Thailand PGT CMS

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  • A Mosaic Embryo Result: What to Discuss With Your Clinical Team

    A mosaic embryo result often arrives as a short line in a laboratory report and a much longer list of questions at home. The result describes what was seen in the cells that were sampled and analysed. It does not, by itself, tell you what to do next. That conversation belongs with the clinicians who know your history, your report and the laboratory that produced it.

    This guide is about preparing for that conversation well: what to bring, what to ask, and how to keep separate ideas that are easy to blur together. It is written for international patients who may be reading a report in a second language, at a distance from the clinic, or before a remote appointment.

    Start with the report, not the percentage

    The most common mistake is to treat a mosaic percentage as a universal threshold with a fixed meaning. Laboratories differ in how they define and report mosaicism, and a mosaic result has to be interpreted in the context of the laboratory that issued it. Professional guidance from ASRM makes this point directly: mosaic reporting categories and thresholds can differ between laboratories, and a mosaic result requires interpretation in the context of the reporting laboratory.

    That has a practical consequence for your appointment. Instead of asking only “is 30% bad?”, ask your team to walk you through how this laboratory defines and reports mosaicism, what its validated thresholds are, and what the report’s own wording says about confidence and limitations. The same number can carry different weight depending on the assay, the validation behind it and the way the result is expressed.

    It also helps to know what the test itself can and cannot do. PGT-A assesses chromosome number in cells sampled from an embryo, and testing has limitations and can produce incorrect findings. A result does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child. Your team should be able to explain where those limits sit for your specific report.

    Separate three different questions

    Mosaic conversations go sideways when three separate questions get merged. Ask your clinicians to address each one on its own:

    • What did the laboratory report? The reported mosaic percentage, the chromosome or chromosomes involved, whether the finding is full or segmental, and how the laboratory describes its own confidence.
    • What does that mean for the whole embryo? The biopsy samples a small number of cells. A result is an inference about the embryo from that sample, not a complete map of every cell. Ask how much uncertainty your team attaches to the finding.
    • What would it mean for a pregnancy? Any personal risk figure is a separate clinical discussion that depends on the chromosome involved, your history and other factors. Ask your team to explain what is and is not known for your situation, rather than borrowing a number from a general article.

    Keeping these apart makes the appointment more useful. You are not asking for one reassuring sentence; you are asking for a structured explanation you can understand and record.

    What to bring and what to request in writing

    Bring the full laboratory report, not a summary message. If you have had earlier cycles or testing, bring those reports too, because context across cycles can matter to the interpretation. Note the embryo identifiers exactly as they appear, so there is no confusion about which embryo is being discussed.

    A short records checklist for the appointment:

    • The complete PGT report, including any footnotes, thresholds or classification notes
    • Embryo identifiers and the day of biopsy or freezing, as recorded by the clinic
    • Prior PGT or IVF cycle reports, if any
    • Relevant genetic or medical history your team has asked about
    • Your written question list, in the order that matters most to you

    During or after the appointment, ask which points can be confirmed in writing, such as the laboratory’s reporting categories, the clinic’s general approach to mosaic embryos, and the next appointment or decision point. A written summary is easier to re-read calmly and to share with a partner or another clinician.

    Questions about transfer policy and follow-up

    If transfer of a mosaic embryo is being considered, the discussion should cover more than the percentage. Useful questions include:

    • How does this clinic describe its approach to mosaic embryos, and where is that policy written down?
    • Does the chromosome involved, or whether the finding is full or segmental, change how the team would discuss this embryo?
    • What alternatives would the team want you to understand before deciding, including waiting, further testing or another cycle?
    • If transfer goes ahead, what prenatal follow-up discussion would be offered, and who would lead it?
    • What would the team want to know from you before making a recommendation?

    These are clinical questions, and they belong with your treating clinicians. A coordination service can help you organise and send them, but it does not interpret results or recommend treatment.

    Preparing for a remote consultation

    Many international patients first discuss a mosaic result by video or phone. A little preparation makes that format work better. Send the full report and your question list ahead of time if the clinic allows, and confirm the appointment time in your own time zone. Ask whether an interpreter is available and whether the consultation can be recorded or summarised in writing.

    If you are comparing how different clinics handle mosaic results, it can help to read broadly first. A general guide to interpreting PGT-A results, including mosaic embryos, and an explanation of what embryo biopsy can and cannot reveal give useful background before you speak. For a closer look at how reports are structured, see how to read a PGT-A laboratory report.

    After the appointment: records and handover

    Before you leave Thailand, or before a remote consultation ends, agree how records will reach you and your home clinicians. Ask for the report, the consultation summary and any written policy you discussed. Confirm who will answer follow-up questions and by what method. If you are returning home, a clear handover plan avoids repeating the same conversation from scratch with a new team.

    If you would like help organising your question list, gathering records or arranging a remote consultation, you can request a case review. Coordination support can prepare and communicate; the clinical interpretation and any treatment recommendation remain with your licensed clinicians.

    Sources: Mosaic reporting categories and thresholds can differ between laboratories, and a mosaic result requires interpretation in the context of the reporting laboratory. — ASRM mosaic PGT-A committee opinion, 2023, Fertil Steril 120:973-982 (checked 2026-10-15).

  • What PGT Can and Cannot Tell You About Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

    Recurrent pregnancy loss is a frustrating diagnosis, and it is understandable to look for a test that promises an explanation. Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is often raised in that search. It deserves a clear answer about scope: PGT examines embryos created in an IVF cycle. It does not investigate why previous pregnancies were lost, and it does not treat the conditions that cause most losses.

    That does not make PGT irrelevant. It means the test answers a narrower question than many patients expect, and the value of that answer depends on what else has been assessed.

    What PGT actually examines

    PGT is an umbrella term for several tests performed on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage. Each type addresses a different question:

    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number in the sampled cells. It is used to identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes, a finding called aneuploidy.
    • PGT-SR is designed for people who carry a known chromosomal structural rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation. It looks for the specific imbalance that rearrangement could pass on.
    • PGT-M is designed for a known single-gene (monogenic) condition that runs in a family.

    These are different tests with different purposes, and they are not interchangeable. The comparison of PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR sets out how the questions differ. In a recurrent loss discussion, PGT-A is the type most often raised, because chromosome errors in the embryo are a recognised contributor to early miscarriage. PGT-SR only becomes relevant if a structural rearrangement has actually been found in one partner, and PGT-M only if a specific monogenic condition has been identified.

    Why a normal PGT-A result does not close the investigation

    PGT-A screens the embryo. It does not examine the uterus, the endocrine system, the immune system, blood clotting, parental chromosomes, or the many other factors that clinical assessment of recurrent loss considers. A couple can have embryos that test as having the expected chromosome number and still experience a miscarriage, because the cause in that pregnancy lay outside the embryo’s chromosome count.

    This is the central limit. PGT-A can reduce the chance that an embryo with an abnormal chromosome number is selected for transfer. It cannot lower the risk that comes from non-chromosomal factors, and it cannot tell you why earlier losses happened. A result from an embryo biopsy is not a diagnosis of the couple, and it is not a substitute for the standard workup of recurrent loss, which may include parental karyotyping, imaging of the uterus, and other investigations your clinician considers appropriate.

    Where the evidence itself has limits

    Even within its own scope, PGT-A is not a certainty machine. Several technical and interpretive limits matter when you are weighing it:

    • Sampling. The test reads cells from a biopsy, not the whole embryo. A sampled result does not establish the cell composition of the entire embryo.
    • Mosaic results. Sometimes the laboratory reports an intermediate chromosome finding, described as mosaicism. This is inferred from the biopsy findings, and technical factors can contribute to such results. What a mosaic result means for a particular embryo should be discussed with the treating clinician and a genetic counsellor.
    • Incorrect or inconclusive findings. PGT-A can produce results that do not reflect the embryo accurately, and some samples do not yield a usable answer.
    • Biopsy itself. Removing cells from an embryo carries a risk of damage that can affect further development.
    • No guarantee. A PGT result does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child.

    These points come from regulator and professional-society patient information, and they are general. They are not a prediction about your embryos or your chances. The guide to what PGT-A screens and who it may help covers the test’s purpose in more detail.

    Separating the embryo factor from other factors

    A useful consultation does not ask “should we do PGT?” in isolation. It asks your clinician to separate two questions: what role, if any, embryo chromosome problems may have played in your losses, and what other factors have been assessed or still need assessment. Those are different lines of enquiry, and only the second can address causes such as uterine, endocrine, immune or clotting-related conditions.

    You can ask directly:

    • Which investigations have already been done for our losses, and which are still outstanding?
    • Has parental karyotyping been performed, and does it change whether PGT-SR or PGT-M is relevant for us?
    • If we use PGT-A, what would a normal result change in our plan, and what would it not change?
    • How would a mosaic or inconclusive result be handled in our case?
    • What alternatives exist if we decide against embryo testing?

    These are clinical questions, and they belong with a licensed clinician who can see your history. A coordination service can help you organise the conversation and the records, but it does not interpret results or advise on treatment.

    Records worth bringing to a PGT conversation

    Recurrent loss discussions go better when the history is documented rather than recalled. A practical record set includes:

    • A dated list of previous pregnancies and losses, with gestational age where known.
    • Any prior loss workup: blood tests, imaging, uterine assessment, and pathology reports if tissue was examined.
    • Parental karyotype results, if performed.
    • Any genetic counselling letters or reports of a known familial condition.
    • Current medication list and relevant past medical history.

    Approximate dates are fine if exact ones are not available; write down what you know and mark what is uncertain. Do not stop or change any medication in preparation for a consultation unless your prescribing clinician tells you to.

    Planning the conversation, including from abroad

    If you are considering treatment in Thailand, the practical work starts before any appointment. A short written summary of your history, a question list, and a clear note of which records are still missing will make a remote consultation more useful. It also helps to ask, in writing, what the hospital needs from you, in what format, and whether a remote discussion is possible before travel.

    For patients comparing options, it can help to read broadly about how PGT is discussed for recurrent loss in Thailand, for example this cautious guide to PGT and recurrent miscarriage, and to keep provider shortlists as a separate research task rather than a substitute for clinical assessment. If you want a starting point for that separate comparison, the countrywide shortlist of IVF hospitals and clinics is an editorial overview, not evidence that any provider produces better outcomes.

    Thailand PGT can help organise records, prepare a question list, request appointments or remote consultations, and coordinate follow-up communication after you return home. Scope and any fees are confirmed individually, and clinical decisions remain with your treating clinicians.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A prevent miscarriage?

    No. PGT-A screens embryos for chromosome number, so it can reduce the transfer of embryos with an abnormal count. It does not prevent miscarriage caused by factors outside the embryo's chromosomes, and it cannot guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child.

    Should everyone with recurrent pregnancy loss have PGT?

    There is no single answer that applies to everyone. Whether PGT is appropriate depends on your history, what investigations have already been done, and what you and your clinician are trying to learn. It is not a replacement for the standard assessment of recurrent loss.

  • Which Stages Shape When a PGT Report Becomes Available?

    A PGT report does not appear at a single moment. It is the end point of a chain that begins on the day an embryo is biopsied and passes through sample handling, laboratory analysis and clinical review before anyone can read a result. If you are trying to plan around a report date, it helps to know where the time actually goes, which parts are controlled by the genetics laboratory, and which parts depend on your clinic’s own schedule.

    This guide explains the stages in order. It does not give turnaround times, because those depend on the specific laboratory, the test type and the workload at the time. Instead, it shows you what to ask so that an expected date is based on your own case rather than a general impression.

    Stage 1: Embryo culture and the day of biopsy

    The clock starts when a sample is taken, not when the cycle begins. In a typical PGT cycle, embryos are cultured for several days and a small number of cells is removed from the trophectoderm, the outer layer that will form the placenta, at the blastocyst stage. The embryo biopsy process and timing matter here for a simple reason: an embryo biopsied on day five and one biopsied on day six do not enter the laboratory queue on the same date.

    This stage is largely clinic-controlled. It depends on how the embryos develop, which day the embryology team judges biopsy appropriate, and the laboratory’s own working days. If a cycle produces embryos that reach blastocyst on different days, samples may reach the genetics laboratory in more than one batch. That is one reason a single “report date” can be harder to pin down than patients expect.

    It is worth knowing how your clinic labels blastocysts, because the day number in a report often traces back to this stage. The guide to day-five, day-six and day-seven blastocyst labels explains what those numbers mean.

    Stage 2: Sample handling, labelling and transport

    Once cells are removed, they become a specimen that must be identified, prepared and moved to the genetics laboratory. Sample processing at this point is about custody and traceability as much as biology: correct labelling, the right container, and a documented handover. If the genetics laboratory is on the same site as the IVF laboratory, transport is short. If it is elsewhere, the sample has to travel under agreed conditions.

    This is a stage where small administrative problems can add delay. A mislabelled tube, an incomplete request form or a missing clinical detail may need to be resolved before analysis can begin. You will not see this happen, but it is one reason a clinic may ask for information about your history before the laboratory starts work.

    Stage 3: DNA amplification and library preparation

    The biopsy sample contains very little DNA, so the laboratory must amplify it before analysis. This preparation step is technical and largely invisible to patients, but it is a genuine part of the timeline. The sample has to be processed to a point where the chosen testing method can read it reliably.

    For PGT-A, which assesses chromosome number, the laboratory prepares the sample for a genome-wide analysis. For PGT-M, which looks at a known monogenic condition, and PGT-SR, which looks at chromosomal structural rearrangements, the test is designed around a specific family situation. The HFEA’s information on PGT-M and PGT-SR explains that these tests address different questions and require discussion of the relevant history and test design with a treating team and genetic counsellor.

    That test design is the main reason PGT-M often takes longer than PGT-A. A PGT-M test may need to be built and validated around your family’s specific genetic variant, sometimes using samples from relatives, before an embryo sample can be interpreted. This preparatory work can happen before or alongside an IVF cycle, but it is a separate task from analysing the biopsy itself. PGT-SR also involves test-specific design, though the details vary by rearrangement.

    Stage 4: Sequencing or other analysis

    With the sample prepared, the laboratory runs its analysis. Different methods suit different questions: PGT-A is commonly analysed with next-generation sequencing, while PGT-M may use PCR-based or sequencing approaches depending on the design. The method affects how the data are generated and how much interpretation is needed afterwards, but the laboratory, not the patient, decides which is appropriate.

    This is the stage most people picture when they think about laboratory turnaround. It is also the stage where batching matters. Laboratories often run samples in groups rather than one at a time, so the date your sample enters the run can matter as much as the length of the run itself.

    Stage 5: Bioinformatics analysis and quality review

    Raw data are not a report. The laboratory has to analyse the output, check that the sample met quality thresholds, and decide whether the result is clear enough to report. Some samples need repeat analysis or are reported with caveats. The HFEA’s PGT-A information notes that testing has limitations and can produce incorrect findings, which is part of why this review step exists.

    Quality review is also where nuanced findings are handled. A mosaic PGT-A result, for example, is inferred from intermediate chromosome copy-number findings in a biopsy sample, and technical factors can contribute to such findings. The ASRM committee opinion on mosaic PGT-A results makes clear that a sampled result does not establish the cell composition of the whole embryo. Reports that include this kind of finding may take longer to finalise because the wording and interpretation need care. The guide to understanding PGT-A results and mosaicism covers how to read such reports.

    Stage 6: Clinical scientist sign-off and report release

    Before a report reaches you, it is reviewed and signed off by the laboratory’s clinical team. This is a professional checkpoint, not a formality. The report then has to be released to your clinic through whatever channel has been agreed.

    This stage is where clinic and laboratory responsibilities meet. The laboratory controls the analysis and sign-off; your clinic controls how and when the result is communicated to you. A report may be finalised on a date when your treating clinician is not immediately available to discuss it, and some clinics prefer to schedule a conversation rather than send a result without context.

    Stage 7: How the result reaches you

    Ask in advance how results will be shared: a portal, a scheduled call, an email with a follow-up appointment, or a conversation at your next visit. Ask who will explain the report and whether a genetic counsellor is involved. For PGT-M and PGT-SR, discussion with a genetic counsellor is part of interpreting what the result does and does not mean.

    If you are planning to travel home after the cycle, this stage deserves early attention. A result that arrives after you leave may need a remote conversation, and any records you want for your home clinic should be requested explicitly. The guide to checking for missing records before an IVF clinic handover is a useful prompt for that conversation.

    Which stages are laboratory-controlled and which are clinic-controlled

    Stage Mainly controlled by What you can reasonably ask about
    Embryo culture and biopsy day IVF clinic and embryology team Which day biopsy is planned and whether samples are batched
    Sample handling and transport IVF laboratory and genetics laboratory Where the genetics laboratory is and how samples are transferred
    Amplification and test design Genetics laboratory Whether test design is already complete for PGT-M or PGT-SR
    Analysis run Genetics laboratory How often runs are scheduled
    Bioinformatics and quality review Genetics laboratory What happens if a sample needs repeat analysis
    Sign-off and release Genetics laboratory, then your clinic Who releases the report and to whom
    Communication to you Your clinic Format, timing and who will explain the result

    How to get a realistic expected date

    Rather than asking “how long does PGT take?”, ask for a date range tied to your own cycle and test type. A useful request sounds like this: “For our situation, with biopsy planned around this date and this test type, what is the expected window for a signed report, and what could move it?” Then ask for a named point of contact for follow-up and the clinic’s process if the window passes without a result.

    It also helps to separate the two clocks. The laboratory clock starts when a suitable sample arrives. The clinic clock includes scheduling, communication and any conversation needed to explain the result. A report can be ready while the discussion is still being arranged, and that gap is worth planning for, especially if you have travel dates.

    Finally, keep a simple record of dates: biopsy day, the date you were told the sample was sent, the expected window, and any follow-up you have requested. If you are comparing clinics or preparing questions, the PGT laboratory quality questions for Thai IVF clinics can help you frame them. A coordinator can help organise these questions and request documents, but the clinical interpretation of your report belongs with your treating clinician and, where relevant, a genetic counsellor.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a day-six biopsy always mean a later report than a day-five biopsy?

    Not necessarily, but it can shift the start date. A sample taken later enters the laboratory queue later, and if samples are batched, the difference may be absorbed or may add time. Ask your clinic how it handles samples from different biopsy days.

    Why might a PGT-M report take longer than a PGT-A report?

    PGT-M is designed around a specific monogenic condition and may require test development and validation before an embryo sample can be interpreted. PGT-A assesses chromosome number across the genome and does not usually need that family-specific design step. The exact difference depends on the laboratory and whether test design is already complete.

  • Why PGT-A and PGT-M Answer Different Genetic Questions

    Two embryos can both receive a “normal” result and still be tested for completely different reasons. That is the simplest way to understand why PGT-A and PGT-M are not interchangeable: they are built to answer different questions, using different laboratory designs, and each has its own blind spots.

    PGT-A asks whether an embryo’s cells show the expected number of chromosomes. PGT-M asks whether an embryo inherited a specific genetic variant that is already known to run in a family. Neither test is a general certificate of embryo health, and neither guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy child.

    What PGT-A is designed to look at

    PGT-A stands for pre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. Aneuploidy means an abnormal number of chromosomes — for example, an extra copy or a missing copy of a particular chromosome. According to the HFEA’s patient information on PGT-A, the test assesses chromosome number in cells sampled from an embryo.

    That scope matters. PGT-A is a genome-wide count, not a search for a named condition. It does not know that a particular family carries a variant in a particular gene, and it is not designed to detect one. A PGT-A report may flag an abnormal chromosome count, or it may describe a mosaic finding — an intermediate result inferred from the biopsy sample. As the ASRM committee opinion on mosaic PGT-A results explains, technical factors can contribute to such findings, and a sampled result does not establish the cell composition of the whole embryo.

    So a reassuring PGT-A result means the biopsy did not show an abnormal chromosome count. It says nothing about a single-gene condition your family may carry.

    What PGT-M is designed to look at

    PGT-M stands for pre-implantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders — conditions caused by a variant in a single gene. The HFEA’s information on PGT-M and PGT-SR describes PGT-M as testing for a known monogenic condition, and notes that a treating team and genetic counsellor should discuss the relevant history, test design and suitability.

    That word “known” carries a lot of weight. PGT-M is not a scan for unknown problems. It is a targeted test built around a specific variant — or, in some designs, around linked markers near that variant — that has already been identified through prior testing of the family or the parents. The laboratory needs that information to build a reliable assay before it can report whether an embryo inherited the variant.

    Because the test is targeted, a PGT-M result tells you about that one condition. It does not confirm that the embryo’s chromosome number is normal across the genome. A separate test would be needed for that question.

    A side-by-side view

    Question PGT-A PGT-M
    What is being examined? Chromosome number across the genome Inheritance of a known familial variant
    Does it need prior family testing? No — it is not built around a family variant Yes — the assay depends on known variant information
    Can it rule out a known single-gene condition? No It is designed to address that condition, within the limits of the assay
    Can it confirm normal chromosome number? It assesses this, with limitations No
    Typical report language Aneuploid, euploid, mosaic, no result Variant present, variant absent, inconclusive, no result

    PGT-SR is a third category, used when a parent carries a chromosomal structural rearrangement rather than a single-gene variant. It is a distinct question again, and the HFEA source above groups it with PGT-M only to distinguish their separate purposes.

    Why a normal PGT-A result does not cover a family condition

    This is the point that most often causes confusion. A couple who knows they carry a variant for a single-gene condition may assume that a “normal” PGT-A result means the embryo is unaffected. It does not. PGT-A was never looking at that gene. The variant could be present in an embryo whose chromosome count looks normal on biopsy.

    The reverse is also true. An embryo reported as unaffected on PGT-M may still have an abnormal chromosome count, because PGT-M does not assess that. Each result answers its own question and leaves the other open.

    When the two tests are combined

    Some families are advised to consider both tests together: PGT-M for the known condition and PGT-A for chromosome number. Combining them can address two separate questions in one biopsy, but it is not automatically the right choice for everyone.

    It is worth asking your clinician what the combination adds in your situation, and what it costs — in biopsy material, laboratory analysis, time and counselling. A combined approach also means two sets of results to interpret, each with its own uncertainty. The decision belongs with your treating team and genetic counsellor, who can weigh your history and the test design.

    Limits that apply to both tests

    • Sampling, not the whole embryo. Both tests work from a small biopsy. A result describes the sample, and the ASRM opinion stresses that a sampled result does not establish the whole embryo’s cell composition.
    • Mosaicism. Intermediate PGT-A findings can be technically influenced and need careful discussion rather than a simple label.
    • No-result or inconclusive outcomes. Some biopsies do not yield a clear answer, and a repeat may or may not be possible.
    • Variants of uncertain significance. A variant’s link to disease is not always clear, which can complicate PGT-M design.
    • Residual risk. Neither test removes all uncertainty about an embryo or a pregnancy.
    • Biopsy itself carries a risk. The HFEA’s PGT-A questions and answers note that embryo biopsy can cause damage and prevent further development.

    Neither test guarantees a successful pregnancy or a healthy child, and neither is a required step for every patient. Whether testing is appropriate is an individual clinical decision.

    Preparing for a useful conversation about test design

    You can ask your clinician or genetic counsellor directly about diagnosis, options, risks, reports and your individual chances. A few preparation points help that conversation stay concrete:

    • Bring any prior genetic reports — the family variant, who was tested, and what the laboratory found.
    • Ask which test is being proposed and exactly what question it answers.
    • Ask what the report will and will not tell you, including how no-result and mosaic findings are handled.
    • Ask whether a combined approach is being considered and why.
    • Keep a dated record of what was discussed and what remains open.

    If you are comparing clinics or gathering information before a consultation, our guide to PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR differences for international patients sets out the categories in more detail, and how to read PGT-A results covers report language. For families weighing a known condition, PGT-M versus PGT-A for single gene disorders goes further into that comparison.

    Coordination support can help with the practical side: organising records and prior genetic reports, requesting a remote consultation, planning travel around confirmed appointments, and arranging a records handover before you return home. Clinicians interpret results and make treatment decisions; the coordinating service does not diagnose or prescribe.

    Frequently asked questions

    If I have PGT-A done, do I still need PGT-M for a known family condition?

    They answer different questions. PGT-A assesses chromosome number and is not designed to detect a specific single-gene variant, so a normal PGT-A result does not rule out a known familial condition. Whether PGT-M is appropriate for you is a clinical decision for your treating team and genetic counsellor.

    Can PGT-M tell me whether an embryo's chromosomes are normal?

    No. PGT-M is targeted at a known variant and does not confirm chromosome number across the genome. If both questions matter in your situation, ask your clinician whether a combined approach is being considered and what it involves.

  • Embryology and Genetics Laboratories in PGT: Who Does What, and Where the Handoff Happens

    A PGT result looks like a single line on a report, but it is the product of two laboratories doing different jobs at different times. The embryology laboratory grows the embryo, takes the sample and keeps the embryo safe while it waits. The genetics laboratory amplifies that sample and interprets what it finds. Most of the confusion patients experience — why a result is inconclusive, why a report has two voices, why a quotation seems to cover “PGT” but not everything — comes from not knowing where one laboratory’s responsibility ends and the other’s begins.

    This guide walks through that relay step by step, then shows how to read a report and a quotation with the split in mind. It is general information, not a recommendation for your own case; questions about your embryos, your results and your options belong with the treating clinician and genetic counsellor.

    Why one test needs two laboratories

    PGT-A assesses chromosome number in cells sampled from an embryo, and testing has limitations and can produce incorrect findings (HFEA: PGT-A). The cells that get tested are not the embryo itself — they are a few cells removed from it. Everything before that removal is embryology; everything after it is genetics. The two teams rarely share a bench, sometimes do not share a building, and in some arrangements do not share a country.

    That physical separation is normal and not a warning sign. What matters is that the handoff between them is controlled and documented.

    The embryology side: from fertilisation to a labelled tube

    The embryology laboratory’s PGT work begins well before any genetic question is asked.

    1. Culture to blastocyst. The embryo is grown in the laboratory until it reaches a stage where a sample can be taken. The day this happens is recorded, because it becomes part of the embryo’s identity in later reports.
    2. Biopsy. A small number of cells — typically from the trophectoderm, the outer layer that becomes the placenta rather than the baby — are removed. Biopsy is a real procedure with a real risk: HFEA patient information notes that embryo biopsy can cause damage and prevent further development (HFEA PGT-A FAQ). Ask your clinician what that risk means for your embryos specifically.
    3. Washing, tubing and labelling. The sampled cells are washed, placed in a tube and labelled so they can be traced back to one embryo and no other. This is unglamorous work and it is where identity errors would occur if controls failed.
    4. Vitrification of the biopsied embryo. The embryo is frozen while the sample travels. Its grade, biopsy day and freezing details are embryology observations — facts about the embryo, not conclusions about its chromosomes.

    Notice what the embryology laboratory does not do: it does not decide whether the embryo is chromosomally normal. It produces a sample and a record.

    The genetics side: from a few cells to a reported finding

    The genetics laboratory receives a tube of cells, not an embryo, and must turn that into an interpretable result.

    • Whole-genome amplification. A biopsy yields very little DNA, so it is copied many times over before analysis. This step is technically demanding and is one place where artefacts can enter.
    • Platform and resolution. The laboratory chooses a testing method and a resolution — how small a change it will report. Different platforms and resolutions answer different questions, which is why “PGT” alone is not a complete description of a test.
    • Matching the test to the question. PGT-A looks at chromosome number. PGT-M concerns a known monogenic condition, and PGT-SR concerns chromosomal structural rearrangements; these tests address different questions (HFEA: PGT-M and PGT-SR). PGT-M in particular usually requires preparatory work on the family’s genetic information before any embryo is tested, and that work sits on the genetics side.
    • Interpretation against the embryo’s reported data. The genetics team reads its findings alongside the embryology record — which embryo, which day, what was observed. A result is only meaningful when it is attached to the right embryo.
    • Reporting language. Reports use terms such as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic and inconclusive. Mosaic findings deserve particular care: a mosaic PGT-A result is inferred from intermediate chromosome copy-number findings in a biopsy sample, technical factors can contribute to such findings, and a sampled result does not establish the cell composition of the whole embryo (ASRM: mosaic PGT-A results). What a given report means for a transfer decision is a conversation with your clinician and genetic counsellor.
    • Quality assessment. Laboratories run internal and external quality checks. Whether these exist, and what they cover, is a fair question to ask before treatment.

    Where responsibility changes hands

    The interesting part of this split is the seams. Four handoff points are worth understanding:

    Handoff What should be controlled Why it matters to you
    Sample identity Labelling from biopsy through to report, with witnessing A result must belong to your embryo and no other
    Transport conditions How the sample travels, packaging, temperature, timing, documentation Degraded or mishandled samples can produce uninformative results
    Re-biopsy decision Who decides, on what basis, and what the embryo’s status is Re-biopsy is a clinical decision with its own risks, not a routine repeat
    Re-analysis decision Whether the stored sample can be retested and who authorises it Sometimes the sample, not the embryo, is the limiting factor

    An inconclusive result can originate on either side. The sample may have been too small or degraded (embryology and transport), or the amplification and analysis may not have produced a clear signal (genetics). A report that simply says “inconclusive” without indicating where the uncertainty arose is harder to act on. Ask your clinician whether the laboratory has explained the likely source.

    Reading a report that separates the two voices

    A well-structured report reads in two registers. The embryology section describes observations: embryo identifier, biopsy day, grade, freezing details. The genetics section states the finding, the platform, the resolution and any limitations. Keep the two apart in your mind. An embryology observation is not a genetic conclusion, and a genetic result does not describe embryo quality.

    If you are preparing for a consultation, it helps to bring the full report rather than a summary line, and to note which parts you want explained. If you would like help organising records and framing those questions before an appointment, the coordination service can assist with that practical preparation; interpretation of your results stays with your clinicians.

    Comparing quotations when two laboratories are involved

    Because the work is split, a quotation can be split too — and gaps hide at the seams. When you compare written quotations, check which laboratory performs which step rather than which provider sounds more impressive:

    • Is the biopsy included, and is it priced per embryo or per cycle?
    • Is the genetic analysis included for the number of embryos you realistically expect, and what happens to the price if more are biopsied?
    • Is transport to an external genetics laboratory included, and who arranges it?
    • Are re-analysis or re-biopsy charged separately?
    • Is genetic counselling before and after testing included?
    • Which laboratory issues the final report, and in what language?

    Our guide to comparing PGT IVF quotes in Thailand sets out a fuller checklist, and a separate article explains how to verify a hospital’s laboratory pathway for PGT. If you want to understand how accreditation claims are checked, see confirming accreditation scope at a Bangkok provider. For readers still mapping out provider options more broadly, a countrywide comparison of IVF hospitals and clinics is available as background reading; it is a research starting point, not a statement about outcomes.

    A worked planning example

    Suppose a couple is preparing for PGT-M after a known familial condition has been identified. Their preparation list might look like this: the genetics laboratory’s preparatory work on the family’s genetic information (genetics side, often weeks before stimulation); the embryology laboratory’s culture and biopsy plan, including how many embryos they are prepared to biopsy; the transport arrangement if the two laboratories are in different places; and the report format they will receive. None of these steps tells them whether PGT-M is right for them — that is a clinical and genetic-counselling discussion — but knowing the sequence means they can ask specific questions at each stage instead of discovering a gap later.

    PGT is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy child, and it is not necessary for every patient; whether to use it should be discussed for the individual situation (HFEA: PGT-A). Understanding the two-laboratory structure will not change that, but it will help you ask better questions of the people who can.

    Frequently asked questions

    If my PGT result is inconclusive, which laboratory is responsible?

    It can be either. An inconclusive result may reflect the sample itself — too few cells, degradation during handling or transport — or the amplification and analysis stage. Ask your clinician whether the laboratory has identified the likely source, and whether re-analysis of the stored sample is possible before considering anything further.

    Does the embryology laboratory decide whether an embryo is suitable for transfer?

    No. The embryology laboratory records observations such as biopsy day and embryo grade, and the genetics laboratory reports a finding from the sample. How those pieces combine into a transfer decision is a clinical judgement made with you by your treating team.

  • Embryo Appearance vs Genetic Test Results: Why Morphology and PGT Can Tell Different Stories

    An embryologist looking down a microscope and a genetics laboratory reading a biopsy sample are answering two different questions. Morphology asks, “How does this embryo look and how is it developing?” PGT asks, “What do the chromosomes in this small sample look like?” Neither answer is a complete description of the embryo, and that is the main reason the two can seem to disagree.

    If you have been given a high morphology grade alongside an abnormal PGT-A result — or the reverse — this guide explains the layers of information separately, then shows how they are usually weighed together in a conversation with your treating clinician.

    What a morphology grade actually describes

    Morphology is a visual assessment made at a particular moment. For a blastocyst, embryologists typically comment on expansion, the number and tightness of cells in the inner cell mass, and the number and cohesion of cells in the trophectoderm (the outer layer that later forms the placenta). A grading system condenses these observations into a score.

    Three features of morphology matter for interpretation:

    • It is a snapshot. The embryo was observed at one time point; it continues to change in culture and, later, in the uterus.
    • It is an appearance, not a measurement of chromosomes. Cell number, symmetry, fragmentation and expansion describe structure and developmental progress. They do not read the DNA inside those cells.
    • It is a proxy. A good grade is associated with developmental potential in the aggregate, but it cannot confirm the chromosomal content of an individual embryo.

    This is why morphology is best read as a description of how the embryo looks and is progressing, not as a verdict on its genetic makeup.

    What PGT-A actually reports

    PGT-A assesses chromosome number in cells sampled from an embryo. In a typical blastocyst biopsy, a few trophectoderm cells are removed and analysed, and the report describes chromosome copy-number findings for that sample.

    The HFEA, the UK fertility regulator, notes that PGT-A has limitations and can produce incorrect findings, and that a result does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child. Those two points are worth holding alongside any report you receive.

    Several features of a PGT-A result shape how much it can tell you:

    • It is a sample, not the whole embryo. The biopsy represents a small number of cells from one region. The ASRM committee opinion on mosaic PGT-A results notes that a sampled result does not establish the cell composition of the whole embryo.
    • Mosaicism complicates the picture. A mosaic result is inferred from intermediate chromosome copy-number findings. ASRM notes that technical factors can contribute to such findings, and that results and relevant uncertainty should be discussed with the treating clinician and genetic counsellor.
    • “No result” happens. Sometimes the sample does not yield enough interpretable information, and the laboratory cannot issue a clear finding. That is a limitation of the test, not a statement about the embryo’s health.
    • Scope is limited. PGT-A looks at chromosome number. It does not screen for every possible genetic condition, and it is not the same test as PGT-M or PGT-SR.

    Why a top-graded embryo can test aneuploid

    This is the scenario that surprises patients most. An embryo can look textbook-perfect under the microscope and still carry an abnormal number of chromosomes, because chromosomal content is invisible to the eye. Cell division can proceed neatly while the chromosomes inside those dividing cells are misdistributed.

    The reverse also occurs: an embryo with a lower morphology grade can test euploid (a normal chromosome number for the sample). A lower grade describes appearance and developmental pace; it does not by itself indicate a chromosomal abnormality.

    Put simply, morphology and PGT-A are not two measurements of the same thing. One describes structure; the other describes a chromosome finding from a sample. Expecting them to agree is like expecting a photograph and a blood test to tell the same story.

    Where interpretation gets harder: mosaicism and no-result reports

    Not every PGT-A report is a clean “euploid” or “aneuploid.” Two categories deserve particular care.

    Mosaic results

    A mosaic result sits between the two poles: the sample shows an intermediate chromosome pattern rather than a uniform one. ASRM’s guidance emphasises that such findings are inferred from the biopsy and may be influenced by technical factors, and that the uncertainty should be discussed with your clinician and a genetic counsellor. A mosaic report is therefore a prompt for a careful conversation, not a simple label.

    No-result reports

    When a sample cannot be interpreted, the laboratory may report that no result was obtained. This says something about the test’s technical limits, not about the embryo’s chromosomes. Your clinic can explain what options exist in that situation, which may include further discussion rather than an automatic decision.

    PGT-A is not the only genetic test — and the questions differ

    It helps to separate the PGT family, because each addresses a different question:

    Test Question it addresses
    PGT-A Chromosome number in sampled cells
    PGT-M A known monogenic (single-gene) condition in the family
    PGT-SR Chromosomal structural rearrangements

    The HFEA describes PGT-M as concerning a known monogenic condition and PGT-SR as concerning chromosomal structural rearrangements, noting that these tests address different questions and that a treating team and genetic counsellor should discuss the relevant history, test design and suitability. None of these tests is a guarantee, and none is automatically appropriate for every patient; suitability is a clinical judgement.

    Bringing both reports into one conversation

    Morphology and PGT results are usually considered together, alongside your history, age, the number of embryos available and your own priorities. How much weight each piece carries is a clinical decision your treating team makes with you — not something a report decides on its own.

    Before a consultation, it can help to gather both reports and note the date of each, so the discussion starts from the same documents. Useful questions for your clinician include:

    • Which information would most influence a transfer decision in my case, and why?
    • How should I understand this specific morphology grade alongside this specific PGT result?
    • If the result is mosaic or shows no result, what does that mean for my options, and what would you recommend discussing next?
    • What are the alternatives to using PGT in my situation, and what are their trade-offs?
    • What does the test not tell us?

    These are clinical questions, and your treating clinician and a genetic counsellor are the right people to answer them. A coordination service can help you organise records and prepare questions, but it does not interpret results or recommend treatment.

    A practical way to hold the two kinds of information

    When you read your reports, it can help to keep three columns in mind: what was observed (morphology), what was sampled and found (PGT), and what remains uncertain (mosaicism, no result, test limits). Writing these out before an appointment often makes the conversation clearer and helps you notice which questions are still open.

    If you are comparing clinics or laboratories, it is reasonable to ask how each explains its reports and what counselling is available. A neutral starting point is our guide to reading PGT-A results, and for laboratory questions, the checklist on verifying a fertility clinic’s genetics laboratory. If you are weighing whether testing fits your situation at all, see whether PGT is worth it, and for mosaic findings specifically, what mosaic embryo results mean.

    The short answer to the original question: morphology and PGT describe different layers of the same embryo, each with its own limits. Disagreement between them is not a contradiction to resolve, but information to discuss.

  • PGT Questions to Bring to a Remote Consultation with a Thailand Clinic

    A remote consultation is your chance to understand whether preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is relevant to your situation, what the different tests involve, and how a clinic in Thailand would approach your care. Because PGT is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child, and not everyone needs it, the goal of the conversation is to clarify options, limits, and next steps. The questions below are designed to help you prepare, so you can use the time to discuss your specific history rather than basic definitions.

    At a glance

    • PGT is a group of tests performed on embryos created through IVF. It is not a treatment for infertility itself.
    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number; PGT-M looks at a specific inherited condition; PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements.
    • Testing may be recommended for some patients, but it is not universally necessary or appropriate.
    • Results can be complex, and a genetic counselor or specialist can help interpret them.
    • Costs, timelines, and legal or travel requirements vary and should be confirmed directly with the clinic and relevant authorities.

    Start with your own history and goals

    Before asking about tests, give the clinic a clear picture of your situation. This helps them tailor their answers. You might prepare a short summary that includes:

    • Your age and your partner’s age, if applicable.
    • How long you have been trying to conceive and any previous fertility treatments.
    • Any known genetic conditions in your family or your partner’s family.
    • Any previous pregnancies, miscarriages, or pregnancy outcomes.
    • Any prior chromosome testing results for you or your partner.
    • Your main concerns and what you hope to learn from the consultation.

    Then, ask the clinic to explain how PGT might or might not fit into your care. A useful opening question is: “Based on my history, would you recommend considering PGT, and why or why not?”

    Questions about the different types of PGT

    PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR are distinct tests with different purposes. Ask the clinic to clarify which one they are discussing and why.

    PGT-A (aneuploidy screening)

    • What does PGT-A screen for, and what does a “normal” or “abnormal” result mean?
    • Can PGT-A tell us whether an embryo will definitely implant or lead to a healthy birth?
    • Are there situations where you would not recommend PGT-A?
    • How do you decide which embryos to test and which to transfer?

    PGT-M (monogenic disease)

    • For our specific inherited condition, is PGT-M technically possible?
    • What information or samples do you need from us to set up PGT-M?
    • How long does it take to prepare a PGT-M test before an IVF cycle?
    • What are the chances that the test will not give a clear result?

    PGT-SR (structural rearrangement)

    • Does my or my partner’s chromosome rearrangement make PGT-SR relevant?
    • What types of results can PGT-SR produce, and how do you interpret them?
    • Are there alternative approaches if PGT-SR is not suitable for us?

    Questions about results, interpretation, and uncertainty

    PGT results are not always straightforward. Some embryos may show a result that is difficult to classify, and testing has limitations. Ask:

    • What does a “mosaic” result mean, and how do you counsel patients about transferring a mosaic embryo?
    • Can PGT miss a condition or give a false result? What is the chance of that?
    • If an embryo is not tested, what does that mean for transfer decisions?
    • Who will explain the results to us, and will we have access to a genetic counselor?
    • How do you document and share results with us and with any clinic we might use after returning home?

    Questions about alternatives and limitations

    PGT is one option among several. It is not a guarantee, and it may not be the right choice for everyone. Ask the clinic to discuss alternatives, such as:

    • Transferring untested embryos.
    • Using donor gametes or embryos, if relevant.
    • Prenatal testing during pregnancy, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis.
    • Waiting or trying naturally, depending on your circumstances.

    Also ask: “What are the limitations of PGT in our case, and what can it not tell us?”

    Questions about the clinic’s process and coordination

    If you are considering traveling to Thailand for treatment, you will want to understand how the remote consultation fits into the overall process. Ask:

    • What are the next steps after this consultation?
    • What records, test results, or reports should we send you, and in what format?
    • How do you coordinate with our local clinic or doctor, if needed?
    • What is the typical timeline from consultation to treatment, and what factors could change it?
    • How do you handle communication during treatment, including language support?
    • What support is available for travel, accommodation, and appointments in Thailand?
    • After we return home, how do you share records and follow up with our local providers?

    You can also ask whether the clinic offers any preparation or coordination assistance, and what the scope and fees are for those services.

    Questions about costs and practical arrangements

    Costs for PGT and IVF vary widely and depend on many factors. Rather than asking for a single price, ask for a breakdown of categories so you can understand what might be included.

    • What are the cost components for IVF, embryo biopsy, and genetic testing?
    • Are there separate fees for genetic counseling, storage, or additional tests?
    • What is not included in the quoted estimates?
    • How and when are payments made?
    • What are your policies on refunds or cancellations?
    • Are there any financial assistance or payment plan options?

    Because prices and policies can change, confirm all costs directly with the clinic in writing.

    Questions about legal, travel, and documentation requirements

    Legal and travel requirements depend on your nationality, your destination, and the clinic’s policies. This is not something to guess about. Ask:

    • What documents do we need to provide for treatment, and do they need to be translated or notarized?
    • Are there any legal restrictions on PGT or embryo testing in Thailand that could affect us?
    • What visa or entry requirements should we be aware of?
    • Do you provide any letters or documentation to support our travel?
    • How long do we need to stay in Thailand for the relevant stages of treatment?

    Always verify legal and immigration information with the relevant authorities or a qualified professional.

    How to organize your questions before the call

    A remote consultation may be shorter than you expect. Prioritize your questions and share them with the clinic in advance if possible.

    1. Write down your top three questions and put them first.
    2. Group related questions together, such as all PGT-A questions or all cost questions.
    3. Ask for clarification if an answer uses terms you do not understand.
    4. Take notes or ask if you can record the call, if that is allowed.
    5. Ask what the next step is and who to contact if you have follow-up questions.

    Next steps after the consultation

    After the call, review your notes and decide what additional information you need. You may want to:

    • Request a written summary of the discussion and any recommendations.
    • Ask for the clinic’s written information on PGT, costs, and timelines.
    • Discuss the options with your local doctor or a genetic counselor.
    • Compare information from more than one clinic if you are unsure.
    • Confirm all practical details before making any commitments.

    For more general information, you can explore our PGT in Thailand guide, browse hospitals, read other guides, or check the FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the most important question to ask about PGT during a remote consultation?

    A useful starting question is: "Based on my history, would you recommend considering PGT, and why or why not?" This opens a discussion about whether PGT is relevant to your situation and helps you understand the clinic's reasoning. It also gives you a chance to ask about alternatives and limitations.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about certain chromosomal or genetic features of an embryo, but it cannot guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a healthy child. It also has limitations, including the possibility of false results or uncertain findings. A genetic counselor or specialist can explain what PGT can and cannot tell you in your specific case.

    How should I prepare for a remote PGT consultation with a clinic in Thailand?

    Prepare a concise summary of your fertility history, any known genetic conditions, and previous test results. Write down your top questions, grouping them by topic such as test type, results, costs, and travel. If possible, send your questions and records to the clinic in advance. During the call, take notes and ask for clarification on anything you do not understand.

    Are there legal restrictions on PGT in Thailand that I should know about?

    Legal and regulatory requirements can change and may depend on your nationality and specific circumstances. This is not something to rely on general information for. Ask the clinic directly about any restrictions that could affect you, and verify details with the relevant authorities or a qualified legal professional.

    What costs are involved in PGT, and how can I get a clear estimate?

    Costs vary and depend on the type of PGT, the number of embryos tested, and other factors. Ask the clinic for a breakdown of cost components, including IVF, embryo biopsy, genetic testing, counseling, and storage. Also ask what is not included. Because prices can change, request a written estimate and confirm all fees directly with the clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • No Result or Inconclusive PGT in Thailand: What It Means and What to Do Next

    An inconclusive or “no result” PGT report means the laboratory could not produce a clear, reliable interpretation for that embryo. It is not the same as an abnormal result, and it is not a diagnosis of the embryo. In many cases the cause is technical, such as too little DNA in the sample, and the embryo itself may still be suitable for transfer or further testing. Your clinic should explain which test was used, why the result was unclear, and what options remain.

    At a glance

    • “No result” usually reflects a laboratory or sample issue, not a confirmed problem with the embryo.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR are different tests with different purposes and different failure modes.
    • Options may include re-biopsy, re-testing the same sample, transferring without a result, or leaving the embryo in storage.
    • Ask your clinic for the specific reason code or lab note, not just the summary.
    • Any decision should weigh the uncertainty of the result against the risks of another biopsy and the realities of your own situation.

    What “no result” and “inconclusive” actually mean

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a group of tests performed on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage. The sample is sent to a genetics laboratory, where DNA is extracted and analysed. A result can come back in several forms:

    • Informative result: the laboratory reports a clear finding for the chromosomes or gene region being tested.
    • Inconclusive result: some data were obtained, but not enough to make a confident call.
    • No result: the analysis could not produce usable data for that embryo.

    These categories are not always used identically by every laboratory. Ask your clinic to show you the actual report wording and explain what it means for your embryo.

    Why results can fail: common technical reasons

    PGT relies on a very small amount of starting material. That makes it sensitive to several technical factors. Commonly discussed reasons include:

    • Low or absent DNA in the sample. The biopsy may have contained too few cells, or DNA may not have amplified well.
    • Degraded sample. Handling, transport or storage conditions can affect sample quality.
    • Laboratory or assay limitations. Some regions of the genome are harder to read than others, and some tests have known technical limits.
    • Mosaicism or ambiguous signals. Mixed signals can make an interpretation uncertain rather than clearly normal or abnormal.
    • Embryo-specific factors. Occasionally the embryo itself does not yield enough analysable material.

    Your clinic should be able to tell you which of these is most likely in your case, based on the laboratory’s notes.

    PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR: different tests, different failure modes

    It helps to know which test was performed, because the meaning of an inconclusive result differs by test type.

    Test What it looks at Typical purpose
    PGT-A Chromosome number (aneuploidy screening) To estimate the chance that an embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes
    PGT-M A specific inherited condition or gene variant For couples with a known genetic condition in the family
    PGT-SR Chromosome structure (translocations, inversions) For couples where one partner carries a structural rearrangement

    An inconclusive PGT-A result is often about DNA quantity or quality. An inconclusive PGT-M or PGT-SR result may also reflect the difficulty of reading a specific region of the genome. The next steps your clinic recommends can differ accordingly.

    What happens next: options your clinic may discuss

    There is no single correct path after a no-result or inconclusive PGT report. The options below are commonly discussed, but availability and suitability depend on your clinic, the laboratory, the embryo, and your own medical situation.

    1. Re-testing the original sample

    Sometimes the laboratory can re-run the same sample with a different method or more careful analysis. This does not require another biopsy. It may or may not be possible depending on how much sample remains and the laboratory’s protocols.

    2. Re-biopsy of the embryo

    A second biopsy takes a new sample of cells from the same embryo. This can sometimes produce a clearer result. However, re-biopsy is not always technically possible, and it involves additional handling of the embryo. Your clinic should explain the specific risks and the likelihood of success in your case.

    3. Transfer without a result

    Some patients choose to transfer an embryo without a conclusive PGT result, accepting the uncertainty. This decision depends on many factors, including your age, your reasons for testing, and what you and your clinician consider acceptable. It is a personal decision, not a default.

    4. Continued storage

    If you are unsure, you may be able to keep the embryo in storage while you gather more information or consider other options. Storage terms, limits and costs vary by clinic and should be confirmed directly.

    5. Discarding the embryo

    Some patients decide not to keep an embryo with an unclear result. This is a significant decision and should only be made after a full discussion with your clinic and, if you wish, a genetic counsellor.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    Bring these questions to your next appointment or email them in advance:

    • Which PGT test was performed, and what exactly did the report say?
    • What is the laboratory’s stated reason for the no-result or inconclusive finding?
    • Can the original sample be re-tested? If so, what is the process and expected timeline?
    • Is re-biopsy technically possible for this embryo? What are the risks?
    • If we transfer without a result, how should we interpret the uncertainty?
    • Are there any changes to our plan that might improve the chance of a clearer result in a future cycle?
    • What are the costs associated with each option? (Ask for a written breakdown.)
    • Can we speak with a genetic counsellor about what this result means for our family planning?

    What not to assume

    An inconclusive result is not proof that the embryo is abnormal. It is also not a guarantee that the embryo is normal. It is a gap in information. Avoid treating a no-result as a diagnosis, and avoid making irreversible decisions based only on a summary line. Ask for the full report and a clear explanation.

    Planning and practical considerations

    If you are an international patient, you may also need to think about travel, time away from work, and coordination between your home clinic and the clinic in Thailand. These are logistics, not medical decisions, but they affect how quickly you can act. Ask your clinic about:

    • How results are communicated and how quickly.
    • Whether re-testing or re-biopsy can be done remotely or requires travel.
    • What documents or consent forms are needed for each option.
    • How storage and transport of samples are handled.

    Because policies and practical arrangements vary, confirm these details directly with your treating clinic rather than relying on general information.

    Next-step checklist

    1. Request the full laboratory report, not just the summary.
    2. Ask for the specific reason the result was inconclusive or absent.
    3. Clarify which options are available for this embryo at your clinic.
    4. Ask about the risks, costs and timelines for each option.
    5. Consider speaking with a genetic counsellor if you have one available.
    6. Take time to decide; ask about storage if you need it.
    7. Document your questions and the answers you receive for future reference.

    For more background on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also browse our guides and FAQ for related topics.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a no-result PGT mean the embryo is abnormal?

    No. A no-result or inconclusive PGT report means the laboratory could not produce a clear interpretation. It is not the same as an abnormal result. The embryo may still be suitable for transfer, but the uncertainty should be discussed with your clinic.

    Can an embryo be re-biopsied in Thailand?

    Re-biopsy is technically possible in some cases, but it depends on the embryo, the laboratory and the clinic's protocols. It is not always successful and carries some risk to the embryo. Your clinic can tell you whether it is an option for your specific embryo.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for chromosome number, PGT-M tests for a specific inherited condition, and PGT-SR looks at chromosome structure such as translocations. Each test has different purposes and different reasons why a result might be inconclusive.

    Should I transfer an embryo with an inconclusive PGT result?

    That is a personal decision that depends on your medical situation, your reasons for testing, and what you and your clinician consider acceptable. There is no universal right answer. Ask your clinic to explain the uncertainty and the possible outcomes so you can make an informed choice.

    Can I get a second opinion on a PGT report from Thailand?

    Many patients seek a second opinion from a genetic counsellor or another genetics laboratory. Your clinic may be able to share the raw data or report with another provider. Ask your clinic about the process and any associated costs.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Mosaic Embryo Transfer in Thailand: How to Understand a Mosaic PGT-A Result

    A mosaic PGT-A result means the embryo biopsy showed a mixture of cells: some with the expected number of chromosomes and some with an extra or missing chromosome. Mosaicism is a result category, not a diagnosis of the embryo or a prediction of a child’s health. It sits between “euploid” (no detected chromosome number change) and “aneuploid” (a chromosome number change detected in the sampled cells). Many clinics will discuss mosaic embryos as a possible transfer option after counselling, but policies differ. In Thailand, as elsewhere, the decision depends on the specific mosaic finding, your history, and the clinic’s laboratory and clinical approach.

    At a glance

    • Mosaic PGT-A results describe the biopsy sample, not the whole embryo.
    • The proportion and type of mosaic cells, and which chromosome is involved, matter for counselling.
    • Some mosaic embryos can be considered for transfer; others may be prioritised differently.
    • No PGT-A result can guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a child’s health.
    • Ask how your clinic reports, classifies, and counsels mosaic results before you decide.

    What a mosaic PGT-A result actually means

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) looks at a small number of cells taken from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage. The laboratory counts chromosomes in those cells. When the result is mosaic, the report indicates that the sampled cells did not all show the same chromosome pattern.

    Several practical points follow from that:

    • The biopsy is a sample. It may not represent every cell in the embryo.
    • Mosaicism can be reported at different levels (for example, low-level or higher-level), depending on the laboratory’s thresholds.
    • The chromosome involved can influence how the result is discussed.
    • Laboratory methods, validation, and reporting categories vary between clinics.

    Because of these variables, a mosaic result is best understood as a finding that needs context, not a simple yes-or-no label.

    Why mosaic results happen and why they are reported

    Chromosome errors can arise during early cell division. Some embryos correct or dilute these errors as they develop; others do not. PGT-A aims to identify embryos with a higher chance of chromosome number changes, but it cannot read every cell.

    Mosaic reporting became more common as laboratories improved resolution and adopted standardized categories. Different laboratories may use different cut-offs to call a result mosaic, which is one reason two clinics can describe the same embryo differently. If you are comparing options, ask how each laboratory defines and reports mosaicism.

    How mosaic results are usually classified

    Clinics and laboratories often use descriptive categories rather than a single scale. You may see terms such as:

    • Low-level mosaicism – a smaller proportion of sampled cells show the chromosome change.
    • High-level mosaicism – a larger proportion of sampled cells show the change.
    • Whole-chromosome versus segmental – whether the finding involves an entire chromosome or a part of one.
    • Single chromosome versus multiple chromosomes – how many chromosomes are involved.

    These categories are descriptive. They do not by themselves tell you what will happen in a pregnancy. Your clinic should explain how its laboratory classifies your specific result and what that classification means in its counselling framework.

    What mosaic PGT-A does and does not tell you

    PGT-A is a screening test performed on a biopsy. It does not diagnose an embryo, and it does not guarantee an outcome.

    What PGT-A can indicate What PGT-A cannot do
    Whether the sampled cells show a chromosome number pattern Confirm the chromosome status of every cell in the embryo
    A laboratory category such as euploid, mosaic, or aneuploid Guarantee implantation, pregnancy, live birth, or child health
    Information that may inform which embryo to prioritise Replace genetic counselling or prenatal testing
    A result that should be interpreted with your history Predict how a specific pregnancy will develop

    If you are considering transferring a mosaic embryo, the conversation should include what is known, what is uncertain, and what alternatives exist.

    Questions to ask before transferring a mosaic embryo in Thailand

    Use these questions to structure your consultation. Write down the answers and ask for them in writing where possible.

    1. What exactly does my report say? Ask for the chromosome involved, the estimated percentage of mosaic cells, and the laboratory’s category.
    2. How does this laboratory define and validate mosaicism? Ask about its thresholds and reporting standards.
    3. What does the clinic recommend for this specific result, and why? Ask how the recommendation would change if the mosaic level or chromosome were different.
    4. What are the alternatives? This may include transferring a euploid embryo if available, further IVF cycles, or choosing not to transfer.
    5. What counselling is available? Ask whether genetic counselling is offered before and after transfer.
    6. What prenatal testing options exist if the transfer leads to a pregnancy? Ask how the clinic coordinates with obstetric care.
    7. What are the clinic’s policies on mosaic embryo transfer? Policies can differ between clinics and may change over time.
    8. What costs are involved? Ask for a written breakdown of transfer, monitoring, and any additional counselling or testing.

    How to weigh the decision

    There is no single right answer for every patient. A structured approach can help:

    • Clarify the result. Ask for the full report and an explanation in plain language.
    • Understand the uncertainty. Mosaic results carry uncertainty about the embryo and about pregnancy outcomes. Ask your clinician to explain what is known and what is not.
    • Compare options. Discuss transferring the mosaic embryo, waiting, or considering another cycle. Ask how each option fits your priorities.
    • Consider counselling. Genetic counselling can help you understand chromosome findings and prenatal testing choices.
    • Check the practicalities. Confirm the clinic’s consent process, monitoring plan, and what follow-up is available.

    If you feel rushed or if the information is unclear, it is reasonable to ask for more time or a second consultation.

    Practical and legal points to confirm

    Requirements for treatment, documentation, and travel can change. This guide does not state specific rules, prices, or timelines because those depend on your situation and on current clinic and authority policies. Instead, confirm the following directly:

    • What documents the clinic requires from international patients.
    • Whether any legal or regulatory requirements apply to your case.
    • What the current cost estimate includes and excludes.
    • How long the process may take, including monitoring and follow-up.
    • What travel and accommodation arrangements are realistic for your treatment plan.

    For general planning, see our guides and FAQ. For background on testing, see PGT in Thailand. For transfer logistics, see embryo transfer in Thailand.

    Next steps

    1. Request the full PGT-A report and ask your clinic to explain the mosaic finding.
    2. Ask the questions above and take notes.
    3. Discuss alternatives and ask about genetic counselling.
    4. Confirm practical details in writing before committing.
    5. Take time to decide; a mosaic result is a complex finding, not an emergency.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a mosaic PGT-A result mean the embryo is abnormal?

    A mosaic result means the biopsy sample showed a mix of cells with different chromosome patterns. It does not diagnose the embryo as a whole, and it does not predict a child's health. Your clinic should explain the specific finding and what is known and uncertain about it.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred in Thailand?

    Some clinics may offer transfer of certain mosaic embryos after counselling, but policies differ and can change. Ask your treating clinic whether it transfers mosaic embryos, how it classifies your result, and what its consent and monitoring process involves.

    What is low-level mosaicism?

    Low-level mosaicism generally means a smaller proportion of the sampled cells showed the chromosome change. Laboratories use different thresholds, so ask your clinic how it defines low-level mosaicism and how that definition applies to your report.

    Should I have genetic counselling before transferring a mosaic embryo?

    Genetic counselling can help you understand chromosome findings, uncertainty, and prenatal testing options. Ask your clinic whether counselling is available and whether it is included in your care plan.

    Will PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A is a screening test on a biopsy sample. It cannot guarantee implantation, pregnancy, live birth, or child health. It is one part of a broader clinical picture that should be discussed with your care team.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand: Common Patient Questions Answered

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test performed on a small number of cells taken from an embryo during IVF. It looks for extra or missing chromosomes, a condition called aneuploidy. PGT-A does not diagnose a disease in the future child, does not guarantee a pregnancy, and does not replace other fertility assessments. It is one tool among many that you and your clinician may consider. In Thailand, as elsewhere, availability, laboratory arrangements, costs and legal requirements can vary, so confirm details directly with the clinic you are considering.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A examines chromosome number in an embryo, not specific gene mutations.
    • It is usually done as part of an IVF cycle, with a biopsy at a defined embryo stage.
    • Results are reported as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic or sometimes inconclusive.
    • PGT-A cannot guarantee implantation, live birth or a healthy child.
    • Ask each clinic how it performs the test, who analyses the sample, and what happens to embryos with different results.

    What is PGT-A and what does it screen for?

    PGT-A is a chromosome screening test. It counts chromosomes or looks for large missing or extra chromosome segments in the cells sampled from an embryo. The typical human embryo has 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. A result showing a different number is called aneuploidy. Common examples include trisomy (an extra chromosome) and monosomy (a missing chromosome).

    PGT-A is different from PGT-M, which looks for a specific inherited condition, and from PGT-SR, which looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. If you are researching PGT-A questions in Thailand, make sure the clinic is clear about which test is being discussed, because the purpose and the laboratory method differ.

    How is PGT-A performed during an IVF cycle?

    The exact protocol is clinic-specific, but the general sequence is similar in most settings:

    1. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval — eggs are collected after a stimulation cycle.
    2. Fertilisation — eggs are fertilised in the laboratory, either by conventional insemination or by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), depending on the clinical situation.
    3. Embryo culture — embryos are grown for several days. Biopsy is often performed at the blastocyst stage, commonly around day 5 or day 6, but timing can vary.
    4. Biopsy — a few cells are removed from the trophectoderm, the outer layer that later forms the placenta. The embryo itself is not usually destroyed by this procedure.
    5. Sample analysis — the biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory. Some clinics analyse in-house; others send samples to a partner laboratory, sometimes abroad.
    6. Embryo freezing and storage — because analysis takes time, embryos are typically vitrified (frozen) while waiting for results.
    7. Results and transfer planning — once results are available, you and your clinician discuss which embryo(s), if any, to transfer in a later cycle.

    Ask your clinic who performs the biopsy, which laboratory analyses the sample, how long results usually take, and how embryos are stored in the meantime. These are practical questions that affect planning and cost.

    What do PGT-A results mean?

    Results are usually placed into a few broad categories. Wording varies between laboratories, so ask for the exact terms your clinic uses.

    Result category General meaning What it does not tell you
    Euploid The sample showed the expected number of chromosomes. It does not guarantee implantation, ongoing pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    Aneuploid The sample showed an extra or missing chromosome. It does not predict the exact health outcome of that embryo, and clinics differ in whether such embryos are transferred, discarded or used for research.
    Mosaic The sample contained a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The clinical significance can be uncertain, and counselling is important before deciding what to do.
    Inconclusive or no result The laboratory could not produce a clear result. It does not mean the embryo is abnormal; it means the test did not give a usable answer.

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test for every possible genetic issue. It does not detect all chromosomal abnormalities, single-gene disorders, or structural problems. A euploid result reduces, but does not eliminate, the chance of miscarriage or chromosome-related conditions. For these reasons, PGT-A is best understood as one part of a broader clinical picture.

    Who might consider PGT-A?

    PGT-A is not routinely recommended for every IVF patient. Guidelines and professional opinions differ, and the decision is individual. Some situations where it may be discussed include:

    • A history of recurrent pregnancy loss.
    • Previous IVF cycles with unsuccessful implantation.
    • Advanced maternal age, where the proportion of aneuploid embryos tends to be higher.
    • A preference to prioritise embryos for transfer based on chromosome screening, after counselling about the limitations.

    This is not a complete list, and it is not a set of eligibility criteria. Whether PGT-A is appropriate for you depends on your medical history, your goals, and the advice of your treating clinician. No website, including this one, can determine that for you.

    PGT-A for international patients: practical planning questions

    If you are travelling to Thailand for IVF and considering PGT-A, the logistics matter as much as the science. Because rules, prices and paperwork can change, treat the following as categories to confirm rather than fixed facts.

    • Clinic and laboratory arrangements — Does the clinic perform PGT-A on site, or send samples to another laboratory? Who communicates results to you?
    • Cost components — Ask for a written breakdown: biopsy, genetic analysis, embryo freezing, storage, and any courier or administrative fees. Prices vary and are not standardised.
    • Timeline — How many days after biopsy are results typically available? Does this affect your travel dates or require a second trip?
    • Consent and counselling — What counselling is offered before testing and before decisions about mosaic or aneuploid embryos?
    • Documents and legal requirements — What identification, consent forms or other documents does the clinic require from international patients? Confirm current requirements with the clinic and, where relevant, official authorities.
    • Language and follow-up — Is interpretation available? Who do you contact with questions after you return home?

    Questions to ask a clinic about PGT-A

    Bring a written list. Clear answers help you compare clinics and understand what you are agreeing to.

    1. Which specific PGT test do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    2. At what embryo stage is the biopsy taken, and who performs it?
    3. Which laboratory analyses the sample, and what is its experience with PGT-A?
    4. How are results reported, and what do you do with mosaic or inconclusive results?
    5. What are the known limitations of PGT-A in your practice?
    6. What are all the costs involved, including storage and any repeat testing?
    7. What happens if no embryo is suitable for transfer after testing?
    8. What support is available if we need to make difficult decisions about embryo disposition?

    Next steps for your research

    PGT-A is a laboratory tool that can provide useful information in some situations, but it is not a guarantee of any outcome. A careful decision usually involves reviewing your medical history with a qualified clinician, asking how the test would change your treatment plan, and understanding the emotional and financial implications.

    To continue learning, you can read our overview of PGT in Thailand, browse the frequently asked questions, explore other patient guides, or contact us with general questions. For medical advice, always speak with your treating clinic.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A screens for extra or missing chromosomes in the sampled cells, but it cannot guarantee implantation, a live birth, or a child without health conditions. It does not detect every genetic or structural issue, and pregnancy outcomes depend on many factors beyond chromosome number.

    Is PGT-A the same as PGT-M or PGT-SR?

    No. PGT-A looks at chromosome number across the embryo's chromosomes. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition, and PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. The laboratory methods and the reasons for testing differ, so ask your clinic which test is being recommended and why.

    What happens if my embryo is reported as mosaic?

    A mosaic result means the sample contained a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The clinical significance can be uncertain, and practices vary. Ask your clinic for counselling about what a mosaic result may mean for your specific embryo and what options are available.

    Can I have PGT-A done in Thailand as an international patient?

    Many international patients travel to Thailand for IVF, and some clinics offer PGT-A. Availability, laboratory arrangements, costs, timelines and documentation requirements vary. Confirm current details directly with the clinic you are considering and, where relevant, with official authorities.

    How long does it take to get PGT-A results?

    Turnaround time depends on the clinic and the laboratory analysing the sample. Some results may be available within a few days, while others take longer, especially if samples are sent to another laboratory. Ask your clinic for a realistic estimate and how it affects your travel plans.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.