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  • PGT-A vs PGT-M: Understanding the Difference

    If you are exploring IVF with genetic testing, you may have come across the terms PGT-A and PGT-M. Both are types of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) performed on embryos before transfer, but they serve different purposes. In short, PGT-A checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-M looks for a specific single-gene disorder that runs in the family. This guide explains the difference in plain language, helping you understand which test may be relevant based on your medical history and what to discuss with your fertility team.

    At a glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities, such as having an extra or missing chromosome.
    • PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders) tests embryos for a specific inherited condition caused by a mutation in a single gene, such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease.
    • Both tests require IVF and biopsy of a few cells from the embryo.
    • Neither test guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy baby; they are screening tools to help select embryos for transfer.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A is a screening test that looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). An embryo with an abnormal number of chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage, and some can lead to conditions like Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

    PGT-A is often considered for patients who are of advanced maternal age, have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss, or have had multiple failed IVF cycles. However, it is not a routine requirement for everyone. The test can help identify embryos that are more likely to implant, but it does not guarantee success.

    What PGT-A can and cannot tell you

    • Can tell: Whether the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (euploid) or an abnormal number (aneuploid).
    • Cannot tell: Whether the embryo carries a specific gene mutation, nor can it predict the child’s future health, intelligence, or physical traits.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is a targeted test for a specific monogenic disorder—a condition caused by a mutation in a single gene. It is used when one or both parents are known carriers of a genetic condition, or when there is a family history of a specific disorder. The test identifies embryos that do not carry the mutation, allowing transfer of unaffected embryos.

    PGT-M requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the exact mutation. The test is then customized for each family. It is not a general screening test; it only looks for the specific condition it was designed to detect.

    Examples of conditions PGT-M can test for

    • Cystic fibrosis
    • Tay-Sachs disease
    • Sickle cell anemia
    • Huntington’s disease
    • Thalassemia

    This list is not exhaustive. The availability of PGT-M for a particular condition depends on the genetic cause and the laboratory’s capabilities.

    Key differences between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screens for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) Tests for a specific single-gene disorder
    Who may consider it Patients with advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, or repeated implantation failure Couples who are carriers of a genetic condition or have a family history of a specific disorder
    Requires prior genetic testing of parents? No Yes, to identify the specific mutation
    Result Embryo classified as euploid (normal chromosome number) or aneuploid (abnormal) Embryo classified as affected or unaffected for the specific condition
    Scope Broad screening of all chromosomes Targeted to one gene

    Which test is right for you?

    The choice between PGT-A and PGT-M depends on your medical history and genetic background. Some patients may benefit from both tests simultaneously, a process sometimes called PGT-A + PGT-M. However, this is not necessary for everyone.

    Your fertility specialist and a genetic counselor can help you understand your risks and the potential benefits of each test. They will review your history, any previous genetic testing, and your family background to make a recommendation.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • Based on my age and history, is PGT-A recommended for me?
    • Do I need genetic carrier screening before considering PGT-M?
    • What is the biopsy procedure and how many cells are removed?
    • How long does testing take, and will embryos be frozen while waiting for results?
    • What are the limitations of these tests?

    Limitations and considerations

    It is important to understand that PGT is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Embryos can be mosaic, meaning they have a mix of normal and abnormal cells, and results may not always be clear-cut. Additionally, PGT does not detect all genetic disorders or birth defects.

    PGT-A and PGT-M are optional tests. Some patients choose not to have them, and that is a valid decision. Your medical team can provide guidance, but the final choice is yours.

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, start by consulting with a fertility clinic that offers genetic testing services. Ask about their laboratory protocols, the experience of their embryologists, and the genetic counseling support they provide. You may also want to discuss the legal and ethical aspects of PGT in Thailand, as regulations can vary.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, read other educational guides, or check our FAQ section for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done at the same time?

    Yes, it is possible to perform both PGT-A and PGT-M on the same embryo biopsy. This is often done when a couple is at risk for a single-gene disorder and also wants to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. However, not all embryos may be suitable for both tests, and the decision should be made with your fertility team.

    Is PGT-A necessary for everyone doing IVF?

    No, PGT-A is not necessary for everyone. It is often recommended for women of advanced maternal age, couples with recurrent pregnancy loss, or those with repeated implantation failure. However, for younger women with no known fertility issues, the benefit may be less clear. Discuss your specific situation with your doctor.

    Does PGT-M require prior genetic testing of the parents?

    Yes, PGT-M requires that the specific genetic mutation in the parents be identified first. This is usually done through carrier screening or diagnostic genetic testing. Without knowing the exact mutation, the test cannot be designed.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) is used when one parent has a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation, which can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes. PGT-A screens for aneuploidy in general, while PGT-SR is specifically for structural abnormalities. Some labs may combine these tests.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Is the Legal Status of PGT-A in Thailand?

    If you are considering IVF with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, you may wonder whether the procedure is legally permitted. This guide explains the general legal landscape, highlights that regulations can change, and provides practical steps to confirm current requirements with your clinic and relevant authorities.

    At a Glance

    • PGT-A is a genetic test performed on embryos before transfer to screen for chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Thailand has regulations governing assisted reproductive technology, but specific rules for PGT-A may vary and evolve.
    • Always verify the latest legal status and requirements with your chosen clinic and relevant Thai authorities.

    Understanding PGT-A

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a technique used during IVF to analyze embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy child, but it can provide information that may help you and your doctor decide which embryos to consider for transfer.

    PGT-A is distinct from PGT-M (for single-gene disorders) and PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements). Each type of testing has its own purpose and may be subject to different regulations.

    Legal Framework in Thailand

    Thailand has a legal framework for assisted reproductive technologies, including IVF and related genetic testing. However, the specific legal status of PGT-A may not be explicitly defined in all cases, and regulations can change.

    As of the time of writing, there is no publicly available, centralized source that clearly states whether PGT-A is fully legal, restricted, or prohibited in Thailand. This means that you should not rely on general assumptions. Instead, you should seek current, authoritative information from your clinic and possibly from Thai regulatory bodies.

    How to Verify Current Regulations

    Because laws and guidelines can change, it is essential to confirm the legal status of PGT-A directly. Here are steps you can take:

    1. Ask your clinic: Your IVF clinic should be able to explain which genetic tests they offer and whether they are permitted under Thai law. Ask for written information or official guidelines.
    2. Contact the relevant authority: In Thailand, the Department of Health under the Ministry of Public Health may have oversight of ART clinics. You can inquire about current regulations.
    3. Consult a legal professional: If you need a definitive legal interpretation, consider seeking advice from a lawyer experienced in Thai healthcare law.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    When discussing PGT-A with a clinic in Thailand, consider asking:

    • Is PGT-A currently offered at your clinic?
    • What is the legal basis for offering PGT-A in Thailand?
    • Are there any restrictions on which embryos can be tested or transferred?
    • How do you ensure compliance with Thai regulations?
    • What are the costs involved, and are they covered by insurance?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, take these steps:

    1. Research clinics that offer PGT-A and have experience with international patients.
    2. Contact clinics directly to ask about their services and legal compliance.
    3. Verify any information you receive with official sources.
    4. Consider consulting with a fertility specialist to understand if PGT-A is appropriate for your situation.

    Remember that PGT-A is not suitable for everyone. Your doctor can help you weigh the potential benefits and limitations based on your medical history and age.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You may also find our other guides helpful, or check the FAQ section for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A legal in Thailand?

    The legal status of PGT-A in Thailand is not clearly defined in publicly available sources. Regulations may change, so it is essential to verify with your chosen clinic and relevant Thai authorities before proceeding.

    Are there restrictions on genetic testing of embryos in Thailand?

    Thailand has regulations for assisted reproductive technology, but specific restrictions on PGT-A may vary. You should ask your clinic about any limitations and confirm with official sources.

    How can I find out if a clinic in Bangkok offers PGT-A legally?

    Contact the clinic directly and ask about their PGT-A services and legal compliance. You can also inquire with the Thai Department of Health or consult a legal expert for current information.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read Your PGT-A Results: A Patient-Friendly Guide

    If you have just received your PGT-A results, you may be looking at a report full of unfamiliar terms like euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic. It is normal to feel both hopeful and uncertain. This guide explains the main result categories in plain English and helps you prepare for a detailed discussion with your genetic counselor or fertility specialist.

    At a glance: PGT-A result categories

    • Euploid – the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes.
    • Aneuploid – the embryo has missing or extra chromosomes.
    • Mosaic – the embryo has a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers.
    • No result – the test did not produce enough information to classify the embryo.

    Each category provides different information, and none is a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. Your clinical team will interpret the result in the context of your medical history and treatment plan.

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a test that checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with the right number is called euploid. An embryo with missing or extra chromosomes is called aneuploid.

    PGT-A is performed on a small number of cells taken from a blastocyst (a day-5 or day-6 embryo) before a potential transfer. The test is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is one piece of information that can help you and your clinic decide which embryo to transfer.

    Understanding your PGT-A report

    Your report will likely list each embryo that was tested and a result for each. The terms may vary slightly between laboratories, but the main categories are described below.

    Euploid (normal)

    A euploid embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. This is often described as a “normal” result. Euploid embryos have the highest chance of implanting and developing, but they are not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. Other factors, such as embryo quality and the health of the uterus, also matter.

    Aneuploid (abnormal)

    An aneuploid embryo has missing or extra chromosomes. For example, an embryo with an extra copy of chromosome 21 has trisomy 21, which causes Down syndrome. Most aneuploid embryos do not implant or result in a miscarriage. Aneuploid embryos are generally not recommended for transfer, but your clinic will discuss your specific situation.

    Mosaic

    A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells: some with the expected number of chromosomes and some with an abnormal number. The report may show a percentage, such as “20% mosaic.” Mosaic results are more complex to interpret. Some mosaic embryos may develop normally, while others may not. The clinical significance depends on the specific chromosomes involved and the percentage of abnormal cells. Your genetic counselor can explain what a mosaic result means for your particular embryo.

    No result

    Sometimes the test does not produce enough information to classify an embryo. This can happen if the biopsy sample was too small or the DNA did not amplify well. A “no result” does not mean the embryo is abnormal. You may choose to retest, or you may decide to transfer the embryo without further testing, depending on your clinic’s advice.

    What your PGT-A result does not tell you

    PGT-A only screens for chromosomal abnormalities. It does not test for every genetic condition, and it does not guarantee a healthy baby. Other factors, such as the embryo’s structure, the uterine environment, and your overall health, also affect the outcome. PGT-A is not a substitute for prenatal testing, which can provide additional information during pregnancy.

    How to discuss your results with your clinic

    Your genetic counselor or fertility specialist is the best person to interpret your results in the context of your medical history. Before your appointment, write down any questions you have. Here are some questions you might ask:

    • What does this result mean for the chance of implantation and live birth?
    • Are there any additional tests we should consider?
    • If the embryo is mosaic, what is the specific risk and what are our options?
    • How does my age and medical history affect the interpretation?
    • What are the next steps in our treatment plan?

    Next steps after receiving your results

    After you receive your PGT-A results, you and your clinic will decide which embryo, if any, to transfer. This decision may involve a frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle. Your clinic will guide you through the process, including any necessary preparation and timing.

    If you have questions about PGT-A in general, you can explore our PGT in Thailand page. For more educational articles, visit our guides section. You may also find answers in our FAQ.

    Key takeaways

    • PGT-A results are not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • Euploid means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes.
    • Aneuploid means the embryo has missing or extra chromosomes.
    • Mosaic means the embryo has a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers.
    • Always discuss your results with a genetic counselor or your fertility specialist.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a 'normal' PGT-A result mean?

    A normal PGT-A result, also called euploid, means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. It does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby, but it may have a higher chance of implanting compared to an abnormal embryo.

    What is a mosaic embryo?

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. Some cells may be normal, and some may be abnormal. The clinical significance depends on the specific chromosomes involved and the percentage of abnormal cells. Your genetic counselor can explain what this means for your embryo.

    Can a mosaic embryo lead to a healthy baby?

    Some mosaic embryos may develop normally, but the outcome is not guaranteed. The risk depends on the type and extent of mosaicism. Your clinic can provide more personalized information based on your embryo's specific result.

    What should I do if my PGT-A result is 'no result'?

    A 'no result' means the test could not classify the embryo. This can happen for technical reasons. You may discuss with your clinic whether to retest or consider transferring the embryo without further testing. Your clinic will advise based on your situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Results: A Guide for Patients in Thailand

    If you are waiting for PGT-A results after an IVF cycle in Thailand, you likely have many questions. PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. The results can feel complex, but understanding the main categories can help you have more informed conversations with your clinic. This guide explains the common result types, what they may mean, and what to ask your medical team.

    At a Glance: PGT-A Result Categories

    • Euploid: Embryo has the expected number of chromosomes.
    • Aneuploid: Embryo has missing or extra chromosomes.
    • Mosaic: Embryo has a mix of cells with normal and abnormal chromosomes.
    • No result: Testing did not produce a clear answer.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A is a test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for aneuploidy, which means having an abnormal number of chromosomes. Many embryos with aneuploidy do not implant or may lead to miscarriage. PGT-A aims to identify embryos that are more likely to have the correct number of chromosomes, which may improve the chances of a successful pregnancy.

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. It does not test for all genetic conditions, and it cannot detect every chromosomal abnormality. It is one tool that may help you and your doctor decide which embryo to transfer.

    Understanding Your PGT-A Report

    Your clinic will provide a report from the genetic testing laboratory. The report typically lists each embryo and its result. Here are the common categories you may see:

    Euploid

    An embryo is called euploid when it has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in humans). This is often considered a positive result, as it suggests the embryo has a normal chromosome count. However, a euploid embryo can still have other issues that affect implantation or development.

    Aneuploid

    An embryo is aneuploid when it has missing or extra chromosomes. For example, trisomy 21 (three copies of chromosome 21) is a type of aneuploidy. Aneuploid embryos may fail to implant, result in miscarriage, or lead to a child with a chromosomal condition. Most clinics do not recommend transferring aneuploid embryos, but you should discuss the specific result with your doctor.

    Mosaic

    A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells: some with a normal chromosome count and some with an abnormal count. The level of mosaicism can vary. Some mosaic embryos may develop into healthy babies, but the outcome is not guaranteed. Your clinic may discuss the percentage of abnormal cells and what that might mean for your situation.

    No Result

    Sometimes testing does not yield a clear result. This can happen if the embryo sample was insufficient or if the DNA did not amplify well. A “no result” does not necessarily mean the embryo is abnormal. Your clinic may offer options such as re-biopsy or re-testing, but this depends on the embryo’s condition and the laboratory’s protocols.

    How to Read Your PGT-A Report

    PGT-A reports can vary by laboratory, but they often include:

    • Embryo identification number
    • Chromosome count or specific chromosome abnormalities
    • Result category (euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, no result)
    • Mosaicism percentage if applicable
    • Sex chromosome results (if included)

    Your doctor or genetic counselor can explain the details in the context of your medical history. Do not hesitate to ask for clarification on any term you do not understand.

    What Do PGT-A Results Mean for Your Next Steps?

    Your clinic will use your PGT-A results, along with other factors such as embryo quality and your age, to recommend which embryo(s) to consider for transfer. The decision is personal and should be made with your medical team.

    If you have no euploid embryos, your doctor may discuss options such as additional IVF cycles, using donor eggs, or considering mosaic embryos in certain situations. If you have multiple euploid embryos, you may discuss the order of transfer.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About PGT-A Results

    • What does this specific result mean for my chances of pregnancy?
    • Are there any limitations to this test?
    • If I have a mosaic embryo, what is the recommended approach?
    • What are my options if I have no euploid embryos?
    • Can you explain the laboratory’s quality standards?

    Next Steps After Receiving Your Results

    1. Schedule a consultation with your doctor to review the report.
    2. Write down any questions before the appointment.
    3. Discuss your options for transfer or further testing.
    4. Consider genetic counseling if you have complex results.
    5. Take time to make a decision that feels right for you.

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It cannot detect all genetic disorders, and it does not guarantee a healthy baby. The test may also have false positives or false negatives, though these are rare. Additionally, PGT-A does not test for conditions caused by single gene mutations (that would be PGT-M) or structural chromosome rearrangements (PGT-SR).

    It is important to understand that PGT-A is not necessary for everyone. Your doctor may recommend it based on your age, medical history, or previous IVF outcomes. Discuss the potential benefits and limitations with your clinic.

    Where to Learn More

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, you can explore our PGT in Thailand page. You may also find our guides and FAQ sections helpful as you navigate your fertility journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a euploid PGT-A result mean?

    A euploid result means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46). This is generally considered a positive finding, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Other factors, such as embryo quality and uterine environment, also matter.

    What is a mosaic embryo and what does it mean for transfer?

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance depends on the level of mosaicism and which chromosomes are affected. Some mosaic embryos can lead to healthy births, but outcomes vary. Your clinic can discuss the specific risks and options.

    What should I do if my PGT-A result is 'no result'?

    A 'no result' means the test could not provide a clear answer. This can happen for technical reasons. Your clinic may offer re-testing or re-biopsy if the embryo is suitable. Discuss the options and the potential risks with your doctor.

    Does PGT-A test for all genetic conditions?

    No, PGT-A only screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). It does not detect single gene disorders (which require PGT-M) or structural rearrangements (PGT-SR). It also cannot identify all chromosomal abnormalities.

    Is PGT-A mandatory for IVF in Thailand?

    No, PGT-A is optional. Your doctor may recommend it based on your age, medical history, or previous IVF outcomes, but it is not required for everyone. Discuss the potential benefits and limitations with your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Embryo Mosaicism in Thailand: What It Means and Your Options

    What Is Embryo Mosaicism in PGT-A?

    When you undergo preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), embryos are screened for chromosomal abnormalities. A result may come back as “mosaic,” meaning the embryo contains a mixture of cells: some with the expected number of chromosomes (euploid) and some with an abnormal number (aneuploid). Mosaicism is reported as a percentage, such as 20% or 50%, indicating the proportion of abnormal cells detected in the biopsy sample.

    It is important to understand that mosaicism is a laboratory finding, not a diagnosis of a child’s health. The actual impact on a pregnancy depends on many factors, including which chromosomes are involved, the percentage of abnormal cells, and how the embryo develops. In Thailand, as elsewhere, PGT-A results are interpreted with caution, and mosaicism is not automatically considered a disqualifying factor for transfer.

    At a Glance: Key Points About Mosaic Embryos

    • Mosaic embryos have both normal and abnormal cells.
    • Mosaicism is reported as a percentage, but the clinical significance varies.
    • Some mosaic embryos may lead to healthy pregnancies, but outcomes are not guaranteed.
    • Thai clinics have individual policies regarding mosaic embryo transfer.
    • Genetic counseling is recommended to understand your specific results.

    How Thai Clinics Interpret Mosaic Results

    In Thailand, IVF clinics follow international guidelines for PGT-A, but there is no uniform national policy on mosaic embryos. Each clinic may have its own criteria for classifying mosaicism (e.g., low vs. high percentage) and for deciding whether to recommend transfer. Some clinics may prioritize euploid embryos and only consider mosaic embryos if no euploid embryos are available. Others may offer transfer of mosaic embryos after thorough counseling.

    Because policies vary, it is essential to ask your clinic directly about their approach. You should also inquire about the laboratory’s reporting methods, as different technologies (such as next-generation sequencing) may have different thresholds for detecting mosaicism.

    Options for Mosaic Embryos in Thailand

    If you receive a mosaic PGT-A result, your options may include:

    • Transfer of the mosaic embryo: Some clinics may offer this, especially if the mosaicism is low-level and the embryo is otherwise viable. You will need to discuss the potential risks and benefits.
    • Further testing: In some cases, additional testing of the embryo may be possible, but this is not always available or conclusive.
    • Preferring a euploid embryo: If you have other embryos that are euploid, your clinic may recommend transferring those first.
    • Genetic counseling: A counselor can help you understand the specific implications of your results and guide your decision.

    It is important to note that the decision to transfer a mosaic embryo is made on a case-by-case basis, considering your medical history, the embryo’s quality, and your personal preferences.

    Questions to Ask Your Thai Clinic About Mosaic Embryos

    Before making any decisions, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • How does your laboratory classify mosaicism (e.g., low vs. high percentage)?
    • What is your policy on transferring mosaic embryos?
    • Are there any chromosomes that you consider more or less concerning in mosaic results?
    • What is the recommended follow-up testing during pregnancy if I transfer a mosaic embryo?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling as part of the process?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    Receiving a mosaic result can be confusing, but you are not alone. Here is a step-by-step approach to help you move forward:

    1. Request a detailed explanation of your PGT-A report from your clinic.
    2. Ask about the specific percentage and chromosomes involved.
    3. Seek genetic counseling to understand the potential outcomes.
    4. Discuss your options with your fertility specialist, including the possibility of transferring the mosaic embryo.
    5. Consider your personal circumstances, such as the number of other embryos available and your age.
    6. Make a decision that aligns with your values and medical advice.

    Remember, no embryo transfer can guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child. The goal is to make the most informed choice possible with the support of your medical team.

    Learn More About PGT in Thailand

    For more information on preimplantation genetic testing, including PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR, visit our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also explore our other guides or check our FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a mosaic PGT-A result mean?

    A mosaic result means that the embryo has a mixture of cells with normal and abnormal chromosomes. It is reported as a percentage, but the clinical significance depends on many factors, including which chromosomes are affected and the percentage of abnormal cells.

    Can I transfer a mosaic embryo in Thailand?

    Some Thai clinics may offer transfer of mosaic embryos, but policies vary. It is important to discuss your specific results with your clinic and understand their criteria for considering mosaic embryos for transfer.

    Are mosaic embryos safe?

    Mosaic embryos may lead to healthy pregnancies, but outcomes are not guaranteed. The risk of an abnormal pregnancy depends on the specific chromosomal abnormality and the percentage of mosaicism. Genetic counseling can help you understand the potential risks.

    What is the difference between a mosaic and an aneuploid embryo?

    An aneuploid embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes in all cells tested, while a mosaic embryo has a mixture of normal and abnormal cells. Mosaic embryos may have a higher chance of developing normally than fully aneuploid embryos, but this is not always the case.

    Should I do additional testing if I have a mosaic embryo?

    Additional testing may be possible in some cases, but it is not always conclusive. Your clinic can advise whether further testing is recommended based on your specific situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Cost in Bangkok Hospitals: What to Expect and What to Ask

    Understanding PGT-A Costs in Bangkok

    If you are comparing PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) costs across Bangkok hospitals, you likely want a clear picture of what you will pay and what that price includes. PGT-A is an add-on to IVF that screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. In Bangkok, the cost can vary significantly between hospitals, and the final bill depends on several factors beyond the basic testing fee.

    This guide explains the typical components of PGT-A pricing, why costs differ, and the questions you should ask when comparing quotes. It does not provide fixed prices because those change frequently and depend on your individual treatment plan.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-A Costs

    • PGT-A cost is usually separate from the IVF cycle fee.
    • Quotes may cover biopsy, genetic analysis, or both—confirm what’s included.
    • Costs can vary based on the number of embryos tested, the laboratory used, and whether additional genetic counseling is included.
    • Always ask for a detailed breakdown to avoid unexpected fees.

    What Does PGT-A Cost Typically Include?

    When a Bangkok hospital quotes a price for PGT-A, it may cover several steps. Understanding these components helps you compare like with like.

    • Embryo biopsy: A specialist removes a few cells from each embryo (usually on day 5 or 6). This is a delicate procedure that requires skilled embryology staff.
    • Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are sent to a laboratory that performs the chromosomal screening. This may be done in-house or at an external lab.
    • Laboratory fees: Some hospitals charge a separate fee for the genetic lab, which may be billed per embryo or per cycle.
    • Consultation and counseling: Genetic counseling before and after testing may be included or billed separately.
    • Shipping and handling: If the biopsy is sent to an external lab, there may be courier or handling fees.

    Ask each hospital for a written breakdown that lists these items. That way, you can see exactly what you are paying for.

    Why PGT-A Costs Vary Between Bangkok Hospitals

    Several factors influence the price you are quoted:

    • Number of embryos tested: Most hospitals charge per embryo, so the more embryos you have that reach the biopsy stage, the higher the total cost. Some may offer a package for a set number of embryos.
    • Laboratory type: In-house labs may be more cost-effective, while sending samples to an external lab could add fees. The technology used (e.g., next-generation sequencing) can also affect price.
    • Hospital tier and location: Premium hospitals in central Bangkok may have higher overheads, which can be reflected in their fees.
    • Included services: Some quotes include genetic counseling, while others charge extra. Check whether the initial consultation is free or paid.
    • Cycle-specific factors: If you need additional IVF services, such as ICSI or assisted hatching, those will be billed separately.

    Because of these variables, the cheapest quote may not be the best value if it excludes essential services. Always compare the full package.

    How to Compare PGT-A Quotes from Bangkok Hospitals

    When you receive quotes from different hospitals, use a consistent approach to evaluate them.

    1. Request a detailed quote: Ask for a written estimate that lists all potential fees, including the IVF cycle, biopsy, genetic analysis, and any add-ons.
    2. Clarify what happens if no embryos are suitable: Some hospitals may charge a reduced fee if no embryos reach the biopsy stage. Ask about their policy.
    3. Ask about payment plans: Some hospitals offer installment options or package deals that bundle IVF and PGT-A.
    4. Check for hidden fees: Inquire about costs for embryo freezing, storage, or future transfers, as these are often separate.
    5. Consider the experience of the team: While cost is important, the success of PGT-A depends on the embryology lab’s skill. Ask about the lab’s accreditation and experience.

    Questions to Ask When Comparing PGT-A Costs

    To make an informed decision, ask each hospital these specific questions:

    • What is the total cost for PGT-A, and what does it include?
    • Is the biopsy fee separate from the genetic analysis fee?
    • How many embryos are included in the quoted price? What is the cost per additional embryo?
    • Is the genetic testing done in-house or at an external laboratory? If external, are there shipping fees?
    • Are genetic counseling sessions included?
    • What is your policy if no embryos are suitable for testing?
    • Are there any additional costs for embryo freezing or storage?
    • Do you offer package deals that combine IVF and PGT-A?

    Write down the answers and compare them side by side. This will help you see which hospital offers the most transparent pricing.

    Beyond the Price: Other Factors to Consider

    While cost is a major factor, it should not be the only one. Consider the following when choosing a Bangkok hospital for PGT-A:

    • Success rates: Ask for the hospital’s success rates with PGT-A, but remember that these can be influenced by patient age and other factors.
    • Laboratory standards: Inquire about the lab’s accreditation and quality control measures.
    • Doctor’s experience: The skill of the fertility specialist and embryologist is crucial for accurate biopsy and testing.
    • Patient support: Look for hospitals that offer clear communication and emotional support throughout the process.

    You can find more general information about PGT-A costs in Thailand on our PGT-A cost in Thailand page, and about IVF costs on our IVF cost in Thailand page.

    Next Steps: Your Checklist for Comparing Hospitals

    • Shortlist 3-5 Bangkok hospitals that offer PGT-A.
    • Request a detailed written quote from each.
    • Use the questions above to clarify what is included.
    • Compare the total estimated cost, not just the PGT-A fee.
    • Consider the hospital’s experience and lab standards.
    • Review our patient resources for more guidance.
    • If you have further questions, contact us for personalized assistance.

    Remember, the cheapest option is not always the best. Choose a hospital that offers transparent pricing, experienced staff, and a supportive environment.

    Frequently asked questions

    Why do PGT-A costs vary so much between Bangkok hospitals?

    PGT-A costs vary due to factors like the number of embryos tested, whether the lab is in-house or external, the technology used, and what services are included in the quote (e.g., biopsy, genetic analysis, counseling). Hospital location and reputation can also influence pricing.

    What is usually not included in a PGT-A quote?

    A PGT-A quote may not include the IVF cycle fee, embryo freezing and storage, medications, or additional procedures like ICSI. Always ask for a detailed breakdown to see what is covered.

    Can I negotiate PGT-A prices at Bangkok hospitals?

    Some hospitals may offer package deals or discounts, especially if you are combining IVF with PGT-A. It is worth asking if there is any flexibility, but be cautious of quotes that seem too low and may exclude essential services.

    How many embryos do I need for PGT-A to be cost-effective?

    The cost-effectiveness depends on the per-embryo fee and your chances of having embryos to test. Discuss with your doctor how many embryos you might expect based on your age and ovarian reserve, and ask the hospital about pricing tiers.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Bangkok IVF Clinic PGT-A Lab Accreditation: A Comparison

    When you are comparing IVF clinics in Bangkok for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), the laboratory that handles your embryos deserves as much attention as the clinic itself. PGT-A involves biopsying cells from embryos and analyzing them for chromosomal abnormalities, so the accuracy and reliability of the genetic lab directly affect the information you receive. This guide explains what accreditation and quality markers to look for, and compares how several Bangkok clinics present their laboratory credentials. The order of clinics below is an editorial comparison, not a ranking of success rates or clinical outcomes.

    At a Glance: What to Look For in a PGT-A Lab

    • Accreditation: Look for recognized certifications such as JCI, RTAC, ISO 15189, CAP, or UK NEQAS. These indicate that the lab meets international standards for quality and competence.
    • In-house vs. external lab: Some clinics have their own genetics laboratory, while others send biopsies to an external lab. In-house labs may offer more integrated care, but external labs can also be highly accredited.
    • Technology: Ask about the testing method (e.g., next-generation sequencing) and whether the lab participates in external quality assurance programs.
    • Transparency: A reputable clinic will openly share its lab credentials and be willing to answer detailed questions about its quality controls.

    Why Lab Accreditation Matters for PGT-A

    PGT-A is a delicate process. Embryos are cultured for several days, then a few cells are removed from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta). Those cells are sent to a genetics lab where their DNA is amplified and analyzed. Errors in this process can lead to false positives or false negatives, which could result in transferring an embryo that is actually abnormal or discarding one that is normal. Accreditation helps ensure that the lab follows strict protocols, uses validated methods, and participates in regular quality assessments.

    Common accreditations and quality credentials you may encounter include:

    • JCI (Joint Commission International): Accredits entire hospitals or clinics, not just labs, but indicates overall quality standards.
    • RTAC (Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee): An Australian body that accredits fertility clinics and their laboratories.
    • ISO 15189: An international standard specifically for medical laboratories, covering quality management and technical competence.
    • CAP (College of American Pathologists): A US-based accreditation for laboratory quality, often including proficiency testing.
    • UK NEQAS: An external quality assessment scheme for laboratories, including those performing genetic testing.

    Keep in mind that accreditation alone does not guarantee a successful pregnancy. It is one factor to consider alongside the clinic’s overall approach, your specific medical history, and the expertise of the team.

    Comparing PGT-A Lab Quality at Bangkok Clinics

    The following clinics are included in our editorial comparison based on publicly available information. We have focused on what each clinic says about its laboratory and genetic testing services. Always confirm current details directly with the clinic, as accreditations and services can change.

    Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC)

    DHC is a dedicated fertility center in Bangkok’s Rama 9 area. It provides IVF, ICSI, embryo culture, PGT, egg freezing, embryo freezing, and embryo transfer services. According to its official materials, DHC holds JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, and UK NEQAS certifications or quality credentials. This combination suggests a commitment to both clinical and laboratory quality. DHC also lists advanced equipment such as Embryoscope+ and Geri incubators, IVF Witness for sample tracking, and IMSI and MACS for sperm selection. While these do not directly relate to PGT-A, they reflect the center’s investment in technology. DHC’s 2026 hospital profile reports a 78% average embryo-transfer success rate for 2025, approximately 80%, but this is not an individual prediction or guarantee. The June 2026 reference price for the basic single-cycle medical package is THB 490,000, with final costs varying by medication, testing, storage, procedures, and travel.

    Jetanin Hospital

    Jetanin Hospital is a specialist fertility hospital in central Bangkok, founded in December 1995. It has more than 30 years of experience and a team that includes reproductive physicians, embryologists, molecular geneticists, laboratory staff, nurses, and counsellors. Jetanin states that it became the first IVF centre in Southeast Asia accredited by both JCI and RTAC. Its facilities page also describes ISO 15189 and ISO 15190 laboratory standards and annual quality-control audits. The genetics laboratory at Jetanin describes PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR using NGS and Sanger sequencing. The embryo, genetics, and sperm laboratories are presented as in-house services. This integrated approach may be appealing if you prefer to have all testing done within the same facility.

    MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center

    MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center is located within MedPark Hospital in Bangkok. Its official center page describes reproductive medicine, urology, infertility nursing, and embryology support. Published services include IVF/ICSI, IUI, egg, sperm, and embryo freezing, PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR, recurrent miscarriage evaluation, and fertility preservation. MedPark describes ESHRE-certified embryologists, time-lapse incubation, and AI-assisted embryo assessment. While the page does not explicitly list lab accreditations, the mention of ESHRE certification for embryologists suggests a focus on professional standards. The official page listed an IVF/ICSI package at THB 280,000 when reviewed, but validity, medication, PGT, freezing, storage, transfer, and exclusions require written confirmation.

    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center

    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center is based on the 5th Floor of D Building at Bangkok Hospital Headquarter. The official center page describes reproductive endocrinologists, embryologists, an in-house embryology laboratory, male-factor testing, and multidisciplinary care. Published services include IVF, ICSI, PGT-A, egg and embryo freezing, semen analysis, and gynaecologic surgery support. The center does not publicly list specific lab accreditations in the available profile, but the presence of an in-house embryology laboratory is a positive sign. The official fly-in packages reviewed in July 2026 list THB 335,000 from stimulation through embryo transfer and THB 456,000 with PGT and freezing for two embryos, stated as valid to 31 December 2026. Hospital terms and exclusions apply.

    Bumrungrad International Hospital

    Bumrungrad International Hospital is a large multidisciplinary hospital in central Bangkok. The referenced provider listing describes IVF, ICSI, and reproductive medicine services. The listing names Dr. Phattaraphum Phophong and describes training in reproductive medicine and prenatal genetics. Its integrated setting may interest patients who need access to other medical specialties. However, current fertility-team, laboratory, PGT, and price details should be confirmed directly, as the available profile does not specify lab accreditations.

    Superior A.R.T. Thailand

    Superior A.R.T. is a specialist assisted-reproduction and genetics center in Bangkok. Its official website states that it was established in 2007 and provides fertility and genetic services through assisted-reproduction laboratories. Published materials emphasize IVF, ICSI, and PGT pathways. The profile does not list specific accreditations, so you would need to ask the center directly about its laboratory credentials and PGT methods.

    Prime Fertility Clinic

    Prime Fertility Clinic is located at Pearl Bangkok in Bangkok. The referenced provider listing describes IVF, ICSI, embryo freezing, assisted hatching, and international-patient care. The listing names Dr. Poonkiat Punyamitr and reports 19 years of experience and more than 900 fertility procedures. The listing describes JCI Ambulatory Care accreditation, which applies to the clinic as a whole, not specifically to the lab. Current services, inclusions, and pricing should be confirmed in a written quotation.

    Gift Fertility Clinic

    Gift Fertility Clinic is a specialist fertility provider in Bangkok. The referenced provider listing describes personalized IVF-related care. The listing names Dr. Waranya Sirithanasarn and reports 13 years of experience and more than 1,100 infertility treatments. The profile does not mention lab accreditations, so you should confirm the treating doctor, laboratory, genetic-testing pathway, and all quotation inclusions directly.

    Intrarat Hospital

    Intrarat Hospital is a multidisciplinary hospital in Bangkok. The referenced marketplace page primarily describes obstetrics and maternity services rather than a complete IVF laboratory profile. The listing names Dr. Orasa Teerakul and reports 31 years of experience. The listing describes ISO 9001:2015 certification, which is a general quality management standard, not specific to genetic testing. IVF, ICSI, embryo culture, PGT, and international-patient availability require direct written confirmation before the hospital is used in a fertility shortlist.

    PMG Hospital

    PMG Hospital is a general hospital in Bangkok. The referenced marketplace page describes prenatal care, obstetrics, and 24-hour nursing rather than a complete IVF laboratory profile. The listing names Dr. Ronnapop Kongpia as a full-time obstetrics and gynaecology specialist and reports seven years of experience. IVF, ICSI, embryo culture, PGT, and international-patient availability require direct written confirmation before the hospital is used in a fertility shortlist.

    Comparison Table: Lab Quality Markers

    Clinic Lab Accreditations Listed In-House Genetics Lab PGT Methods Mentioned Other Quality Markers
    DHC JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, UK NEQAS Not specified PGT (general) Embryoscope+, Geri, IVF Witness, IMSI, MACS
    Jetanin JCI, RTAC, ISO 15189, ISO 15190 Yes PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR (NGS, Sanger) Annual quality-control audits
    MedPark Not listed Not specified PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR ESHRE-certified embryologists, time-lapse, AI
    Bangkok Hospital Not listed Embryology lab (not genetics) PGT-A Multidisciplinary care
    Bumrungrad Not listed Not specified Not specified Integrated hospital setting
    Superior A.R.T. Not listed Not specified PGT (general) Established 2007
    Prime JCI Ambulatory Care (clinic-level) Not specified Not specified International-patient care
    Gift Not listed Not specified Not specified Personalized care
    Intrarat ISO 9001:2015 (clinic-level) Not specified Not specified Obstetrics focus
    PMG Not listed Not specified Not specified General hospital

    Questions to Ask a Clinic About Its PGT-A Lab

    When you contact a clinic, ask specific questions to verify the quality of its PGT-A laboratory:

    • What accreditations does your genetics laboratory hold? Can you share the current certificates and their scope?
    • Is the PGT-A testing performed in-house or sent to an external laboratory? If external, which lab and what are its accreditations?
    • Which genetic testing method do you use (e.g., next-generation sequencing)? How many cells are biopsied?
    • Do you participate in external quality assurance programs, such as UK NEQAS or CAP proficiency testing?
    • How do you ensure sample tracking and prevent mix-ups during biopsy and analysis?
    • What is your policy on mosaic embryos? How are they reported and what are the options?
    • Can you provide a written quotation that clearly separates the PGT-A laboratory fees from other costs?

    Next Steps for Your Shortlist

    1. Review the clinic’s official website and any patient information materials for lab accreditations and PGT details.
    2. Contact the clinic directly and ask for written confirmation of its current laboratory credentials and PGT-A process.
    3. Compare the responses you receive, focusing on transparency and the presence of recognized accreditations.
    4. Consider the clinic’s overall approach, including the experience of the embryology team and how they communicate results.
    5. Request a detailed cost breakdown that includes PGT-A laboratory fees, biopsy, and any additional genetic counseling.

    Choosing a clinic for PGT-A is a personal decision. By focusing on laboratory accreditation and quality markers, you can make a more informed choice that aligns with your needs.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does PGT-A lab accreditation mean for my IVF treatment?

    Accreditation indicates that a laboratory meets recognized standards for quality and competence. For PGT-A, this means the lab follows validated protocols, participates in external quality assessments, and is likely to produce reliable results. It does not guarantee a successful pregnancy, but it reduces the risk of errors in embryo testing.

    Is it better to choose a clinic with an in-house genetics lab?

    An in-house genetics lab can offer more integrated care and faster communication, but it is not inherently better than an external lab. What matters more is the accreditation and quality controls of the lab, whether in-house or external. Always ask about the specific lab that will handle your samples.

    What are the common accreditations for PGT-A labs in Bangkok?

    Common accreditations include JCI (for the clinic), RTAC (for fertility clinics and labs), ISO 15189 (for medical laboratories), CAP (College of American Pathologists), and UK NEQAS (external quality assessment). Some clinics may also hold ISO 9001 for general quality management.

    How can I verify a clinic's PGT-A lab accreditation?

    Ask the clinic directly for copies of their current accreditation certificates and the scope of those certificates. You can also check the accrediting body's website if they have a public directory. Be cautious of clinics that are vague about their lab credentials.

    Does a higher accreditation guarantee better PGT-A results?

    No. Accreditation is a marker of quality, but it does not guarantee a specific outcome. Success depends on many factors, including the quality of the embryos, the skill of the embryologists, and your individual medical situation. Use accreditation as one of several criteria in your decision.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Comparing PGT-A Package Deals at Thai IVF Clinics: What to Look For

    If you are exploring IVF with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, you have likely seen package deals advertised by fertility clinics. These packages can simplify budgeting, but they vary widely in what they include and exclude. This guide explains the typical components of a PGT-A package, the factors that influence pricing, and the questions you should ask when comparing offers. Because every clinic structures its packages differently, you will need to confirm details directly with each provider.

    At a Glance: What to Check in a PGT-A Package

    • Which IVF procedures are included (consultations, ultrasounds, blood tests, egg retrieval, embryo culture)
    • Whether PGT-A biopsy and genetic analysis are covered, and for how many embryos
    • Whether embryo freezing and storage are included for the first year
    • What medications are covered and which are extra
    • Whether the package covers one cycle or multiple attempts
    • What happens if no embryos are suitable for transfer
    • Whether there are additional fees for embryo transfer, anesthesia, or lab services

    Understanding PGT-A and Why It Is Offered as a Package

    PGT-A is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. It screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), which is a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage. By selecting embryos with the expected number of chromosomes, PGT-A may improve the chances of a successful pregnancy, especially for women over 35 or those with recurrent pregnancy loss.

    In Thailand, many IVF clinics offer PGT-A as part of a package deal to attract international patients. These packages often bundle the main IVF cycle with the biopsy and genetic analysis, making it easier to estimate total costs. However, the term “package” can mean different things at different clinics, so it is essential to read the fine print.

    Typical Components of a PGT-A Package

    While exact inclusions vary, most PGT-A packages in Thailand cover the following:

    • Initial consultations and fertility assessments: This may include blood tests, ultrasound scans, and a semen analysis for the male partner.
    • Ovarian stimulation and monitoring: Medications to stimulate the ovaries, plus regular blood tests and ultrasounds to track follicle development.
    • Egg retrieval procedure: The surgical procedure to collect eggs, usually performed under sedation or anesthesia.
    • Fertilization and embryo culture: Laboratory work to fertilize eggs with sperm and grow embryos to the blastocyst stage (usually day 5 or 6).
    • Embryo biopsy: Removal of a few cells from each embryo for genetic testing.
    • PGT-A genetic analysis: The laboratory test that screens for chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Embryo freezing and storage: Vitrification of embryos and storage for a certain period, often one year.

    Some packages may also include a frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle, but this is not always the case. Others may limit the number of embryos tested or the number of IVF cycles included.

    What Is Usually Not Included

    Be aware that many packages have exclusions that can add to your total cost. Common extras include:

    • Medications: Some packages cover only basic medications, while others require you to pay for injectable hormones separately.
    • Anesthesia fees: The cost of anesthesia for egg retrieval may be billed separately.
    • Additional PGT-A testing: If you have more embryos than the package covers, you may need to pay extra per embryo.
    • Embryo transfer: The procedure to place the embryo into the uterus may not be included, especially if it is a frozen transfer.
    • Genetic counseling: Some clinics charge for consultations with a genetic counselor to explain results.
    • Storage beyond the first year: If you do not use all embryos within the included storage period, you will incur annual fees.
    • Additional cycles: If the first cycle does not produce viable embryos, a new package or cycle fee may apply.

    Factors That Influence PGT-A Package Prices

    Several factors affect the cost of a PGT-A package in Thailand:

    • Number of embryos tested: Some packages include testing for up to a certain number of embryos (e.g., 8 or 10). If you have more, you pay extra per embryo.
    • Laboratory technology: The type of genetic analysis used (e.g., next-generation sequencing) may affect the price.
    • Clinic location and reputation: Clinics in Bangkok may have higher overheads, and those with advanced labs may charge more.
    • Inclusions: Packages that include medications, anesthesia, or a frozen transfer will naturally cost more than basic packages.
    • Number of cycles: Some packages offer a “multi-cycle” option, which can be more cost-effective if you need more than one attempt.

    Because prices are not published consistently, you will need to request a detailed quote from each clinic.

    How to Compare PGT-A Packages Effectively

    When comparing offers, use a consistent checklist to ensure you are comparing like with like. Here are the key questions to ask each clinic:

    • What exactly is included in the package price? List every service and procedure.
    • Are all medications included, or do I need to budget for them separately?
    • How many embryos does the PGT-A testing cover? What is the cost per additional embryo?
    • Is the embryo biopsy performed at your clinic or sent to an external lab? If external, are there additional shipping or handling fees?
    • Does the package include a fresh embryo transfer, a frozen embryo transfer, or both?
    • What happens if no embryos are suitable for transfer? Is there a refund or a discount on a future cycle?
    • Are there any hidden fees, such as anesthesia, hospital charges, or administrative costs?
    • What is the embryo storage period, and what are the annual storage fees?
    • Does the package include genetic counseling to explain the results?
    • What is the clinic’s policy if the cycle is cancelled before egg retrieval?

    Using a Comparison Table

    To make your comparison easier, create a table with columns for each clinic and rows for the key components. Fill in the details from each clinic’s quote. This will help you spot differences in inclusions and exclusions at a glance.

    Component Clinic A Clinic B Clinic C
    Consultations and monitoring Included Included Included
    Medications Extra Included Extra
    Egg retrieval and anesthesia Included Included Anesthesia extra
    Embryo biopsy and PGT-A Up to 8 embryos Up to 10 embryos Up to 6 embryos
    Embryo transfer Fresh only Fresh + frozen Frozen only
    Embryo storage 1 year 1 year 6 months
    Genetic counseling Included Extra Included

    Note: This table is an example for illustration; actual inclusions vary by clinic.

    Questions to Ask About the Genetic Testing Process

    Beyond the package inclusions, you should understand how the PGT-A testing is performed and what the results mean for your treatment.

    • Is the biopsy performed on day 5 or day 6 embryos? Does the timing affect the success rate?
    • How long does it take to receive PGT-A results?
    • What type of genetic analysis is used (e.g., next-generation sequencing)?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on mosaic embryos (embryos with a mix of normal and abnormal cells)?
    • Will the clinic provide a detailed report of the chromosomal status of each embryo?
    • Are there any limitations to PGT-A? For example, it does not detect all genetic disorders.

    Next Steps: Your Checklist Before Booking

    1. Shortlist 3-5 clinics that offer PGT-A packages and request a detailed written quote from each.
    2. Compare the quotes using the checklist above, and note any missing information.
    3. Ask follow-up questions about anything that is unclear, especially exclusions and additional fees.
    4. Consider the clinic’s experience with PGT-A and international patients, but remember that success rates are not always comparable.
    5. Review the clinic’s policies on refunds, cycle cancellation, and embryo storage.
    6. Once you have all the information, you can make an informed decision based on your budget and medical needs.

    Where to Find More Information

    For a list of IVF clinics in Thailand, visit our hospitals page. To understand the overall cost of IVF in Thailand, see our IVF cost guide. For additional resources on fertility treatment, check our patient resources. If you have specific questions, feel free to contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a typical PGT-A package in Thailand include?

    A typical PGT-A package includes the main IVF cycle (consultations, monitoring, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture), embryo biopsy, PGT-A genetic analysis, and often embryo freezing for a set period. However, inclusions vary by clinic, so always check the detailed list of services.

    Are medications included in PGT-A packages?

    Some packages include all medications, while others only cover basic drugs or exclude them entirely. Injectable hormones for ovarian stimulation can be a significant cost, so ask whether they are included or if you need to budget separately.

    How many embryos are tested in a PGT-A package?

    The number of embryos covered by the package varies by clinic, often ranging from 6 to 10. If you have more embryos than the package covers, you will likely pay an additional fee per embryo for testing.

    What happens if no embryos are suitable for transfer after PGT-A?

    If no embryos are genetically normal, the package may not include a refund. Some clinics offer a discount on a future cycle or a partial refund, but policies differ. Ask about this scenario before committing.

    Does a PGT-A package include a frozen embryo transfer?

    Not always. Some packages include only a fresh transfer, while others may include one or more frozen transfers. Since PGT-A results take time, a frozen transfer is often necessary, so clarify whether it is covered.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Biopsy in Thailand: What to Expect

    Understanding PGT-A and Embryo Biopsy

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a test that checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. During an IVF cycle, embryos are biopsied—a few cells are removed—and sent to a lab for analysis. This helps identify embryos that are more likely to implant and develop normally.

    If you are planning IVF in Thailand with PGT-A, knowing what to expect can help you prepare. This guide walks through the typical steps, timing, and considerations.

    At a Glance: PGT-A Biopsy Steps

    • Embryos develop to the blastocyst stage (usually day 5 or 6).
    • A few cells are removed from the outer layer (trophectoderm).
    • Biopsied embryos are frozen while awaiting results.
    • Results guide embryo selection for transfer.

    Step 1: Embryo Development to Blastocyst

    After egg retrieval and fertilization, embryos are cultured in the lab. For PGT-A, embryos need to reach the blastocyst stage—typically by day 5 or 6 of development. At this stage, the embryo has two distinct cell types: the inner cell mass (which becomes the fetus) and the trophectoderm (which becomes the placenta).

    Not all embryos will reach the blastocyst stage. Your clinic will monitor development and advise you on how many embryos are suitable for biopsy.

    Step 2: The Biopsy Procedure

    On the day of biopsy, an embryologist uses a laser or a thin needle to make a small opening in the embryo’s outer shell (zona pellucida). Then, a few trophectoderm cells are gently removed. This is a delicate procedure performed under a microscope.

    The biopsy is generally considered safe, but it is an invasive step. Your clinic should explain the technique they use and any potential risks.

    Step 3: Freezing and Waiting for Results

    After biopsy, embryos are frozen (vitrified) while the cells are sent to a genetics laboratory. The analysis can take several days to a few weeks, depending on the lab and the testing method. During this time, you will not have a transfer.

    Your clinic will inform you of the expected timeline for results and next steps.

    Step 4: Receiving Results and Planning Transfer

    Once results are available, your doctor will discuss which embryos are chromosomally normal (euploid) and suitable for transfer. A frozen embryo transfer (FET) is typically scheduled in a subsequent cycle.

    It is important to understand that PGT-A does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a screening tool that helps select embryos with the best chance.

    What to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is your experience with embryo biopsy for PGT-A?
    • How many embryos typically reach the blastocyst stage?
    • What is the biopsy technique used, and what are the risks?
    • How long will it take to get PGT-A results?
    • What is the cost of biopsy and genetic testing?
    • How many embryos are expected to be normal?

    Next Steps: Preparing for Your Cycle

    1. Confirm your clinic’s biopsy protocol and timeline.
    2. Discuss how many embryos you hope to test.
    3. Plan for the waiting period after biopsy.
    4. Ask about any additional tests or consultations needed.

    For more information on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. To understand the full IVF process, visit IVF in Thailand. If you are new to treatment, our treatment process overview can help. International patients may also find our international patient resources useful.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the best day for embryo biopsy in Thailand?

    Embryo biopsy for PGT-A is typically performed on day 5 or 6 of embryo development, when the embryo has reached the blastocyst stage. Your clinic will determine the exact timing based on embryo development.

    Is embryo biopsy painful?

    Embryo biopsy is performed on the embryo in the laboratory, not on the patient. It does not cause physical pain. The procedure involves removing a few cells from the embryo's outer layer.

    What are the risks of embryo biopsy?

    Embryo biopsy is generally considered safe, but there is a small risk of damage to the embryo. The procedure is performed by experienced embryologists to minimize risks. Discuss any concerns with your clinic.

    How long does it take to get PGT-A results in Thailand?

    PGT-A results typically take several days to a few weeks, depending on the laboratory and testing method. Your clinic will provide a specific timeline.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities but does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby. It helps select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, but other factors also affect outcomes.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: What’s the Difference?

    PGT-A vs PGT-M: A Quick Overview

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand, you may come across two common genetic tests: PGT-A and PGT-M. Both are performed on embryos created through IVF before a transfer is considered. However, they look for different things and are used in different situations.

    PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders) looks for a specific inherited genetic condition that runs in the family. Understanding the difference can help you have more informed conversations with your fertility team.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) that may affect implantation or lead to miscarriage.
    • PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease, when one or both partners carry the gene.
    • PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements) is sometimes mentioned alongside these tests; it checks for balanced or unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements.
    • Both tests require IVF and embryo biopsy, usually around day 5 or 6 of development.
    • Neither test guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy baby; they are screening tools that provide information.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A is designed to detect an abnormal number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. Having an extra or missing chromosome is called aneuploidy. Many embryos with aneuploidy do not implant, or they may lead to miscarriage. Some chromosomal abnormalities can also result in conditions such as Down syndrome.

    PGT-A is often considered for:

    • People of advanced maternal age (usually over 35, but exact thresholds vary by clinic).
    • Those who have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss.
    • Couples with repeated IVF implantation failure.
    • People who want to reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality.

    It is important to note that PGT-A does not test for every genetic condition. It only looks at chromosome number, not single-gene disorders.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is used when there is a known single-gene disorder in the family. This test identifies whether an embryo has inherited the specific genetic mutation that causes the condition. Examples include cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, and Huntington’s disease, among many others.

    PGT-M is typically considered when:

    • One or both partners are known carriers of a genetic disorder.
    • A couple has a child with a genetic condition.
    • There is a family history of a specific inherited disease.

    Before PGT-M can be performed, the specific genetic mutation must be identified through prior genetic testing of the parents or an affected family member. This often requires a separate workup before the IVF cycle begins.

    Key Differences Between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Checks for abnormal chromosome numbers Checks for a specific single-gene disorder
    Who may consider it People with age-related concerns, recurrent miscarriage, or repeated implantation failure Couples with a known genetic condition in the family
    Requires prior genetic information? No, it is a general screen Yes, the specific mutation must be known
    What it can detect Aneuploidy (e.g., trisomy, monosomy) Specific inherited disorders like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease
    What it does not detect Single-gene disorders, structural rearrangements Chromosomal abnormalities unrelated to the specific gene

    How Are PGT-A and PGT-M Performed in Thailand?

    Both tests follow a similar process within an IVF cycle:

    1. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval – Eggs are collected from the ovaries.
    2. Fertilization – Eggs are fertilized with sperm in the laboratory.
    3. Embryo culture – Embryos are grown to the blastocyst stage, usually by day 5 or 6.
    4. Biopsy – A few cells are removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm). This is done by an embryologist.
    5. Genetic analysis – The cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for testing. The method may vary (e.g., next-generation sequencing or other techniques).
    6. Results and transfer – Once results are available, the fertility team discusses which embryos may be suitable for transfer. Not all embryos may be suitable, and some may be deemed not transferable.

    In Thailand, many IVF clinics offer PGT-A and PGT-M, often in partnership with specialized genetic laboratories. The availability and specific protocols can vary, so it is important to ask your clinic about their procedures and timelines.

    Cost and Availability in Thailand

    The cost of PGT-A and PGT-M in Thailand can vary widely depending on the clinic, the number of embryos tested, and the specific genetic analysis required. PGT-M is often more expensive than PGT-A because it requires a customized test for the specific genetic mutation.

    When comparing clinics, consider asking for a detailed breakdown of costs, including:

    • The cost of the IVF cycle itself.
    • The biopsy fee.
    • The genetic analysis fee per embryo.
    • Any additional consultations or genetic counseling fees.

    Availability may also depend on the clinic’s laboratory partnerships and whether they have experience with the specific genetic condition you are testing for. Some clinics may need to send samples to an external laboratory, which can affect turnaround time.

    Which Test Is Right for You?

    The choice between PGT-A and PGT-M depends on your medical history and genetic background. There is no one-size-fits-all answer.

    • If you have no known genetic disorder in your family but are concerned about chromosomal abnormalities due to age or previous miscarriages, PGT-A may be discussed.
    • If you or your partner are carriers of a specific genetic condition, PGT-M may be more relevant.
    • In some cases, both tests may be performed together, but this is not always necessary or recommended.

    Your fertility specialist and a genetic counselor can help you understand your risks and the potential benefits and limitations of each test. They can also explain what the results might mean for your family-building options.

    Limitations and Considerations

    It is essential to understand that PGT is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Here are some limitations to keep in mind:

    • Mosaicism – Some embryos may have a mix of normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance of mosaicism is still being studied.
    • Biopsy risks – Although rare, the biopsy procedure carries a small risk of damaging the embryo.
    • Test accuracy – No genetic test is 100% accurate. There is a small chance of a false positive or false negative result.
    • Not all conditions are tested – PGT-A does not screen for all genetic disorders, and PGT-M only looks for the specific condition it was designed to detect.
    • Ethical and legal considerations – The use of PGT may be regulated in some countries. In Thailand, the legal framework may evolve, so it is important to stay informed.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic in Thailand

    When you consult with a fertility clinic in Thailand, consider asking these questions:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A and PGT-M?
    • Do you perform the biopsy in-house, or do you send samples to an external laboratory?
    • How long does it take to receive results?
    • What is the cost per embryo for each test?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling before and after testing?
    • How do you handle embryos with uncertain results, such as mosaicism?
    • What are the success rates for embryo transfer after PGT in your clinic? (Ask for their own data, not general statistics.)

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-A or PGT-M in Thailand, here is a simple checklist:

    1. Gather your medical records, including any previous genetic testing results.
    2. Research clinics that offer the specific test you may need.
    3. Schedule a consultation to discuss your history and options.
    4. Ask for a detailed cost estimate and timeline.
    5. Consider speaking with a genetic counselor to understand the implications of testing.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, you can visit our PGT in Thailand page. You may also find our guides and FAQ sections helpful as you continue your research.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done at the same time?

    Yes, in some cases both tests can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. This is often referred to as combined PGT. However, it may not be necessary for everyone. Your clinic can advise whether combined testing is appropriate based on your medical history and genetic risk.

    Is PGT-M more expensive than PGT-A in Thailand?

    Generally, PGT-M tends to be more expensive than PGT-A because it requires a customized test for a specific genetic mutation. The exact cost varies by clinic and the complexity of the test. It is best to ask your clinic for a detailed quote.

    Do I need PGT if I am young and have no known genetic issues?

    PGT is not recommended for everyone. Many fertility specialists suggest PGT-A for people with specific risk factors, such as advanced maternal age or recurrent miscarriage. If you have no known genetic disorders, PGT-M is unlikely to be needed. Your doctor can help you decide based on your individual situation.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-SR is used when one parent has a structural rearrangement of chromosomes, such as a translocation. PGT-SR looks for embryos with unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements that could lead to miscarriage or birth defects. Both tests are types of preimplantation genetic testing.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.