Thailand PGT CMS

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  • How Much Does PGT-A Add to the Cost of IVF in Thailand?

    Understanding PGT-A and Its Role in IVF

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a screening technique used during IVF to check embryos for chromosomal abnormalities. While it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child, it can help select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, potentially reducing the risk of miscarriage and failed implantation. In Thailand, many fertility clinics offer PGT-A as an add-on to standard IVF cycles. The cost can vary significantly depending on the clinic, the number of embryos tested, and whether you choose an inclusive package or a la carte pricing.

    Typical Cost Components of PGT-A

    When budgeting for PGT-A, it is important to understand the different fees involved. These may include:

    • Embryo Biopsy Fee: The procedure to remove a few cells from each embryo. This is usually performed on day 5 or 6 of embryo development (blastocyst stage).
    • Genetic Testing Fee: The actual analysis of the biopsied cells. This is often charged per embryo or per sample.
    • Shipping and Handling: If the biopsy samples are sent to an external genetics laboratory, there may be courier and handling charges.
    • Storage Fees: Embryos may need to be frozen and stored while awaiting test results. Some clinics include initial storage in the package; others charge separately.
    • Consultation and Coordination: Some clinics charge an administrative fee for coordinating the PGT process with the genetics lab.

    Package vs. A La Carte Pricing

    Clinics in Thailand may offer PGT-A as part of an all-inclusive IVF package or as a separate add-on. Understanding the difference can help you compare costs more effectively.

    Inclusive Packages

    Some clinics bundle PGT-A with the IVF cycle, often including the biopsy, genetic testing for a set number of embryos (e.g., up to 8 embryos), and initial storage. These packages can provide cost certainty but may not be cost-effective if you have fewer embryos to test.

    A La Carte Pricing

    Other clinics charge separately for each component. This can be more flexible, allowing you to pay only for the services you need. However, the total cost may be higher if you need to test many embryos or require additional services like extended storage.

    Questions to Ask When Comparing Quotes

    To avoid unexpected costs, ask each clinic the following questions:

    • What is the biopsy fee per embryo? Is it included in the IVF cycle cost?
    • What is the genetic testing fee per embryo? Is there a minimum or maximum number of embryos?
    • Are shipping and handling fees included? If not, what is the estimated cost?
    • How long is initial embryo storage included? What are the ongoing storage fees?
    • Are there any additional administrative or coordination fees?
    • What happens if no embryos are suitable for biopsy? Is there a refund or credit?
    • Do you offer a package that covers multiple IVF cycles with PGT-A?

    Factors That Influence Total Cost

    Several factors can affect the final price you pay for PGT-A in Thailand:

    • Number of Embryos Tested: Most clinics charge per embryo, so the more embryos you have, the higher the total cost.
    • Clinic Location and Reputation: Clinics in Bangkok or major cities may have higher overheads, which can be reflected in pricing.
    • Genetics Laboratory: Some clinics have in-house labs, while others outsource to international labs. Outsourcing may add shipping costs and longer turnaround times.
    • Technology Used: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is the most common method for PGT-A and may be priced differently than older techniques.
    • Additional Services: Some clinics offer genetic counseling or repeat testing if results are inconclusive, which may incur extra fees.

    Hidden Fees to Watch For

    When reviewing quotes, be aware of potential hidden fees:

    • Biopsy Cancellation Fee: If embryos do not develop to the blastocyst stage, some clinics still charge a biopsy preparation fee.
    • Repeat Testing Fee: If a sample fails to amplify or results are unclear, re-biopsy and retesting may be charged.
    • Embryo Disposal Fee: If you choose to discard abnormal embryos, there may be a fee for disposal.
    • Legal or Administrative Fees: Some clinics charge for preparing consent forms or coordinating with international patients.

    Comparing Costs Across Clinics

    Because exact prices vary and change frequently, it is essential to request a detailed written quote from each clinic you consider. Ask for a breakdown of all fees, including any that are non-refundable. Keep in mind that the cheapest option may not always be the best value—consider the clinic’s experience, success rates, and the quality of the genetics laboratory.

    Additional Considerations for International Patients

    If you are traveling to Thailand for IVF with PGT-A, factor in these potential costs:

    • Travel and Accommodation: You may need to stay in Thailand for at least 2-3 weeks for the IVF cycle and embryo biopsy.
    • Medication Costs: Fertility medications are often not included in package prices and can be a significant expense.
    • Currency Exchange: Fluctuations in exchange rates can affect the final cost in your home currency.
    • Insurance: Check whether your health insurance covers any part of IVF or PGT-A; most do not.

    Conclusion

    Adding PGT-A to an IVF cycle in Thailand involves several cost components, from biopsy and genetic testing to shipping and storage. By understanding these fees and asking the right questions, you can make an informed comparison between inclusive packages and a la carte pricing. Always request a detailed, written quote and confirm what is included before making a decision. For more information on IVF costs in Thailand, visit our IVF cost guide. For additional resources, see our patient resources or contact us for personalized assistance.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A included in most IVF packages in Thailand?

    Some clinics offer inclusive packages that cover PGT-A for a set number of embryos, while others charge it as an add-on. Always check the package details and ask what is included.

    How is PGT-A pricing typically structured?

    PGT-A is often priced per embryo tested, with separate fees for biopsy, genetic analysis, shipping, and storage. Some clinics offer a flat fee for up to a certain number of embryos.

    Are there any hidden costs with PGT-A in Thailand?

    Possible hidden costs include biopsy cancellation fees, repeat testing fees, embryo disposal fees, and administrative charges. Request a full breakdown from the clinic.

    Does the number of embryos affect the total PGT-A cost?

    Yes, since testing is usually per embryo, more embryos mean higher costs. Some clinics offer discounts for testing multiple embryos.

    Can I get a refund if no embryos are suitable for biopsy?

    Policies vary. Some clinics may refund the genetic testing fee but not the biopsy fee. Confirm the refund policy before proceeding.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M for Single Gene Disorders in Thailand: A Patient Guide

    What Is PGT-M?

    Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) is a technique used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to identify embryos that carry a specific single-gene disorder. It is designed for couples or individuals who have a known genetic condition and wish to reduce the chance of passing it to their children. PGT-M is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or live birth, and it is not suitable for everyone. The decision to use PGT-M should be made in consultation with a genetic counselor and fertility specialist.

    How PGT-M Differs from PGT-A and PGT-SR

    PGT-M is one of three main types of preimplantation genetic testing:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy testing) screens embryos for abnormal numbers of chromosomes (e.g., extra or missing chromosomes). It is often used to improve implantation rates and reduce miscarriage risk, especially in older women.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement testing) detects embryos with unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions, which can cause infertility or miscarriage.
    • PGT-M specifically looks for a single gene mutation that causes a specific inherited disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It requires prior knowledge of the exact mutation in the family.

    Each test has different indications, limitations, and success rates. Your clinic will help determine which test, if any, is appropriate for your situation.

    The PGT-M Process in Thailand

    1. Genetic Counseling and Testing

    Before starting IVF with PGT-M, you and your partner (if applicable) will undergo genetic counseling and testing to confirm the specific mutation. This may involve blood or saliva samples from affected family members. The results are used to design a personalized test for your embryos.

    2. Probe Development

    A crucial step in PGT-M is creating a genetic probe—a custom laboratory tool that can identify the mutation in embryonic cells. This process, called probe development or assay design, typically takes several weeks. The probe is made using DNA from the family (e.g., from the parents and an affected child or other relatives). In Thailand, experienced genetic laboratories can develop probes for a wide range of single-gene disorders. The time required and cost of probe development vary by clinic and the complexity of the mutation. You should ask your clinic for an estimate of the timeline and fees.

    3. IVF and Embryo Biopsy

    Once the probe is ready, you undergo a standard IVF cycle to retrieve eggs and create embryos. On day 5 or 6 of development, a few cells are gently removed from each embryo (biopsy). These cells are sent to the genetics lab for analysis.

    4. Genetic Analysis

    The lab uses the custom probe to test the biopsied cells for the mutation. Results typically take a few days to a week. Embryos are classified as unaffected (no mutation), affected (carrying the mutation), or inconclusive. Only unaffected embryos are considered for transfer.

    5. Embryo Transfer and Follow-Up

    One or more unaffected embryos are transferred to the uterus. Any remaining unaffected embryos may be frozen for future use. After pregnancy is confirmed, prenatal diagnostic testing (e.g., chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) is recommended to confirm the PGT-M result, as embryo testing is not 100% accurate.

    What Conditions Can Be Tested?

    Thailand’s genetic laboratories can develop probes for many single-gene disorders, including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked conditions. Common examples include cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, beta-thalassemia, and Huntington’s disease. However, not all disorders are testable; the mutation must be known and the family must provide sufficient DNA samples. Your clinic can advise on whether your specific condition is eligible for PGT-M.

    Costs and Timeline

    The cost of PGT-M in Thailand includes several components: probe development, IVF cycle, embryo biopsy, genetic testing, and embryo transfer. Probe development is a one-time fee that can range from a few hundred to several thousand US dollars, depending on the complexity. The total cost for a full PGT-M cycle is typically higher than standard IVF. Exact prices vary widely between clinics and are subject to change. You should request a detailed cost breakdown from your chosen clinic.

    The timeline from initial consultation to embryo transfer can take several months. Probe development alone may take 4–8 weeks. IVF stimulation and egg retrieval add another 2–3 weeks, followed by biopsy and testing (1–2 weeks). Planning ahead is essential.

    Alternatives to PGT-M

    PGT-M is not the only option for couples at risk of passing on a genetic disorder. Alternatives include:

    • Prenatal diagnosis (e.g., CVS or amniocentesis) during pregnancy, with the option to terminate an affected pregnancy.
    • Donor gametes (egg or sperm) from a donor without the genetic condition.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing using polar body biopsy (less common).
    • Natural conception with no testing, accepting the risk.

    Each option has medical, ethical, and emotional implications. Genetic counseling can help you weigh the choices.

    Limitations and Risks

    • Not 100% accurate: There is a small chance of misdiagnosis due to technical errors or biological factors (e.g., mosaicism). Confirmatory prenatal testing is strongly advised.
    • No guarantee of pregnancy: PGT-M does not improve the chance of implantation or live birth; it only selects against a specific mutation.
    • Embryo loss: Some embryos may be affected or inconclusive, reducing the number available for transfer.
    • Time and cost: The process is lengthy and expensive, and not all clinics offer PGT-M.
    • Ethical considerations: Some individuals or cultures may have concerns about embryo selection.

    Choosing a Clinic in Thailand

    When considering PGT-M in Thailand, look for a clinic with:

    • Experience in PGT-M and a dedicated genetics laboratory.
    • Clear communication about probe development timelines and costs.
    • Genetic counseling services.
    • Transparent success rates (though these are not directly comparable).

    You can find more information on our PGT in Thailand page, guides, and FAQ.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does probe development take for PGT-M?

    Probe development typically takes several weeks, often 4–8 weeks, depending on the complexity of the mutation and the laboratory's workload. Your clinic can provide a specific timeline.

    Can PGT-M test for any single gene disorder?

    PGT-M can test for many single-gene disorders, but the specific mutation must be known and the family must provide adequate DNA samples. Some rare or complex mutations may not be testable. Consult your clinic for eligibility.

    Is PGT-M covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Insurance coverage for PGT-M varies. Most international patients pay out-of-pocket. Check with your insurance provider and clinic for details.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M?

    Success rates depend on many factors, including maternal age, embryo quality, and the specific genetic condition. PGT-M does not guarantee a live birth. Ask your clinic for their most recent data.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Is PGT and How Does It Work in Thailand IVF?

    What Is Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used during an IVF cycle to examine embryos for genetic or chromosomal conditions before they are transferred to the uterus. The goal is to help select embryos that are more likely to result in a healthy pregnancy. PGT is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy child, and it is not suitable or necessary for everyone.

    Types of PGT

    There are three main types of PGT, each designed for a different purpose:

    PGT-A (Aneuploidy Testing)

    PGT-A checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Aneuploid embryos often fail to implant or may lead to miscarriage. PGT-A can identify which embryos have the correct number (euploid) and which do not. This can help reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities and may improve the chance of a live birth per transfer, especially for women of advanced maternal age.

    PGT-M (Monogenic Disorders)

    PGT-M is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation for a specific inherited disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It tests embryos for that specific mutation to identify which embryos are unaffected. PGT-M requires a custom test to be developed for each family, which takes time and additional cost.

    PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangements)

    PGT-SR is for individuals who carry a balanced chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation or inversion. While the carrier may be healthy, their embryos can have unbalanced chromosomes, leading to implantation failure, miscarriage, or a child with disabilities. PGT-SR identifies embryos with balanced or normal chromosomes.

    How Does PGT Work in an IVF Cycle?

    The PGT process involves several steps that are integrated into a standard IVF cycle:

    1. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval: The woman takes medication to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. Eggs are collected in a minor surgical procedure.
    2. Fertilization: Eggs are fertilized with sperm in the laboratory to create embryos.
    3. Embryo culture: Embryos are grown in the lab for about 5–6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage. At this stage, the embryo has two distinct cell types: the inner cell mass (which becomes the fetus) and the trophectoderm (which becomes the placenta).
    4. Biopsy: A skilled embryologist uses a laser to make a small hole in the outer shell of the embryo (zona pellucida) and gently removes a few cells from the trophectoderm. The biopsy is performed on day 5 or 6. The embryo is then frozen (vitrified) while the cells are sent for genetic analysis.
    5. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are analyzed in a genetics laboratory. For PGT-A, techniques like next-generation sequencing (NGS) are commonly used to count chromosomes. For PGT-M and PGT-SR, more specialized methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) may be used.
    6. Results and embryo selection: Results typically take 1–2 weeks. The report will classify each embryo as euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells). For PGT-M, embryos are classified as unaffected, affected, or carrier (if applicable). Based on these results, the doctor and patient select one or more embryos for transfer in a subsequent frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle.

    Understanding PGT Results

    PGT results are not always straightforward. Here are key terms:

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. These embryos have the highest chance of implantation and live birth, but they are not guaranteed to result in a pregnancy or a healthy child.
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has missing or extra chromosomes. These embryos are unlikely to implant or will likely miscarry. They are generally not transferred.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has both normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance of mosaicism is still being studied. Some mosaic embryos may still result in a healthy baby, but the risk of abnormalities is higher. Decisions about transferring mosaic embryos should be made with genetic counseling.
    • Inconclusive: Sometimes the biopsy sample does not yield enough DNA for analysis, or the result is unclear. In such cases, the embryo may be re-biopsied or discarded depending on clinic policy.

    Who Might Consider PGT?

    PGT is not for everyone. Common reasons to consider PGT include:

    • Advanced maternal age (typically 35 or older)
    • Recurrent pregnancy loss
    • Repeated IVF failure
    • Known chromosomal translocation or inversion in either parent
    • Known genetic disorder in the family
    • Severe male factor infertility
    • Previous child with a chromosomal or genetic condition

    However, PGT has limitations and risks. It adds cost to an IVF cycle, requires embryo freezing, and involves a biopsy that, while generally safe, carries a small risk of embryo damage. PGT cannot detect all genetic conditions, and a normal PGT result does not guarantee a healthy baby. Some abnormalities may arise after implantation or be due to factors not tested.

    Alternatives to PGT

    For some patients, alternatives may be more appropriate:

    • No testing: Many couples choose to transfer embryos without PGT, relying on embryo morphology (appearance) and maternal age to select embryos.
    • Prenatal testing: After pregnancy is achieved, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis can diagnose chromosomal or genetic conditions in the fetus.
    • Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT): A blood test from the mother can screen for common chromosomal abnormalities, but it is a screening test, not diagnostic.
    • Donor eggs or sperm: Using gametes from a screened donor can reduce the risk of inherited genetic conditions.

    What to Discuss with Your Clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT as part of IVF in Thailand, here are important questions to ask your clinic:

    • What types of PGT do you offer (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR)?
    • What is the experience of your embryology team with embryo biopsy?
    • Which genetic laboratory performs the analysis, and what accreditation do they have?
    • How long does it take to receive results?
    • What is the policy on mosaic embryos?
    • What are the costs for PGT, and what is included?
    • What is the success rate for PGT-tested embryos at your clinic? (Note: success rates vary and depend on many factors; ask for their most recent data.)
    • Do you offer genetic counseling before and after testing?

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it is not a magic solution. Understanding its benefits, limitations, and alternatives will help you make an informed decision in partnership with your fertility team.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for a specific inherited genetic disorder when one or both parents carry a known mutation. PGT-SR is used when a parent has a balanced chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation, to identify embryos with normal or balanced chromosomes.

    Is PGT necessary for all IVF patients?

    No. PGT is not necessary for everyone. It is typically recommended for patients with advanced maternal age, recurrent pregnancy loss, repeated IVF failure, known genetic disorders, or chromosomal rearrangements. Many patients achieve successful pregnancies without PGT.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain chromosomal or genetic abnormalities, but it cannot detect all possible conditions. A normal PGT result does not guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a child without health issues.

    How long does PGT take in an IVF cycle?

    After embryo biopsy on day 5 or 6, genetic analysis typically takes 1–2 weeks. Embryos are frozen while waiting for results. The transfer occurs in a subsequent frozen embryo transfer cycle.

    What are the risks of embryo biopsy?

    The biopsy removes a few cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta). While generally safe, there is a small risk of embryo damage or reduced viability. The long-term effects on the child are considered minimal, but ongoing research continues.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How Does PGT Work in Thailand? A Step-by-Step Guide for International Patients

    What Is PGT and Why Is It Used?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a technique used alongside in vitro fertilization (IVF) to screen embryos for genetic abnormalities before transfer to the uterus. It helps identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (PGT-A), specific single-gene disorders (PGT-M), or structural rearrangements (PGT-SR). PGT is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or live birth, and it is not suitable for every patient. Your fertility specialist will help determine if PGT is appropriate based on your medical history and family planning goals.

    Step 1: IVF Cycle and Embryo Development

    The PGT process begins with a standard IVF cycle. You will undergo ovarian stimulation to produce multiple eggs, which are then retrieved and fertilized with sperm in the laboratory. The resulting embryos are cultured for 5–6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage. At this point, the embryo has two distinct cell types: the inner cell mass (which becomes the fetus) and the trophectoderm (which becomes the placenta). Only embryos that develop to the blastocyst stage are suitable for biopsy.

    Step 2: Embryo Biopsy

    On day 5 or 6 of development, a skilled embryologist performs a biopsy. Using a laser and a fine pipette, the embryologist removes 3–5 cells from the trophectoderm. This is done carefully to minimize any impact on the embryo’s viability. The biopsied cells are then sent for genetic analysis. The embryo itself is frozen (vitrified) while awaiting results.

    Step 3: Genetic Analysis

    The biopsied cells undergo genetic testing in a specialized laboratory. The type of analysis depends on the indication:

    • PGT-A (Aneuploidy Testing): Screens for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with an abnormal number (aneuploid) are less likely to implant or may lead to miscarriage.
    • PGT-M (Monogenic Testing): Detects specific single-gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or thalassemia. This requires prior knowledge of the genetic mutation in the family.
    • PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangement Testing): Identifies embryos with balanced or unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions.

    Thailand follows international standards for genetic testing, and laboratories use validated techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) for PGT-A and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or NGS for PGT-M and PGT-SR. The analysis typically takes 1–2 weeks, depending on the complexity.

    Step 4: Result Interpretation

    Results are reported as:

    • Euploid: Normal chromosome number (for PGT-A) or unaffected (for PGT-M/SR). These embryos are prioritized for transfer.
    • Aneuploid: Abnormal chromosome number. These embryos are generally not transferred.
    • Mosaic: A mix of normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance of mosaicism is still being studied, and transfer decisions are made on a case-by-case basis.
    • Inconclusive: The biopsy sample did not yield sufficient DNA for analysis. Re-biopsy may be possible in some cases.

    It is important to discuss results with your genetic counselor or fertility specialist to understand the implications for your specific situation.

    Step 5: Frozen Embryo Transfer

    Once results are available, a euploid or unaffected embryo is selected for transfer. The embryo is thawed and transferred into the uterus in a subsequent menstrual cycle. The timing of the transfer is coordinated with your natural cycle or a hormone replacement protocol.

    Alternatives and Limitations

    PGT is not the only option. Alternatives include:

    • Prenatal testing (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy.
    • Donor eggs or sperm to avoid inherited genetic conditions.
    • Natural conception with genetic counseling.

    Limitations of PGT include:

    • Not all embryos reach the blastocyst stage for biopsy.
    • PGT cannot detect all genetic disorders or guarantee a healthy baby.
    • There is a small risk of embryo damage during biopsy.
    • Mosaic results can be difficult to interpret.

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child. Discuss all options thoroughly with your medical team.

    What International Patients Should Know

    Thailand has a well-established reputation for fertility care, with many clinics offering PGT services that adhere to international standards. As an international patient, you will need to plan for travel, accommodation, and time in Thailand. The entire process—from initial consultation to embryo transfer—can take several weeks to months, depending on your cycle and testing requirements.

    Key considerations include:

    • Medical records: Bring all relevant medical history, genetic reports, and prior fertility treatments.
    • Legal aspects: Confirm the legal status of PGT for your specific indication (e.g., sex selection may be restricted).
    • Costs: Obtain a detailed cost breakdown from your clinic, including IVF, biopsy, genetic testing, and embryo storage.
    • Support: Consider working with a patient coordinator who can assist with logistics and communication.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand overview, browse our guides, or check the FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does the PGT process take in Thailand?

    The entire process from IVF stimulation to embryo transfer typically takes 6–8 weeks, but this can vary depending on your cycle, the type of PGT, and laboratory timelines. Confirm with your clinic for an individualized timeline.

    Is PGT legal in Thailand?

    PGT is available in Thailand for medical indications such as preventing genetic disorders. However, regulations may vary, and some uses (like sex selection for non-medical reasons) may be restricted. Always verify current laws with your clinic or legal advisor.

    Can I choose the sex of my embryo with PGT in Thailand?

    Sex selection is generally not permitted for non-medical reasons in Thailand. PGT may be used to avoid sex-linked genetic disorders. Discuss your specific situation with your clinic.

    What is the success rate of PGT in Thailand?

    Success rates depend on many factors including maternal age, embryo quality, and the specific genetic condition. There are no guaranteed outcomes. Ask your clinic for their most recent data relevant to your case.

    Do I need to stay in Thailand for the entire PGT cycle?

    You will need to be in Thailand for egg retrieval and embryo transfer. The genetic analysis takes 1–2 weeks, during which you may return home if you wish, but discuss logistics with your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Happens During a PGT Biopsy in Thailand? A Step-by-Step Guide

    Understanding PGT Biopsy in Thailand

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) is a procedure used during IVF to screen embryos for genetic abnormalities before transfer. The biopsy is a critical step where a few cells are removed from the embryo for analysis. For international patients considering PGT in Thailand, understanding the biopsy process can help ease anxiety and prepare for the journey.

    This guide explains the step-by-step process of a trophectoderm biopsy on day 5 or 6 blastocysts, addresses common concerns about embryo safety, and outlines what you need to confirm with your treating clinic.

    What Is a Trophectoderm Biopsy?

    A trophectoderm biopsy is performed on embryos that have developed to the blastocyst stage, typically by day 5 or 6 after fertilization. At this stage, the embryo has differentiated into two cell types:

    • Inner cell mass (ICM): Develops into the fetus.
    • Trophectoderm (TE): Forms the placenta and other supporting tissues.

    During the biopsy, a few cells are gently removed from the trophectoderm layer. This approach is preferred because it does not disturb the inner cell mass, which will become the baby. The removed cells are then sent for genetic analysis.

    Step-by-Step Process of PGT Biopsy in Thailand

    1. Embryo Development to Blastocyst

    After egg retrieval and fertilization, embryos are cultured in the laboratory for 5–6 days. Only embryos that reach the blastocyst stage are considered for biopsy. The embryologist assesses the quality and expansion of each blastocyst.

    2. Preparation for Biopsy

    On the day of biopsy, the blastocyst is held in place using a specialized holding pipette. A laser or a thin glass needle is used to create a small opening in the outer shell of the embryo (the zona pellucida). This step is called hatching or zona drilling.

    3. Cell Removal

    Through the opening, the embryologist gently aspirates 5–10 trophectoderm cells using a biopsy pipette. The cells are carefully separated from the embryo, often with the aid of a laser to ensure a clean cut. The entire process takes only a few minutes.

    4. Embryo Vitrification

    After biopsy, the embryo is immediately frozen (vitrified) to preserve its viability. Vitrification is a rapid freezing technique that prevents ice crystal formation, which can damage cells. The embryo remains frozen while the genetic analysis is performed.

    5. Genetic Analysis

    The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for testing. Depending on the type of PGT, the analysis may screen for:

    • PGT-A: Aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes).
    • PGT-M: Monogenic disorders (single-gene diseases).
    • PGT-SR: Structural rearrangements (e.g., translocations).

    Results typically take 1–2 weeks, though this can vary by clinic and laboratory.

    6. Embryo Transfer

    Once results are available, a frozen embryo transfer (FET) is scheduled in a subsequent menstrual cycle. Only genetically normal (euploid) embryos are selected for transfer.

    Is the Biopsy Safe for the Embryo?

    Embryo safety is a top concern for patients. Trophectoderm biopsy is considered safe when performed by experienced embryologists. Key safety points include:

    • Cell selection: Only trophectoderm cells are removed, leaving the inner cell mass intact.
    • Minimal cell loss: The number of cells taken is small relative to the total cell count of a blastocyst (typically 100–200 cells).
    • Vitrification: Freezing after biopsy has been shown to have high survival rates.

    However, no medical procedure is without risk. Some studies suggest a slight reduction in implantation rates after biopsy, but the evidence is not conclusive. Discuss the risks and benefits with your fertility specialist.

    What to Expect as an International Patient in Thailand

    Travel and Timeline Planning

    PGT adds time to the IVF cycle. A typical timeline might include:

    • Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval: 10–14 days in Thailand.
    • Embryo culture and biopsy: 5–6 days after retrieval.
    • Genetic testing: 1–2 weeks (you may return home during this period).
    • Frozen embryo transfer: Requires a separate trip of about 1–2 weeks.

    Confirm the exact timeline with your clinic, as it can vary based on your treatment plan and the laboratory’s workload.

    Clinic Selection

    When choosing a clinic in Thailand for PGT, consider:

    • Embryology expertise: Ask about the embryologists’ experience with trophectoderm biopsy.
    • Genetic laboratory: Some clinics have in-house labs; others send samples to partner labs. Inquire about accreditation and turnaround times.
    • Success rates: Request clinic-specific data for PGT cycles, but remember that success rates depend on many factors.

    Legal and Regulatory Considerations

    Thailand has regulations governing PGT. For example, PGT for sex selection is not permitted. Confirm with your clinic which genetic tests are legally available and what documentation is required.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    To prepare for your PGT biopsy in Thailand, ask your clinic:

    • What is the embryologist’s experience with trophectoderm biopsy?
    • How many cells are typically removed, and what is the embryo survival rate after biopsy and vitrification?
    • Which genetic tests are offered, and what is the turnaround time for results?
    • What is the cost of PGT, and does it include the biopsy, genetic analysis, and vitrification?
    • What is the policy on embryo freezing and storage?

    Conclusion

    The PGT biopsy in Thailand is a precise, minimally invasive procedure performed on day 5 or 6 blastocysts. By understanding the steps and asking the right questions, you can approach the process with confidence. Always consult with your treating clinic for personalized advice and confirm all details before making travel arrangements.

    Frequently asked questions

    How many cells are removed during a PGT biopsy?

    Typically, 5–10 trophectoderm cells are removed from a day 5 or 6 blastocyst. The exact number may vary by clinic and embryo quality.

    Does the biopsy hurt the embryo?

    The biopsy is performed under a microscope using specialized tools. The embryo does not have pain receptors, so it does not feel pain. The procedure is designed to minimize stress on the embryo.

    How long does the biopsy take?

    The actual biopsy procedure usually takes only a few minutes per embryo. However, the entire process including preparation and vitrification may take longer.

    Can the embryo be damaged during biopsy?

    When performed by an experienced embryologist, the risk of damage is low. The trophectoderm cells are taken from the outer layer, leaving the inner cell mass intact. Vitrification after biopsy has high survival rates.

    Do I need to stay in Thailand during genetic testing?

    No, you can return home while the genetic analysis is performed. Results typically take 1–2 weeks. You will need to return for a frozen embryo transfer in a subsequent cycle.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Choose Between PGT-A and PGT-M for IVF in Thailand

    What Are PGT-A and PGT-M?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) before transfer to the uterus. Two common types are PGT-A and PGT-M.

    • PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) screens embryos for abnormal numbers of chromosomes (aneuploidy). It helps identify embryos with the correct chromosome count (euploid), which may have a higher chance of implantation and lower risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal errors.
    • PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic Disorders) detects specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation.

    A third type, PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements), identifies embryos with balanced or unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations. This article focuses on PGT-A and PGT-M, as they are the most commonly discussed.

    Key Differences in Purpose and Technique

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screen for chromosome number abnormalities Detect specific single-gene disorders
    Who needs it Often recommended for advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, repeated implantation failure, or severe male factor infertility; also used for any patient wanting to reduce aneuploidy risk Couples known to carry a genetic mutation for a serious inherited condition
    Technique Biopsy of 5–10 cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta) on day 5/6; analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) Same biopsy method; then uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other mutation-specific methods to test for the known mutation
    Result Euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic (mixed cell lines) Affected, unaffected (carrier or non-carrier), or inconclusive
    Limitations Cannot detect all genetic disorders; mosaicism can complicate interpretation; does not guarantee pregnancy or live birth Requires prior knowledge of the specific mutation; test must be custom-developed for each family; may have technical limitations

    When Are Both PGT-A and PGT-M Needed?

    In some cases, a couple may benefit from both tests. For example:

    • A woman of advanced maternal age who also carries a BRCA1 mutation may want PGT-A to reduce aneuploidy risk and PGT-M to select embryos without the mutation.
    • A couple with a history of recurrent miscarriage and a known single-gene disorder may use PGT-A to identify chromosomally normal embryos and PGT-M to avoid the inherited condition.

    When both tests are performed, the embryo biopsy is the same, but the genetic analysis includes both aneuploidy screening and mutation detection. This is often called combined PGT or PGT-A+PGT-M.

    Example Scenarios

    Scenario 1: Advanced Maternal Age

    A 40-year-old woman with no known genetic disorders may choose PGT-A to select euploid embryos, potentially improving implantation rates and reducing miscarriage risk. PGT-M is not needed.

    Scenario 2: Known Genetic Mutation

    A couple where both partners are carriers of cystic fibrosis may opt for PGT-M to identify embryos that are unaffected. If the female partner is under 35 with no fertility issues, PGT-A may not be necessary, though some clinics offer it as an optional add-on.

    Scenario 3: Both Indications

    A 38-year-old woman who carries a mutation for Huntington’s disease may choose both PGT-A and PGT-M to maximize the chance of a healthy pregnancy.

    How to Decide: Questions to Discuss With Your Doctor

    Choosing between PGT-A and PGT-M—or deciding to use both—requires careful counseling. Consider asking your fertility specialist and genetic counselor:

    • What is my risk of having an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality or a specific genetic disorder?
    • Does my age, medical history, or family history suggest a benefit from PGT-A?
    • Have I or my partner been tested for carrier status of common genetic conditions?
    • What are the success rates and limitations of each test at the clinic I am considering?
    • How will the results affect embryo transfer decisions?
    • What are the costs and timelines for each test?

    Remember that PGT does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a screening tool that can reduce certain risks but cannot eliminate all possibilities of genetic or chromosomal conditions.

    Alternatives and Additional Considerations

    For patients who do not wish to undergo PGT, alternatives include:

    • Prenatal testing (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy to diagnose chromosomal or genetic conditions.
    • Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for common aneuploidies, though it is a screening test, not diagnostic.
    • Donor eggs or sperm to avoid passing on genetic disorders.
    • Natural conception with or without carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis.

    Each option has its own benefits, risks, and limitations. A genetic counselor can help you weigh these choices based on your personal values and medical situation.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering IVF with PGT in Thailand, start by consulting a fertility clinic that offers comprehensive genetic testing services. Ask about their experience with PGT-A and PGT-M, the laboratory they use, and the counseling support available. For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand overview, guides, and FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic disorders?

    No, PGT-A only screens for abnormal numbers of chromosomes. It does not detect single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. For specific genetic conditions, PGT-M or PGT-SR is required.

    Is PGT-M always necessary if I am a carrier of a genetic mutation?

    Not necessarily. If the condition is recessive and your partner is not a carrier, the risk of an affected child is low. However, if both partners are carriers, or if you have an autosomal dominant condition, PGT-M may be recommended. Discuss your specific situation with a genetic counselor.

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, many clinics offer combined PGT (PGT-A+PGT-M) using the same embryo biopsy. This allows screening for both chromosomal abnormalities and a specific genetic mutation.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain chromosomal or genetic abnormalities, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, live birth, or a child free from all health conditions. Some abnormalities may not be detectable, and there is always a small risk of misdiagnosis.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M for Single Gene Disorders in Thailand: Process and Cost

    What Is PGT-M?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders (PGT-M) is a technique used during IVF to identify embryos that carry a specific single gene disorder. It is designed for couples where one or both partners are known carriers of a genetic condition, such as cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, or thalassemia. PGT-M allows embryologists to biopsy embryos and test them for the specific mutation before transfer, with the goal of selecting embryos that are unaffected.

    It is important to understand that PGT-M does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child. It is a screening tool that reduces the risk of passing on a known genetic condition, but it cannot detect all possible genetic abnormalities or ensure embryo viability.

    PGT-M vs. Other PGT Types

    PGT-M is distinct from PGT-A (aneuploidy testing) and PGT-SR (structural rearrangement testing). PGT-A screens for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, while PGT-SR detects chromosomal structural changes. PGT-M focuses specifically on single gene mutations. Some clinics may offer combined testing, but this should be discussed with your provider.

    The Process of PGT-M in Thailand

    1. Pre-Testing and Genetic Counseling

    Before starting PGT-M, you must have a confirmed genetic diagnosis. This typically requires genetic reports from a certified laboratory showing the specific mutation(s) in the carrier(s). Many clinics require a genetic counseling session to discuss inheritance patterns, testing limitations, and implications for the child.

    2. Probe Development

    PGT-M requires a customized genetic probe for your family’s mutation. This is a laboratory process where markers linked to the mutation are identified. Probe development can take several weeks to months, depending on the complexity of the mutation and the laboratory’s workload. Some clinics may have pre-validated probes for common mutations, which can shorten the timeline.

    You will need to provide blood samples from both partners and, if available, from an affected child or other family members. The probe is then validated before it can be used on embryos.

    3. IVF Cycle and Embryo Biopsy

    Once the probe is ready, you proceed with an IVF cycle. Ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and fertilization are performed as usual. Embryos are cultured to the blastocyst stage (day 5 or 6), and a few cells are biopsied from the trophectoderm (future placenta). The biopsy is then sent to the genetics laboratory for analysis.

    4. Genetic Analysis and Embryo Selection

    The laboratory uses the custom probe to test each embryo for the mutation. Results typically take 1–2 weeks. Embryos are classified as unaffected (free of the mutation), affected (carrying the mutation), or inconclusive. Only unaffected embryos are considered for transfer.

    5. Embryo Transfer and Follow-Up

    A frozen embryo transfer (FET) is usually performed in a subsequent cycle. After transfer, prenatal diagnosis (e.g., chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) is recommended to confirm the genetic status of the pregnancy, as PGT-M is highly accurate but not 100%.

    Timeline Overview

    The entire process from initial consultation to embryo transfer can take 4–8 months or longer. Key steps include:

    • Genetic counseling and report review: 1–2 weeks
    • Probe development: 4–12 weeks (or longer for rare mutations)
    • IVF cycle (stimulation to biopsy): 4–6 weeks
    • Genetic analysis: 1–2 weeks
    • Frozen embryo transfer: 4–8 weeks after analysis

    These are general estimates; actual timelines vary by clinic and individual circumstances.

    Cost Considerations

    The cost of PGT-M in Thailand varies widely depending on the clinic, the complexity of the probe, and the number of embryos tested. Typical cost components include:

    • Genetic counseling and report review fees
    • Probe development fee (often a one-time cost per mutation)
    • IVF cycle costs (medications, monitoring, egg retrieval, lab fees)
    • Embryo biopsy fee
    • PGT-M analysis fee per embryo
    • Embryo freezing and storage fees
    • Frozen embryo transfer cycle costs

    Some clinics offer package prices that include multiple cycles or a set number of embryos. It is essential to request a detailed cost breakdown from your chosen clinic. Prices are typically quoted in Thai baht or US dollars, and payment plans may be available.

    Because exact figures are time-sensitive and clinic-specific, we recommend contacting clinics directly for current pricing.

    Required Documents and Preparations

    To begin the PGT-M process, you will need:

    • Genetic test reports confirming the mutation(s) in the carrier(s)
    • Medical records related to your fertility and general health
    • Blood samples from both partners (and possibly affected family members) for probe development
    • Passports and visas for travel to Thailand (if applicable)

    Confirm with your clinic whether they require original documents or certified translations.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the estimated timeline for probe development and the full cycle?
    • What is the cost of probe development, and is it refundable if the cycle is canceled?
    • How many embryos are typically needed for a reasonable chance of an unaffected embryo?
    • What is the accuracy rate of PGT-M for our specific mutation?
    • Do you offer combined PGT-A and PGT-M testing? What are the pros and cons?
    • What happens if no unaffected embryos are available?
    • What prenatal testing do you recommend after a PGT-M pregnancy?

    Limitations and Risks

    PGT-M is not foolproof. Risks include:

    • No embryos may be unaffected, especially if the carrier is homozygous or if few embryos are produced.
    • Inconclusive results may occur, requiring additional testing or discarding the embryo.
    • Mosaicism (mixed cell lines) can complicate interpretation.
    • Biopsy may damage the embryo, though the risk is low with experienced labs.
    • PGT-M does not test for all genetic disorders; only the specific mutation is analyzed.

    It is crucial to have realistic expectations and discuss all options with your genetic counselor and fertility specialist.

    Alternatives to PGT-M

    If PGT-M is not suitable or available, alternatives include:

    • Prenatal diagnosis (CVS or amniocentesis) during a natural pregnancy, with the option to terminate if affected.
    • Donor gametes (egg or sperm) from a non-carrier.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing using polar body biopsy (less common).
    • Adoption or remaining child-free.

    Each option has its own ethical, emotional, and practical considerations.

    Further Reading

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand overview, patient guides, and frequently asked questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does PGT-M probe development take in Thailand?

    Probe development typically takes 4 to 12 weeks, but can be longer for rare or complex mutations. Some clinics have pre-validated probes for common mutations, which can reduce the time. Confirm the estimated timeline with your chosen clinic.

    What genetic reports are needed for PGT-M?

    You need a confirmed genetic diagnosis from a certified laboratory showing the specific mutation(s) in the carrier(s). Reports should include the gene name, mutation details, and inheritance pattern. Some clinics also require reports from affected family members for probe validation.

    Is PGT-M covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Insurance coverage for PGT-M is rare and varies by policy. Most patients pay out-of-pocket. Check with your insurance provider and clinic for any possible reimbursement or package deals.

    Can PGT-M be combined with PGT-A?

    Yes, many clinics offer combined PGT-A and PGT-M testing on the same biopsy. This screens for both chromosomal abnormalities and the specific single gene disorder. Discuss the additional cost and potential benefits with your clinic.

    What happens if all embryos are affected?

    If no unaffected embryos are available, options include using donor gametes, considering prenatal diagnosis in a future natural pregnancy, or exploring adoption. Your clinic and genetic counselor can help you explore alternatives.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR: Which Genetic Test Is Right for Your IVF in Thailand

    What Is Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used to screen embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) for genetic abnormalities before transfer to the uterus. PGT is performed on a few cells biopsied from an embryo at the blastocyst stage (typically day 5 or 6 of development). The goal is to help select embryos that are more likely to result in a healthy pregnancy, but it is important to understand that PGT does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child. The three main types of PGT are PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR, each designed for different clinical scenarios.

    PGT-A: Screening for Chromosomal Aneuploidy

    What PGT-A Screens For

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. A normal human cell should have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Aneuploidy—having too many or too few chromosomes—is a common cause of implantation failure, miscarriage, and conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21). PGT-A identifies embryos with a normal chromosome count (euploid) versus those with an abnormal count (aneuploid).

    Who Might Consider PGT-A

    • Women of advanced maternal age (typically 35 and older), as the risk of aneuploidy increases with age.
    • Couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage, which may be due to chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Couples with repeated IVF implantation failure.
    • Individuals with a known balanced translocation (though PGT-SR is more specific for structural rearrangements).
    • Any patient who wishes to reduce the chance of transferring an aneuploid embryo, though it is not a guarantee.

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A cannot detect all genetic disorders, such as single-gene diseases (e.g., cystic fibrosis) or structural chromosomal rearrangements. It also cannot guarantee that a euploid embryo will implant or result in a live birth. Mosaicism—where an embryo has both normal and abnormal cells—can lead to ambiguous results. Additionally, the biopsy process carries a small risk of embryo damage, though this is low in experienced laboratories.

    PGT-M: Testing for Single-Gene Disorders

    What PGT-M Screens For

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is used to detect specific inherited single-gene conditions. This test is tailored to a particular genetic mutation known to run in a family, such as cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, sickle cell anemia, or Tay-Sachs disease. PGT-M requires prior knowledge of the specific mutation and often involves creating a customized test for the couple.

    Who Might Consider PGT-M

    • Couples where one or both partners carry a known genetic mutation for a serious inherited disorder.
    • Couples who have had a child with a genetic condition and wish to avoid passing it on.
    • Individuals with a family history of a genetic disease who have undergone genetic counseling and testing.

    Limitations of PGT-M

    PGT-M is highly specific and cannot screen for other genetic abnormalities unless combined with PGT-A. The test development process can take weeks to months, and not all mutations are testable. PGT-M reduces but does not eliminate the risk of having an affected child; rare recombination events or technical errors can occur. Genetic counseling is essential before and after testing.

    PGT-SR: Detecting Structural Chromosomal Rearrangements

    What PGT-SR Screens For

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is designed for individuals who carry a balanced structural chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation (where a piece of one chromosome attaches to another) or an inversion (where a chromosome segment is reversed). While carriers of balanced rearrangements are usually healthy, their embryos may inherit unbalanced rearrangements, leading to miscarriage or birth defects. PGT-SR identifies embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome structure.

    Who Might Consider PGT-SR

    • Couples where one partner is a known carrier of a balanced translocation or inversion.
    • Couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage or infertility linked to a structural rearrangement.
    • Individuals who have been diagnosed through karyotype testing.

    Limitations of PGT-SR

    PGT-SR cannot detect all types of chromosomal abnormalities; it focuses on the specific rearrangement. It may be combined with PGT-A for comprehensive screening. As with other PGT methods, there is a small risk of misdiagnosis, and not all embryos will be suitable for transfer.

    How to Choose the Right Test

    The decision between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR depends on your medical history, genetic background, and reproductive goals. Here are some general considerations:

    • If you have no known genetic condition but are concerned about age-related chromosomal abnormalities, PGT-A may be appropriate.
    • If you or your partner carries a specific single-gene disorder, PGT-M is the test of choice, often combined with PGT-A.
    • If you have a balanced translocation or inversion, PGT-SR is recommended, sometimes alongside PGT-A.
    • If you have both a single-gene mutation and a structural rearrangement, a combination of tests may be possible.

    It is essential to consult with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor to determine which test—or combination of tests—is right for you. They will review your medical history, order necessary carrier screening or karyotyping, and explain the implications of test results.

    PGT in Thailand: What to Expect

    Thailand has become a popular destination for IVF with PGT due to its advanced medical facilities and competitive costs. Several fertility centers in Bangkok offer PGT services, including Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC), Bumrungrad International Hospital, Gift Fertility Clinic, Intrarat Hospital, PMG Hospital, and Prime Fertility Clinic. Each provider has its own laboratory capabilities, genetic testing partnerships, and pricing structures. It is important to verify directly with the clinic whether they offer the specific type of PGT you need, the turnaround time for results, and what is included in the quoted price.

    PGT is typically performed on embryos created through IVF with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to avoid contamination from sperm cells. After biopsy, embryos are frozen (vitrified) while awaiting test results, which can take 1–2 weeks depending on the laboratory. A subsequent frozen embryo transfer (FET) is then scheduled.

    Alternatives and Important Considerations

    PGT is not the only option for genetic screening. Alternatives include:

    • Prenatal diagnostic testing (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy, which can confirm genetic abnormalities but carries a small risk of miscarriage.
    • Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), a blood test that screens for common aneuploidies but is not diagnostic.
    • Carrier screening before conception to identify genetic risks.

    PGT is an elective procedure and is not medically necessary for all patients. It does not guarantee a live birth or a healthy child, and there are ethical considerations regarding embryo selection. Discuss all options thoroughly with your healthcare team.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic problems?

    No, PGT-A only screens for the correct number of chromosomes. It does not detect single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. For those, PGT-M or PGT-SR is needed.

    Is PGT covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Insurance coverage for PGT varies widely. Most international patients pay out-of-pocket. Check with your clinic and insurance provider for specific coverage details.

    How long does PGT take?

    After embryo biopsy, results typically take 1–2 weeks. The entire IVF cycle, including PGT and frozen embryo transfer, may take 2–3 months.

    Does PGT harm the embryo?

    The biopsy removes a few cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta), and studies suggest the risk of damage is low when performed by experienced embryologists. However, no procedure is risk-free.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT as part of your IVF journey in Thailand, start by consulting with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor. They can help you understand which test is appropriate based on your personal and family medical history. For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, other guides, and FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic problems?

    No, PGT-A only screens for the correct number of chromosomes. It does not detect single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. For those, PGT-M or PGT-SR is needed.

    Is PGT covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Insurance coverage for PGT varies widely. Most international patients pay out-of-pocket. Check with your clinic and insurance provider for specific coverage details.

    How long does PGT take?

    After embryo biopsy, results typically take 1–2 weeks. The entire IVF cycle, including PGT and frozen embryo transfer, may take 2–3 months.

    Does PGT harm the embryo?

    The biopsy removes a few cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta), and studies suggest the risk of damage is low when performed by experienced embryologists. However, no procedure is risk-free.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR: Which Test Do You Need for IVF in Thailand?

    What Is Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used during an IVF cycle to examine embryos for specific genetic or chromosomal features before transfer. PGT is not a single test — it includes several types, each designed for a different purpose. Understanding the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR can help you have a more informed conversation with your fertility specialist.

    It is important to know that PGT does not guarantee a pregnancy, a healthy baby, or eliminate all risks. It is a screening or diagnostic tool that provides information to help guide embryo selection. Not every IVF patient needs PGT, and the decision should be based on your medical history, age, and family planning goals.

    PGT-A: Aneuploidy Screening for Chromosome Number

    What It Does

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. A normal human cell should have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos will not implant, or if they do, they may result in miscarriage or conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

    Who Might Consider PGT-A

    • Women of advanced maternal age (typically 35 and older), as the chance of producing aneuploid eggs increases with age.
    • Couples with recurrent pregnancy loss where chromosomal abnormalities may be a contributing factor.
    • Couples with repeated IVF failure despite having good-quality embryos.
    • Anyone who wants to reduce the risk of transferring an aneuploid embryo, though it does not eliminate all risks.

    Limitations

    • PGT-A cannot detect all genetic disorders; it only looks at chromosome number and large structural rearrangements.
    • There is a small chance of a false positive or false negative result due to mosaicism (a mix of normal and abnormal cells in the embryo) or technical limitations.
    • PGT-A does not guarantee implantation or a live birth.

    PGT-M: Testing for Single-Gene Disorders

    What It Does

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) looks for specific inherited genetic conditions caused by a mutation in a single gene. Examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, Huntington’s disease, and many others. PGT-M requires a custom test to be developed for each family, based on the known mutation(s).

    Who Might Consider PGT-M

    • Couples who are carriers of a known genetic disorder and want to avoid passing it to their children.
    • Individuals with a family history of a single-gene condition who have been tested and found to carry the mutation.
    • Couples who have had a previous child affected by a genetic disorder and wish to prevent recurrence.

    Limitations

    • PGT-M requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation. A custom probe or test must be designed, which can take weeks to months.
    • It only tests for the specific condition(s) requested; it does not screen for all genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities.
    • PGT-M is not available for every genetic condition; feasibility depends on the mutation and laboratory capabilities.

    PGT-SR: Testing for Chromosomal Structural Rearrangements

    What It Does

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is used when one or both parents carry a balanced chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation or inversion. These rearrangements do not usually cause health problems in the carrier, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, increasing the risk of miscarriage or birth defects.

    Who Might Consider PGT-SR

    • Individuals known to carry a balanced translocation or inversion (often identified through karyotype testing).
    • Couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage where a parental chromosomal rearrangement is suspected or confirmed.
    • Couples with a previous child born with a chromosomal structural abnormality.

    Limitations

    • PGT-SR cannot correct the rearrangement; it only identifies embryos with a normal or balanced chromosomal structure.
    • Some embryos may be identified as abnormal even if they are balanced carriers (like the parent), which are generally healthy. The test may not always distinguish between a normal and a balanced carrier, depending on the technique used.

    How to Decide Which Test You Need

    The choice between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR depends on your specific medical and genetic situation. Here are some common scenarios:

    • Scenario 1: You are over 35 and concerned about age-related chromosomal abnormalities. PGT-A may be recommended to screen embryos for aneuploidy.
    • Scenario 2: You and your partner are carriers of a genetic disorder like cystic fibrosis. PGT-M would be the appropriate test, often combined with PGT-A if you also want chromosome screening.
    • Scenario 3: You have a balanced translocation and have experienced miscarriages. PGT-SR is designed for this situation, and it may be combined with PGT-A.
    • Scenario 4: You have no known genetic or chromosomal issues but want to maximize the chance of a healthy baby. PGT-A may be an option, but it is not medically necessary for everyone. Discuss the pros and cons with your doctor.

    In many cases, PGT-A is performed alongside PGT-M or PGT-SR as an add-on to also check chromosome number. Your fertility clinic and genetic counselor can help you determine the best approach.

    What to Discuss with Your Fertility Specialist

    Before deciding on PGT, ask your doctor these questions:

    • Based on my age, medical history, and family history, which PGT test is most appropriate for me?
    • What are the success rates and limitations of the recommended test at your clinic?
    • How many embryos are typically needed to have a reasonable chance of finding a suitable embryo for transfer?
    • What is the timeline for testing, and how long will it take to get results?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any additional fees for combined testing?

    PGT in Thailand: What You Should Know

    Thailand has several fertility centers that offer PGT services. When researching clinics, consider the following:

    • Laboratory accreditation: Look for clinics with international certifications such as JCI, ISO, or CAP, which indicate quality standards.
    • Genetic counseling: Ensure the clinic provides or can refer you to a genetic counselor who can explain test results and implications.
    • Experience with your specific test: Ask how many PGT-M or PGT-SR cycles the lab has performed for your condition.

    For a list of fertility centers in Thailand that offer PGT, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ for more information.

    Important Reminders

    • PGT is not a guarantee of a healthy baby. It reduces but does not eliminate the risk of genetic or chromosomal conditions.
    • Not all embryos will be suitable for testing or transfer. Some embryos may not survive the biopsy process.
    • PGT results should always be interpreted by a qualified genetic counselor or reproductive specialist.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I have both PGT-A and PGT-M in the same IVF cycle?

    Yes, it is common to combine PGT-A with PGT-M or PGT-SR. The same embryo biopsy sample can be used for multiple tests. However, this may increase the time required for analysis and the overall cost. Discuss with your clinic whether combined testing is available and appropriate for your situation.

    Does PGT guarantee that my baby will be healthy?

    No. PGT screens for specific chromosomal or genetic conditions, but it cannot detect all possible disorders. There is also a small risk of misdiagnosis. A healthy embryo identified by PGT can still have other health issues not related to the tested conditions.

    Is PGT necessary for all IVF patients?

    No. PGT is not medically necessary for everyone. It is typically recommended for patients with specific risk factors, such as advanced maternal age, known genetic disorders, or recurrent pregnancy loss. Your fertility specialist can help you decide if PGT is right for you.

    How long does PGT take?

    PGT-A results are usually available within a few days to two weeks after embryo biopsy. PGT-M and PGT-SR may take longer because they require custom test development, which can add several weeks to the overall timeline. Ask your clinic for an estimated timeline.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Is PGT and Why Is It Used in Thailand IVF?

    What Is Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a procedure used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to examine embryos for genetic abnormalities before they are transferred to the uterus. PGT is a screening tool that may help select embryos with a lower risk of certain genetic conditions. The decision to use PGT should be made with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor.

    Types of PGT: PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR

    There are three main types of PGT, each designed for different purposes:

    PGT-A (Aneuploidy Screening)

    PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). It is often considered for patients of advanced maternal age, those with recurrent pregnancy loss, or repeated IVF failure. However, PGT-A cannot detect all chromosomal abnormalities.

    PGT-M (Monogenic Disorders)

    PGT-M is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation for a single-gene disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. The test identifies embryos that carry the mutation, allowing the transfer of unaffected embryos. PGT-M requires a customized test for each family, which takes time to develop.

    PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangements)

    PGT-SR is for individuals who carry balanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions. These rearrangements may not affect the carrier’s health but can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos. PGT-SR helps identify embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome structure.

    How Is PGT Performed?

    PGT is performed on embryos created through IVF. After fertilization, embryos are cultured in the laboratory for about 5–6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage. A few cells are then biopsied from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta) and sent for genetic analysis. The embryos are frozen (vitrified) while awaiting results. The genetic analysis typically takes 1–2 weeks. Once results are available, a chromosomally normal (euploid) or unaffected embryo can be thawed and transferred in a subsequent cycle.

    Understanding PGT Results

    PGT results are reported as:

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (for PGT-A) or does not carry the tested mutation (for PGT-M/SR). These embryos are considered suitable for transfer.
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes. These embryos are generally not recommended for transfer, though some clinics may consider mosaic embryos (a mix of normal and abnormal cells) on a case-by-case basis.
    • Mosaic: Some cells are normal and some are abnormal. The clinical significance is uncertain, and transfer decisions should be made with genetic counseling.
    • Inconclusive: The biopsy sample did not yield a result, often due to technical issues. Retesting may be possible.

    It is essential to understand that PGT is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. A normal result reduces but does not eliminate the risk of a genetic condition. Confirmatory prenatal testing (e.g., chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) is recommended after pregnancy is achieved.

    Who Might Consider PGT?

    PGT may be considered in the following situations:

    • Women of advanced maternal age (typically 35 or older)
    • Couples with a known genetic disorder
    • Couples with recurrent pregnancy loss
    • Couples with repeated IVF failure
    • Individuals with a balanced chromosomal rearrangement
    • Couples seeking to avoid passing on a sex-linked genetic disorder (though PGT for sex selection for non-medical reasons is not permitted in many countries, including Thailand)

    PGT is not recommended for everyone. It adds cost, time, and complexity to IVF. Some patients may achieve pregnancy without PGT. A fertility specialist can help determine if PGT is appropriate based on individual medical history.

    Alternatives to PGT

    Alternatives to PGT include:

    • Prenatal diagnosis: Testing during pregnancy (e.g., amniocentesis) to diagnose genetic conditions. This does not avoid the need for possible termination.
    • Donor gametes: Using donor eggs or sperm from a screened donor to reduce genetic risk.
    • Natural conception with genetic counseling: Accepting the risk and undergoing prenatal testing if pregnancy occurs.

    Each option has benefits and limitations. A genetic counselor can help patients weigh their choices.

    Limitations of PGT

    PGT has several limitations:

    • It cannot detect all genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities.
    • It does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a live birth.
    • There is a small risk of embryo damage from biopsy.
    • Mosaic results can be difficult to interpret.
    • PGT-M requires a customized test that may take weeks to develop.
    • Cost can be significant and is often not covered by insurance.

    Why Do Patients Choose Thailand for PGT?

    Thailand has become a popular destination for IVF with PGT for several reasons:

    • Cost: PGT in Thailand is generally more affordable than in many Western countries. For example, Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) offers a basic single-cycle medical package at a reference price of THB 490,000. Final costs vary by medication, testing, storage, procedures, and travel.
    • Legal framework: Thailand has clear regulations that permit PGT for medical reasons, including PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR. Sex selection for non-medical reasons is prohibited. The legal environment provides certainty for international patients.
    • Quality of care: Many Thai fertility centers hold international accreditations. For instance, DHC holds JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, and UK NEQAS certifications. Bumrungrad International Hospital is a large multidisciplinary hospital with integrated services. Prime Fertility Clinic has JCI Ambulatory Care accreditation. Patients should verify current credentials directly.
    • Experienced specialists: Thailand has reproductive medicine specialists with training in genetics. For example, Dr. Phattaraphum Phophong at Bumrungrad has training in reproductive medicine and prenatal genetics. Dr. Waranya Sirithanasarn at Gift Fertility Clinic has 13 years of experience. Dr. Poonkiat Punyamitr at Prime Fertility Clinic has 19 years of experience. Confirm the treating doctor and their expertise.
    • Advanced technology: Some clinics use time-lapse incubators (e.g., Embryoscope+, Geri) and other technologies to support embryo culture. However, technology alone does not guarantee success.

    It is important to note that no clinic can guarantee a specific outcome. Success rates vary by individual factors. Patients should request a written quotation and confirm all services included.

    Choosing a Clinic in Thailand for PGT

    When selecting a clinic for PGT in Thailand, consider the following:

    • Does the clinic have a dedicated genetic testing laboratory or partnership with a reputable lab?
    • What types of PGT are offered (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR)?
    • What are the costs for the IVF cycle, PGT, biopsy, freezing, and storage?
    • What is the experience of the embryology team?
    • Does the clinic provide genetic counseling?
    • What are the clinic’s success rates for your age group and diagnosis? (Be cautious of self-reported rates; ask for independent verification.)

    For a comparison of clinics, see our PGT in Thailand guide and other guides. For common questions, visit our FAQ page.

    Conclusion

    PGT is a valuable tool for some patients undergoing IVF, but it is not a guarantee of success. Understanding the types of PGT, what results mean, and the limitations is essential. Thailand offers a combination of affordable cost, legal clarity, and quality care that attracts international patients. However, each patient’s situation is unique. Consult with a fertility specialist and genetic counselor to determine if PGT is right for you.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders when parents carry a known mutation. PGT-SR checks for unbalanced chromosomes due to structural rearrangements like translocations.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT is a screening test that reduces the risk of certain genetic conditions but cannot detect all abnormalities. It does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a live birth. Confirmatory prenatal testing is recommended.

    Is PGT legal in Thailand?

    Yes, PGT for medical reasons is permitted in Thailand. Sex selection for non-medical reasons is prohibited. Patients should confirm the legal framework with their chosen clinic.

    How much does PGT cost in Thailand?

    Costs vary by clinic and individual treatment plan. For example, Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) offers a basic single-cycle medical package at a reference price of THB 490,000. Final costs depend on medication, testing, storage, and other factors. Always request a written quotation.

    Who should consider PGT?

    PGT may be considered for women of advanced maternal age, couples with known genetic disorders, those with recurrent pregnancy loss or repeated IVF failure, and individuals with balanced chromosomal rearrangements. It is not recommended for everyone. Consult a fertility specialist.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.