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  • How to Verify the Credentials of a Fertility Doctor in Thailand

    Choosing a fertility doctor in Thailand is a significant decision, especially when you are considering preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). Verifying a doctor’s credentials helps you feel more confident in your choice. This guide explains how to check a doctor’s qualifications, board certifications, and experience with PGT, and provides practical questions to ask any clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Steps to Verify a Fertility Doctor

    • Check the doctor’s medical degree and Thai medical license.
    • Look for board certification in obstetrics and gynecology (OB-GYN) and subspecialty training in reproductive medicine.
    • Ask about specific experience with PGT, including the number of cycles and types of genetic testing performed.
    • Request documentation of the clinic’s laboratory accreditations and quality standards.
    • Ask for references or patient testimonials, and consider a second opinion.

    Understanding Fertility Doctor Credentials in Thailand

    In Thailand, fertility doctors are typically medical doctors who have completed a degree in medicine (MD) and then specialized in obstetrics and gynecology. Many pursue further fellowship training in reproductive medicine, which focuses on infertility and assisted reproductive technology (ART) such as IVF and PGT.

    Board certification is an important marker of a doctor’s expertise. In Thailand, the Medical Council of Thailand (MCT) oversees medical licensure and specialty certification. A doctor who is board-certified in obstetrics and gynecology has completed rigorous training and examinations. Subspecialty certification in reproductive medicine is an additional credential that indicates advanced training in fertility care.

    When verifying credentials, you can ask the clinic for the doctor’s full name and then search for their profile on the Medical Council of Thailand’s website or contact the council directly. You can also ask the clinic to provide copies of the doctor’s certificates and licenses.

    What to Look for in a Doctor’s Experience with PGT

    PGT is a complex procedure that involves testing embryos for genetic abnormalities before transfer. A doctor’s experience with PGT can significantly impact your care. Here are some points to consider:

    • Number of PGT cycles: Ask how many PGT cycles the doctor has performed or supervised. More experience often means better familiarity with the process.
    • Types of PGT: PGT-A (aneuploidy screening), PGT-M (monogenic disorders), and PGT-SR (structural rearrangements) require different expertise. Ask which types the doctor regularly performs.
    • Collaboration with geneticists: PGT involves genetic counseling and laboratory analysis. Ask how the doctor works with geneticists and whether the clinic has in-house genetic expertise.
    • Success rates: While success rates are not a guarantee, ask about the clinic’s and doctor’s success rates for PGT cycles, and how they define success (e.g., clinical pregnancy, live birth).

    Questions to Ask a Fertility Clinic

    When you contact a clinic, prepare a list of questions to ask. Here are some suggestions:

    • What are the doctor’s qualifications and board certifications?
    • How many years has the doctor been practicing fertility medicine?
    • How many PGT cycles has the doctor performed in the past year?
    • What is the clinic’s laboratory accreditation? (e.g., JCI, ISO, RTAC)
    • Can you provide references or patient testimonials?
    • What is the doctor’s approach to genetic counseling?
    • How does the clinic handle embryo biopsy and genetic testing?

    Comparing Fertility Hospitals in Bangkok

    To help you compare, we have compiled an editorial comparison of several fertility hospitals in Bangkok. This order is not a ranking of success rates or clinical outcomes; it is a starting point for your research. Always verify current information directly with each hospital.

    Hospital Location Key Features
    Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) Rama 9, Bangkok Dedicated fertility center; provides IVF, ICSI, PGT, egg/embryo freezing; holds JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, UK NEQAS credentials; reports 78% average embryo-transfer success rate for 2025 (not a guarantee); reference price for basic single-cycle medical package THB 490,000 (June 2026).
    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center Huai Khwang, Bangkok In-house embryology lab; services include IVF, ICSI, PGT-A, egg/embryo freezing, semen analysis; fly-in packages from THB 335,000 (valid to 31 Dec 2026).
    Bumrungrad International Hospital Central Bangkok Large multidisciplinary hospital; reproductive medicine services; integrated setting for other specialties.
    Jetanin Hospital Pathum Wan, Bangkok Specialist fertility hospital since 1995; in-house genetics lab with PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR; first IVF centre in Southeast Asia with both JCI and RTAC accreditation.
    MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center Khlong Toei, Bangkok IVF/ICSI, PGT-A/M/SR, fertility preservation; ESHRE-certified embryologists; time-lapse incubation and AI-assisted embryo assessment.
    Superior A.R.T. Thailand Ratchathewi, Bangkok Specialist assisted-reproduction and genetics center; emphasizes IVF, ICSI, and PGT pathways.

    This table is based on publicly available information and should be used as a starting point. Always confirm details directly with the hospital.

    How to Request and Verify Records

    Once you have a shortlist of doctors, request their credentials in writing. You can ask for:

    • Copies of medical degrees and board certificates.
    • Proof of Thai medical licensure.
    • Documentation of any subspecialty training in reproductive medicine.
    • Records of PGT experience, such as the number of cycles performed.
    • References from other patients (with their consent).

    You can also verify a doctor’s license through the Medical Council of Thailand. If you are working with an international coordinator, ask them to help you verify these documents.

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    • List the doctors you are considering.
    • Contact each clinic and request credential documentation.
    • Ask about PGT experience and laboratory accreditations.
    • Compare the information you receive.
    • Consider a second opinion if you have doubts.
    • Make an informed decision based on your research.

    Remember, verifying credentials is an essential step, but it is also important to feel comfortable with your doctor and the clinic’s approach to your care.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is a board-certified fertility doctor in Thailand?

    A board-certified fertility doctor in Thailand has completed medical school, a residency in obstetrics and gynecology, and passed the Thai board examination. Many also have additional fellowship training in reproductive medicine, which focuses on infertility and ART.

    How can I check a doctor's license in Thailand?

    You can ask the clinic for the doctor's full name and then search for their profile on the Medical Council of Thailand's website or contact the council directly. The clinic should also provide copies of the doctor's certificates and licenses.

    What questions should I ask about a doctor's PGT experience?

    Ask how many PGT cycles the doctor has performed, which types of PGT (A, M, SR) they regularly handle, how they collaborate with geneticists, and what their success rates are for PGT cycles. Also ask about the clinic's laboratory accreditations.

    Are success rates a reliable way to compare doctors?

    Success rates can be informative, but they are not a guarantee of your outcome. They depend on many factors, including your age and diagnosis. Always ask how success is defined (e.g., clinical pregnancy, live birth) and consider the clinic's overall experience.

    Should I get a second opinion before choosing a fertility doctor?

    A second opinion can be helpful, especially for complex cases or if you have doubts. It allows you to compare approaches and feel more confident in your decision. Many clinics offer consultations for this purpose.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Egg Donation in Thailand: Process and Considerations for International Patients

    Egg donation in Thailand involves a structured medical and legal process that international patients should understand before starting treatment. This guide explains the general steps, from donor selection to embryo transfer, and highlights what you need to confirm with your chosen clinic and legal advisor.

    At a Glance: Key Steps in Egg Donation

    • Initial consultation and legal review
    • Selection of donor (anonymous or known)
    • Donor screening and legal agreements
    • IVF cycle with donor eggs
    • Optional PGT-A testing of embryos
    • Embryo transfer and follow-up

    Understanding Egg Donation in Thailand

    Egg donation involves using eggs from a donor to create embryos, which are then transferred to the intended mother or a gestational surrogate. In Thailand, the process is regulated, and international patients must navigate both medical and legal aspects. It is essential to work with a reputable clinic that can guide you through the requirements.

    Initial Steps: Consultation and Legal Review

    Before starting, you will have a consultation with a fertility specialist to review your medical history and discuss whether egg donation is appropriate. Simultaneously, you should seek legal advice to understand the Thai regulations regarding donor anonymity, parental rights, and any requirements for international patients. Legal frameworks can change, so up-to-date advice is crucial.

    Choosing a Donor: Anonymous vs. Known

    In Thailand, you may have the option of using an anonymous donor from a clinic’s egg bank or a known donor, such as a friend or relative. Each option has different implications:

    • Anonymous donor: The donor’s identity is not disclosed to you. This is often the simplest path, but you may have limited information about the donor’s background.
    • Known donor: You know the donor, which can provide more medical and genetic information. However, this requires additional legal agreements to clarify parental rights and the donor’s role.

    Your clinic can explain the availability of donors and the screening process for each type.

    Donor Screening and Legal Agreements

    All egg donors undergo medical and genetic screening to reduce the risk of inherited conditions. This typically includes infectious disease testing, genetic carrier screening, and a review of medical history. For known donors, a legal contract is essential to outline the donor’s relinquishment of parental rights and the intended parents’ responsibilities. Your clinic and legal advisor will guide you through these documents.

    The IVF Cycle with Donor Eggs

    Once a donor is selected, the IVF process involves several steps:

    1. Donor stimulation: The donor takes medication to produce multiple eggs. This is monitored by the clinic.
    2. Egg retrieval: Eggs are collected in a minor surgical procedure.
    3. Fertilization: The eggs are fertilized with sperm from the intended father or a sperm donor.
    4. Embryo culture: Embryos are grown in the lab for several days.
    5. Optional PGT-A: Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) can screen embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer.
    6. Embryo transfer: A selected embryo is placed into the uterus of the intended mother or surrogate.

    The timeline for these steps can vary, and your clinic will provide a specific schedule.

    Role of PGT-A on Donor Embryos

    PGT-A is a test that checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. While donor eggs are often from younger women, chromosomal abnormalities can still occur. PGT-A may help select embryos with the best chance of implantation, but it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. Discuss with your clinic whether PGT-A is recommended for your situation.

    Travel and Timeline Considerations

    As an international patient, you will need to plan your travel to Thailand. The IVF cycle typically requires a stay of several weeks, but the exact duration depends on your treatment plan. You may need to travel for the initial consultation, the egg retrieval (if you are the donor), and the embryo transfer. Your clinic can provide a timeline, but you should also consider time for legal procedures and any required quarantine or visa arrangements.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the screening process for egg donors?
    • Are anonymous and known donors available?
    • What legal documents are required for international patients?
    • What is the estimated timeline for the entire process?
    • Is PGT-A recommended, and what are the costs?
    • What support is available for international patients?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Research clinics and their donor programs.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your medical history.
    3. Seek legal advice on Thai regulations.
    4. Confirm the donor selection process and screening.
    5. Plan your travel and accommodation.
    6. Review all costs and timelines with your clinic.

    Egg donation in Thailand offers a path to parenthood for many international patients. By understanding the process and asking the right questions, you can make informed decisions. Always confirm the latest legal and medical requirements with your clinic and legal advisor.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can international patients use egg donation in Thailand?

    Yes, international patients can use egg donation in Thailand, but they must comply with Thai regulations and clinic policies. It is important to consult with the clinic and a legal advisor to understand any specific requirements.

    What is the difference between anonymous and known egg donors?

    Anonymous donors are not identified to the intended parents, while known donors are personally known to them. Known donors require additional legal agreements to clarify parental rights.

    Is PGT-A testing necessary for donor eggs?

    PGT-A is optional and not always necessary. It can help select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy. Discuss with your clinic whether it is recommended for your case.

    How long do I need to stay in Thailand for egg donation treatment?

    The required stay varies depending on your treatment plan. Typically, you may need to be in Thailand for several weeks, but your clinic will provide a specific timeline based on your cycle.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Are the Chances of Success with IVF Using Donor Eggs in Thailand?

    Donor Egg IVF: What Affects Your Chances?

    When considering IVF with donor eggs, it’s natural to wonder about your chances of success. While no one can guarantee a specific outcome, understanding the key factors that influence success can help you make informed decisions. In Thailand, as elsewhere, the most significant factors include the age and health of the egg donor, the quality of the embryos created, and the expertise of the clinic. This guide explains these factors and outlines the steps you can take to plan your treatment, while emphasizing the importance of genetic testing.

    At a Glance: Key Factors in Donor Egg Success

    • Donor age: Donor age is often considered a factor in egg quality.
    • Embryo quality: The development stage and genetic health of embryos matter.
    • Genetic testing: Screening embryos for chromosomal abnormalities may aid in selection.
    • Clinic expertise: Experience with donor egg cycles and laboratory standards are crucial.
    • Your health: Uterine health and overall wellness play a role in implantation.

    Understanding Donor Egg IVF

    Donor egg IVF involves using eggs from a donor, which are fertilized with sperm to create embryos. These embryos are then transferred to the intended mother’s uterus. This option is often chosen by women with diminished ovarian reserve, genetic concerns, or previous IVF failures. In Thailand, many clinics offer donor egg programs, but success depends on several variables.

    Factors That Influence Success

    Donor Age and Health

    The age of the egg donor is often considered a critical factor. Younger donors may have higher egg quality and better chances of producing viable embryos. Clinics usually have strict donor screening protocols, including medical and genetic testing, to ensure the best possible outcomes. When choosing a donor, you’ll want to review her medical history and any available genetic screening results.

    Embryo Quality and Development

    After fertilization, embryos are cultured in the laboratory for several days. The quality of embryos is assessed based on their cell division and morphology. Embryos that reach the blastocyst stage (day 5-6) are sometimes considered more likely to implant. However, even high-quality embryos can have chromosomal abnormalities, which is why genetic testing is often discussed.

    The Role of Genetic Testing

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) allows embryologists to screen embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. This may help in selecting embryos that are genetically normal. In Thailand, PGT is available at many IVF centers. Discuss with your clinic whether PGT is recommended for your situation, as it may be particularly beneficial when using donor eggs.

    Uterine Receptivity and Your Health

    Your own health and uterine environment are also important. Conditions such as fibroids, polyps, or endometriosis can affect implantation. Your clinic will likely perform a thorough evaluation, including an ultrasound and possibly a hysteroscopy, to ensure your uterus is ready. Lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol, and weight can also impact success, so it’s wise to optimize your health before treatment.

    The Donor Egg IVF Process in Thailand

    Understanding the typical timeline can help you plan your trip. While specific steps may vary by clinic, the general process includes:

    1. Initial consultation: You’ll meet with a fertility specialist to review your medical history and discuss treatment options.
    2. Donor selection: You’ll choose a donor from the clinic’s database or an agency, considering factors like physical traits and genetic screening.
    3. Preparation of your uterus: You’ll take medications to prepare your uterine lining for embryo transfer.
    4. Fertilization and embryo culture: The donor’s eggs are fertilized with your partner’s or a donor’s sperm, and embryos are cultured for 5-6 days.
    5. Genetic testing (optional): If you opt for PGT, embryos are biopsied and tested.
    6. Embryo transfer: A selected embryo is placed into your uterus in a simple procedure.
    7. Pregnancy test: About 10-14 days later, you’ll have a blood test to confirm pregnancy.

    Planning Your Treatment Journey

    Traveling to Thailand for IVF requires careful planning. Consider the following:

    • Duration of stay: You may need to be in Thailand for several weeks, from preparation to transfer. Confirm the expected timeline with your clinic.
    • Legal considerations: Ensure you understand the legal framework for donor egg IVF in Thailand and your home country. Consult with legal experts if needed.
    • Costs: Ask for a detailed breakdown of all fees, including donor compensation, medications, laboratory procedures, and genetic testing.
    • Support services: Many clinics offer coordination services for international patients, including translation and travel assistance.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before committing to a clinic, ask these important questions:

    • What is your experience with donor egg IVF?
    • How are donors screened, and what genetic tests are performed?
    • Do you offer preimplantation genetic testing? What are the benefits and costs?
    • What is the typical timeline for a donor egg cycle?
    • What are the success rates for donor egg cycles in your clinic? (Ask for specific data, but remember that rates are not guarantees.)
    • What support do you provide for international patients?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    • Research clinics and compare their donor programs.
    • Schedule consultations with one or more clinics.
    • Review donor profiles and genetic screening policies.
    • Discuss genetic testing options with your doctor.
    • Plan your travel and accommodation, considering the required stay.
    • Clarify all costs and legal aspects before starting.

    Remember, every IVF journey is unique. While donor egg IVF offers promising possibilities, success depends on many individual factors. Work closely with your medical team to make the best decisions for your situation.

    Frequently asked questions

    How does donor age affect IVF success?

    Donor age is often considered a major factor because younger eggs may be more likely to be genetically normal and result in viable embryos. Most clinics use donors in their 20s to early 30s to optimize success.

    Is genetic testing necessary with donor eggs?

    Genetic testing, such as PGT, is not mandatory but is often recommended. It screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities, which may improve the chances of a successful pregnancy and reduce the risk of miscarriage.

    How long do I need to stay in Thailand for donor egg IVF?

    The required stay varies by clinic and treatment plan, but typically you may need to be in Thailand for several weeks, from uterine preparation to embryo transfer. Confirm the exact timeline with your clinic.

    What are the legal considerations for donor egg IVF in Thailand?

    Legal regulations can change, so it's essential to consult with your clinic and legal experts to understand the current requirements and your rights as an intended parent.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • The Two-Week Wait After Embryo Transfer in Thailand: What to Expect

    The two-week wait after embryo transfer is a period of anticipation and uncertainty. During this time, your body undergoes changes as the embryo may implant in the uterine lining. While you cannot control the outcome, you can focus on following your clinic’s instructions, managing your physical and emotional well-being, and planning your next steps. This guide explains what to expect and how to navigate this period, especially if you are in Thailand away from home.

    At a Glance: The Two-Week Wait

    • Duration: Typically about 10-14 days after embryo transfer.
    • Medications: Continue all prescribed medications exactly as directed.
    • Pregnancy test: Usually a blood test (beta hCG) at your clinic on a scheduled day.
    • Symptoms: You may or may not notice symptoms; they are not reliable indicators.
    • Emotions: It’s normal to feel anxious; seek support if needed.

    Physical Expectations After Embryo Transfer

    After the embryo transfer, you may experience mild cramping, spotting, or breast tenderness. These can be side effects of medications or signs of implantation, but they are not definitive. Many women have no symptoms at all and still have a successful pregnancy. It’s important to avoid interpreting every sensation as a sign. Your clinic will provide guidance on what to monitor and when to contact them.

    Medication Adherence

    Your doctor will likely prescribe progesterone supplements (oral, vaginal, or injection) to support the uterine lining. Continue taking all medications exactly as prescribed, even if you feel fine. Do not stop or adjust doses without consulting your clinic. If you have questions about timing or side effects, contact your clinic’s nursing team.

    When to Take a Pregnancy Test

    Your clinic will schedule a blood test (beta hCG) about 10-14 days after transfer. This is more accurate than a home urine test. Do not test at home earlier, as a negative result may be a false negative, and a positive result may be due to the hCG trigger shot. Wait for the clinic’s instructions.

    Emotional Well-Being During the Wait

    The two-week wait can be emotionally challenging. It’s normal to feel a mix of hope, anxiety, and impatience. Consider these strategies:

    • Stay busy with light activities, such as reading, walking, or exploring local sights (if you feel up to it).
    • Connect with your partner or a trusted friend.
    • Practice relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation.
    • Limit online searching and avoid comparing your experience with others.

    Tips for International Patients in Thailand

    If you are staying in Thailand during the wait, here are some practical considerations:

    • Accommodation: Choose a comfortable place near your clinic to minimize travel stress.
    • Communication: Ensure you have a reliable way to contact your clinic (phone, email, or messaging app).
    • Local support: Ask your clinic if they offer counseling or support groups for international patients.
    • Travel plans: Discuss with your doctor when it is safe to fly home, as this may vary based on your situation.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What symptoms should I report immediately?
    • Are there any activities I should avoid?
    • When exactly should I take the pregnancy test?
    • How will I receive the results, and what are the next steps?
    • What support services are available for international patients?

    Next Steps After the Test

    Once you have your beta hCG result, your clinic will guide you on the next steps. If the result is positive, you may have a follow-up ultrasound in a few weeks. If it is negative, your doctor will discuss options for future cycles. Regardless of the outcome, take time to process your emotions and seek support if needed.

    Remember, the two-week wait is a time to be kind to yourself. Follow your clinic’s advice, and don’t hesitate to reach out with any concerns.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I travel during the two-week wait after embryo transfer?

    It's generally recommended to avoid long-distance travel immediately after transfer, but short trips may be okay. Always consult your clinic for specific advice based on your situation.

    What symptoms should I watch for after embryo transfer?

    Mild cramping, spotting, or breast tenderness can occur, but they are not reliable signs. Contact your clinic if you experience severe pain, heavy bleeding, or fever.

    When can I take a home pregnancy test?

    It's best to wait for the blood test at your clinic, usually 10-14 days after transfer. Home tests may give false results due to medication or timing.

    Can I exercise during the two-week wait?

    Light activity like walking is usually fine, but avoid strenuous exercise. Follow your clinic's specific recommendations.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Testing Costs in Thailand: What to Expect

    If you are considering IVF with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, one of the first questions you likely have is: What does it cost and what does the price include? While exact figures vary by clinic and individual treatment plan, understanding the typical cost components can help you compare quotes meaningfully and avoid surprises.

    PGT-A is an optional add-on to IVF that screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. The total cost is usually separate from the base IVF cycle fee and can be broken down into several parts. This guide explains the common components, what to ask clinics, and how to plan your budget.

    At a Glance: Key Cost Components

    • Biopsy fee: The embryology lab procedure to remove a few cells from each embryo.
    • Genetic analysis fee: The laboratory test that analyzes the biopsied cells.
    • Embryo freezing (vitrification): If you freeze embryos while waiting for results or before transfer.
    • Shipping and handling: If the biopsy samples are sent to an external genetics lab.
    • Consultation and counseling: Genetic counseling before and after testing.
    • Medication and monitoring: Additional IVF medications or monitoring if the cycle is modified.

    What Is Typically Included in a PGT-A Quote?

    When you receive a quote for PGT-A, it may include some or all of the following:

    • The biopsy procedure performed by the embryology team.
    • The genetic analysis of a specified number of embryos (often up to 8 or 10).
    • A written report of results.
    • Genetic counseling to explain the results.

    However, clinics may quote a base price that covers only the biopsy and analysis, with additional fees for embryo freezing, shipping, or extra embryos beyond a certain number. Always ask for a detailed breakdown.

    Potential Additional Fees to Consider

    Beyond the core biopsy and analysis, you may encounter these extra costs:

    • Embryo freezing and storage: If you freeze embryos for future use, there is usually an annual storage fee.
    • Shipping to an external lab: Some clinics send biopsies to a genetics laboratory in another country, which adds shipping and handling charges.
    • Extra embryos: If you have more embryos than the quoted number, each additional embryo may incur an extra analysis fee.
    • Repeat testing: In rare cases, a biopsy may fail or produce inconclusive results, and a repeat test may be needed.
    • Medication adjustments: If your IVF cycle requires additional medications or monitoring due to the testing plan.

    Why Prices Vary Between Clinics

    Several factors influence the total cost of PGT-A in Thailand:

    • Laboratory type: In-house genetics labs may offer lower prices than external labs.
    • Technology used: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is common, but some labs may use different platforms.
    • Number of embryos tested: Many clinics offer a package for a set number of embryos, with per-embryo fees beyond that.
    • Included services: Some quotes include genetic counseling, while others charge separately.
    • Clinic location and reputation: Clinics in major cities or with specialized expertise may have higher fees.

    How to Compare Quotes Effectively

    When comparing PGT-A costs between clinics, ask these questions:

    • What exactly is included in the quoted price? (Biopsy, analysis, report, counseling?)
    • How many embryos does the base price cover?
    • What is the fee for each additional embryo?
    • Are there separate charges for embryo freezing, storage, or shipping?
    • Is the genetic analysis done in-house or at an external lab? If external, what are the shipping costs?
    • What happens if a biopsy fails or results are inconclusive? Is there a retest fee?
    • Are there any discounts for combined IVF and PGT-A packages?
    • What is the payment schedule and are there refund policies?

    Budget Planning Tips

    To plan your budget effectively:

    • Request a written itemized quote from each clinic.
    • Ask about package deals that bundle IVF and PGT-A.
    • Consider the number of embryos you are likely to have based on your age and previous cycles.
    • Factor in potential additional fees for freezing and storage.
    • Check whether your home country offers any tax deductions or insurance coverage for fertility treatments.

    Next Steps: Questions to Ask Before You Commit

    Before you decide on a clinic, schedule a consultation and ask:

    • What is the total estimated cost for my specific situation?
    • What is the success rate for PGT-A in your lab? (Ask for their own data, not general statistics.)
    • How long will it take to receive results?
    • What support is available for international patients, such as translation services or coordination?

    Taking the time to compare quotes and understand inclusions can help you make an informed decision that fits your budget and needs.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A testing included in the standard IVF cost in Thailand?

    No, PGT-A is typically an optional add-on and is charged separately from the base IVF cycle fee. Always confirm with your clinic what is included in your IVF quote and what is extra.

    What factors affect the cost of PGT-A in Thailand?

    The cost can vary based on the number of embryos tested, whether the genetic analysis is done in-house or at an external lab, the technology used, and whether additional services like embryo freezing or genetic counseling are included.

    Are there any hidden fees I should ask about?

    Yes, ask about fees for embryo freezing and storage, shipping to an external lab, additional embryos beyond the quoted number, and any charges for repeat testing if a biopsy fails.

    Can I negotiate the price of PGT-A with a clinic?

    Some clinics may offer package deals or discounts, especially if you combine IVF and PGT-A. It is always worth asking about available packages or payment plans.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Can PGT-A Improve IVF Success Rates for Women Over 40?

    Understanding PGT-A and IVF at Advanced Maternal Age

    If you are over 40 and considering IVF, you may have heard about PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy). This test screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes before transfer. Because chromosomal abnormalities increase with age, PGT-A may help identify embryos that are more likely to implant and develop normally. However, it is important to understand that PGT-A does not improve the quality of your eggs or create embryos. It only helps select among the embryos you already have.

    In this guide, we explain how PGT-A works, what it can and cannot do, and how it may affect your IVF journey. We also provide questions to ask your clinic and a checklist for your next steps.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-A

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy).
    • It may help reduce the risk of miscarriage and failed transfers by selecting euploid embryos, but outcomes vary.
    • It does not increase the number of embryos you can produce.
    • It is not a guarantee of pregnancy or live birth.
    • Discuss with your clinic whether PGT-A is right for your situation.

    What Is PGT-A and How Does It Work?

    PGT-A is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. After fertilization, embryos are cultured in the laboratory for several days, typically until they reach the blastocyst stage. A few cells are then removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) and analyzed for chromosomal number. Embryos with the correct number of chromosomes are called euploid; those with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid.

    Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. By selecting a euploid embryo for transfer, PGT-A may reduce the chance of a failed transfer or miscarriage, especially for women over 40, where the rate of aneuploidy is higher. However, the overall impact on live birth rates is still being studied.

    Age-Related Chromosomal Risks

    As women age, the likelihood of producing eggs with chromosomal abnormalities increases. This is a natural biological process. The risk of aneuploidy rises significantly after age 35 and continues to increase into the 40s. This means that for women over 40, a higher proportion of embryos may be aneuploid. PGT-A can help identify which embryos are euploid, allowing for a more informed transfer decision.

    However, it is important to note that even a euploid embryo may not implant or lead to a live birth. Other factors, such as uterine health and embryo quality, also play a role.

    How PGT-A May Affect IVF Outcomes

    For women over 40, the potential benefits of PGT-A include:

    • Reduced miscarriage risk: By transferring a euploid embryo, the chance of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities may be lower.
    • Fewer failed transfers: Selecting a euploid embryo may reduce the number of transfer cycles needed to achieve pregnancy.
    • Better embryo selection: PGT-A provides information that can help you and your doctor choose the embryo with the highest potential for a successful pregnancy.

    However, PGT-A does not improve the overall success rate of IVF in terms of live birth per cycle started, because it does not increase the number of embryos available. It may improve the efficiency of each transfer.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of success. Some limitations include:

    • Embryo mosaicism: Some embryos have a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A may not always detect this, and the clinical significance is still being studied.
    • Testing errors: Although rare, there is a small chance of a false result.
    • No embryo creation: If you have no euploid embryos after testing, you may have no embryo to transfer.
    • Cost and time: PGT-A adds cost and time to the IVF process, as embryos must be frozen while testing is completed.

    It is also important to understand that PGT-A does not test for all genetic disorders. It only checks for chromosomal number abnormalities, not single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. For those, other tests like PGT-M or PGT-SR may be used.

    Alternatives to PGT-A

    If you are over 40, you may also consider other options:

    • IVF without PGT-A: Some clinics may recommend transferring embryos without testing, especially if you have a limited number of embryos.
    • Donor eggs: Using donor eggs can increase the chance of a euploid embryo, as donor eggs are typically from younger women.
    • Other types of PGT: PGT-M for single-gene disorders and PGT-SR for structural rearrangements are available for specific genetic situations.

    Your doctor can help you weigh the pros and cons based on your specific situation.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-A, consider asking your clinic:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A for women over 40?
    • How many embryos typically reach the blastocyst stage for women in my age group?
    • What is the cost of PGT-A, and are there additional fees for biopsy, freezing, or shipping?
    • How long does the testing take, and how does it affect the timing of my transfer?
    • What is your policy on mosaic embryos?
    • What are the success rates for euploid embryo transfers in my age group?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to assess your ovarian reserve and overall health.
    2. Discuss whether PGT-A is appropriate for you, considering your age, embryo count, and budget.
    3. Ask about the laboratory’s accreditation and experience with PGT-A.
    4. Understand the costs involved and whether your insurance covers any part.
    5. Consider the emotional and physical aspects of the IVF process, including the possibility of no euploid embryos.

    PGT-A can be a valuable tool for women over 40, but it is not a magic solution. It provides information that can help you make more informed decisions about which embryos to transfer, potentially reducing the heartbreak of failed transfers and miscarriages. However, it does not change the fundamental challenge of age-related fertility decline. Work closely with your clinic to understand your options and make the best choice for your family-building journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No, PGT-A does not guarantee pregnancy or live birth. It only screens for chromosomal abnormalities, and even a euploid embryo may not implant or develop normally. Other factors such as uterine health and embryo quality also matter.

    Can PGT-A improve the chance of having a healthy baby?

    PGT-A may reduce the risk of miscarriage and failed transfers by selecting euploid embryos, which could increase the chance of a live birth per transfer. However, it does not improve the quality of your eggs or increase the number of embryos you produce.

    Is PGT-A recommended for all women over 40?

    PGT-A is often considered for women over 40 because of the higher risk of chromosomal abnormalities. However, it is not mandatory and may not be suitable for everyone. Your clinic can help you decide based on your individual circumstances, such as the number of embryos you have and your budget.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for chromosomal number abnormalities (aneuploidy). PGT-M is used to detect specific single-gene disorders, and PGT-SR is used to detect structural rearrangements of chromosomes. They are different tests for different purposes.

    What happens if no euploid embryos are available after PGT-A?

    If no euploid embryos are available, you may have no embryo to transfer. In that case, you might consider using donor eggs, trying another IVF cycle, or discussing other options with your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Ethical Considerations of PGT-P for Polygenic Risk Scoring

    PGT-P (preimplantation genetic testing for polygenic risk scoring) is a relatively new addition to the range of genetic tests available during IVF. Unlike PGT-A (which screens for chromosomal abnormalities) or PGT-M (which targets specific single-gene disorders), PGT-P aims to estimate the likelihood that an embryo might develop certain common conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, or some cancers, based on a combination of many genetic variants. While the technology is intriguing, it also brings a host of ethical considerations that you should understand before deciding whether to pursue it. This guide offers a balanced overview of the controversy, the limitations, and the questions you may want to discuss with your clinic.

    At a glance: key ethical points

    • PGT-P provides a risk score, not a diagnosis. It cannot tell you whether an embryo will definitely develop a condition.
    • The predictive value of polygenic risk scores is limited and varies by condition and population.
    • There are concerns about potential discrimination, both in insurance and in family dynamics.
    • Genetic counseling is essential to help you interpret results and make informed decisions.
    • Regulations and availability of PGT-P vary by country and clinic; you should confirm what is offered and under what conditions.

    What is PGT-P and how does it differ from other PGT tests?

    PGT-P is designed to assess the cumulative effect of many genetic variants that each have a small influence on the risk of developing a common, complex condition. This is different from PGT-A, which looks at the number of chromosomes in the embryo to identify aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes), and PGT-M, which targets a specific mutation known to cause a monogenic disorder. PGT-P uses a polygenic risk score (PRS), which is calculated by comparing the embryo’s genetic profile to data from large studies that have linked certain variants to a condition.

    It is important to note that PGT-P is not a diagnostic test. A high PRS does not mean the embryo will develop the condition, and a low PRS does not guarantee that it will not. The score is a probabilistic estimate, and many environmental and lifestyle factors also play a role in the development of these conditions.

    The controversy: limited predictive value

    One of the main ethical concerns about PGT-P is its limited predictive value. For many conditions, the genetic variants identified so far explain only a small fraction of the heritability. This means that a PRS may not be very accurate in predicting an individual embryo’s future health. The predictive power also varies across different ethnic populations, as most genetic studies have been conducted in people of European ancestry. This can lead to less accurate scores for embryos from other backgrounds, raising questions about equity and fairness.

    Furthermore, the clinical utility of PGT-P is still debated. Even if a score is somewhat predictive, it is unclear whether selecting embryos based on these scores will lead to healthier children. Some experts argue that the potential benefits are small and may not justify the costs and risks of the procedure, which include the possibility of discarding embryos that might have been healthy.

    Potential for discrimination and psychological impact

    Another ethical dimension is the potential for discrimination. If polygenic risk scores become widely used, there is a risk that individuals with high scores for certain conditions could face discrimination in insurance, employment, or even within their own families. While many countries have laws against genetic discrimination, these laws may not cover all situations or may not be consistent globally. It is important to consider how your genetic information might be used and protected.

    There is also the psychological impact on parents and children. Knowing that an embryo has a higher risk for a condition might cause anxiety or lead to decisions based on fear rather than evidence. Conversely, a low score might create a false sense of security, leading to neglect of important lifestyle factors. The child, when grown, might feel that their life choices were predetermined by their parents’ selection, which could affect their sense of autonomy.

    The need for genetic counseling

    Given the complexity and ethical implications, genetic counseling is crucial when considering PGT-P. A genetic counselor can help you understand what the test can and cannot tell you, interpret the results in the context of your family history and personal values, and discuss the potential risks and benefits. They can also help you think through the emotional and ethical aspects, such as how you would handle uncertain results or whether you would be comfortable making decisions based on probabilistic information.

    Before undergoing PGT-P, you should have a thorough consultation with a qualified genetic counselor who is independent of the IVF clinic, if possible, to ensure that you receive unbiased information. The counselor can also help you explore alternative options, such as not testing, or using the information for lifestyle modifications rather than embryo selection.

    Regulatory and availability considerations

    The availability and regulation of PGT-P vary widely. Some countries have restrictions on the use of PGT for non-medical traits or for conditions that are not considered serious. Others may allow it under certain conditions. It is essential to check the legal status of PGT-P in the country where you are considering treatment, and to ask your clinic about their policies and the evidence they rely on.

    You should also ask about the laboratory’s quality standards and how they validate their polygenic risk scores. Not all tests are created equal, and the accuracy can depend on the specific algorithms and reference data used. A reputable clinic will be transparent about these details.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • What specific conditions does your PGT-P test screen for, and what is the evidence for the predictive value of these scores?
    • How is the polygenic risk score calculated, and what reference populations were used?
    • What is the cost of PGT-P, and is it covered by any insurance?
    • How will you handle embryos with high or low scores? Are there options for re-testing or additional counseling?
    • What are the legal and ethical guidelines in your country regarding PGT-P?
    • Can I speak with a genetic counselor who is not affiliated with your clinic?

    Next steps: making an informed decision

    If you are considering PGT-P, take the time to gather information and reflect on your values. Here is a short checklist to guide you:

    1. Research the conditions you are concerned about and the current state of polygenic risk scoring for those conditions.
    2. Consult with a genetic counselor to discuss your personal risk factors and the implications of testing.
    3. Ask your clinic for detailed information about their PGT-P protocol, including validation and limitations.
    4. Consider the ethical and emotional aspects: how would you use the information? Would it change your decisions?
    5. Discuss with your partner and family to ensure you are aligned in your approach.

    Remember, PGT-P is an optional test, and you are not obligated to use it. The decision should be based on your own circumstances and values, not on pressure from any external source.

    Conclusion

    PGT-P is a promising but controversial technology. While it may offer some insights into the genetic predispositions of embryos, its limited predictive value, potential for discrimination, and the need for careful counseling make it a complex choice. By staying informed and asking the right questions, you can make a decision that aligns with your ethical principles and your hopes for your family.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-P the same as PGT-A or PGT-M?

    No. PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities, PGT-M targets specific single-gene disorders, and PGT-P estimates the risk of common polygenic conditions. They are different tests with different purposes.

    Can PGT-P guarantee that my child will not develop a certain disease?

    No. PGT-P provides a risk score, not a diagnosis. It cannot guarantee that a child will or will not develop a condition, as many environmental and lifestyle factors also play a role.

    Are there laws against genetic discrimination based on PGT-P results?

    Laws vary by country. Some have protections against genetic discrimination in insurance and employment, but these may not cover all situations. It is important to check the laws in your jurisdiction and discuss privacy concerns with your clinic.

    Do I need genetic counseling before considering PGT-P?

    Yes, genetic counseling is strongly recommended. A counselor can help you understand the test's limitations, interpret results, and explore the ethical and emotional implications, ensuring you make an informed decision.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-SR for Balanced Translocation Carriers: What to Ask and Consider

    Understanding PGT-SR and Balanced Translocations

    If you or your partner carry a balanced translocation, you may have been told that PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) could help during IVF. This test is designed to identify embryos that have a normal or balanced set of chromosomes, avoiding those with an unbalanced rearrangement that could lead to miscarriage or a child with health problems.

    PGT-SR is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is one option to consider, and it requires careful discussion with your fertility team and a genetic counselor.

    At a Glance

    • PGT-SR is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF.
    • It aims to detect embryos with unbalanced chromosome rearrangements.
    • It does not test for all genetic conditions or guarantee a live birth.
    • Your clinic will need to confirm the exact testing platform and its limitations.

    What Is a Balanced Translocation?

    A balanced translocation is a chromosomal rearrangement where pieces of chromosomes have swapped places, but the total amount of genetic material is normal. Carriers usually have no health problems themselves, but they may produce eggs or sperm with unbalanced chromosomes, which can lead to miscarriage or a child with disabilities.

    PGT-SR is specifically designed for this situation, but it is not the only option. Some carriers may consider prenatal testing after natural conception, or they may choose not to test at all. The right choice depends on your personal, medical, and ethical considerations.

    How PGT-SR Works

    PGT-SR is performed as part of an IVF cycle. After eggs are fertilized, embryos are cultured for several days. A few cells are then biopsied from each embryo and sent for genetic analysis. The test looks for the specific translocation you carry, aiming to identify embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome pattern.

    The process involves several steps, and your clinic will guide you through each one. It is important to understand that the test is not 100% accurate, and there is a small risk of misdiagnosis. Your clinic should explain the laboratory methods they use and the quality controls in place.

    What PGT-SR Can and Cannot Tell You

    PGT-SR can identify embryos that appear to have a normal or balanced chromosome set for the translocation in question. However, it cannot guarantee that an embryo is completely free of all genetic or chromosomal issues. It also does not test for single-gene disorders or other chromosomal abnormalities unrelated to the translocation.

    Furthermore, PGT-SR does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a live birth. Embryo quality, uterine factors, and other medical issues also play a role. The test is a screening tool, not a cure.

    Alternatives to PGT-SR

    If you are a balanced translocation carrier, you may have other options:

    • Natural conception with prenatal testing: You could conceive naturally and undergo chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis during pregnancy to check the baby’s chromosomes.
    • IVF without PGT-SR: You could have IVF and transfer embryos without genetic testing, accepting the risk of an unbalanced embryo.
    • Using donor eggs or sperm: Some carriers choose to use a donor to avoid passing on the translocation.
    • Not testing: You may decide not to pursue any testing and accept the natural risks.

    Each option has its own benefits and drawbacks. A genetic counselor can help you weigh them based on your specific translocation and personal values.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-SR, consider asking your fertility clinic and genetic counselor the following questions:

    • What specific testing method will be used for PGT-SR, and what are its accuracy and limitations?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage in cases like mine?
    • What is the expected turnaround time for results, and how does that affect the IVF cycle?
    • Are there any additional tests recommended, such as PGT-A for other chromosomes?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any financial risks if no embryos are suitable for transfer?
    • What is the policy on transferring embryos with uncertain results?
    • How will the embryos be frozen and stored if needed?

    These questions can help you understand what to expect and make an informed decision.

    Next Steps and Considerations

    If you are considering PGT-SR, here is a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Confirm your translocation diagnosis with a genetic counselor.
    2. Discuss your reproductive options, including PGT-SR, prenatal testing, and alternatives.
    3. Choose an IVF clinic with experience in PGT-SR and ask about their laboratory protocols.
    4. Understand the costs, timelines, and potential outcomes before starting.
    5. Consider the emotional and ethical aspects of embryo testing.

    Remember, PGT-SR is a personal choice. Take the time you need to gather information and support.

    Learn More

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-SR the same as PGT-A?

    No. PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) screens embryos for any abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-SR is specifically designed to detect unbalanced rearrangements caused by a known structural rearrangement like a balanced translocation. Some clinics may combine both tests, but they are different.

    Can PGT-SR guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-SR can reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with an unbalanced translocation, but it cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a baby without health issues. Other genetic conditions and factors are not covered by this test.

    What happens if no embryos are suitable for transfer after PGT-SR?

    If no embryos have a normal or balanced result, you may need to consider another IVF cycle, use donor gametes, or explore other family-building options. Your clinic will discuss the possibilities based on your individual situation.

    Does PGT-SR require IVF?

    Yes, PGT-SR is performed on embryos created through IVF. It cannot be done with natural conception. If you prefer not to use IVF, prenatal testing is an alternative to consider.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-SR: What’s the Difference for Donor Egg Embryos?

    If you are using donor eggs and considering genetic testing of embryos, you may come across two common terms: PGT-A and PGT-SR. Both are types of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), but they look for different things. PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements of chromosomes, such as inversions or translocations. This article explains the difference, how each applies to donor egg cycles, and what to discuss with your clinic.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs. PGT-SR

    • PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) counts chromosomes to detect extra or missing chromosomes.
    • PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) looks for changes in chromosome structure, like deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations.
    • PGT-A is often considered for embryos from donor eggs, especially if the donor is older or if you want to reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with an abnormal chromosome number.
    • PGT-SR is usually recommended when one or both genetic parents (including the egg donor) are known carriers of a balanced structural rearrangement.
    • Neither test guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy baby; they are screening tools that provide information to help guide embryo selection.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, also called preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), is a test that checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with an abnormal number of chromosomes—such as an extra copy of chromosome 21 (which causes Down syndrome) or a missing chromosome—is said to be aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage, and some can lead to conditions like trisomy 18 or Turner syndrome.

    PGT-A is performed on a small number of cells taken from a blastocyst (a day-5 or day-6 embryo) before transfer. The test can identify embryos that are likely to have a normal chromosome count (euploid) versus those that are aneuploid. By selecting a euploid embryo for transfer, the goal is to improve the chances of implantation and reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities.

    Why Consider PGT-A with Donor Eggs?

    When using donor eggs, the age of the egg donor is a key factor. Younger donors (typically under 35) have a higher proportion of chromosomally normal eggs, but the risk of aneuploidy increases with maternal age. Even with a young donor, some embryos may still be aneuploid. PGT-A can help identify which embryos are most likely to be viable, potentially reducing the number of transfer cycles needed.

    However, PGT-A is not mandatory for all donor egg cycles. Some clinics may recommend it based on the donor’s age, the number of embryos available, or your personal history. It is important to discuss the potential benefits and limitations with your fertility specialist.

    What Is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR is a test designed for couples or donors who carry a structural rearrangement of chromosomes. Structural rearrangements include:

    • Translocations: A piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. This can be balanced (no genetic material is lost or gained) or unbalanced (extra or missing genetic material).
    • Inversions: A chromosome segment breaks off, flips, and reattaches in the reverse orientation.
    • Deletions and duplications: A part of a chromosome is missing or duplicated.

    Carriers of balanced rearrangements often have no health problems themselves, but they have a higher risk of producing embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, or a child with disabilities. PGT-SR identifies embryos that have a normal or balanced chromosome structure, so that only those are considered for transfer.

    When Is PGT-SR Relevant for Donor Eggs?

    PGT-SR is relevant when the egg donor is a known carrier of a structural rearrangement. In such cases, the donor’s eggs may carry the rearrangement, and embryos created with those eggs could be affected. If the donor has not been tested for chromosomal rearrangements, PGT-SR is not typically performed. It is also important to note that PGT-SR is different from PGT-M, which tests for specific single-gene disorders (like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia).

    If you are using donor eggs, your clinic will usually have information about the donor’s genetic screening results. If the donor is a carrier of a balanced translocation or inversion, PGT-SR may be recommended. However, this is a specific situation, and most donor egg cycles do not involve PGT-SR unless there is a known indication.

    Key Differences Between PGT-A and PGT-SR

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-SR
    What it detects Abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) Structural changes in chromosomes (e.g., translocations, inversions)
    Main purpose Screen for embryos with the correct chromosome count Identify embryos with normal or balanced chromosome structure
    Who might need it Anyone, but often considered for older egg donors or when many embryos are available Only when a genetic parent (including donor) is a known carrier of a structural rearrangement
    How it works Counts chromosomes in a biopsy sample Analyzes chromosome structure, often using similar biopsy techniques
    Limitations Does not detect all genetic abnormalities; may have false positives/negatives; does not guarantee a healthy baby Only relevant for specific structural issues; does not screen for aneuploidy or single-gene disorders

    Is PGT-A Recommended for Donor Egg Cycles?

    There is no universal recommendation for PGT-A in donor egg cycles. Some clinics offer PGT-A as an option, while others may not recommend it routinely, especially if the donor is young and the embryo quality is good. The decision depends on several factors:

    • Donor age: Older donors have a higher risk of aneuploidy, so PGT-A may be more beneficial.
    • Number of embryos: If you have many embryos, PGT-A can help prioritize which to transfer first.
    • Previous pregnancy losses: If you have experienced recurrent miscarriages, PGT-A might provide additional information.
    • Personal preference: Some patients want as much information as possible before transfer.

    It is essential to have a detailed discussion with your fertility team about the potential benefits, risks, and costs of PGT-A in your specific situation. They can help you weigh the evidence and make an informed choice.

    Limitations of PGT-A and PGT-SR

    Both tests have limitations that you should understand:

    • Not diagnostic: PGT is a screening test, not a guarantee. A normal result does not ensure a healthy baby, and an abnormal result does not always mean the embryo cannot result in a live birth.
    • Mosaicism: Embryos may have a mix of normal and abnormal cells (mosaicism). PGT-A may report a mosaic result, which is challenging to interpret.
    • Technical errors: There is a small risk of false results due to the biopsy or laboratory process.
    • Embryo damage: The biopsy procedure carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, although this is rare.
    • Not for all genetic conditions: PGT-A does not screen for single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements; PGT-SR only looks for structural issues.

    It is also important to note that PGT does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects entirely. Many other factors contribute to a successful pregnancy.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-A or PGT-SR, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • What is the age of the egg donor, and does that affect the recommendation for PGT-A?
    • Has the donor been tested for chromosomal rearrangements? If so, what were the results?
    • How many embryos are expected, and how might that influence the decision?
    • What is the accuracy of the PGT test you use, and how are mosaic results handled?
    • What are the costs of PGT-A and PGT-SR, and are they included in any package?
    • How long does testing take, and how does that affect the timing of a frozen embryo transfer?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy procedure?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT with donor eggs, here is a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Review the donor’s genetic screening results with your clinic.
    2. Discuss whether PGT-A is recommended based on donor age and embryo count.
    3. Ask if PGT-SR is needed if the donor is a known carrier of a structural rearrangement.
    4. Understand the limitations and what a normal result does and does not mean.
    5. Make an informed decision that aligns with your values and medical history.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A necessary when using donor eggs?

    PGT-A is not always necessary. It may be recommended based on the donor's age, the number of embryos available, or your medical history. Discuss with your clinic to determine if it is beneficial for your situation.

    Can PGT-SR be done on embryos from donor eggs?

    Yes, PGT-SR can be performed if the egg donor is a known carrier of a structural chromosomal rearrangement. It is not typically done unless there is a specific indication.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for abnormal chromosome numbers, while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders. They are different tests and are used for different purposes.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A is a screening test that reduces the risk of transferring an embryo with an abnormal chromosome count, but it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby. Other genetic and non-genetic factors also play a role.

    What are the risks of embryo biopsy for PGT?

    Embryo biopsy is generally safe, but there is a small risk of damaging the embryo. The procedure is performed by experienced embryologists to minimize this risk.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-SR for Male Factor Infertility: Key Differences

    Understanding PGT-A and PGT-SR

    When you are exploring fertility treatment and male factor infertility is part of the picture, you may come across two types of preimplantation genetic testing: PGT-A and PGT-SR. Both are performed on embryos created through IVF before a transfer is considered. However, they look for different things and are used in different situations.

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) looks for specific structural changes in chromosomes, such as inversions or translocations, that a parent may carry. Understanding the difference can help you ask the right questions and make informed decisions with your fertility team.

    At a Glance

    • PGT-A checks for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-SR checks for balanced or unbalanced structural rearrangements.
    • Male factor infertility may increase the chance of sperm carrying chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Neither test guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • Your clinic can advise whether one or both tests are relevant for your situation.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A is a test that looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A can identify embryos that have the expected number of chromosomes, which may be prioritized for transfer.

    PGT-A is often recommended for women of advanced maternal age, but it can also be considered when there is a history of recurrent miscarriage or repeated implantation failure. In the context of male factor infertility, sperm with abnormal shape or movement may carry a higher rate of chromosomal abnormalities, which can contribute to aneuploidy in embryos.

    What Is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR is designed for couples where one or both partners carry a structural rearrangement of their chromosomes. Structural rearrangements include translocations (when a piece of one chromosome attaches to another) and inversions (when a segment of a chromosome is reversed). These rearrangements may not affect the health of the carrier, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may cause miscarriage or a child with disabilities.

    PGT-SR tests embryos to identify those with a balanced set of chromosomes, meaning they have the same arrangement as the carrier parent or a completely normal arrangement. This can help reduce the risk of miscarriage and the chance of passing on an unbalanced rearrangement.

    How Male Factor Infertility Relates to Chromosomal Abnormalities

    Male factor infertility is often related to sperm count, motility, or morphology. However, some men with infertility may also have chromosomal abnormalities, such as a translocation or an extra sex chromosome. Even without a diagnosed rearrangement, sperm with poor parameters may have a higher rate of chromosomal abnormalities, including aneuploidy.

    If a man carries a structural rearrangement, PGT-SR may be relevant. If there is no known rearrangement, PGT-A might be considered to screen for aneuploidy. Your fertility specialist can help determine which test, if any, is appropriate based on your medical history and diagnostic testing.

    Key Differences Between PGT-A and PGT-SR

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-SR
    What it screens for Number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) Structural changes (translocations, inversions)
    Who might consider it Couples with advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, or male factor with suspected aneuploidy Couples where a parent carries a structural rearrangement
    How it works Analyzes all chromosomes for copy number Analyzes specific chromosomal regions for balanced/unbalanced arrangement
    What it can tell you Whether an embryo has the expected number of chromosomes Whether an embryo has a balanced or unbalanced structural arrangement
    Limitations Cannot detect all genetic conditions; may have false positives/negatives Cannot detect all genetic conditions; may not identify all rearrangements

    When Might PGT-A or PGT-SR Be Recommended?

    Your fertility team may suggest PGT-A if you have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss, previous aneuploidy, or if the female partner is of advanced maternal age. In male factor infertility, PGT-A might be considered if sperm analysis shows high DNA fragmentation or if there is a history of chromosomal abnormalities in the male partner.

    PGT-SR is typically recommended when a blood test (karyotype) has identified a structural rearrangement in either partner. If you have not had a karyotype test, your doctor may suggest one if there is a history of multiple miscarriages or a family history of chromosomal rearrangements.

    What PGT Cannot Do

    It is important to understand that PGT-A and PGT-SR are screening tests, not guarantees. They cannot ensure a pregnancy will occur, nor can they guarantee a healthy baby. Embryos that appear normal by these tests may still fail to implant or may have other genetic or developmental issues. Additionally, PGT does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage entirely.

    These tests also have technical limitations. For example, they require a biopsy of a few cells from the embryo, which may not represent the entire embryo (mosaicism). There is also a small risk that the biopsy could damage the embryo, though this is rare. Your clinic can explain the specific limitations and accuracy of the testing platform they use.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • Based on our history, is PGT-A or PGT-SR recommended for us?
    • What is the difference in cost between PGT-A and PGT-SR?
    • How many embryos are typically needed for testing to be worthwhile?
    • What is the accuracy of the testing method you use?
    • How will the results be reported, and who will explain them to us?
    • Are there any additional tests we should consider, such as sperm DNA fragmentation testing?

    Next Steps

    1. Review your medical history with your fertility specialist, including any previous pregnancy outcomes.
    2. Ask about genetic carrier screening and karyotype testing for both partners.
    3. Discuss whether PGT-A, PGT-SR, or both are appropriate for your situation.
    4. Understand the process, timeline, and costs involved.
    5. Make an informed decision based on your personal goals and medical advice.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect structural rearrangements like translocations?

    PGT-A is designed to detect aneuploidy (extra or missing chromosomes). It may not reliably detect balanced structural rearrangements, which is what PGT-SR is designed for. If a parent carries a translocation, PGT-SR is typically recommended.

    Is PGT-SR only for women?

    No, PGT-SR can be used when either partner carries a structural rearrangement. Male factor infertility may be linked to such rearrangements, so PGT-SR can be relevant for couples where the male partner is a carrier.

    Does male factor infertility always require PGT?

    No. PGT is not automatically required for male factor infertility. Your doctor will assess your specific situation, including sperm parameters, genetic testing results, and medical history, to determine if PGT-A or PGT-SR is beneficial.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR in terms of cost?

    Costs can vary between clinics and depend on the number of embryos tested. PGT-SR may be more expensive because it requires more detailed analysis. You should ask your clinic for a detailed cost breakdown.

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    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.