Thailand PGT CMS

博客

  • Mosaic Embryo Results in Thailand: Questions to Ask Before Deciding Next Steps

    If you have received a mosaic PGT result from a clinic in Thailand, you are likely facing a decision that feels urgent but is rarely straightforward. A mosaic result means the laboratory detected a mix of cells with different chromosomal patterns in the same embryo biopsy. It is a laboratory category, not a diagnosis of a specific health outcome. The meaning depends on the type of PGT performed, how the result was reported, and what your clinic can explain about its own thresholds and follow-up options. This guide helps you prepare questions so you can have a more informed conversation with your treating team.

    At a glance

    • A mosaic result is a laboratory finding, not a guarantee of any particular pregnancy or child health outcome.
    • Different clinics may use different reporting categories and thresholds for calling a result mosaic.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR are different tests with different purposes; a mosaic finding is most commonly discussed in the context of PGT-A.
    • Your next steps depend on your full clinical picture, the specific embryo, and your clinic’s protocols.
    • You are allowed to ask for clarification, a second review, or more time before deciding.

    What “mosaic” means in a PGT report

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) involves testing a small sample of cells from an embryo. PGT-A looks at chromosome number, PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition, and PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. A mosaic result usually comes from PGT-A and means the laboratory saw evidence of more than one chromosomal pattern in the sampled cells.

    Mosaicism can be full or partial, and it can involve different chromosomes. Some laboratories report a percentage or a range, while others use descriptive categories such as low-level or high-level. These categories are not standardized across all laboratories, and the same raw data might be described differently in another setting. That is why the report itself is only one part of the picture.

    It is also important to know that a biopsy samples only a few cells from the outer layer of the embryo, while the inner cell mass — which can become the fetus — is not directly tested. This means a PGT result is an estimate, not a complete map of the embryo.

    Why the same result can be explained differently

    Clinics and laboratories vary in several ways that affect how a mosaic result is communicated:

    • Reporting thresholds: The percentage of abnormal cells that triggers a “mosaic” label can differ between laboratories.
    • Technology and analysis: Different platforms and software settings can influence what is detected and how it is classified.
    • Counseling approach: Some teams present mosaic results with a range of possible interpretations; others may frame them more narrowly.
    • Local practice norms: Professional guidelines and clinic policies in Thailand may differ from those in your home country.

    Because of these differences, a mosaic result from one clinic may not be directly comparable to a mosaic result from another. If you are considering a second opinion, ask whether the original laboratory data can be reviewed rather than repeating the test on a new biopsy.

    Questions to ask your clinic about the report

    Use these questions as a starting point. You may want to write them down and take notes during your appointment.

    1. Which type of PGT was performed on this embryo, and what was it looking for?
    2. How does your laboratory define and report mosaicism? Is there a percentage or a category in my report?
    3. Which chromosome or chromosomes were involved, and does that affect how you interpret the result?
    4. Was the result reviewed by a geneticist or a second analyst? Can I have a copy of the full laboratory report?
    5. How many cells were analyzed, and what is the margin of uncertainty in this result?
    6. Does this result change the recommended next step for this specific embryo compared with other embryos in my cohort?
    7. What would you tell a patient in my situation if she asked for your personal clinical view, separate from the laboratory category?

    Questions about counseling and decision-making

    Counseling should help you understand the range of possibilities, not push you toward a single choice. Consider asking:

    • Who will explain this result to me — a doctor, a genetic counselor, or both?
    • Can we schedule a dedicated counseling session rather than discussing it briefly during a monitoring visit?
    • What are the general options for an embryo with a mosaic result, and what does each option involve in practical terms?
    • What uncertainties remain even after counseling?
    • Can I take time to decide, or is there a clinical reason for urgency?
    • If I choose to transfer this embryo, what additional monitoring or testing would you recommend during pregnancy?
    • If I choose not to transfer, what are the alternatives for this embryo, and what are the rules in Thailand?

    You do not have to decide during the same appointment. It is reasonable to ask for a follow-up conversation or a written summary of what was discussed.

    What to clarify about transfer, storage, and legal categories

    Policies about embryo transfer, storage, donation, and disposal are clinic-specific and may also be shaped by Thai law and professional regulations. Because these details can change and vary between providers, confirm them directly with your clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authority. Ask:

    • What is your clinic’s policy on transferring embryos with a mosaic result?
    • Are there any additional consent forms or counseling requirements before a transfer of a mosaic embryo?
    • How long can this embryo be stored, and what are the costs and renewal timelines?
    • What are the options if we decide not to use this embryo — donation for research, donation to another patient, or disposal — and what does Thai law allow?
    • Can you provide this information in writing so I can review it with my partner or family?

    Preparing for a second opinion

    If you want another perspective, you can ask your current clinic to share the laboratory report and relevant clinical notes with a second provider or genetic counselor. A second opinion does not necessarily mean repeating the IVF cycle or the biopsy. In some cases, a review of the existing data is enough to clarify the interpretation.

    When seeking a second opinion, be clear about what you want: a review of the raw data, a counseling session, or a discussion of transfer options. Ask about any fees for record review or consultation, and confirm whether the second provider can communicate with your current clinic.

    Practical next-step checklist

    1. Request a copy of the full PGT laboratory report for the embryo in question.
    2. Write down your top three questions before your next appointment.
    3. Ask for a dedicated counseling session with someone qualified to explain mosaic results.
    4. Clarify your clinic’s reporting thresholds and what the mosaic category means in their laboratory.
    5. Ask about the range of options without being pressured to choose immediately.
    6. Confirm storage, consent, and legal categories in writing.
    7. Consider whether a second opinion or record review would help you feel more informed.
    8. Take notes or bring a trusted person to the appointment if that helps you remember details.

    Emotional and practical considerations

    Receiving a mosaic result can be stressful, and it is normal to feel uncertain. You may find it helpful to talk with a counselor, a patient support group, or others who have faced similar decisions. Be cautious about online forums that present definitive claims about mosaic embryos; individual experiences vary, and no single story predicts your outcome.

    If you are an international patient, also consider language barriers, time zone differences for follow-up calls, and the practicalities of staying in Thailand for additional appointments. Ask whether interpretation services are available and whether you can receive documents in your preferred language.

    Where to learn more

    For general background on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand page. You can also browse our guides for related topics and check the FAQ for common questions about testing and coordination.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a mosaic PGT result mean the embryo cannot be used?

    Not necessarily. A mosaic result is a laboratory category, and clinics vary in how they counsel patients about it. Some embryos with mosaic results have been transferred, but outcomes depend on many factors. Your clinic can explain its own policy and the uncertainties involved. This information is not a recommendation to transfer or not transfer.

    Can I get a second opinion on a mosaic result from a Thai clinic?

    Yes, you can ask your clinic to share the laboratory report and relevant records with another provider or genetic counselor. A second opinion may involve reviewing the existing data rather than repeating the biopsy. Ask about any fees and whether the second provider can communicate with your current clinic.

    Is mosaicism reported the same way in every laboratory?

    No. Laboratories may use different thresholds, technologies, and reporting categories. A mosaic result from one laboratory may not be directly comparable to a mosaic result from another. Ask your clinic how their laboratory defines and reports mosaicism.

    What should I ask about the legal and storage aspects of a mosaic embryo in Thailand?

    Policies on transfer, storage, donation, and disposal can vary by clinic and may be affected by Thai law. Ask your clinic for written information about their policies and confirm any legal questions with the appropriate authority. This article does not provide legal advice.

    Where can I find more general information about PGT in Thailand?

    You can start with our PGT in Thailand page, browse our guides, and check the FAQ for related topics. These resources provide general education and are not a substitute for personalized medical advice.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT Results Timeline in Thailand: How to Plan Travel Around Laboratory Reporting

    Planning travel around PGT results in Thailand means accepting that the laboratory reporting step is the least predictable part of an IVF cycle. The general sequence is biopsy, sample preparation, transport to a genetics laboratory, analysis, quality review, and report release. Each step can take different amounts of time depending on the clinic, the laboratory, the number of embryos, and whether a result needs to be repeated. Because no single turnaround time applies to every patient, the safest approach is to build a flexible travel plan and ask your treating clinic for written timeline assumptions before you book anything.

    At a glance

    • PGT results are not produced instantly; the wait reflects several laboratory steps.
    • Timelines vary by clinic, laboratory, embryo number, and whether re-testing is needed.
    • Book flexible flights and accommodation where possible.
    • Ask for written assumptions about when results are expected and how they will be communicated.
    • Keep your return date adjustable until the clinic confirms the report is ready.

    The general sequence from biopsy to report

    PGT, or preimplantation genetic testing, involves removing a small number of cells from an embryo and sending them to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The process usually follows a sequence like this:

    1. Embryo biopsy: The embryology team removes cells from embryos that have reached a suitable stage. This happens in the IVF laboratory.
    2. Sample preparation: The biopsy samples are prepared and labelled for transport.
    3. Transport to the genetics laboratory: Samples may be analysed at an on-site laboratory or sent to a partner laboratory, depending on the clinic.
    4. Analysis: The laboratory performs the agreed test, such as PGT-A for chromosome number or PGT-M for a specific inherited condition.
    5. Quality review: Results are checked before release. Some samples may not give a clear result and may need to be repeated or reported as inconclusive.
    6. Report release: The clinic receives the report and a clinician discusses the findings with you.

    Each of these steps takes time. The biopsy itself is usually a scheduled procedure, but the laboratory analysis and review can vary. This is why a specific number of days cannot be promised in advance.

    Why PGT turnaround times vary

    Several factors can affect how long you wait for PGT results. Understanding these can help you plan more realistically.

    • Clinic and laboratory workflow: Some clinics have an on-site genetics laboratory; others send samples to an external laboratory. Transport and receiving schedules can add time.
    • Number of embryos: More samples may take longer to process and review.
    • Type of test: PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR involve different laboratory methods and may have different timelines.
    • Sample quality: A sample that does not give a clear result may need to be repeated, which extends the wait.
    • Laboratory workload: Busy periods or public holidays can affect processing times.
    • Reporting and review: Internal quality checks and clinician review are necessary before results are shared.

    Because these factors differ from patient to patient, any timeline you are given is an estimate, not a guarantee.

    Planning travel around the wait

    If you are travelling to Thailand for IVF and PGT, the reporting period is often the main reason a trip cannot be tightly scheduled. Here are practical ways to keep your plans flexible.

    Before you book

    • Ask your treating clinic for a written outline of the expected timeline, including when biopsy happens, when samples are sent, and when results are typically communicated.
    • Ask whether results are usually delivered in person, by phone, or through a secure portal, and whether a follow-up appointment is needed.
    • Confirm whether any part of the process could require you to stay longer, such as a repeat biopsy or additional testing.
    • Check the cancellation and change policies for flights and accommodation.

    While you are in Thailand

    • Keep your return flight changeable if possible.
    • Choose accommodation that allows extensions or has flexible check-out.
    • Plan for the possibility that results may arrive later than the initial estimate.
    • Ask the clinic who will contact you if results are delayed and how you will be informed.

    After results are released

    • Arrange a consultation to discuss what the results mean for your treatment plan.
    • Ask whether any further steps, such as a frozen embryo transfer, need to be scheduled and how that affects your travel.
    • Request a copy of the laboratory report for your records, if available.

    Questions to ask your clinic about PGT timing

    Getting clear answers in advance can reduce uncertainty. Consider asking:

    • Where will our embryo samples be analysed, and how are they transported?
    • What is the typical range of time between biopsy and report release at your clinic?
    • What factors could make the wait longer?
    • How will you contact us if results are delayed or need clarification?
    • Will we need to be in Thailand when results are discussed, or can this be done remotely?
    • If we need to change our travel dates, what support can you provide?
    • Are there any additional costs associated with re-testing or extended laboratory work?

    Ask for these answers in writing so you can refer back to them while planning.

    What to confirm before you travel

    Timeline planning is only one part of preparing for treatment abroad. Before you travel, confirm the following with your treating clinic and, where relevant, with official sources:

    • Documentation: What identification, medical records, or consent forms are required for you and your partner?
    • Visa and entry requirements: Check current rules with the relevant embassy or immigration authority. These can change.
    • Costs: Ask for a written breakdown of what is included in your quoted price and what may be charged separately, including laboratory fees and any repeat testing.
    • Insurance: Check whether your travel or medical insurance covers treatment abroad, complications, or trip interruption.
    • Communication plan: How will the clinic share results and next steps if you have already returned home?
    • Follow-up care: If you return home before results are ready, ask how the clinic will coordinate with your local doctor.

    These details are specific to your situation and should be confirmed directly with your treating clinic and relevant authorities.

    Using the wait productively

    The period between biopsy and report can feel uncertain. Some patients use this time to rest, explore locally if they are staying in Thailand, or prepare questions for the follow-up consultation. It can also help to decide in advance how you will handle different possible outcomes, so that you are not making decisions under time pressure. Your clinic can explain what each type of result may mean for your treatment options, but the choice about how to proceed is yours.

    Next steps

    1. Ask your treating clinic for a written timeline outline and communication plan.
    2. Book flexible travel where possible, and keep your return date adjustable.
    3. Confirm documentation, visa, cost, and insurance details before departure.
    4. Plan how you will receive and discuss results, whether in Thailand or after returning home.
    5. Use the waiting period to prepare questions and consider your options.

    For more general information about IVF in Thailand, the treatment process, and support for international patients, explore the related pages on this site.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long do PGT results take in Thailand?

    There is no single turnaround time that applies to every patient. The wait depends on the clinic, the laboratory, the number of embryos, the type of test, and whether any sample needs to be repeated. Your treating clinic can give you an estimated range based on your specific situation, but this is not a guarantee.

    Can I book my flights before I have PGT results?

    You can book flights, but it is wise to choose flexible or changeable tickets if possible. Because laboratory reporting times can vary, your return date may need to change. Ask your clinic for a realistic estimate and keep your plans adjustable until results are confirmed.

    What should I ask my clinic about the PGT timeline?

    Ask where the samples are analysed, the typical time between biopsy and report, what could cause delays, how you will be contacted, and whether you need to be in Thailand when results are discussed. Request this information in writing so you can refer to it while planning.

    What if my PGT results are delayed?

    Delays can happen for several reasons, including sample quality, laboratory workload, or the need for repeat testing. If your results are delayed, your clinic should inform you and explain the next steps. Having flexible travel arrangements can reduce stress in this situation.

    Do I need to stay in Thailand until PGT results are ready?

    Not necessarily. Some patients return home and receive results remotely, while others prefer to stay. This depends on your clinic's process and your own preferences. Discuss the options with your treating clinic before you travel.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: How International Patients Can Tell Them Apart

    PGT-A and PGT-M are both preimplantation genetic tests, but they answer different questions. PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo, while PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in a family. Neither test is a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child, and neither is automatically right for every patient. The choice depends on your clinical history, your genetic context and what your treating clinic can offer. This guide explains how the two tests differ so you can ask clearer questions during your research.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A checks chromosome number (for example, whether there is an extra or missing chromosome).
    • PGT-M checks for a known gene change linked to a specific inherited condition.
    • PGT-SR is a related test for structural chromosome rearrangements.
    • Sample, timing and reporting differ between tests.
    • Test choice follows clinical and genetic context, not a ranking of better or worse.
    • Results are reported as risk information, not as a diagnosis of an embryo or a guarantee of outcome.

    What PGT-A and PGT-M are designed to do

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a group of laboratory tests performed on embryos created through IVF. Each type of PGT has a different purpose.

    PGT-A (aneuploidy) is designed to screen for an abnormal number of chromosomes. Chromosomes are the structures that carry genetic material. A typical embryo has a specific number of chromosomes, and PGT-A looks for extra or missing chromosomes. This kind of chromosome difference can occur in any pregnancy and becomes more common with age, but it is not the same as a specific inherited disease.

    PGT-M (monogenic) is designed to look for a specific gene change that is known to run in a family. It is usually considered when there is a known inherited condition, such as cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, thalassaemia or another single-gene disorder. PGT-M is not a general screen; it is targeted at a condition that has already been identified in the family or in the parents.

    PGT-SR (structural rearrangement) is a related test for families where a parent carries a balanced chromosome rearrangement, such as a translocation. It is sometimes grouped with PGT-A and PGT-M in patient information, but it addresses a different situation.

    How the tests differ: purpose, sample, indications and reporting

    The table below compares PGT-A and PGT-M across the categories that international patients most often ask about. It is a general orientation, not a clinical recommendation.

    Category PGT-A PGT-M
    Main purpose Screen for abnormal chromosome number Look for a specific inherited gene change
    What it looks at Number of chromosomes A known gene or gene region linked to a family condition
    Typical situation No known inherited condition; may be discussed based on age, history or prior IVF outcomes Known inherited condition in the family or in one or both parents
    Sample Cells taken from the embryo during IVF Cells taken from the embryo during IVF, plus a DNA sample from the parents or family for test design
    Timing After embryo development reaches a certain stage; timing is set by the clinic After embryo development reaches a certain stage; test design may need to be prepared before the IVF cycle
    Reporting Result describes chromosome number findings for the tested embryo Result describes whether the specific gene change was found, not found, or could not be clearly determined
    Limitations Does not test for all genetic conditions; may not give a clear result in every case Only tests for the condition it was designed for; may not give a clear result in every case

    Both tests are performed on a small sample of cells removed from an embryo. This is called an embryo biopsy. The exact laboratory process, the number of cells taken and the timing of the biopsy are determined by the treating clinic and its laboratory. You should ask your clinic to explain its own protocol.

    Why the choice is not a ranking

    PGT-A and PGT-M are not competing options where one is better than the other. They answer different questions. A patient with a known inherited condition may be offered PGT-M, while a patient without a known inherited condition may discuss PGT-A. Some patients may be offered both, depending on their situation. The decision is clinical and genetic, and it should be made with your treating team.

    It is also important to understand that PGT is not a guarantee. A test result can reduce uncertainty about a specific question, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a child without any health condition. PGT does not replace other prenatal testing or clinical care.

    Questions to ask your clinic about PGT-A and PGT-M

    When you contact a clinic in Thailand or elsewhere, these questions can help you compare what is actually offered and how it fits your situation.

    • Which PGT tests does your clinic and laboratory offer?
    • For my situation, what information would PGT-A or PGT-M provide, and what would it not provide?
    • What are the limitations and possible unclear results for each test?
    • What sample is needed from me or my family, and when does it need to be provided?
    • How and when will results be reported, and who will explain them to me?
    • What are the alternatives if I choose not to do PGT, or if PGT is not suitable for my situation?
    • What costs are involved, and what do they cover? (Ask for a written breakdown.)
    • What are the legal and regulatory requirements for international patients in your location?

    How to prepare for a PGT conversation

    Preparation can make your consultation more productive. Consider the following steps:

    1. Gather your personal and family medical history, including any known genetic conditions.
    2. Collect any previous genetic test results or reports you have.
    3. Write down your main questions and concerns before the appointment.
    4. Ask whether a genetic counsellor is available, and whether an interpreter is needed.
    5. Confirm the clinic’s process for international patients, including how records are shared and how follow-up is arranged.
    6. Ask for a written summary of any recommended tests, including their purpose and limitations.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand page. If you are planning your first contact with a clinic, our international patients page outlines common steps. You can also browse our guides for related topics, and check the FAQ for answers to frequent questions.

    What PGT does not tell you

    PGT-A and PGT-M have limits. PGT-A does not detect every possible genetic condition, and it does not test for single-gene disorders unless a specific test is designed. PGT-M only tests for the condition it was designed for; it does not screen for other conditions. Both tests can sometimes produce a result that is not clear, and in those cases the clinic may discuss what the result means for that embryo. Neither test can guarantee that an embryo will implant, that a pregnancy will continue, or that a child will be free of all health conditions.

    Because of these limits, PGT is usually one part of a broader IVF plan. Your clinic may also discuss other factors such as embryo development, uterine factors and your overall health. The decision to use PGT, and which type, should be based on your individual clinical and genetic context.

    Next steps for international patients

    If you are researching PGT-A and PGT-M from outside Thailand, a practical next step is to contact a clinic that treats international patients and ask for a consultation. Prepare your questions, ask for written information, and confirm any legal, travel or documentation requirements directly with the clinic or the relevant authority. Because requirements can change, always verify current details before making plans.

    This article is for general education and does not replace advice from your treating clinician or a genetic counsellor. Test selection should be individualised.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done at the same time?

    In some situations, a clinic may discuss using both tests together, but this depends on the laboratory's capabilities and your clinical and genetic context. Ask your treating clinic whether combined testing is possible for your case and what the limitations would be.

    Does PGT-A test for inherited diseases like thalassaemia?

    PGT-A looks at chromosome number, not at specific gene changes. Conditions like thalassaemia are usually investigated with PGT-M, which is designed for a known gene change. If you have a family history of a specific condition, tell your clinic so they can advise on the appropriate test.

    Is PGT-M only for couples where both partners are carriers?

    PGT-M may be considered when there is a known inherited condition in the family, which can include situations where one or both parents carry a gene change. The decision depends on the specific condition and your genetic evaluation. A genetic counsellor or your treating clinician can explain whether PGT-M is relevant for you.

    What does an unclear PGT result mean?

    Sometimes a PGT result does not give a clear answer about the embryo. This can happen for technical reasons. Your clinic will explain what an unclear result means for that embryo and what options you have. It does not automatically mean the embryo is affected or unaffected.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about specific chromosome or gene questions, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a child without any health condition. It is one part of IVF care, and other factors also affect outcomes.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M Testing in Thailand: Eligibility Questions for International Patients

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic conditions) is a targeted test. It is usually considered when a specific inherited condition and a specific genetic change (mutation) have already been identified in the family. For international patients, eligibility is not a single yes-or-no answer. It depends on your genetic history, the laboratory’s ability to build a reliable test, and the clinic’s own policies. This guide explains the questions to ask and the steps to plan, without giving legal or medical conclusions.

    At a glance

    • PGT-M is not a general screening test; it is designed around a known familial mutation.
    • Most pathways begin with genetic counselling and a prior genetic workup, often before you contact a clinic in Thailand.
    • Eligibility is assessed case by case and clinic policies may vary.
    • You will likely need to confirm document, cost, travel and legal categories directly with the treating clinic or relevant authority.
    • PGT-M does not guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a child without the condition.

    What PGT-M is and what it is not

    PGT-M looks for a known, specific genetic change in embryos created through IVF. It is different from PGT-A, which looks at chromosome number, and from PGT-SR, which is used when there is a known structural chromosome rearrangement. Because PGT-M is targeted, it usually requires that the exact mutation has already been found in your family through genetic testing.

    PGT-M is not a guarantee. It cannot ensure a pregnancy, a live birth or a child unaffected by the condition. It also cannot detect every possible genetic or health issue. Results can be affected by laboratory factors, and some embryos may give an unclear result. Your clinic should explain the limits in your specific situation.

    Why a known familial mutation usually matters

    To design a PGT-M test, a laboratory generally needs to know what it is looking for. That usually means a confirmed mutation in a family member, or in you or your partner. Without that information, a laboratory may not be able to build a reliable test. In some situations, a clinic may discuss additional workup, but this is a clinical decision and not something to assume.

    If no mutation has been identified, the first step is usually genetic counselling and testing in your home country or with a genetics service. This is often called a prior genetic workup. It can take time, and it may need to be completed before a PGT-M referral can move forward.

    Common eligibility questions international patients ask

    Do I need a referral from a geneticist or doctor?

    Many clinics prefer or require a referral from a clinical geneticist, genetic counsellor or specialist who has already assessed the family condition. This helps the clinic understand the mutation and the inheritance pattern. Requirements vary, so ask the clinic what referral information they need and in what format.

    Can I start PGT-M if I have not had genetic testing?

    Usually not, because PGT-M is built around a known mutation. If you have not had genetic testing, a clinic may ask you to complete that first. In some cases, a clinic may discuss whether testing is possible, but this is a clinical and laboratory decision. Do not assume it can be arranged after you arrive.

    Does the type of inherited condition affect eligibility?

    Different conditions and different mutations can affect how a test is designed. Some may be more straightforward than others. The laboratory needs to be able to build a reliable test for your specific mutation. This is a technical assessment, and it is one reason why eligibility is case by case.

    Can both partners be carriers?

    If both partners carry a mutation for the same condition, the inheritance pattern and the testing strategy may be different. This is a clinical question for a genetic counsellor or specialist. The clinic will need to review both partners’ genetic information.

    Is PGT-M available for every inherited condition?

    No. Availability depends on the laboratory’s ability to design a test for the specific mutation and on the clinic’s policies. Some conditions may be more difficult to test for than others. Ask the clinic whether they have experience with your specific condition and mutation.

    Do clinic policies vary?

    Yes. Clinics may have different requirements for referral, prior workup, counselling, documentation and eligibility. Some may accept international patients directly; others may require a local or remote genetics consultation first. Always confirm the clinic’s own policy.

    How the referral and eligibility process often works

    The exact steps depend on your situation and the clinic. A typical sequence may look like this:

    1. Genetic counselling and testing in your home country. A clinical geneticist or genetic counsellor confirms the condition and the specific mutation.
    2. Gather your genetic documentation. This may include test reports, family history and a summary letter from your genetics team.
    3. Contact a clinic in Thailand. Ask whether they offer PGT-M for your condition and what they need to assess eligibility.
    4. Laboratory review. The clinic’s laboratory reviews whether a reliable test can be designed for your mutation.
    5. Clinical review and counselling. A specialist may discuss the inheritance pattern, the limits of PGT-M and alternatives.
    6. Decision and planning. If the pathway is possible, the clinic explains the IVF process, timelines and what to confirm before travel.

    This is a general outline, not a promise of eligibility. Some steps may be combined, repeated or not possible in your case.

    Questions to ask a clinic about PGT-M eligibility

    • Do you offer PGT-M for my specific condition and mutation?
    • What prior genetic workup do you require, and in what format?
    • Do you need a referral from a geneticist or genetic counsellor?
    • How do you assess whether a laboratory can design a test for my mutation?
    • What counselling do you provide before and after testing?
    • What are the limits of PGT-M in my situation?
    • What alternatives should I consider?
    • What documents, costs and travel arrangements should I confirm before planning?
    • What is your policy if the test cannot be designed or gives an unclear result?

    Practical planning categories to confirm

    Because requirements can change and vary by clinic, treat the following as categories to confirm directly rather than fixed rules:

    • Documents: genetic test reports, referral letters, identification and any clinic-specific forms.
    • Costs: consultation, laboratory test design, IVF cycle, PGT-M testing, medication, travel and accommodation. Ask for a written breakdown.
    • Travel and timing: how long you may need to stay, how many visits are involved and whether monitoring can be done locally.
    • Legal and regulatory: what is permitted in Thailand and in your home country, and what you need to confirm with the relevant authority.
    • Follow-up: how results are communicated, what happens to stored embryos and what support is available.

    Alternatives and limits to discuss

    PGT-M is one option among several. Depending on your situation, alternatives may include prenatal testing, accepting the natural chance of inheritance, using donor gametes, or choosing not to pursue testing. Each option has different implications, and none is right for everyone. A genetic counsellor or specialist can help you weigh them.

    PGT-M also has limits. It may not be possible for every mutation. It may not detect all genetic issues. It does not guarantee a healthy child. Some embryos may be affected, unaffected or give an unclear result. Your clinic should explain what an unclear result could mean for you.

    Next steps

    1. Speak with a genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist about your family condition and whether PGT-M is relevant.
    2. Collect your genetic test reports and a summary letter.
    3. Contact clinics in Thailand to ask about PGT-M eligibility for your specific mutation.
    4. Ask for written information about documents, costs, timelines and limits.
    5. Confirm legal and travel requirements with the relevant authority and the clinic.
    6. Take time to consider alternatives and make a decision that fits your values.

    For more general information, see our international patients page, our PGT in Thailand guide, the guides section and the FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I get PGT-M in Thailand without a known mutation in my family?

    PGT-M is usually designed around a known, specific mutation. Without that information, a laboratory may not be able to build a reliable test. Some clinics may discuss additional workup, but this is a clinical decision. It is best to speak with a genetic counsellor or specialist first.

    Do I need a referral from a geneticist to start PGT-M in Thailand?

    Many clinics prefer or require a referral from a clinical geneticist, genetic counsellor or specialist. Requirements vary by clinic. Ask the clinic what referral information they need and in what format before you plan.

    Is PGT-M available for all inherited conditions?

    No. Availability depends on whether a laboratory can design a reliable test for your specific mutation and on the clinic's policies. Some conditions may be more difficult to test for than others. Confirm with the clinic whether they have experience with your condition.

    Does PGT-M guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-M cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a child without the condition. It also cannot detect every possible genetic or health issue. Your clinic should explain the limits and what results may mean in your situation.

    What should I confirm with a clinic before travelling to Thailand for PGT-M?

    Confirm the clinic's eligibility policy, required documents, costs, expected timeline, travel arrangements and legal considerations. Ask for a written breakdown and clarify what happens if the test cannot be designed or gives an unclear result.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand: Who May Benefit and What It Cannot Tell You

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test performed on a small sample of cells from an embryo created through IVF. It counts chromosomes to identify embryos with an abnormal number, such as an extra or missing chromosome. It does not diagnose a specific disease, measure embryo quality, or guarantee a pregnancy. In Thailand, as elsewhere, PGT-A is one option your fertility team may discuss, not a required step for every IVF cycle.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens for chromosome number, not for gene mutations or structural rearrangements.
    • It is usually considered when the chance of chromosome errors is higher, but individual suitability is a clinical judgment.
    • A “normal” result does not guarantee a healthy pregnancy or baby.
    • An “abnormal” result does not always mean the embryo could never produce a pregnancy, but it does change the information available.
    • Costs, timelines, and legal or documentation requirements vary and should be confirmed directly with your clinic and relevant authorities.

    What PGT-A actually screens

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in the embryo. Human embryos should have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with an extra or missing chromosome is called aneuploid. Aneuploidy becomes more common with increasing maternal age, but it can occur at any age.

    The test is typically done on a few cells removed from the trophectoderm, the outer layer of a blastocyst-stage embryo. The embryo itself is not changed by the biopsy. Results are reported as euploid (normal chromosome number), aneuploid (abnormal chromosome number), or sometimes mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells). Some clinics also report a result as inconclusive, meaning the sample did not give a clear answer.

    PGT-A does not look for single-gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease. It does not look for structural chromosome rearrangements such as translocations. Those are addressed by different tests: PGT-M for monogenic disorders and PGT-SR for structural rearrangements. If you are considering PGT-A, it is worth asking your clinic which test is relevant to your situation.

    Who may be offered PGT-A

    PGT-A is not automatically recommended for everyone. Guidelines from professional fertility societies generally suggest it may be considered in specific circumstances, but they do not mandate it as a routine add-on for all IVF cycles. Your fertility specialist can explain whether it is likely to add useful information in your case.

    Situations where PGT-A may be discussed include:

    • Advanced maternal age. The chance of aneuploidy increases with age, so some clinics offer PGT-A to help select embryos for transfer.
    • Recurrent pregnancy loss. If you have had multiple miscarriages, your doctor may suggest PGT-A as part of an evaluation, though it does not explain all causes of loss.
    • Repeated implantation failure. When several IVF transfers have not led to a pregnancy, PGT-A may be considered, but evidence for its benefit in this situation is not uniform.
    • Previous pregnancy with a chromosome abnormality. A prior aneuploid pregnancy may prompt a discussion about screening future embryos.
    • Patient preference after counseling. Some people choose PGT-A to gain more information before transfer, even without a specific risk factor.

    PGT-A is not a substitute for standard prenatal testing. It cannot replace ultrasound, blood tests, or diagnostic procedures during pregnancy. It also does not improve the quality of an embryo; it only provides information about chromosome number.

    What PGT-A cannot tell you

    Understanding the limits of PGT-A is as important as understanding its purpose. The test has several important limitations.

    • It does not guarantee a pregnancy. A euploid embryo may still fail to implant or may result in a miscarriage for reasons unrelated to chromosome number.
    • It does not guarantee a healthy baby. Many health conditions are caused by factors other than chromosome number, including gene mutations, environmental influences, and events during pregnancy.
    • It does not detect all chromosome problems. Some small deletions or duplications, and some structural rearrangements, may not be seen with standard PGT-A.
    • It can produce mosaic results. A mosaic result means the biopsy found a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The meaning of mosaicism is still an area of active research, and counseling can be complex.
    • It can be inconclusive. Sometimes the sample does not yield enough DNA for a clear result.
    • It does not measure embryo potential beyond chromosome number. Two embryos with the same chromosome result can have different developmental potential for reasons not captured by the test.

    Because of these limits, PGT-A is best understood as one piece of information among many. It does not replace a thorough fertility evaluation or a discussion of all available options.

    PGT-A compared with PGT-M and PGT-SR

    PGT-A is part of a family of preimplantation genetic tests. Each has a different purpose.

    Test What it looks for Typical situation
    PGT-A Extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy) Advanced maternal age, recurrent loss, repeated implantation failure, or patient preference
    PGT-M Specific single-gene disorders Known inherited condition in the family
    PGT-SR Structural chromosome rearrangements Known translocation or similar rearrangement

    If you have a known genetic condition in your family, PGT-M may be more relevant than PGT-A. If you carry a balanced translocation, PGT-SR may be discussed. Your clinic can help determine which test, if any, fits your situation.

    Alternatives and additional considerations

    PGT-A is not the only way to approach embryo selection. Some people choose to transfer embryos without PGT-A and rely on standard embryo grading, which looks at appearance under a microscope. Others may consider transferring a mosaic embryo after counseling, as some mosaic embryos can lead to healthy births. These decisions are highly individual and should be made with your fertility team.

    It is also important to consider the practical aspects. PGT-A adds cost, requires embryo biopsy and freezing, and may extend the time to transfer. Not all embryos survive biopsy or thawing. These are not reasons to avoid PGT-A, but they are factors to weigh.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, asking clear questions can help you make an informed decision. Consider asking:

    • What is the specific reason PGT-A is being recommended in my case?
    • What are the alternatives, and what are their trade-offs?
    • How does your laboratory handle mosaic or inconclusive results?
    • What are the costs, including biopsy, testing, and embryo storage?
    • What are the success rates for my age group and diagnosis at your clinic?
    • What paperwork or legal requirements apply to me as an international patient?
    • What happens to embryos that are not transferred?

    These questions can help you understand the clinical and practical picture. They are not a substitute for personalized medical advice.

    Next steps

    If you are researching PGT-A, start by clarifying your own priorities and medical history. Gather any relevant records, such as previous IVF cycles, miscarriage history, or genetic test results. Then schedule a consultation with a fertility specialist who can review your situation and explain whether PGT-A is likely to be useful for you. You can also read more about PGT in Thailand and explore our guides for related topics. If you have general questions, our FAQ may help.

    Remember that PGT-A is a tool, not a promise. It can provide useful information, but it cannot guarantee an outcome. A thoughtful discussion with your clinic is the best way to decide whether it fits your path.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A screens for chromosome number, but it cannot detect all genetic or health conditions. Many factors affect pregnancy and child health, and a euploid result does not guarantee a healthy baby.

    Who is a candidate for PGT-A?

    PGT-A may be discussed for people with advanced maternal age, recurrent pregnancy loss, repeated implantation failure, or a previous aneuploid pregnancy. Some people also choose it without specific risk factors. Suitability is a clinical judgment, so talk with your fertility specialist.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at chromosome number (aneuploidy). PGT-M looks for specific single-gene disorders. PGT-SR looks for structural chromosome rearrangements. Your clinic can help determine which test, if any, is relevant for you.

    Can PGT-A detect all chromosome abnormalities?

    No. PGT-A detects extra or missing whole chromosomes, but it may not detect small deletions or duplications, and some structural rearrangements may be missed. It also cannot detect gene mutations.

    What does a mosaic PGT-A result mean?

    A mosaic result means the biopsy found a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The implications are complex and still being studied. Your clinic can explain what a mosaic result might mean for your specific situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing Cost in Thailand: How to Read a Quotation as an International Patient

    If you are comparing PGT-A quotations from clinics in Thailand, the headline number is rarely the full story. A quotation may cover the genetic laboratory fee but not the embryo biopsy, or it may include a set number of embryos and charge separately for additional ones. Because PGT-A is usually part of an IVF cycle, the quotation may also sit alongside IVF fees, medication, monitoring, and storage. This guide explains the categories that commonly appear in a PGT-A quotation, the boundaries that are often left unstated, and the questions that help you compare quotes on equal terms. It does not provide prices, because those depend on the clinic, the laboratory, and your individual treatment plan.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A is a laboratory test performed on embryos created during IVF, so its cost is usually quoted alongside IVF costs, not instead of them.
    • A quotation may separate the biopsy procedure, the genetic laboratory analysis, and any embryo storage or re-biopsy fees.
    • Some quotes are per embryo, some are per cycle, and some combine both. Ask which model applies.
    • Written boundaries matter more than a single total, because they show what would trigger an additional charge.
    • Cost is only one part of the decision. Ask how results are reported, what happens if no embryo is suitable for testing, and how the clinic communicates with patients abroad.

    Why a PGT-A quotation is not a single price

    PGT-A, or preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, is a screening test that examines the number of chromosomes in an embryo. It is not a treatment on its own. It is performed in a laboratory after embryos have been created through IVF and usually after they have reached a certain stage of development. Because of this, the cost of PGT-A is layered on top of the IVF cycle rather than replacing any part of it.

    For international patients, this layering is where confusion often starts. A clinic may present one figure for the IVF cycle and another for PGT-A, or it may present a package that combines several services. Neither approach is wrong, but they are not directly comparable unless you know what each figure covers. The useful question is not only “How much is PGT-A?” but “What exactly is included in this quotation, and what would cause the cost to change?”

    Common cost components in a PGT-A quotation

    The exact structure varies by clinic and laboratory. The categories below are the ones most often separated in quotations, and they are the ones worth checking line by line.

    Embryo biopsy

    Before the genetic laboratory can analyse an embryo, a small sample of cells must be removed. This is the biopsy. In some quotations the biopsy is included in the PGT-A fee; in others it is billed as a separate procedure. It may also be charged per embryo, which means the total depends on how many embryos are suitable for biopsy. Ask whether the biopsy fee is included, and whether it is charged per embryo or per cycle.

    Genetic laboratory analysis

    This is the part most people think of as “the PGT-A test.” It covers the laboratory work that examines the biopsy sample and produces a result. The fee may be quoted per embryo, per batch of embryos, or as a flat fee for the cycle. If the quotation is per embryo, ask what happens if more embryos are available than expected, or fewer.

    Embryo storage

    Embryos that are biopsied are usually frozen while waiting for results, and they may remain in storage afterwards. Storage is often billed separately and may be charged monthly, annually, or for an initial period. Ask when storage begins, how it is billed, and what happens if you need to continue storage longer than the initial period.

    Re-biopsy or repeat testing

    Occasionally a sample may not give a clear result, and the clinic may discuss whether a repeat biopsy or repeat analysis is possible. This is not a routine part of every cycle, but it is a boundary worth clarifying in advance. Ask whether a repeat test would be charged again, and under what circumstances.

    IVF cycle costs that sit alongside PGT-A

    PGT-A does not replace the IVF cycle. Monitoring, egg retrieval, laboratory fertilisation, medication, and embryo freezing may all be quoted separately. If you are comparing PGT-A quotations, make sure you are also comparing the IVF quotation, because a lower PGT-A figure may sit next to a higher IVF figure, or vice versa.

    What a quotation may leave out

    Quotations are usually written for a typical pathway, and real cycles do not always follow the typical pathway. The following items are commonly excluded or only partly covered. They are not hidden fees in every case, but they are the questions that most often change the final amount.

    • Number of embryos tested. If the quote is per embryo, the total depends on how many embryos are available and suitable for biopsy.
    • Medication. Fertility medication is often quoted separately and can vary with your response to treatment.
    • Additional monitoring or visits. Extra scans, blood tests, or consultations may be billed individually.
    • Storage beyond an initial period. Storage is often time-limited in the quotation.
    • Shipping or transport of samples. If samples are sent to an external laboratory, transport may be a separate line.
    • Administrative or coordination fees. Some clinics charge for international patient coordination, translation, or records handling.
    • Travel, accommodation, and living costs. These are rarely included in a medical quotation but are part of your overall budget.

    How to compare quotations fairly

    Comparing quotations is easier when you use the same criteria for each one. The table below lists the questions that turn a headline figure into a comparable set of boundaries. It does not contain prices, because those must come from the clinic in writing.

    Question Why it matters
    Is the PGT-A fee per embryo or per cycle? Determines how the total changes with the number of embryos.
    Is the biopsy included? Biopsy may be billed separately or per embryo.
    Is embryo storage included, and for how long? Storage often continues after the test and may be billed over time.
    What happens if a sample needs to be repeated? Clarifies whether a repeat test would be charged again.
    Are IVF, medication, and monitoring included? PGT-A sits alongside IVF costs, not instead of them.
    Are there administrative or coordination fees? International patient services may be billed separately.
    How and when will results be communicated? Affects planning and follow-up, even if it is not a cost line.

    Questions to ask a clinic before you commit

    These questions are designed to produce written answers you can compare. Ask for them in writing, and keep the replies with your quotation.

    1. Can you send a written quotation that separates the IVF cycle, the PGT-A laboratory fee, the biopsy, and storage?
    2. Is the PGT-A fee charged per embryo, per cycle, or in another way?
    3. What is the maximum number of embryos covered by the quotation, if any?
    4. What would cause the quotation to increase, and how would I be told before the increase happens?
    5. Is embryo storage included, and if so, for how long and at what point does it renew?
    6. If a sample cannot be analysed, what are the options and would there be an additional charge?
    7. Which costs are paid to the clinic and which, if any, are paid to an external laboratory?
    8. What is your process for communicating results and next steps to patients who are not in Thailand?
    9. Are there any administrative, coordination, or records fees for international patients?
    10. What is your cancellation and refund policy if the cycle changes or is stopped?

    Planning your budget beyond the quotation

    A PGT-A quotation is one part of a larger budget. International patients usually also plan for flights, accommodation, local transport, meals, and time away from work. Some clinics may ask for a deposit before treatment starts, and payment schedules can vary. Ask how and when payments are due, what currency is used, and whether any bank or transfer fees apply. These are practical boundaries that affect your total outlay even though they are not medical fees.

    It is also worth asking how the clinic handles communication while you are abroad. A clear point of contact, a written summary of your plan, and an agreed way to share results can reduce uncertainty. These are not cost items, but they are part of comparing clinics as a whole.

    What PGT-A can and cannot tell you

    PGT-A is a screening test. It provides information about the number of chromosomes in the cells sampled, and it is used to help decide which embryos may be considered for transfer. It does not guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a healthy child, and it does not test for every possible genetic condition. A clinic should explain the limitations of the test, what a result can and cannot show, and how the result fits into your wider treatment plan. If a quotation is presented as a guarantee of an outcome, that is a reason to ask more questions rather than fewer.

    Next steps

    Start by requesting written quotations from the clinics you are considering, using the same list of questions for each. Compare the boundaries, not just the totals. If a quotation is unclear, ask for it to be rewritten with the inclusions and exclusions stated separately. You can read more about the wider cost picture in our guide to PGT-A cost in Thailand and our overview of IVF cost in Thailand. For general planning tools and background reading, see our patient resources, and if you would like help organising your questions, you can contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a PGT-A quotation in Thailand usually include the embryo biopsy?

    It varies. Some clinics include the biopsy in the PGT-A fee, while others bill it separately or per embryo. Ask for the quotation to state clearly whether the biopsy is included, and whether it is charged per embryo or per cycle.

    Is PGT-A charged per embryo or per cycle?

    Both models exist. A per-embryo fee means the total depends on how many embryos are available and suitable for testing. A per-cycle fee is a single charge for the cycle. Ask which model applies and what happens if the number of embryos differs from what was expected.

    What costs might appear in addition to the PGT-A fee?

    Common additions include IVF cycle costs, medication, monitoring, embryo storage, administrative or coordination fees, and travel. The exact list depends on the clinic. Ask for a written quotation that separates each category so you can see what is included.

    Can I get a fixed total price for PGT-A before I start?

    Some clinics may offer a package, but many quotations are estimates because the number of embryos and your response to treatment can vary. Ask what would cause the quotation to change and how you would be informed before any additional charge is made.

    What should I do if a quotation is unclear?

    Ask the clinic to rewrite it with inclusions and exclusions stated separately. Use the same questions for each clinic you contact so you can compare like with like. Keep all written replies with your quotation for reference.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT Add-On Services in Thailand: A Checklist for International Patients

    PGT add-on services in Thailand are optional tests or techniques offered alongside standard preimplantation genetic testing during IVF. They may include extra genetic screens, embryo viability markers, or laboratory processing upgrades. Because these add-ons often increase cost and may not improve your chance of a healthy baby, it helps to evaluate each one carefully. This checklist explains what to ask, what to compare, and how to decide whether an add-on is worth it for your situation.

    At a glance

    • Add-ons are optional; they are not required for standard PGT.
    • Ask for the evidence behind each add-on and how it changes decision-making.
    • Request a full price breakdown, including any extra fees for shipping, storage, or re-testing.
    • Confirm whether the add-on is performed in the same laboratory or sent elsewhere.
    • Decide based on your own priorities, not pressure or package deals.

    What counts as a PGT add-on?

    PGT itself usually refers to testing embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (PGT-A) or for specific inherited conditions (PGT-M). Add-ons are services layered on top of that core test. Examples you may hear about include:

    • Additional genetic screens beyond the standard panel
    • Mitochondrial DNA assessment or other embryo viability markers
    • Time-lapse imaging or specialized embryo culture
    • Extra embryo biopsy or re-biopsy
    • Expedited processing or courier arrangements
    • Storage or re-testing of samples

    Availability and naming vary by clinic. Some clinics bundle certain items into a package; others list them separately. Always ask what is included in the base PGT price and what is considered an add-on.

    Why add-ons deserve careful scrutiny

    Not all add-ons have strong evidence that they improve live birth rates or reduce miscarriage risk. Some are offered because they are technically possible, not because they are proven. Others may be useful only for specific patient groups. The key question is: will this result change what we do next? If the answer is no, the add-on may not be worth the extra cost or complexity.

    International patients also face practical considerations: travel schedules, communication across time zones, and payment in a foreign currency. These factors can make add-ons harder to evaluate and more expensive than expected.

    Checklist: questions to ask your clinic

    Use these questions when comparing clinics or reviewing a proposed treatment plan. Write down the answers so you can compare them side by side.

    About the add-on itself

    • What exactly does this add-on test or measure?
    • Is it performed on the embryo, the sperm, or the egg?
    • Does it replace any part of standard PGT, or is it additional?
    • What is the published evidence that it improves outcomes for patients like me?
    • Are there professional guidelines or statements about this add-on?
    • What are the limitations or false-positive/false-negative rates?

    About your situation

    • Do I have a specific medical reason that makes this add-on relevant?
    • How would the result change your recommendation for my treatment?
    • What happens if I decline the add-on?
    • Could this add-on reduce the number of embryos available for transfer?

    About cost and logistics

    • What is the total price of the add-on, in the currency I will pay?
    • Are there additional fees for shipping, handling, or repeat testing?
    • Is the add-on covered by any package, or is it always extra?
    • What is your refund policy if the add-on cannot be performed?
    • How long does the add-on add to the overall timeline?
    • Will I need to stay in Thailand longer, or can it be done remotely?

    About the laboratory

    • Is the add-on performed in your laboratory or sent to another facility?
    • If sent elsewhere, who is responsible for the sample and the results?
    • How are results reported to me and my home doctor?
    • What quality control or accreditation applies to this specific test?

    Comparing add-ons: a simple framework

    When you have answers from one or more clinics, compare each add-on using the same criteria. This table can help you organize your notes. Do not fill in numbers you have not confirmed.

    Add-on name What it claims to do Evidence quality (ask clinic) Would it change my decision? Total extra cost Extra time or travel
    Example: extra genetic screen Looks for additional variants Ask for studies or guidelines Yes / No / Unsure Confirm in writing Confirm days
    Example: time-lapse imaging Monitors embryo development Ask for evidence of benefit Yes / No / Unsure Confirm in writing Usually none

    If a clinic cannot or will not answer these questions clearly, that is useful information. You may want to seek a second opinion or ask for a written summary.

    Red flags to watch for

    • Pressure to decide immediately or lose a discount.
    • Claims that an add-on guarantees a healthy baby or a successful pregnancy.
    • Vague answers about evidence or laboratory arrangements.
    • Prices that change without a clear written explanation.
    • Bundles that mix necessary and optional services so you cannot tell what you are paying for.

    None of these automatically mean a clinic is unsafe, but they are reasons to slow down and ask more questions.

    How to decide what is worth it for you

    There is no single right answer. Consider:

    • Your medical history and the reason you are doing PGT.
    • Your budget and how much financial strain an add-on would cause.
    • Your timeline and how much flexibility you have for travel.
    • Your comfort with uncertainty and with declining an option.
    • Whether the add-on would give you information you can act on.

    You can always ask for time to think. A reputable clinic will respect that.

    Next steps

    1. Make a list of every add-on mentioned in your consultations.
    2. Use the questions above to gather written answers from each clinic.
    3. Compare total costs, not just the headline price.
    4. Discuss with your home doctor or a trusted advisor if possible.
    5. Decide which add-ons, if any, align with your goals and budget.
    6. Get your final plan and costs in writing before you commit.

    For more context on PGT in Thailand, see our guide at /pgt-in-thailand. You can also explore general patient resources at /patient-resources or contact us with questions. Our FAQ covers common topics about testing and travel.

    Frequently asked questions

    Are PGT add-on services in Thailand required for all patients?

    No. Add-ons are optional. Standard PGT can be performed without them. Whether an add-on is appropriate depends on your medical situation, your goals, and the evidence behind the specific test. Ask your clinic to explain why they are recommending it for you.

    How can I tell if a PGT add-on is worth the extra cost?

    Ask what the add-on measures, what evidence supports it, and whether the result would change your treatment plan. If the answer does not change what you or your doctor would do next, the add-on may not be worth the extra cost. Also request a full price breakdown, including any shipping or handling fees.

    Will an add-on increase my chance of a successful pregnancy?

    Not necessarily. Some add-ons have limited evidence of benefit. No clinic can guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby. Discuss the realistic expected benefit with your treating doctor and consider whether the add-on addresses a specific issue in your case.

    Can I get PGT add-ons if I am not in Thailand for the whole treatment?

    Some add-ons may require additional time in Thailand, while others may be done during your existing stay. Ask your clinic about the timeline and whether any part can be coordinated remotely. Travel and visa rules can change, so confirm current requirements with the clinic and relevant authorities.

    What should I do if a clinic pressures me to buy add-ons?

    You are entitled to time to consider. Ask for written information and a clear price breakdown. If you feel pressured, you can seek a second opinion or consult your home doctor. A reputable clinic should respect your decision to decline optional services.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT Payment Options in Thailand: A Practical Guide for International Patients

    Paying for PGT in Thailand usually means combining several separate charges rather than one flat fee. Most clinics quote the IVF cycle, the embryo biopsy, the genetic laboratory analysis and medication as distinct line items, and payment is typically requested in stages rather than all at once. International patients commonly pay by bank transfer, card or cash, and the practical questions are about timing, currency, receipts and what happens if a cycle changes. This guide explains the payment mechanics you should clarify before committing, without quoting prices that vary by clinic, protocol and case.

    At a glance

    • PGT is usually billed as several components, not a single package price.
    • Payment is often staged: before stimulation, before retrieval, and before genetic analysis.
    • International transfers, cards and cash are common, but each has different fees and timing.
    • Insurance rarely covers PGT itself; confirm in writing before assuming anything.
    • Ask about currency, exchange-rate handling, receipts and refund conditions in advance.

    Why PGT pricing is rarely a single number

    Preimplantation genetic testing sits on top of an IVF cycle, so the total you pay reflects both the fertility treatment and the genetic laboratory work. Clinics generally separate these because the components depend on different factors: how many eggs are retrieved, how many embryos develop far enough to be biopsied, how many are tested, and which genetic method is used. Because those numbers are not known in advance, a responsible clinic will describe its pricing structure and give a range or an estimate rather than a guaranteed total.

    This is why comparing two clinics on a headline figure alone can be misleading. A lower quoted cycle fee may exclude biopsy, shipping, analysis or medication that another clinic bundles differently. The useful comparison is the list of what is included, what is excluded, and when each payment falls due.

    Typical cost components to expect

    Exact amounts vary, but the categories below are the ones most clinics itemise. Ask your clinic to mark each as included, excluded or conditional in your written quote.

    Component What it usually covers Why it can change
    Consultation and monitoring Initial assessment, scans, blood tests during stimulation Number of visits and monitoring intensity
    Medication Stimulation and cycle-support drugs Protocol, dose, duration, brand
    Egg retrieval and embryology Retrieval procedure, fertilisation, embryo culture Technique used, number of eggs and embryos
    Embryo biopsy Sampling cells from suitable embryos How many embryos reach biopsy stage
    Genetic analysis Laboratory testing of the biopsy samples Test type, number of embryos, whether testing is in-house or sent elsewhere
    Embryo freezing and storage Cryopreservation and storage of surplus embryos Number stored and storage duration
    Transfer cycle Preparing the uterus and transferring an embryo Whether transfer is fresh or frozen, and timing

    Some clinics also list administrative charges, courier or shipping costs if samples are sent to an external genetics laboratory, and separate fees for additional consultations. Ask for these to be named explicitly rather than assumed to be included.

    How payment is usually staged

    Rather than one payment, many clinics structure billing around milestones in the cycle. A common pattern looks like this, though the exact sequence is clinic-specific:

    1. Before starting: consultation, baseline tests and sometimes a deposit to reserve a cycle slot.
    2. Before stimulation: medication and the main cycle fee, or an agreed portion of it.
    3. Around retrieval: procedure and embryology charges.
    4. Before genetic analysis: biopsy and testing fees, often once the number of embryos is known.
    5. Before transfer: any remaining cycle balance, plus freezing or storage if applicable.

    Staged billing is helpful because it spreads cost and lets you see what you are paying for at each step. It also means you should ask what happens if the cycle stops early, if fewer embryos than expected reach biopsy, or if you decide not to proceed to transfer. Those scenarios affect both the total and any refund.

    Payment methods international patients commonly use

    Thai clinics generally accept more than one method, but availability and fees differ. Confirm your chosen method with the clinic’s finance team before you travel, because some options require advance notice or in-person verification.

    • International bank transfer: often preferred for larger amounts. Ask for the clinic’s exact account details, the beneficiary name, and whether an intermediary bank is involved. Transfers can take several business days and may incur fees at both ends.
    • Credit or debit card: convenient for deposits and smaller payments, but check whether your card issuer treats the charge as a foreign transaction and what conversion rate applies. Some clinics may apply a card surcharge.
    • Cash in local currency: accepted by many clinics for in-person payments, but carrying large sums has practical and security drawbacks. Ask whether cash is accepted for the full amount or only smaller items.
    • Online or app-based transfers: increasingly available, but limits, verification steps and exchange rates vary by provider and country.

    Whichever method you use, request a formal receipt or invoice for every payment. Receipts matter for insurance claims, for your own records, and for resolving any later discrepancy.

    Currency, exchange rates and timing

    Quotes are usually given in Thai baht, while your funds may be held in another currency. That gap creates two practical issues: the exchange rate at the moment of payment, and any conversion fee charged by your bank or the clinic.

    Questions worth asking:

    • Is the quote fixed in baht, or can it be fixed in my home currency?
    • If the exchange rate moves between quote and payment, who absorbs the difference?
    • Does the clinic add a conversion or processing fee for foreign cards or transfers?
    • Can I pay in instalments to reduce exposure to a single exchange-rate moment?

    Because rates fluctuate, a quote given weeks before payment may not match the final amount in your currency. Budgeting a modest buffer for currency movement is a reasonable precaution, though the size of that buffer depends on your own circumstances.

    Insurance and PGT: what to check

    Insurance coverage for PGT is limited in most countries, and policies differ widely. Some plans cover parts of an IVF cycle under specific medical criteria, while the genetic testing itself is often excluded or treated as elective. Rather than assume, verify directly with your insurer.

    Ask your insurer:

    • Does my policy cover fertility treatment, and under what documented criteria?
    • Is preimplantation genetic testing covered, excluded, or covered only for certain indications?
    • Does coverage apply to treatment received outside my home country?
    • What documentation is required for a claim: itemised invoices, diagnosis codes, treatment reports?
    • Is reimbursement paid to me or directly to the provider?

    If your insurer requires pre-authorisation, start that process before treatment begins. Retrospective claims are harder to support, and clinics may not be able to issue the exact documentation your insurer wants after the fact.

    Refunds, cancellations and changes to the plan

    Because a cycle can change course, refund terms deserve as much attention as the price itself. Ask the clinic to explain, in writing:

    • What portion of a payment is refundable if the cycle is cancelled before retrieval.
    • How charges are adjusted if fewer embryos than expected are available for biopsy or testing.
    • Whether unused medication or storage fees can be refunded or credited.
    • What notice period applies to cancellation, and whether a deposit is forfeited.
    • How refunds are returned, in which currency, and who bears transfer fees.

    Clear refund terms protect both sides. If a clinic is reluctant to put them in writing, that is worth noting when you compare options.

    Comparing quotes: questions to ask each clinic

    Use the same questions across clinics so the answers are genuinely comparable.

    1. Can I have a written, itemised quote showing included and excluded items?
    2. Which costs are fixed and which depend on the number of eggs, embryos or tests?
    3. When is each payment due, and what triggers the next stage?
    4. Which payment methods do you accept from international patients, and what fees apply?
    5. How do you handle currency conversion and exchange-rate changes?
    6. What are your refund and cancellation terms?
    7. What documentation will I receive for insurance claims?
    8. Is genetic testing performed in-house or sent to an external laboratory, and does that affect cost or timing?

    A short pre-payment checklist

    • Request an itemised written quote and read the exclusions.
    • Confirm the payment schedule and what each stage covers.
    • Check your insurer’s position and start any pre-authorisation early.
    • Decide on a payment method and confirm the clinic accepts it.
    • Ask about currency handling and any processing fees.
    • Get refund and cancellation terms in writing.
    • Keep every receipt and invoice in one place.

    For background on the treatment itself, see our guide to PGT in Thailand. For a broader view of cycle costs, see IVF cost in Thailand. Our patient resources section collects planning tools, and you can contact us with questions about arranging care.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I pay for PGT in Thailand in my home currency?

    Some clinics quote in Thai baht and accept foreign cards or transfers, which means a conversion happens at some point. Whether you can fix a price in your own currency depends on the clinic and your bank. Ask how the exchange rate is applied, who pays any conversion fee, and whether the quote is guaranteed if rates move before payment.

    Does insurance cover PGT in Thailand?

    Coverage varies widely and PGT is often excluded or treated as elective, even when parts of an IVF cycle are covered. Check with your insurer whether fertility treatment and genetic testing are covered, whether treatment abroad is included, and what documentation a claim requires. Start any pre-authorisation before treatment begins.

    What happens if my cycle is cancelled after I have paid?

    Refund terms are clinic-specific. Ask in writing what portion is refundable at each stage, how charges adjust if fewer embryos are available than expected, and how any refund is returned, in which currency and who pays transfer fees. Getting these terms before payment avoids disputes later.

    Is it cheaper to pay by bank transfer or card?

    It depends on the fees at both ends. Bank transfers may suit larger amounts but can involve intermediary charges and several days of processing. Cards are convenient but may carry foreign transaction fees or a clinic surcharge. Compare the total cost of each method, not just the headline amount.

    Why do clinics give a range instead of a fixed PGT price?

    Several components depend on unknowns such as how many eggs are retrieved, how many embryos reach biopsy stage, and how many are tested. Because those numbers emerge during the cycle, clinics typically quote a structure or range rather than a guaranteed total. Ask which items are fixed and which are conditional.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT for Family Balancing in Thailand: What International Patients Should Know

    PGT for family balancing in Thailand is a topic where policy, clinical practice, and patient expectations meet. In simple terms, preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) can include analysis of sex chromosomes, and some international patients ask whether this can be used to influence the sex of a future child. Thailand has its own legal and regulatory framework for assisted reproduction, and individual clinics also set their own policies. Because rules and clinic practices can change, the most reliable approach is to confirm current requirements directly with the treating clinic and, where needed, with the relevant Thai authority. This article explains the key distinctions, uncertainties, and questions to ask so you can plan responsibly.

    At a glance

    • PGT is a laboratory test on embryos during IVF; it can include sex chromosome information.
    • Family balancing generally means trying to have a child of a particular sex for family composition reasons.
    • Thailand regulates assisted reproduction, but specific rules and clinic policies may vary and can change.
    • International patients should confirm eligibility, documentation, and legal requirements before traveling.
    • No outcome is guaranteed; PGT cannot ensure a pregnancy, a live birth, or a child of a specific sex.

    What is PGT and how does it relate to family balancing?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is an optional laboratory step during in vitro fertilization (IVF). A small number of cells are removed from an embryo and tested. PGT can be used for different purposes, such as screening for chromosomal abnormalities or testing for a specific inherited condition. Some forms of PGT also report the sex chromosomes of the embryo.

    Family balancing, sometimes called sex selection for family composition, is when patients hope to have a child of a particular sex because they already have children of one sex or for other personal reasons. When PGT includes sex chromosome information, it may be possible to identify embryos with XX or XY chromosomes. However, this is a medical procedure with limitations, and it is not available for every patient or in every clinic.

    Is PGT for family balancing legal in Thailand?

    Thailand has laws and regulations that govern assisted reproductive technology. These rules address several aspects of IVF and PGT, including who may access treatment and under what conditions. The legal status of using PGT specifically for family balancing is a matter that depends on how the law is interpreted and applied, and it may also be affected by clinic policy.

    Because legal and regulatory details can change, this article cannot state a definitive legal conclusion. Instead, you should treat this as a question to confirm with the clinic you are considering and, if necessary, with a qualified Thai legal professional or the relevant health authority. Do not rely on outdated forum posts or general websites for legal advice.

    What do clinics in Thailand typically require?

    Clinics in Thailand that offer PGT for international patients usually have their own internal policies. These policies may cover:

    • Whether the clinic offers PGT for family balancing at all.
    • What medical or non-medical criteria patients must meet.
    • What documents are required, such as passports, marriage certificates, or medical records.
    • Whether counseling is mandatory before proceeding.
    • How the clinic interprets Thai law and professional guidelines.

    Because these requirements are clinic-specific and can change, you should ask directly. A clinic may decline to offer family balancing even if it offers PGT for other reasons. It is also possible that a clinic will offer PGT for medical reasons but not for family balancing.

    Key distinctions: medical PGT vs. family balancing

    It helps to separate two ideas that are sometimes mixed together:

    • Medical PGT: Testing embryos for chromosomal abnormalities or specific genetic conditions to help reduce the risk of passing on a serious inherited disease or to improve IVF outcomes. In some cases, sex chromosome information is a byproduct of the test.
    • Family balancing: Using PGT specifically to choose the sex of an embryo for non-medical reasons. This is the area where legal and ethical questions are most prominent.

    Some countries permit medical PGT but restrict or prohibit family balancing. Thailand’s approach may differ, and clinic policies may be stricter than the law. Always ask which category your request falls into and what the clinic’s policy is.

    What international patients should confirm before planning

    If you are considering PGT for family balancing in Thailand, use the following checklist as a starting point. Treat each item as a question to confirm, not as a guarantee.

    1. Legal and regulatory status: Ask the clinic how it interprets current Thai law and whether family balancing is permitted under its license.
    2. Clinic policy: Confirm whether the clinic offers PGT for family balancing and what its specific conditions are.
    3. Eligibility criteria: Ask about any age, medical, or family history requirements.
    4. Required documents: Ask what identification, marriage, or medical records you need to provide.
    5. Counseling: Ask whether genetic counseling or psychological counseling is required or recommended.
    6. Costs: Request a written breakdown of all fees, including IVF, PGT, medications, monitoring, and any additional charges. Do not rely on verbal estimates.
    7. Travel and logistics: Ask how many days you need to stay, how many clinic visits are required, and whether any steps can be done in your home country.
    8. Success and limitations: Ask about the clinic’s general IVF success rates, but understand that no clinic can guarantee a specific outcome or a child of a particular sex.
    9. Follow-up: Ask what happens after treatment, including any follow-up testing or support.

    Questions to ask a clinic about PGT and family balancing

    When you contact a clinic, consider asking these questions in writing so you have a record of the answers:

    • Does your clinic offer PGT for family balancing? If so, under what conditions?
    • What is your understanding of the current Thai legal position on this?
    • What documents do I need to provide as an international patient?
    • Is counseling required before PGT?
    • What are the costs, and what do they include?
    • What are the limitations and risks of PGT?
    • Can you provide a treatment timeline that includes travel and monitoring?
    • What happens if no embryos are suitable for transfer?

    Uncertainty and limitations

    PGT is a medical procedure with technical limitations. It cannot guarantee that an embryo will implant, that a pregnancy will continue, or that a child will be born healthy. It also cannot guarantee that you will have embryos of a particular sex available for transfer. The number of embryos available depends on many factors, including your age, ovarian response, and sperm quality.

    In addition, legal and clinic policies can change. A clinic that offers family balancing today may change its policy later. Always confirm current rules before making travel or financial commitments.

    Next steps

    If you are researching PGT for family balancing in Thailand, start by clarifying your own priorities and questions. Then contact clinics directly to ask about their policies and requirements. You may also want to consult a legal professional who understands Thai assisted reproduction law. For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand page. You can also browse our FAQ and guides for related topics. When you are ready to discuss your situation, you can contact us for guidance on next steps.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT for family balancing legal in Thailand?

    Thailand regulates assisted reproduction, but the specific legal status of using PGT for family balancing depends on how the law is interpreted and applied. Clinic policies may also be stricter than the law. Because rules can change, you should confirm the current position directly with the clinic you are considering and, if needed, with a qualified Thai legal professional or the relevant health authority. This article cannot provide a definitive legal conclusion.

    What is the difference between medical PGT and family balancing?

    Medical PGT is used to test embryos for chromosomal abnormalities or specific inherited conditions, often to reduce the risk of serious genetic disease or to improve IVF outcomes. Family balancing is when PGT is used specifically to choose the sex of an embryo for non-medical reasons. Some countries allow medical PGT but restrict family balancing. Clinics may have different policies for each.

    What should I ask a clinic in Thailand about PGT for family balancing?

    Ask whether the clinic offers PGT for family balancing and under what conditions. Confirm the current Thai legal position as the clinic understands it. Ask about eligibility criteria, required documents, mandatory counseling, costs, treatment timelines, and what happens if no suitable embryos are available. Get answers in writing so you have a record.

    Can PGT guarantee a baby of a specific sex?

    No. PGT can provide information about an embryo's sex chromosomes, but it cannot guarantee that you will have embryos of a particular sex available for transfer, that an embryo will implant, that a pregnancy will continue, or that a child will be born. Many factors affect the number and quality of embryos, and no clinic can guarantee a specific outcome.

    Do I need to be married to have PGT for family balancing in Thailand?

    Document requirements, including whether marriage certificates are required, are clinic-specific and may also be affected by Thai law. You should ask the clinic directly what documents you need to provide as an international patient. Requirements can change, so confirm before you travel.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read a PGT Report from a Thai Clinic: A Plain-English Guide for International Patients

    If you have received a PGT report from a clinic in Thailand, the first step is to understand what the report is and what it is not. A PGT report summarises laboratory findings from a small sample of cells taken from an embryo. It is a technical document, not a diagnosis of your health or a guarantee of any outcome. This guide explains the common structure and terminology you may see, the categories of results that are typically reported, and the questions that can help you and your clinician interpret the findings in your specific situation. It does not replace a conversation with your treating clinic or a qualified genetics professional.

    At a glance

    • PGT reports describe laboratory findings from embryo samples; they do not predict pregnancy or child health with certainty.
    • Different PGT types (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR) answer different questions and use different reporting language.
    • Result categories such as “euploid,” “aneuploid,” “mosaic,” and “inconclusive” have specific meanings that your clinician should explain in context.
    • Reports may include technical caveats, limitations, and recommendations for confirmatory testing or genetic counselling.
    • Ask your clinic for a translated or explained version of the report if the original is not in a language you read comfortably.

    What a PGT report is — and what it is not

    A PGT report is a laboratory summary. It typically describes the type of test performed, the sample analysed, the methodology used, and the findings for each embryo tested. It may also include quality indicators, limitations, and a disclaimer about the scope of the test.

    It is not a diagnosis of you or your partner. It is not a guarantee that an embryo will implant, develop normally, or result in a healthy child. It is not a complete picture of all possible genetic conditions. And it is not a substitute for genetic counselling, especially when a specific inherited condition is involved.

    Because PGT is a screening or diagnostic adjunct, not a treatment, the report should always be interpreted alongside your clinical history, the reason PGT was recommended, and the limitations of the technology used.

    The three main types of PGT and what their reports cover

    PGT is an umbrella term. The type of PGT performed determines what the report can and cannot tell you. The table below outlines the general focus of each type. Your clinic can confirm which type was used in your case.

    PGT type General focus Typical report content
    PGT-A Screening for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy) Chromosome copy number findings per embryo; may include mosaic or inconclusive categories
    PGT-M Testing for a specific inherited condition known to be present in the family Presence or absence of the specific gene variant tested; may include affected, carrier, or unaffected categories
    PGT-SR Testing for structural chromosome rearrangements Findings related to the specific rearrangement; may include balanced, unbalanced, or inconclusive categories

    Some reports combine more than one type, for example PGT-A plus PGT-M. In that case, the report may have separate sections for each test. Ask your clinic which sections apply to your embryos.

    Common sections you may see in a PGT report

    Report formats vary by laboratory and clinic, but many include the following sections. The exact headings may differ, and some reports may omit sections that are not relevant to your test.

    • Patient and sample identification: Your name or identifier, the clinic’s identifier, the date of the biopsy, and the date the report was issued.
    • Test requested: The specific PGT type and any additional tests ordered.
    • Methodology: A brief description of the laboratory technique used, such as the platform or the number of cells analysed. This section may include technical limitations.
    • Results table: A list of embryos tested, often identified by a code or number, with the finding for each. This is usually the core of the report.
    • Interpretation or comments: A narrative explanation of the findings, including any caveats or recommendations.
    • Limitations and disclaimer: A statement about what the test cannot detect, the possibility of false results, and the need for clinical correlation.
    • Recommendations: Suggestions for next steps, such as genetic counselling, confirmatory testing, or discussion with your clinician.

    If any section is unclear or missing, ask your clinic for clarification. You are entitled to understand the information that affects your care.

    Understanding result categories

    The language used in PGT reports can be technical. Below are some common categories and what they generally mean. Your clinician should explain how these categories apply to your specific embryos and your treatment plan.

    Euploid

    This term generally means the embryo has a typical number of chromosomes for its stage of development, based on the cells sampled. It does not guarantee implantation or a healthy pregnancy. It means the test did not detect an abnormal chromosome number in the sample.

    Aneuploid

    This term generally means the embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes in the sample. Aneuploidy can involve an extra chromosome (trisomy), a missing chromosome (monosomy), or more complex patterns. The report may specify which chromosome(s) are involved. The clinical significance depends on the specific finding and is best discussed with your clinician.

    Mosaic

    Mosaicism means the sample contains a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The report may describe the percentage of cells affected or use terms like “low-level” or “high-level” mosaic. Mosaic results are often complex, and their interpretation depends on the specific chromosomes involved and the proportion of affected cells. Your clinic may recommend genetic counselling to discuss the implications.

    Inconclusive or no result

    Sometimes the laboratory cannot obtain a clear result from the sample. This may be due to technical factors, insufficient DNA, or other reasons. An inconclusive result does not mean the embryo is abnormal; it means the test did not provide a definitive answer. Your clinic may discuss options such as re-biopsy, re-testing, or proceeding without a result, depending on your situation.

    Carrier or affected (for PGT-M)

    For PGT-M, the report may use terms like “affected,” “carrier,” or “unaffected” in relation to the specific condition tested. These terms describe the presence or absence of the gene variant in the sample. The meaning for your family depends on the inheritance pattern of the condition and should be explained by a genetics professional.

    Why the same result can be interpreted differently

    PGT results are not interpreted in isolation. The same laboratory finding may lead to different clinical recommendations depending on:

    • The reason PGT was performed (for example, advanced maternal age, recurrent pregnancy loss, or a known familial condition).
    • The number and quality of embryos available.
    • Your reproductive history and previous treatment outcomes.
    • The specific chromosomes or gene variants involved.
    • The limitations of the testing platform used.
    • Your personal values and preferences, which may be informed by genetic counselling.

    This is why a report should not be read as a standalone verdict. It is one piece of information among many that your care team will consider.

    Questions to ask your clinic about your PGT report

    Bring your report to your next consultation and consider asking the following questions. You may want to request a translated copy or an explanation in a language you understand well.

    1. Which type of PGT was performed, and what was it looking for?
    2. Can you explain the result for each embryo in plain language?
    3. What do the terms “euploid,” “aneuploid,” “mosaic,” or “inconclusive” mean for my specific embryos?
    4. What are the limitations of this test for my situation?
    5. Are there any findings that suggest I should consider genetic counselling?
    6. How might these results affect the options available to me?
    7. What would you recommend as next steps, and what alternatives exist?
    8. Can I have a copy of the full report, including any technical appendices?
    9. Is there a genetics professional or counsellor I can speak with?
    10. What costs, if any, are associated with further testing or counselling?

    Write down the answers. If something is still unclear, ask again. It is reasonable to take time to understand the information before making decisions.

    Limitations of PGT and report interpretation

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it has limitations. No test can detect every possible genetic or chromosomal issue. Some conditions are not detectable by the methods used. Mosaic results can be difficult to interpret because the sample may not represent the whole embryo. Technical errors, though uncommon, can occur. And a “normal” result does not guarantee a healthy pregnancy or child.

    Because of these limitations, PGT reports should always be interpreted by qualified professionals in the context of your overall care. If you are considering PGT or have received a report, ask your clinic about the specific limitations of the test you used.

    Next steps for international patients

    If you are reviewing a PGT report from a clinic in Thailand, here is a short checklist to help you move forward:

    • Request a full copy of the report, including any technical sections, in a language you read comfortably.
    • Ask your clinic to schedule a consultation to explain the results.
    • Prepare your questions in advance, using the list above as a starting point.
    • Ask whether genetic counselling is available, either at the clinic or remotely.
    • Take notes during the consultation and ask for clarification on any point you do not understand.
    • Consider seeking a second opinion if you feel uncertain or if the findings are complex.
    • Keep all reports and correspondence in a safe place for your records.

    Understanding your PGT report is a process, not a single event. You are entitled to clear explanations and to make decisions at your own pace. For more general information about PGT in Thailand, you can explore our PGT in Thailand page, browse our guides, or check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does an inconclusive PGT result mean?

    An inconclusive result means the laboratory could not obtain a clear finding from the sample. This can happen for technical reasons, such as insufficient DNA or poor sample quality. It does not mean the embryo is abnormal. Your clinic may discuss options such as re-testing or proceeding without a result, depending on your situation.

    Can a PGT report tell me whether my embryo will implant?

    No. A PGT report describes laboratory findings from a sample of cells. It cannot predict whether an embryo will implant, develop normally, or result in a healthy child. Implantation depends on many factors, including embryo quality, uterine environment, and maternal health. Your clinician can explain how the report fits into your overall treatment plan.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for a specific inherited condition known to be present in the family. PGT-SR tests for structural chromosome rearrangements. Each type uses different laboratory methods and produces different types of reports. Your clinic can confirm which type was used in your case.

    Should I get genetic counselling after receiving a PGT report?

    Genetic counselling can be helpful, especially if your report shows a mosaic result, a specific chromosome abnormality, or a finding related to an inherited condition. A genetics professional can explain the implications for you and your family and help you understand your options. Ask your clinic whether genetic counselling is available.

    Can I get my PGT report translated into English?

    Many clinics in Thailand can provide reports or explanations in English, but this varies. If your report is not in a language you read comfortably, ask your clinic for a translated copy or for a consultation with an interpreter. It is important that you understand the information that affects your care.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.