.R.T. is a specialist assisted-reproduction and genetics center in Bangkok, established in 2007. Its official website emphasizes IVF, ICSI, and PGT pathways. The center does not publish specific accreditations in the profile we reviewed, but it is dedicated to reproductive genetics.

    What to confirm: Ask for the laboratory’s quality certifications (e.g., ISO 15189, CAP, UK NEQAS). Confirm the PGT-A method and whether the lab is in-house. Request a written package boundary that lists what is included and what is not.

    7. Prime Fertility Clinic

    Prime Fertility Clinic is located at Pearl Bangkok. Its provider listing describes IVF, ICSI, embryo freezing, assisted hatching, and international-patient care. The listing names Dr. Poonkiat Punyamitr and reports 19 years of experience. Prime describes JCI Ambulatory Care accreditation, which is a specific JCI program for outpatient clinics.

    What to confirm: Ask whether the JCI accreditation covers the laboratory and PGT services. Confirm if PGT-A is performed on-site or sent to an external lab. Request a written quotation that includes all genetic testing fees.

    Comparison Table: PGT-A Lab Features at a Glance

    Center Published Accreditations PGT-A Services Lab Type Price Information
    DHC JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, UK NEQAS PGT (including PGT-A) In-house embryology lab THB 490,000 basic cycle (June 2026)
    Jetanin JCI, RTAC, ISO 15189, ISO 15190 PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR In-house genetics lab Not listed
    MedPark ESHRE-certified embryologists PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR Not specified IVF/ICSI package THB 280,000 (reviewed)
    Bangkok Hospital Not listed PGT-A In-house embryology lab Packages from THB 335,000
    Bumrungrad Not listed IVF, ICSI (PGT not specified) Not specified Not listed
    Superior A.R.T. Not listed PGT pathways Not specified Not listed
    Prime JCI Ambulatory Care IVF, ICSI (PGT not specified) Not specified Not listed

    Note: “Not listed” means the information is not in the current hospital library profile. Always ask the clinic for current certificates and written quotations.

    Questions to Ask Any PGT-A Lab in Thailand

    • Which accreditations do you hold, and can you share the current certificates with expiration dates?
    • Is the PGT-A genetic analysis performed in your own laboratory or sent to an external facility?
    • What genetic testing platform do you use (e.g., NGS, array CGH)?
    • How many embryos have you biopsied and analyzed in the last year?
    • What is your policy on embryo re-biopsy or inconclusive results?
    • Who interprets the genetic results, and will I receive genetic counseling?
    • What is the total cost for PGT-A, including biopsy, analysis, and any additional storage or shipping fees?

    Next Steps: Your PGT-A Lab Checklist

    1. Shortlist 2–3 centers that match your medical and travel needs.
    2. Request written confirmation of accreditations and laboratory scope.
    3. Ask for a detailed quotation that separates IVF, PGT-A, medication, and storage costs.
    4. Clarify whether the center has experience with your specific situation (e.g., advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage).
    5. Arrange a consultation to discuss your results and the lab’s quality controls.

    Choosing a PGT-A lab is a personal decision. Accreditation is one piece of the puzzle, but you also need to feel confident in the medical team, the communication, and the overall care plan. Use this guide as a starting point, and always verify the latest information directly with the clinic.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the most important accreditation for a PGT-A lab in Thailand?

    There is no single 'most important' accreditation. Look for a combination: hospital-level accreditations like JCI or RTAC, laboratory-specific standards like ISO 15189, and proficiency testing such as CAP or UK NEQAS. Each covers different aspects of quality.

    Does JCI accreditation guarantee accurate PGT-A results?

    No. JCI accreditation assesses overall hospital quality and safety, not the specific accuracy of genetic tests. It is a good baseline, but you should also ask about laboratory-specific standards and external quality assessments.

    Should I choose a clinic with an in-house genetics lab?

    An in-house lab can mean shorter transport times and more integrated care, but external labs can also be highly accredited. The key is to ask where your samples will be analyzed and what quality controls that lab follows.

    Are PGT-A success rates published by Thai clinics reliable?

    Published success rates are averages and may not reflect your individual chances. Always ask how the rate was calculated, what patient population it includes, and whether it is verified by an independent body.

    How much does PGT-A cost in Thailand?

    Costs vary widely. Some clinics list package prices, but PGT-A is often an add-on. For example, DHC lists a basic cycle at THB 490,000, and Bangkok Hospital lists packages from THB 335,000. Always request a written quotation that itemizes PGT-A fees.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.