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  • Mosaic Embryo Results in Thailand: Questions to Ask Before Deciding Next Steps

    If you have received a mosaic PGT result from a clinic in Thailand, you are likely facing a decision that feels urgent but is rarely straightforward. A mosaic result means the laboratory detected a mix of cells with different chromosomal patterns in the same embryo biopsy. It is a laboratory category, not a diagnosis of a specific health outcome. The meaning depends on the type of PGT performed, how the result was reported, and what your clinic can explain about its own thresholds and follow-up options. This guide helps you prepare questions so you can have a more informed conversation with your treating team.

    At a glance

    • A mosaic result is a laboratory finding, not a guarantee of any particular pregnancy or child health outcome.
    • Different clinics may use different reporting categories and thresholds for calling a result mosaic.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR are different tests with different purposes; a mosaic finding is most commonly discussed in the context of PGT-A.
    • Your next steps depend on your full clinical picture, the specific embryo, and your clinic’s protocols.
    • You are allowed to ask for clarification, a second review, or more time before deciding.

    What “mosaic” means in a PGT report

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) involves testing a small sample of cells from an embryo. PGT-A looks at chromosome number, PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition, and PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. A mosaic result usually comes from PGT-A and means the laboratory saw evidence of more than one chromosomal pattern in the sampled cells.

    Mosaicism can be full or partial, and it can involve different chromosomes. Some laboratories report a percentage or a range, while others use descriptive categories such as low-level or high-level. These categories are not standardized across all laboratories, and the same raw data might be described differently in another setting. That is why the report itself is only one part of the picture.

    It is also important to know that a biopsy samples only a few cells from the outer layer of the embryo, while the inner cell mass — which can become the fetus — is not directly tested. This means a PGT result is an estimate, not a complete map of the embryo.

    Why the same result can be explained differently

    Clinics and laboratories vary in several ways that affect how a mosaic result is communicated:

    • Reporting thresholds: The percentage of abnormal cells that triggers a “mosaic” label can differ between laboratories.
    • Technology and analysis: Different platforms and software settings can influence what is detected and how it is classified.
    • Counseling approach: Some teams present mosaic results with a range of possible interpretations; others may frame them more narrowly.
    • Local practice norms: Professional guidelines and clinic policies in Thailand may differ from those in your home country.

    Because of these differences, a mosaic result from one clinic may not be directly comparable to a mosaic result from another. If you are considering a second opinion, ask whether the original laboratory data can be reviewed rather than repeating the test on a new biopsy.

    Questions to ask your clinic about the report

    Use these questions as a starting point. You may want to write them down and take notes during your appointment.

    1. Which type of PGT was performed on this embryo, and what was it looking for?
    2. How does your laboratory define and report mosaicism? Is there a percentage or a category in my report?
    3. Which chromosome or chromosomes were involved, and does that affect how you interpret the result?
    4. Was the result reviewed by a geneticist or a second analyst? Can I have a copy of the full laboratory report?
    5. How many cells were analyzed, and what is the margin of uncertainty in this result?
    6. Does this result change the recommended next step for this specific embryo compared with other embryos in my cohort?
    7. What would you tell a patient in my situation if she asked for your personal clinical view, separate from the laboratory category?

    Questions about counseling and decision-making

    Counseling should help you understand the range of possibilities, not push you toward a single choice. Consider asking:

    • Who will explain this result to me — a doctor, a genetic counselor, or both?
    • Can we schedule a dedicated counseling session rather than discussing it briefly during a monitoring visit?
    • What are the general options for an embryo with a mosaic result, and what does each option involve in practical terms?
    • What uncertainties remain even after counseling?
    • Can I take time to decide, or is there a clinical reason for urgency?
    • If I choose to transfer this embryo, what additional monitoring or testing would you recommend during pregnancy?
    • If I choose not to transfer, what are the alternatives for this embryo, and what are the rules in Thailand?

    You do not have to decide during the same appointment. It is reasonable to ask for a follow-up conversation or a written summary of what was discussed.

    What to clarify about transfer, storage, and legal categories

    Policies about embryo transfer, storage, donation, and disposal are clinic-specific and may also be shaped by Thai law and professional regulations. Because these details can change and vary between providers, confirm them directly with your clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authority. Ask:

    • What is your clinic’s policy on transferring embryos with a mosaic result?
    • Are there any additional consent forms or counseling requirements before a transfer of a mosaic embryo?
    • How long can this embryo be stored, and what are the costs and renewal timelines?
    • What are the options if we decide not to use this embryo — donation for research, donation to another patient, or disposal — and what does Thai law allow?
    • Can you provide this information in writing so I can review it with my partner or family?

    Preparing for a second opinion

    If you want another perspective, you can ask your current clinic to share the laboratory report and relevant clinical notes with a second provider or genetic counselor. A second opinion does not necessarily mean repeating the IVF cycle or the biopsy. In some cases, a review of the existing data is enough to clarify the interpretation.

    When seeking a second opinion, be clear about what you want: a review of the raw data, a counseling session, or a discussion of transfer options. Ask about any fees for record review or consultation, and confirm whether the second provider can communicate with your current clinic.

    Practical next-step checklist

    1. Request a copy of the full PGT laboratory report for the embryo in question.
    2. Write down your top three questions before your next appointment.
    3. Ask for a dedicated counseling session with someone qualified to explain mosaic results.
    4. Clarify your clinic’s reporting thresholds and what the mosaic category means in their laboratory.
    5. Ask about the range of options without being pressured to choose immediately.
    6. Confirm storage, consent, and legal categories in writing.
    7. Consider whether a second opinion or record review would help you feel more informed.
    8. Take notes or bring a trusted person to the appointment if that helps you remember details.

    Emotional and practical considerations

    Receiving a mosaic result can be stressful, and it is normal to feel uncertain. You may find it helpful to talk with a counselor, a patient support group, or others who have faced similar decisions. Be cautious about online forums that present definitive claims about mosaic embryos; individual experiences vary, and no single story predicts your outcome.

    If you are an international patient, also consider language barriers, time zone differences for follow-up calls, and the practicalities of staying in Thailand for additional appointments. Ask whether interpretation services are available and whether you can receive documents in your preferred language.

    Where to learn more

    For general background on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand page. You can also browse our guides for related topics and check the FAQ for common questions about testing and coordination.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a mosaic PGT result mean the embryo cannot be used?

    Not necessarily. A mosaic result is a laboratory category, and clinics vary in how they counsel patients about it. Some embryos with mosaic results have been transferred, but outcomes depend on many factors. Your clinic can explain its own policy and the uncertainties involved. This information is not a recommendation to transfer or not transfer.

    Can I get a second opinion on a mosaic result from a Thai clinic?

    Yes, you can ask your clinic to share the laboratory report and relevant records with another provider or genetic counselor. A second opinion may involve reviewing the existing data rather than repeating the biopsy. Ask about any fees and whether the second provider can communicate with your current clinic.

    Is mosaicism reported the same way in every laboratory?

    No. Laboratories may use different thresholds, technologies, and reporting categories. A mosaic result from one laboratory may not be directly comparable to a mosaic result from another. Ask your clinic how their laboratory defines and reports mosaicism.

    What should I ask about the legal and storage aspects of a mosaic embryo in Thailand?

    Policies on transfer, storage, donation, and disposal can vary by clinic and may be affected by Thai law. Ask your clinic for written information about their policies and confirm any legal questions with the appropriate authority. This article does not provide legal advice.

    Where can I find more general information about PGT in Thailand?

    You can start with our PGT in Thailand page, browse our guides, and check the FAQ for related topics. These resources provide general education and are not a substitute for personalized medical advice.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M Testing in Thailand: Eligibility Questions for International Patients

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic conditions) is a targeted test. It is usually considered when a specific inherited condition and a specific genetic change (mutation) have already been identified in the family. For international patients, eligibility is not a single yes-or-no answer. It depends on your genetic history, the laboratory’s ability to build a reliable test, and the clinic’s own policies. This guide explains the questions to ask and the steps to plan, without giving legal or medical conclusions.

    At a glance

    • PGT-M is not a general screening test; it is designed around a known familial mutation.
    • Most pathways begin with genetic counselling and a prior genetic workup, often before you contact a clinic in Thailand.
    • Eligibility is assessed case by case and clinic policies may vary.
    • You will likely need to confirm document, cost, travel and legal categories directly with the treating clinic or relevant authority.
    • PGT-M does not guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a child without the condition.

    What PGT-M is and what it is not

    PGT-M looks for a known, specific genetic change in embryos created through IVF. It is different from PGT-A, which looks at chromosome number, and from PGT-SR, which is used when there is a known structural chromosome rearrangement. Because PGT-M is targeted, it usually requires that the exact mutation has already been found in your family through genetic testing.

    PGT-M is not a guarantee. It cannot ensure a pregnancy, a live birth or a child unaffected by the condition. It also cannot detect every possible genetic or health issue. Results can be affected by laboratory factors, and some embryos may give an unclear result. Your clinic should explain the limits in your specific situation.

    Why a known familial mutation usually matters

    To design a PGT-M test, a laboratory generally needs to know what it is looking for. That usually means a confirmed mutation in a family member, or in you or your partner. Without that information, a laboratory may not be able to build a reliable test. In some situations, a clinic may discuss additional workup, but this is a clinical decision and not something to assume.

    If no mutation has been identified, the first step is usually genetic counselling and testing in your home country or with a genetics service. This is often called a prior genetic workup. It can take time, and it may need to be completed before a PGT-M referral can move forward.

    Common eligibility questions international patients ask

    Do I need a referral from a geneticist or doctor?

    Many clinics prefer or require a referral from a clinical geneticist, genetic counsellor or specialist who has already assessed the family condition. This helps the clinic understand the mutation and the inheritance pattern. Requirements vary, so ask the clinic what referral information they need and in what format.

    Can I start PGT-M if I have not had genetic testing?

    Usually not, because PGT-M is built around a known mutation. If you have not had genetic testing, a clinic may ask you to complete that first. In some cases, a clinic may discuss whether testing is possible, but this is a clinical and laboratory decision. Do not assume it can be arranged after you arrive.

    Does the type of inherited condition affect eligibility?

    Different conditions and different mutations can affect how a test is designed. Some may be more straightforward than others. The laboratory needs to be able to build a reliable test for your specific mutation. This is a technical assessment, and it is one reason why eligibility is case by case.

    Can both partners be carriers?

    If both partners carry a mutation for the same condition, the inheritance pattern and the testing strategy may be different. This is a clinical question for a genetic counsellor or specialist. The clinic will need to review both partners’ genetic information.

    Is PGT-M available for every inherited condition?

    No. Availability depends on the laboratory’s ability to design a test for the specific mutation and on the clinic’s policies. Some conditions may be more difficult to test for than others. Ask the clinic whether they have experience with your specific condition and mutation.

    Do clinic policies vary?

    Yes. Clinics may have different requirements for referral, prior workup, counselling, documentation and eligibility. Some may accept international patients directly; others may require a local or remote genetics consultation first. Always confirm the clinic’s own policy.

    How the referral and eligibility process often works

    The exact steps depend on your situation and the clinic. A typical sequence may look like this:

    1. Genetic counselling and testing in your home country. A clinical geneticist or genetic counsellor confirms the condition and the specific mutation.
    2. Gather your genetic documentation. This may include test reports, family history and a summary letter from your genetics team.
    3. Contact a clinic in Thailand. Ask whether they offer PGT-M for your condition and what they need to assess eligibility.
    4. Laboratory review. The clinic’s laboratory reviews whether a reliable test can be designed for your mutation.
    5. Clinical review and counselling. A specialist may discuss the inheritance pattern, the limits of PGT-M and alternatives.
    6. Decision and planning. If the pathway is possible, the clinic explains the IVF process, timelines and what to confirm before travel.

    This is a general outline, not a promise of eligibility. Some steps may be combined, repeated or not possible in your case.

    Questions to ask a clinic about PGT-M eligibility

    • Do you offer PGT-M for my specific condition and mutation?
    • What prior genetic workup do you require, and in what format?
    • Do you need a referral from a geneticist or genetic counsellor?
    • How do you assess whether a laboratory can design a test for my mutation?
    • What counselling do you provide before and after testing?
    • What are the limits of PGT-M in my situation?
    • What alternatives should I consider?
    • What documents, costs and travel arrangements should I confirm before planning?
    • What is your policy if the test cannot be designed or gives an unclear result?

    Practical planning categories to confirm

    Because requirements can change and vary by clinic, treat the following as categories to confirm directly rather than fixed rules:

    • Documents: genetic test reports, referral letters, identification and any clinic-specific forms.
    • Costs: consultation, laboratory test design, IVF cycle, PGT-M testing, medication, travel and accommodation. Ask for a written breakdown.
    • Travel and timing: how long you may need to stay, how many visits are involved and whether monitoring can be done locally.
    • Legal and regulatory: what is permitted in Thailand and in your home country, and what you need to confirm with the relevant authority.
    • Follow-up: how results are communicated, what happens to stored embryos and what support is available.

    Alternatives and limits to discuss

    PGT-M is one option among several. Depending on your situation, alternatives may include prenatal testing, accepting the natural chance of inheritance, using donor gametes, or choosing not to pursue testing. Each option has different implications, and none is right for everyone. A genetic counsellor or specialist can help you weigh them.

    PGT-M also has limits. It may not be possible for every mutation. It may not detect all genetic issues. It does not guarantee a healthy child. Some embryos may be affected, unaffected or give an unclear result. Your clinic should explain what an unclear result could mean for you.

    Next steps

    1. Speak with a genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist about your family condition and whether PGT-M is relevant.
    2. Collect your genetic test reports and a summary letter.
    3. Contact clinics in Thailand to ask about PGT-M eligibility for your specific mutation.
    4. Ask for written information about documents, costs, timelines and limits.
    5. Confirm legal and travel requirements with the relevant authority and the clinic.
    6. Take time to consider alternatives and make a decision that fits your values.

    For more general information, see our international patients page, our PGT in Thailand guide, the guides section and the FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I get PGT-M in Thailand without a known mutation in my family?

    PGT-M is usually designed around a known, specific mutation. Without that information, a laboratory may not be able to build a reliable test. Some clinics may discuss additional workup, but this is a clinical decision. It is best to speak with a genetic counsellor or specialist first.

    Do I need a referral from a geneticist to start PGT-M in Thailand?

    Many clinics prefer or require a referral from a clinical geneticist, genetic counsellor or specialist. Requirements vary by clinic. Ask the clinic what referral information they need and in what format before you plan.

    Is PGT-M available for all inherited conditions?

    No. Availability depends on whether a laboratory can design a reliable test for your specific mutation and on the clinic's policies. Some conditions may be more difficult to test for than others. Confirm with the clinic whether they have experience with your condition.

    Does PGT-M guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-M cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a child without the condition. It also cannot detect every possible genetic or health issue. Your clinic should explain the limits and what results may mean in your situation.

    What should I confirm with a clinic before travelling to Thailand for PGT-M?

    Confirm the clinic's eligibility policy, required documents, costs, expected timeline, travel arrangements and legal considerations. Ask for a written breakdown and clarify what happens if the test cannot be designed or gives an unclear result.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand: Who May Benefit and What It Cannot Tell You

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test performed on a small sample of cells from an embryo created through IVF. It counts chromosomes to identify embryos with an abnormal number, such as an extra or missing chromosome. It does not diagnose a specific disease, measure embryo quality, or guarantee a pregnancy. In Thailand, as elsewhere, PGT-A is one option your fertility team may discuss, not a required step for every IVF cycle.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens for chromosome number, not for gene mutations or structural rearrangements.
    • It is usually considered when the chance of chromosome errors is higher, but individual suitability is a clinical judgment.
    • A “normal” result does not guarantee a healthy pregnancy or baby.
    • An “abnormal” result does not always mean the embryo could never produce a pregnancy, but it does change the information available.
    • Costs, timelines, and legal or documentation requirements vary and should be confirmed directly with your clinic and relevant authorities.

    What PGT-A actually screens

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in the embryo. Human embryos should have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with an extra or missing chromosome is called aneuploid. Aneuploidy becomes more common with increasing maternal age, but it can occur at any age.

    The test is typically done on a few cells removed from the trophectoderm, the outer layer of a blastocyst-stage embryo. The embryo itself is not changed by the biopsy. Results are reported as euploid (normal chromosome number), aneuploid (abnormal chromosome number), or sometimes mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells). Some clinics also report a result as inconclusive, meaning the sample did not give a clear answer.

    PGT-A does not look for single-gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease. It does not look for structural chromosome rearrangements such as translocations. Those are addressed by different tests: PGT-M for monogenic disorders and PGT-SR for structural rearrangements. If you are considering PGT-A, it is worth asking your clinic which test is relevant to your situation.

    Who may be offered PGT-A

    PGT-A is not automatically recommended for everyone. Guidelines from professional fertility societies generally suggest it may be considered in specific circumstances, but they do not mandate it as a routine add-on for all IVF cycles. Your fertility specialist can explain whether it is likely to add useful information in your case.

    Situations where PGT-A may be discussed include:

    • Advanced maternal age. The chance of aneuploidy increases with age, so some clinics offer PGT-A to help select embryos for transfer.
    • Recurrent pregnancy loss. If you have had multiple miscarriages, your doctor may suggest PGT-A as part of an evaluation, though it does not explain all causes of loss.
    • Repeated implantation failure. When several IVF transfers have not led to a pregnancy, PGT-A may be considered, but evidence for its benefit in this situation is not uniform.
    • Previous pregnancy with a chromosome abnormality. A prior aneuploid pregnancy may prompt a discussion about screening future embryos.
    • Patient preference after counseling. Some people choose PGT-A to gain more information before transfer, even without a specific risk factor.

    PGT-A is not a substitute for standard prenatal testing. It cannot replace ultrasound, blood tests, or diagnostic procedures during pregnancy. It also does not improve the quality of an embryo; it only provides information about chromosome number.

    What PGT-A cannot tell you

    Understanding the limits of PGT-A is as important as understanding its purpose. The test has several important limitations.

    • It does not guarantee a pregnancy. A euploid embryo may still fail to implant or may result in a miscarriage for reasons unrelated to chromosome number.
    • It does not guarantee a healthy baby. Many health conditions are caused by factors other than chromosome number, including gene mutations, environmental influences, and events during pregnancy.
    • It does not detect all chromosome problems. Some small deletions or duplications, and some structural rearrangements, may not be seen with standard PGT-A.
    • It can produce mosaic results. A mosaic result means the biopsy found a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The meaning of mosaicism is still an area of active research, and counseling can be complex.
    • It can be inconclusive. Sometimes the sample does not yield enough DNA for a clear result.
    • It does not measure embryo potential beyond chromosome number. Two embryos with the same chromosome result can have different developmental potential for reasons not captured by the test.

    Because of these limits, PGT-A is best understood as one piece of information among many. It does not replace a thorough fertility evaluation or a discussion of all available options.

    PGT-A compared with PGT-M and PGT-SR

    PGT-A is part of a family of preimplantation genetic tests. Each has a different purpose.

    Test What it looks for Typical situation
    PGT-A Extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy) Advanced maternal age, recurrent loss, repeated implantation failure, or patient preference
    PGT-M Specific single-gene disorders Known inherited condition in the family
    PGT-SR Structural chromosome rearrangements Known translocation or similar rearrangement

    If you have a known genetic condition in your family, PGT-M may be more relevant than PGT-A. If you carry a balanced translocation, PGT-SR may be discussed. Your clinic can help determine which test, if any, fits your situation.

    Alternatives and additional considerations

    PGT-A is not the only way to approach embryo selection. Some people choose to transfer embryos without PGT-A and rely on standard embryo grading, which looks at appearance under a microscope. Others may consider transferring a mosaic embryo after counseling, as some mosaic embryos can lead to healthy births. These decisions are highly individual and should be made with your fertility team.

    It is also important to consider the practical aspects. PGT-A adds cost, requires embryo biopsy and freezing, and may extend the time to transfer. Not all embryos survive biopsy or thawing. These are not reasons to avoid PGT-A, but they are factors to weigh.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, asking clear questions can help you make an informed decision. Consider asking:

    • What is the specific reason PGT-A is being recommended in my case?
    • What are the alternatives, and what are their trade-offs?
    • How does your laboratory handle mosaic or inconclusive results?
    • What are the costs, including biopsy, testing, and embryo storage?
    • What are the success rates for my age group and diagnosis at your clinic?
    • What paperwork or legal requirements apply to me as an international patient?
    • What happens to embryos that are not transferred?

    These questions can help you understand the clinical and practical picture. They are not a substitute for personalized medical advice.

    Next steps

    If you are researching PGT-A, start by clarifying your own priorities and medical history. Gather any relevant records, such as previous IVF cycles, miscarriage history, or genetic test results. Then schedule a consultation with a fertility specialist who can review your situation and explain whether PGT-A is likely to be useful for you. You can also read more about PGT in Thailand and explore our guides for related topics. If you have general questions, our FAQ may help.

    Remember that PGT-A is a tool, not a promise. It can provide useful information, but it cannot guarantee an outcome. A thoughtful discussion with your clinic is the best way to decide whether it fits your path.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A screens for chromosome number, but it cannot detect all genetic or health conditions. Many factors affect pregnancy and child health, and a euploid result does not guarantee a healthy baby.

    Who is a candidate for PGT-A?

    PGT-A may be discussed for people with advanced maternal age, recurrent pregnancy loss, repeated implantation failure, or a previous aneuploid pregnancy. Some people also choose it without specific risk factors. Suitability is a clinical judgment, so talk with your fertility specialist.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at chromosome number (aneuploidy). PGT-M looks for specific single-gene disorders. PGT-SR looks for structural chromosome rearrangements. Your clinic can help determine which test, if any, is relevant for you.

    Can PGT-A detect all chromosome abnormalities?

    No. PGT-A detects extra or missing whole chromosomes, but it may not detect small deletions or duplications, and some structural rearrangements may be missed. It also cannot detect gene mutations.

    What does a mosaic PGT-A result mean?

    A mosaic result means the biopsy found a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The implications are complex and still being studied. Your clinic can explain what a mosaic result might mean for your specific situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read a PGT Report from a Thai Clinic: A Plain-English Guide for International Patients

    If you have received a PGT report from a clinic in Thailand, the first step is to understand what the report is and what it is not. A PGT report summarises laboratory findings from a small sample of cells taken from an embryo. It is a technical document, not a diagnosis of your health or a guarantee of any outcome. This guide explains the common structure and terminology you may see, the categories of results that are typically reported, and the questions that can help you and your clinician interpret the findings in your specific situation. It does not replace a conversation with your treating clinic or a qualified genetics professional.

    At a glance

    • PGT reports describe laboratory findings from embryo samples; they do not predict pregnancy or child health with certainty.
    • Different PGT types (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR) answer different questions and use different reporting language.
    • Result categories such as “euploid,” “aneuploid,” “mosaic,” and “inconclusive” have specific meanings that your clinician should explain in context.
    • Reports may include technical caveats, limitations, and recommendations for confirmatory testing or genetic counselling.
    • Ask your clinic for a translated or explained version of the report if the original is not in a language you read comfortably.

    What a PGT report is — and what it is not

    A PGT report is a laboratory summary. It typically describes the type of test performed, the sample analysed, the methodology used, and the findings for each embryo tested. It may also include quality indicators, limitations, and a disclaimer about the scope of the test.

    It is not a diagnosis of you or your partner. It is not a guarantee that an embryo will implant, develop normally, or result in a healthy child. It is not a complete picture of all possible genetic conditions. And it is not a substitute for genetic counselling, especially when a specific inherited condition is involved.

    Because PGT is a screening or diagnostic adjunct, not a treatment, the report should always be interpreted alongside your clinical history, the reason PGT was recommended, and the limitations of the technology used.

    The three main types of PGT and what their reports cover

    PGT is an umbrella term. The type of PGT performed determines what the report can and cannot tell you. The table below outlines the general focus of each type. Your clinic can confirm which type was used in your case.

    PGT type General focus Typical report content
    PGT-A Screening for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy) Chromosome copy number findings per embryo; may include mosaic or inconclusive categories
    PGT-M Testing for a specific inherited condition known to be present in the family Presence or absence of the specific gene variant tested; may include affected, carrier, or unaffected categories
    PGT-SR Testing for structural chromosome rearrangements Findings related to the specific rearrangement; may include balanced, unbalanced, or inconclusive categories

    Some reports combine more than one type, for example PGT-A plus PGT-M. In that case, the report may have separate sections for each test. Ask your clinic which sections apply to your embryos.

    Common sections you may see in a PGT report

    Report formats vary by laboratory and clinic, but many include the following sections. The exact headings may differ, and some reports may omit sections that are not relevant to your test.

    • Patient and sample identification: Your name or identifier, the clinic’s identifier, the date of the biopsy, and the date the report was issued.
    • Test requested: The specific PGT type and any additional tests ordered.
    • Methodology: A brief description of the laboratory technique used, such as the platform or the number of cells analysed. This section may include technical limitations.
    • Results table: A list of embryos tested, often identified by a code or number, with the finding for each. This is usually the core of the report.
    • Interpretation or comments: A narrative explanation of the findings, including any caveats or recommendations.
    • Limitations and disclaimer: A statement about what the test cannot detect, the possibility of false results, and the need for clinical correlation.
    • Recommendations: Suggestions for next steps, such as genetic counselling, confirmatory testing, or discussion with your clinician.

    If any section is unclear or missing, ask your clinic for clarification. You are entitled to understand the information that affects your care.

    Understanding result categories

    The language used in PGT reports can be technical. Below are some common categories and what they generally mean. Your clinician should explain how these categories apply to your specific embryos and your treatment plan.

    Euploid

    This term generally means the embryo has a typical number of chromosomes for its stage of development, based on the cells sampled. It does not guarantee implantation or a healthy pregnancy. It means the test did not detect an abnormal chromosome number in the sample.

    Aneuploid

    This term generally means the embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes in the sample. Aneuploidy can involve an extra chromosome (trisomy), a missing chromosome (monosomy), or more complex patterns. The report may specify which chromosome(s) are involved. The clinical significance depends on the specific finding and is best discussed with your clinician.

    Mosaic

    Mosaicism means the sample contains a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The report may describe the percentage of cells affected or use terms like “low-level” or “high-level” mosaic. Mosaic results are often complex, and their interpretation depends on the specific chromosomes involved and the proportion of affected cells. Your clinic may recommend genetic counselling to discuss the implications.

    Inconclusive or no result

    Sometimes the laboratory cannot obtain a clear result from the sample. This may be due to technical factors, insufficient DNA, or other reasons. An inconclusive result does not mean the embryo is abnormal; it means the test did not provide a definitive answer. Your clinic may discuss options such as re-biopsy, re-testing, or proceeding without a result, depending on your situation.

    Carrier or affected (for PGT-M)

    For PGT-M, the report may use terms like “affected,” “carrier,” or “unaffected” in relation to the specific condition tested. These terms describe the presence or absence of the gene variant in the sample. The meaning for your family depends on the inheritance pattern of the condition and should be explained by a genetics professional.

    Why the same result can be interpreted differently

    PGT results are not interpreted in isolation. The same laboratory finding may lead to different clinical recommendations depending on:

    • The reason PGT was performed (for example, advanced maternal age, recurrent pregnancy loss, or a known familial condition).
    • The number and quality of embryos available.
    • Your reproductive history and previous treatment outcomes.
    • The specific chromosomes or gene variants involved.
    • The limitations of the testing platform used.
    • Your personal values and preferences, which may be informed by genetic counselling.

    This is why a report should not be read as a standalone verdict. It is one piece of information among many that your care team will consider.

    Questions to ask your clinic about your PGT report

    Bring your report to your next consultation and consider asking the following questions. You may want to request a translated copy or an explanation in a language you understand well.

    1. Which type of PGT was performed, and what was it looking for?
    2. Can you explain the result for each embryo in plain language?
    3. What do the terms “euploid,” “aneuploid,” “mosaic,” or “inconclusive” mean for my specific embryos?
    4. What are the limitations of this test for my situation?
    5. Are there any findings that suggest I should consider genetic counselling?
    6. How might these results affect the options available to me?
    7. What would you recommend as next steps, and what alternatives exist?
    8. Can I have a copy of the full report, including any technical appendices?
    9. Is there a genetics professional or counsellor I can speak with?
    10. What costs, if any, are associated with further testing or counselling?

    Write down the answers. If something is still unclear, ask again. It is reasonable to take time to understand the information before making decisions.

    Limitations of PGT and report interpretation

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it has limitations. No test can detect every possible genetic or chromosomal issue. Some conditions are not detectable by the methods used. Mosaic results can be difficult to interpret because the sample may not represent the whole embryo. Technical errors, though uncommon, can occur. And a “normal” result does not guarantee a healthy pregnancy or child.

    Because of these limitations, PGT reports should always be interpreted by qualified professionals in the context of your overall care. If you are considering PGT or have received a report, ask your clinic about the specific limitations of the test you used.

    Next steps for international patients

    If you are reviewing a PGT report from a clinic in Thailand, here is a short checklist to help you move forward:

    • Request a full copy of the report, including any technical sections, in a language you read comfortably.
    • Ask your clinic to schedule a consultation to explain the results.
    • Prepare your questions in advance, using the list above as a starting point.
    • Ask whether genetic counselling is available, either at the clinic or remotely.
    • Take notes during the consultation and ask for clarification on any point you do not understand.
    • Consider seeking a second opinion if you feel uncertain or if the findings are complex.
    • Keep all reports and correspondence in a safe place for your records.

    Understanding your PGT report is a process, not a single event. You are entitled to clear explanations and to make decisions at your own pace. For more general information about PGT in Thailand, you can explore our PGT in Thailand page, browse our guides, or check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does an inconclusive PGT result mean?

    An inconclusive result means the laboratory could not obtain a clear finding from the sample. This can happen for technical reasons, such as insufficient DNA or poor sample quality. It does not mean the embryo is abnormal. Your clinic may discuss options such as re-testing or proceeding without a result, depending on your situation.

    Can a PGT report tell me whether my embryo will implant?

    No. A PGT report describes laboratory findings from a sample of cells. It cannot predict whether an embryo will implant, develop normally, or result in a healthy child. Implantation depends on many factors, including embryo quality, uterine environment, and maternal health. Your clinician can explain how the report fits into your overall treatment plan.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for a specific inherited condition known to be present in the family. PGT-SR tests for structural chromosome rearrangements. Each type uses different laboratory methods and produces different types of reports. Your clinic can confirm which type was used in your case.

    Should I get genetic counselling after receiving a PGT report?

    Genetic counselling can be helpful, especially if your report shows a mosaic result, a specific chromosome abnormality, or a finding related to an inherited condition. A genetics professional can explain the implications for you and your family and help you understand your options. Ask your clinic whether genetic counselling is available.

    Can I get my PGT report translated into English?

    Many clinics in Thailand can provide reports or explanations in English, but this varies. If your report is not in a language you read comfortably, ask your clinic for a translated copy or for a consultation with an interpreter. It is important that you understand the information that affects your care.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT Counseling in Thailand: A Preparation Guide for International Patients

    PGT counseling in Thailand is a structured conversation with a qualified genetics professional or fertility specialist. It helps you understand what preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) can and cannot tell you, how it fits into your IVF cycle, and what decisions you may face. For international patients, this session is also a chance to clarify logistics, costs, and follow-up. This guide outlines what to expect and how to prepare, so you can make informed choices with your clinic.

    At a glance

    • PGT counseling is an educational and decision-support session, not a test or treatment.
    • It typically covers the purpose of PGT, possible results, limitations, and alternatives.
    • For international patients, it also addresses coordination, timelines, and practical arrangements.
    • You should leave with clear next steps and a written summary or plan.
    • Costs, legal requirements, and specific clinic protocols vary; confirm these directly with your provider.

    What is PGT counseling?

    PGT counseling is a dedicated consultation before you decide whether to include PGT in your IVF treatment. It is usually led by a genetic counselor, a reproductive endocrinologist, or another qualified professional. The goal is to help you understand the medical, ethical, and practical aspects of PGT so you can give informed consent or choose an alternative.

    During the session, you can expect to discuss:

    • The different types of PGT (such as PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR) and what each looks for.
    • How PGT is performed in the laboratory and what the results may mean.
    • The limitations of PGT, including the possibility of inconclusive results or the need for further testing.
    • Alternatives to PGT, such as prenatal testing or no testing.
    • Potential emotional, financial, and family implications.

    For international patients, the counselor should also address how communication will work across time zones, what documents you may need, and how results will be shared.

    Why counseling matters for international patients

    Undergoing IVF with PGT abroad involves additional layers of planning. Counseling helps you:

    • Understand the clinic’s specific PGT protocols and laboratory capabilities.
    • Clarify what is included in the quoted price and what may cost extra.
    • Learn how long you may need to stay in Thailand and whether monitoring can be done locally.
    • Discuss legal and regulatory considerations that may apply to you as a foreign patient.
    • Plan for communication with your home clinic or doctor.

    Because regulations and clinic policies can change, always confirm current requirements with your chosen clinic and, if needed, a legal advisor familiar with Thai assisted reproduction law.

    Preparing for your PGT counseling session

    Good preparation helps you get the most from your consultation. Consider these steps:

    1. Gather your medical records. Collect relevant history, previous IVF cycles, genetic test results, and any family history of genetic conditions. Ask your home clinic for a summary in English.
    2. List your questions. Write down what you want to know about PGT, success rates, risks, and logistics. Prioritize your top concerns.
    3. Clarify your goals. Think about what you hope to achieve with PGT and what you would do if results are uncertain or not what you expected.
    4. Check practical details. Confirm the appointment time, platform (in-person or video), language support, and who will be present.
    5. Prepare for emotional aspects. Consider bringing a partner or support person, and allow time to process the information.

    Questions to ask during PGT counseling

    Use this list as a starting point. Add your own questions based on your situation.

    Category Questions to ask
    Medical suitability Is PGT appropriate for my situation? What are the benefits and limitations? What alternatives exist?
    Test details Which type of PGT do you recommend and why? What does the test look for? What is the chance of an inconclusive result?
    Laboratory Is PGT performed in-house or sent to another lab? What is the lab’s experience? How are samples tracked?
    Results & follow-up How long do results take? How will they be explained? What support is available if results are unexpected?
    Costs What is included in the quoted price? Are there additional fees for counseling, testing, or storage? How are payments handled?
    Logistics How long do I need to stay in Thailand? Can monitoring be done at home? What if I need to change plans?
    Legal & ethical Are there any legal restrictions for international patients? How are embryos stored and disposed of? What consent forms are required?

    What to expect after counseling

    After your session, you should receive a summary of the discussion and a clear plan. This may include:

    • Recommended next steps, such as additional genetic testing or a consultation with a specialist.
    • A timeline for your IVF cycle and PGT.
    • An estimate of costs and payment schedule.
    • Contact information for follow-up questions.

    Take time to review the information. You are not obligated to proceed immediately. It is reasonable to ask for a second counseling session or to seek a second opinion.

    Checklist for international patients

    Use this checklist to stay organized:

    • Collect and translate medical records.
    • Confirm appointment details and language support.
    • Prepare a list of questions.
    • Ask about costs and what is included.
    • Clarify visa and travel requirements with relevant authorities.
    • Arrange accommodation and travel insurance.
    • Plan for communication with your home clinic.
    • Consider emotional support and decide who will accompany you.
    • Review consent forms carefully and ask for clarification.
    • Keep copies of all documents.

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, start by contacting clinics to ask about their counseling process. You can also review our PGT in Thailand overview and patient resources for more guidance. For personalized questions, contact us or check our FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT counseling mandatory before PGT in Thailand?

    Most clinics require some form of counseling or informed consent discussion before PGT. The exact requirement varies by clinic and your individual situation. Ask your chosen clinic what is required.

    Can I do PGT counseling remotely from my home country?

    Many clinics offer video consultations for international patients. However, some parts of the process may require in-person visits. Confirm with your clinic whether remote counseling is available and what it covers.

    What should I do if I feel pressured to decide quickly?

    You have the right to take time to consider your options. It is reasonable to ask for additional information, a second consultation, or a second opinion. No ethical clinic should pressure you into an immediate decision.

    Does PGT counseling include information about costs?

    Counseling often covers the financial aspects of PGT, but the level of detail varies. You should specifically ask for a written cost estimate and clarification on what is included or excluded.

    What if I don't speak Thai?

    Many clinics that serve international patients offer counseling in English or with an interpreter. Confirm language support when you schedule your appointment.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT for Male Factor Infertility in Thailand: When It Helps and What It Cannot Do

    PGT, or preimplantation genetic testing, is a laboratory step performed on embryos created through IVF. It is not a treatment for low sperm count, poor motility or abnormal sperm shape, and it does not repair sperm or improve fertilisation. For male factor infertility, PGT becomes relevant mainly when there is a known or suspected genetic cause, such as an inherited chromosome rearrangement or a single-gene condition that can be passed to a child. In many cases, male factor infertility is managed through IVF or ICSI without PGT. Whether PGT adds value depends on your diagnosis, your history and what a genetic test can actually detect.

    At a glance

    • PGT tests embryos, not sperm. It cannot treat male factor infertility itself.
    • PGT-A counts chromosomes; PGT-M looks for a specific known gene change; PGT-SR looks for a known chromosome rearrangement.
    • Male factor infertility alone is not usually an indication for PGT unless a genetic cause is identified or strongly suspected.
    • Severe male factor may be linked to chromosome conditions such as Klinefelter syndrome or Y chromosome microdeletions, which can affect the chance of passing a condition to a child.
    • PGT is not a guarantee of pregnancy, live birth or a healthy child.
    • Availability, eligibility and legal rules vary. Confirm details directly with the treating clinic and relevant authorities in Thailand.

    What PGT is and what it is not

    PGT is performed on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo during IVF, usually at the blastocyst stage. The sample is tested in a genetics laboratory, and the result is used to help decide which embryos may be suitable for transfer. PGT does not change the embryo, and it does not treat the cause of male factor infertility.

    It is important to separate three ideas:

    • Fertilisation is the joining of sperm and egg. Male factor infertility affects this step, which is why ICSI is often used.
    • Embryo development is how the fertilised egg grows in the laboratory. PGT does not improve development.
    • Genetic testing looks for specific chromosome or gene findings in the embryo. This is where PGT sits.

    PGT is not a screening test for all possible health conditions, and it cannot predict intelligence, appearance or future health in general.

    Why male factor infertility may raise genetic questions

    Male factor infertility is a broad term. It can include low sperm concentration, low motility, abnormal morphology, or a combination. In some men, the cause is genetic or chromosomal. Examples that may be relevant to family planning include:

    • Klinefelter syndrome and other sex chromosome variations, which can affect sperm production.
    • Y chromosome microdeletions, which can affect sperm production and may be passed to sons.
    • Balanced chromosome rearrangements in the man, which may not affect his health but can increase the chance of miscarriage or a child with a chromosome condition.
    • Single-gene conditions that run in the family, such as cystic fibrosis or spinal muscular atrophy, where the man carries a known change.

    These are examples, not a complete list. A genetic evaluation, often including a blood test and a review of family history, is needed to know whether any of these apply to you. PGT is only useful when there is a specific finding to test for.

    PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR: what each one does

    The three main types of PGT answer different questions. They are not interchangeable.

    Type What it looks at Typical male-factor link Main limitation
    PGT-A Number of chromosomes in an embryo (for example, extra or missing chromosomes) Not specific to male factor. May be discussed with advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage or repeated IVF failure. Does not detect single-gene conditions or balanced rearrangements. Some embryos with normal test results still do not implant.
    PGT-M A specific single-gene condition that is known to run in the family Relevant when the man carries a known gene change that could be passed on. Requires a known gene change and a custom test. It does not screen for other conditions.
    PGT-SR A known chromosome rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation Relevant when the man has a confirmed balanced rearrangement linked to miscarriage or chromosome conditions in children. Requires a confirmed rearrangement and a custom test. It does not detect unrelated conditions.

    In practice, a clinic may combine PGT-A with PGT-M or PGT-SR, depending on the case. The choice should follow from a genetic diagnosis, not from male factor infertility alone.

    When PGT may add value in male factor infertility

    PGT may be worth discussing when at least one of the following applies:

    • A man has a confirmed chromosome rearrangement, and the couple wants to reduce the chance of passing an unbalanced chromosome condition to a child.
    • A man carries a known single-gene change, and the couple wants to avoid passing that condition to a child.
    • A couple has a history of recurrent miscarriage or repeated IVF failure, and a genetic cause is suspected or confirmed.
    • A couple is already having IVF with ICSI for male factor infertility, and a separate genetic indication exists.

    In these situations, PGT can provide information that helps prioritise embryos for transfer. It does not remove all risk, and it does not guarantee a healthy child.

    When PGT is unlikely to help

    PGT is unlikely to change management when:

    • The only issue is low sperm count, poor motility or abnormal shape, with no known genetic cause.
    • There is no specific condition to test for.
    • The couple would not change their decision about which embryo to transfer based on the result.
    • The clinic does not offer the specific test, or the laboratory cannot validate it for the condition in question.

    In these cases, the focus is usually on IVF or ICSI, sperm retrieval if needed, and standard embryo selection by a embryologist. PGT adds cost and complexity without a clear benefit.

    What PGT cannot do

    • It cannot fix sperm problems or improve fertilisation.
    • It cannot guarantee pregnancy, live birth or a healthy child.
    • It cannot detect every genetic condition.
    • It cannot predict how an embryo will develop after transfer.
    • It cannot replace a genetic consultation or a full fertility assessment.

    Some embryos tested as normal may still fail to implant, and some pregnancies may still be affected by a condition that was not tested for. These are limits of the technology, not failures of the clinic.

    Alternatives and complementary steps

    Depending on your situation, options other than PGT may include:

    • Genetic counselling to understand inheritance patterns and reproductive options.
    • Donor sperm, which may be considered when the man has a condition that could be passed on and PGT is not suitable or available.
    • Prenatal testing during pregnancy, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, which can detect certain conditions after natural or assisted conception.
    • IVF or ICSI without PGT, which may be appropriate when there is no genetic indication.

    These are not mutually exclusive. A genetic counsellor or fertility specialist can help you weigh them.

    What to ask a clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, ask direct questions and ask for written answers where possible:

    • Does my case have a specific genetic indication for PGT, and which type?
    • What genetic testing do you recommend for me before we decide?
    • Does your laboratory perform the specific test I need, or does it send samples elsewhere?
    • What are the limitations of the test in my case?
    • What are the costs, including genetic counselling, embryo biopsy, laboratory testing and any repeat testing?
    • What happens to embryos that are not transferred?
    • What are the legal and regulatory requirements for international patients in Thailand?
    • What support is available in my language?

    Costs, documents, timelines and legal rules change. Confirm them directly with the clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authority. Do not rely on general guides for time-sensitive details.

    Planning steps for international patients

    1. Clarify the male diagnosis. Ask for a full semen analysis, a review of medical and family history, and any recommended genetic tests.
    2. Meet a genetic counsellor or specialist. Understand whether there is a condition that PGT can detect and what the inheritance pattern is.
    3. Confirm the indication for PGT. If there is no specific genetic finding, ask why PGT is being recommended.
    4. Check laboratory capability. Not every clinic offers every PGT type. Ask how the test is validated and how long results take.
    5. Compare options. Discuss IVF or ICSI with and without PGT, donor sperm, and prenatal testing.
    6. Plan travel and logistics. Ask about the number of visits, monitoring, and how results are communicated.
    7. Confirm costs and legal requirements. Request a written breakdown and check current rules for international patients.

    Where to read more

    For a broader overview of testing options in the country, see PGT in Thailand. For step-by-step planning guides, visit Guides. For common questions about fertility testing and treatment, see FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does male factor infertility always mean I need PGT?

    No. Male factor infertility alone is not usually an indication for PGT. PGT is considered when there is a specific genetic finding, such as a known chromosome rearrangement or a single-gene condition, that can be tested in embryos. If no such finding exists, IVF or ICSI without PGT may be more appropriate. A genetic evaluation can help clarify whether PGT is relevant for you.

    Can PGT improve sperm quality or fix male infertility?

    No. PGT tests embryos, not sperm. It does not improve sperm count, motility or shape, and it does not treat the cause of male factor infertility. Sperm problems are usually managed through IVF with ICSI, sometimes with sperm retrieval. PGT is a separate step that looks for specific genetic findings in embryos.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo and is not specific to male factor infertility. PGT-M looks for a known single-gene condition that runs in the family. PGT-SR looks for a known chromosome rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation. Each test requires a different type of genetic finding, and they are not interchangeable.

    Is PGT available in Thailand for international patients?

    Many fertility clinics in Thailand offer IVF and some form of genetic testing, but availability varies by clinic and by the specific test. Legal and regulatory requirements for international patients can also change. You should confirm directly with the clinic whether they offer the PGT type you need, what the current requirements are, and what costs and timelines apply.

    Does a normal PGT result guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with a specific chromosome or gene finding, but it cannot guarantee pregnancy, live birth or a healthy child. Some conditions are not tested for, and some embryos with normal results still do not implant. Your clinic can explain the limits of the test in your specific case.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Interpret PGT Success Rates in Thailand: A Guide for International Patients

    When you search for PGT success rates in Thailand, you will find many numbers. Some clinics publish pregnancy rates, others live birth rates, and some quote figures for very specific patient groups. These numbers can be useful, but they rarely mean what they appear to mean at first glance. A success rate is not a property of a clinic alone. It depends on who is treated, which test is used, how embryos are selected, and how the outcome is defined. This guide explains how to read PGT outcome claims carefully, what questions to ask, and why a single percentage should never be your only decision tool.

    At a glance

    • PGT success rates are not standardized across clinics or countries.
    • Pregnancy rate and live birth rate are different measures.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR answer different questions and have different expected outcomes.
    • Patient age, embryo quality, and clinic laboratory practices strongly influence results.
    • No test can guarantee a healthy pregnancy or a healthy child.
    • Ask how a number was calculated before you compare it with another clinic.

    What “success rate” actually means in PGT

    In fertility care, success can be defined in several ways. A clinic might report the proportion of embryo transfers that resulted in a positive pregnancy test. Another might report clinical pregnancy, confirmed by ultrasound. Another might report live birth. These are not interchangeable. A positive pregnancy test is an early signal, not a guarantee that a pregnancy will continue. A live birth rate is a later and generally more meaningful outcome, but it is also influenced by factors that occur after the embryo transfer.

    When you see a PGT success rate, the first question is: success at what point? Without that definition, the number is difficult to interpret. A high pregnancy rate with a lower live birth rate tells a different story than a high live birth rate. Neither is automatically better or worse without context.

    Why PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR cannot share one success rate

    Preimplantation genetic testing is an umbrella term. Each type of PGT has a different purpose, and that affects what a meaningful outcome looks like.

    PGT-A

    PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes. It is often used to help select embryos for transfer. The outcome depends heavily on how many embryos are available and how many are chromosomally normal. A clinic’s PGT-A results will vary with the average age of its patients and the number of embryos tested per cycle.

    PGT-M

    PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in a family. Success here is often measured by whether an unaffected embryo is identified and available for transfer. The number of unaffected embryos can vary widely depending on the condition and the parents’ genetic status. A single success rate for PGT-M across all conditions would be misleading.

    PGT-SR

    PGT-SR is used when a parent has a known structural chromosome rearrangement, such as a translocation. The proportion of normal or balanced embryos can differ greatly from one rearrangement to another. Again, a general success rate cannot capture this variation.

    Because these tests answer different questions, comparing a PGT-A rate with a PGT-M rate is not meaningful. Even within PGT-A, results depend on the patient population.

    What influences PGT outcomes in Thailand and elsewhere

    Many factors affect whether a PGT cycle leads to a live birth. Some are within a clinic’s control, and some are not.

    • Patient age: The chance of having chromosomally normal embryos generally declines with age. This affects PGT-A outcomes more than any single laboratory technique.
    • Number of embryos available: More embryos tested means more opportunities to find a suitable one for transfer. A cycle with few embryos has fewer chances.
    • Embryo quality: Morphology and development speed still matter, even with genetic testing.
    • Laboratory experience: Embryo biopsy, freezing, and genetic analysis are technical steps. Consistency and skill can influence results.
    • Reason for testing: PGT-M and PGT-SR outcomes depend on the specific genetic condition or rearrangement.
    • Definition of success: As noted above, pregnancy and live birth are different endpoints.

    Because these factors vary so much, a clinic’s published rate may reflect its patient mix more than its quality of care. A clinic that treats many younger patients with a good prognosis may report higher rates than a clinic that accepts more complex cases.

    How to read a PGT success rate claim

    When you encounter a number, try to unpack it with these questions:

    1. Is this a pregnancy rate or a live birth rate?
    2. Does it refer to PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR, or a mix?
    3. Is it per embryo transfer, per cycle started, or per patient?
    4. Does it include frozen embryo transfers or only fresh transfers?
    5. What is the age range and diagnosis of the patients included?
    6. Does it include cycles that were cancelled before transfer?
    7. Is the number based on the clinic’s own data, a registry, or a general estimate?

    If a clinic cannot or will not answer these questions, treat the number with caution. A responsible clinic should be able to explain how its data are collected and what they represent.

    Why comparing clinics by a single number is risky

    International patients often look for a simple ranking. But a single success rate cannot tell you which clinic is right for you. Two clinics may report the same percentage while treating very different patients. One may specialize in older patients or complex genetic cases, while another may focus on routine IVF. The clinic with the higher number may simply have a less challenging patient population.

    In addition, reporting practices differ. Some clinics publish data regularly; others do not. Some use internal audits; others participate in external registries. Without a common standard, direct comparison is unreliable.

    This does not mean success rates are useless. They can be one part of your research. But they should be considered alongside the clinic’s experience with your specific situation, its laboratory practices, and how clearly it communicates uncertainty.

    Questions to ask a clinic about PGT outcomes

    When you contact a clinic in Thailand, consider asking these questions. You can also use them to compare written information from different providers.

    • How do you define success for PGT cycles?
    • Do you report live birth rates separately from pregnancy rates?
    • Can you share outcome data for patients with my age range and diagnosis?
    • How many PGT cycles do you perform in a typical year?
    • What is your experience with my specific genetic condition or rearrangement, if applicable?
    • What happens if no embryo is suitable for transfer after testing?
    • Are there additional costs for PGT that are not included in the initial quote?
    • How do you counsel patients about the limitations of PGT?

    These questions help you move beyond a headline number and understand the clinic’s approach. They also give you a sense of how transparent the clinic is willing to be.

    What PGT can and cannot tell you

    PGT can provide information about the chromosomal or genetic status of an embryo. It can help some patients avoid transferring embryos with certain abnormalities. However, it cannot guarantee that a transferred embryo will implant, that a pregnancy will progress, or that a child will be free of all health conditions. PGT does not test for every possible genetic disorder, and it does not replace prenatal testing.

    For some patients, PGT may not be necessary or may not improve their chances. For others, it may be a valuable tool. The decision depends on individual circumstances, and it should be made with a qualified healthcare provider who can explain the benefits and limitations.

    Planning your next steps

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, start by clarifying your own priorities. Are you trying to reduce the risk of a specific inherited condition? Are you hoping to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy after multiple IVF attempts? Your reasons will shape which test is relevant and what outcomes matter most to you.

    Next, gather information from several clinics. Ask for written explanations of their PGT process, their outcome reporting, and their costs. Compare not just numbers but also how clearly they answer your questions. A clinic that explains uncertainty honestly may be a better partner than one that promises more than it can deliver.

    Finally, remember that success rates are only one piece of the puzzle. Your age, health, embryo quality, and the specific reason for testing all play a role. No clinic can guarantee a particular result, and any provider who does should be viewed with skepticism.

    For more context on IVF outcomes in Thailand, see our guide to IVF success rates in Thailand. To understand the testing process itself, read about PGT in Thailand. You can also explore our patient guides and frequently asked questions for more planning support.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is a good PGT success rate in Thailand?

    There is no single 'good' number because success rates depend on how they are defined and who is included. A rate that applies to one patient group may not apply to you. Instead of looking for a threshold, ask how the clinic measures success, whether it reports live birth rates, and whether it can share data for patients similar to you.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about certain chromosomal or genetic features of an embryo, but it cannot guarantee implantation, a continuing pregnancy, or a child free of all health conditions. It does not test for every possible disorder, and prenatal testing may still be recommended.

    Why do PGT success rates vary so much between clinics?

    Variation comes from differences in patient age, diagnosis, the type of PGT used, laboratory practices, and how outcomes are counted. A clinic with younger patients or simpler cases may report higher rates than one that treats more complex cases. Without standardized reporting, direct comparisons are unreliable.

    Should I choose a clinic based only on its PGT success rate?

    No. A single number cannot tell you whether a clinic is right for your situation. Consider the clinic's experience with your specific condition, its laboratory standards, how transparent it is about limitations, and how well it communicates. Success rates can be one factor among many.

    What should I ask a clinic about its PGT data?

    Ask whether the rate is for pregnancy or live birth, whether it is per transfer or per cycle, which PGT types are included, and what patient characteristics are represented. Also ask how many PGT cycles the clinic performs and what happens if no suitable embryo is found.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT for Advanced Maternal Age in Thailand: What It Can and Cannot Tell You

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a laboratory step that can be added to an IVF cycle to examine embryos before transfer. For patients over 35, the main reason PGT is discussed is that the chance of an embryo having the wrong number of chromosomes — called aneuploidy — tends to rise with age. PGT-A is the version most often raised in this context. It is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child, and it is not automatically right for everyone. In Thailand, as elsewhere, whether PGT is offered and which type is used depends on your history, your embryos and the clinic’s own protocols.

    At a glance

    • Age matters mainly for PGT-A, which looks at chromosome number. The likelihood of aneuploidy increases with maternal age, but age alone does not decide whether you should test.
    • PGT-M and PGT-SR are different. They are used when there is a known inherited condition or a known structural chromosome rearrangement, not simply because of age.
    • PGT is a screening or diagnostic tool, not a treatment. It cannot create healthy embryos or fix an embryo.
    • Results can be uncertain. Some embryos give a “no result” or “mosaic” outcome, and clinics differ in how they handle these.
    • Costs, legal rules and paperwork vary. Confirm all of these directly with the clinic and relevant authorities before you travel.

    Why age is linked to PGT-A discussions

    Eggs are formed before birth and age with the person. Over time, the machinery that separates chromosomes during cell division becomes less reliable, so an embryo created from an older egg is more likely to have an extra or missing chromosome. This is a biological tendency, not a personal failing, and it does not mean every embryo will be affected.

    Because aneuploidy is more common with age, some clinics are more likely to discuss PGT-A with patients over 35, especially those with previous IVF cycles that did not lead to a live birth, or previous miscarriages. However, guidance from professional bodies does not recommend PGT-A for every patient based on age alone. It is usually a shared decision that weighs the possible benefits against the costs, the extra laboratory steps, and the possibility that no embryo will be available to transfer after testing.

    What PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR actually look at

    These three tests are often grouped together, but they answer different questions.

    Test Main question Typical reason it is discussed
    PGT-A Does this embryo have the expected number of chromosomes? Age-related risk of aneuploidy, recurrent miscarriage, repeated unsuccessful transfers
    PGT-M Does this embryo carry a specific gene variant linked to a known condition? A known inherited condition in the family or in one or both parents
    PGT-SR Does this embryo have an unbalanced form of a known chromosome rearrangement? A known structural rearrangement such as a translocation in a parent

    PGT-A is the type most connected to age. PGT-M and PGT-SR are usually considered because of a specific genetic finding, not because of age. A clinic may sometimes combine tests, but the reasons and the laboratory work are different.

    How Thai clinics may frame PGT-A for patients over 35

    Thailand has a well-developed IVF sector, and many clinics follow international laboratory standards. Even so, individual clinics set their own internal policies. When age is the main reason PGT-A is being discussed, you may hear some of the following framings. Treat them as conversation points, not as rules that apply everywhere.

    • “We usually discuss PGT-A from a certain age.” Some clinics use an age threshold as a prompt for discussion, but the decision should still be individual.
    • “Testing may help us choose which embryo to transfer first.” This is a common rationale, but it depends on how many embryos you have and whether any give a clear result.
    • “Testing may reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with an abnormal chromosome number.” This is plausible, but it does not remove all risk, and it does not guarantee a pregnancy.
    • “We may recommend not testing if you have very few embryos.” Some clinics raise this because testing a small number of embryos can leave nothing to transfer.
    • “We may offer a fresh or frozen transfer plan.” PGT usually requires embryos to be biopsied and then frozen while results are awaited, but protocols vary.

    Because these are clinic-level practices, ask directly how the clinic decides, what its laboratory does, and what happens if results are unclear.

    What a PGT result can and cannot tell you

    A PGT result is information about the cells that were sampled, not a complete picture of the embryo or the future child.

    • Euploid: the expected number of chromosomes was seen in the sampled cells. This does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • Aneuploid: an abnormal chromosome number was seen. This usually means the embryo is not recommended for transfer, but the clinic will explain what it found.
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells was seen. Some clinics may consider transferring certain mosaic embryos after counselling; others may not. This is a clinic-specific and case-specific decision.
    • No result or inconclusive: the test could not give a clear answer. The clinic may offer re-biopsy, repeat testing or a different plan.

    PGT-A does not test for every possible genetic condition. It does not measure embryo quality in general. It does not predict intelligence, appearance or future health beyond the chromosomes examined. PGT-M and PGT-SR are more targeted, and their meaning depends on the specific condition or rearrangement being tested.

    Possible alternatives and additions to PGT

    PGT is one option among several. Depending on your situation, you and your clinician might also discuss:

    • IVF without PGT, with embryo selection based on standard laboratory grading.
    • Expectant management or further natural attempts, if that is medically appropriate for you.
    • Donor eggs, which changes the age-related chromosome risk profile because the eggs come from a younger donor. This is a significant decision with its own legal, ethical and emotional considerations.
    • Genetic counselling, especially if there is a known inherited condition or a history of recurrent miscarriage.
    • Additional testing during pregnancy, such as screening or diagnostic tests, which are separate from PGT.

    None of these is universally better. The right path depends on your medical history, your values and what is available to you.

    Practical questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    Bring these questions to your consultation. Write down the answers so you can compare clinics fairly.

    1. Based on my age and history, why are you recommending or not recommending PGT-A?
    2. Which PGT type are you proposing, and what exactly will it test for?
    3. What proportion of embryos typically give a clear result in your laboratory, and what happens if mine do not?
    4. How do you handle mosaic results? Do you transfer them, and under what conditions?
    5. What are the total costs, including biopsy, testing, freezing, storage and any re-testing?
    6. What are the legal and consent requirements for international patients using PGT in Thailand?
    7. What documents do I need to bring, and how long should I plan to stay?
    8. Who will explain the results to me, and in what language?
    9. What are my options if no embryos are suitable for transfer after testing?
    10. Can I speak with a genetic counsellor if needed?

    Planning checklist for international patients

    • Gather your medical records, including previous IVF cycles, miscarriage history and any genetic test results.
    • Ask the clinic for a written summary of its PGT approach, costs and consent process.
    • Confirm visa, travel and accommodation requirements with the relevant authorities and the clinic; rules can change.
    • Ask how results will be communicated and what follow-up is included.
    • Consider independent genetic counselling before you decide, especially for PGT-M or PGT-SR.
    • Plan for uncertainty: testing may reduce the number of embryos available for transfer.

    Where to read more

    For a broader overview of PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. Our patient guides cover related planning topics, and the FAQ section answers common questions about testing, travel and clinic communication.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does every IVF patient over 35 need PGT-A in Thailand?

    No. Age increases the chance of aneuploidy, but professional guidance does not recommend PGT-A for everyone based on age alone. Whether it is offered depends on your history, the number of embryos you have, and the clinic's protocols. It is usually a shared decision after discussing benefits, costs and limitations.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes and is the type most often discussed in relation to age. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition, and PGT-SR looks for a known structural chromosome rearrangement. PGT-M and PGT-SR are usually considered because of a known genetic finding, not because of age.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about the cells sampled from an embryo, but it cannot guarantee implantation, pregnancy, live birth or a child without any health condition. It does not test for every possible genetic or health issue, and some results are uncertain.

    What happens if my PGT result is mosaic or inconclusive?

    A mosaic result means a mix of normal and abnormal cells was seen, and an inconclusive result means the test could not give a clear answer. Clinics differ in how they handle these situations. Some may consider transferring certain mosaic embryos after counselling, while others may not. Ask your clinic about its specific policy before you start.

    How should I compare clinics in Thailand for PGT?

    Ask each clinic the same questions: why it recommends or does not recommend PGT for your situation, what the total costs include, how it handles unclear results, what legal and consent steps apply to international patients, and how results will be explained. Compare the answers in writing rather than relying on general impressions.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Mosaic Embryo Results in Thailand: What They Mean for International Patients

    A mosaic embryo result means the PGT sample showed a mixture of cells with typical chromosome patterns and cells with atypical patterns. It is not a simple positive or negative. Mosaicism exists on a spectrum, and the laboratory report usually describes the percentage of atypical cells and the type of chromosome change. Thai clinics vary in how they counsel international patients about these results. Some may discuss transfer, some may recommend further review, and some may suggest a different embryo. The right next step depends on your full clinical picture, the specific mosaic finding, and the clinic’s own laboratory and counseling protocols. This guide explains the categories and the questions that help you make an informed decision.

    At a glance

    • A mosaic result is a spectrum finding, not a yes-or-no diagnosis.
    • Reports usually include the percentage of atypical cells and whether the change is a full chromosome gain or loss, a segment, or a mix.
    • Lower-level mosaicism is often discussed differently from higher-level mosaicism, but thresholds and terminology can differ between laboratories.
    • Thai clinics may have different counseling approaches, so ask how your clinic classifies and reports mosaicism.
    • Transfer decisions are individual and depend on your history, the specific embryo, and what your clinic can support.
    • No PGT result can guarantee a healthy pregnancy or child.

    What a mosaic PGT result actually means

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) examines a small sample of cells from an embryo. In a typical result, the report describes whether the tested cells showed a normal number of chromosomes (euploid) or an abnormal number (aneuploid). A mosaic result falls between these two categories: some tested cells appear euploid and some appear aneuploid.

    Mosaicism can arise during early embryo development. It does not necessarily mean the whole embryo is affected, and it does not predict with certainty how the embryo will develop. The laboratory report is a snapshot from a small sample, not a complete map of every cell.

    PGT-M (for monogenic conditions) and PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements) are different tests with different purposes. A mosaic finding on a PGT-A report is not the same as a PGT-M or PGT-SR result. If you are unsure which test was used, ask your clinic to clarify before interpreting the result.

    How mosaic results are classified

    Laboratories use different systems, but most mosaic reports include some combination of the following information. The exact terms and thresholds can vary, so always ask your clinic to explain the specific language on your report.

    Report element What it usually describes Why it matters for counseling
    Mosaic level or percentage The estimated proportion of cells with an atypical chromosome pattern Lower and higher levels may be discussed differently, but there is no universal cutoff that applies to every clinic or every chromosome
    Chromosome involved Which chromosome or chromosomes showed the mosaic finding Some chromosomes are associated with different counseling considerations than others
    Type of change Full chromosome gain or loss, a segmental change, or a combination Segmental and full-chromosome findings may be reported and interpreted differently
    Number of cells analyzed How many cells were examined in the sample A small sample size can affect how confidently a mosaic result can be interpreted
    Laboratory comments Any notes about the finding, limitations, or recommendations These comments often contain the most practical guidance for your clinic

    Some laboratories use categories such as low-level, high-level, or a specific percentage range. Others may report a mosaic finding without a precise percentage. If your report uses a term you do not recognize, ask your clinic for a plain-language explanation.

    Why Thai clinics may counsel mosaic results differently

    Thailand has many IVF clinics, and each may have its own approach to mosaic embryo counseling. Differences can include:

    • Which laboratory performs the PGT testing and how that laboratory defines and reports mosaicism.
    • Whether the clinic has an internal policy on transferring mosaic embryos and at what mosaic level.
    • How the clinic weighs the mosaic finding against other factors such as your age, embryo quality, and previous cycles.
    • Whether the clinic offers additional counseling, genetic counseling, or a review of the raw data.
    • How the clinic communicates uncertainty and what it recommends when evidence is limited.

    Because these approaches vary, a mosaic result that one clinic describes as transferable may be described differently at another. This does not necessarily mean one clinic is right and another is wrong. It often reflects different laboratory protocols, different interpretations of the same evidence, and different clinical policies.

    For international patients, it can help to ask for the clinic’s written policy on mosaic embryos before you travel or before you make a transfer decision. If the clinic does not have a written policy, ask how the decision is typically made and who is involved.

    What a mosaic result does not tell you

    A mosaic PGT result cannot tell you with certainty:

    • Whether the embryo will implant.
    • Whether a pregnancy would continue.
    • Whether a child would be born healthy.
    • Whether the mosaic finding is confined to the placenta or affects the fetus.
    • Whether another embryo from the same cycle would have a different result.

    PGT is a screening test, not a diagnostic test for every cell of the embryo. It can reduce uncertainty in some situations, but it cannot eliminate it. This is one reason why mosaic counseling focuses on probabilities, trade-offs, and your individual priorities rather than guarantees.

    Questions to ask your Thai clinic about a mosaic result

    These questions can help you understand your clinic’s approach and make a more informed decision. You may want to ask them in writing so you have a record of the answers.

    1. Which laboratory performed the PGT, and how does that laboratory define and report mosaicism?
    2. What is the exact mosaic level or percentage on my report, and what does that mean in plain language?
    3. Which chromosome or chromosomes are involved, and does that change the counseling?
    4. How many cells were analyzed, and how confident is the laboratory in the result?
    5. Does the clinic have a policy or guideline for transferring mosaic embryos? If so, what is it?
    6. What are the possible next steps if we decide not to transfer this embryo?
    7. Are there additional tests or counseling options that could provide more information?
    8. How does this mosaic result fit with my overall history and other embryos from this cycle?
    9. What would you recommend if this were your own embryo, and why?
    10. What follow-up or monitoring would you recommend if we proceed with transfer?

    If you are working with a clinic in Thailand from another country, also ask how communication will be handled, who your main contact will be, and how you will receive updated reports or recommendations.

    Decision points for international patients

    After receiving a mosaic result, you may face several decisions. There is rarely a single correct path, and the best choice depends on your circumstances.

    Transfer the mosaic embryo

    Some patients and clinics decide to transfer a mosaic embryo after weighing the alternatives. This decision may be influenced by the mosaic level, the chromosome involved, the number of other available embryos, your age, your history, and your willingness to accept uncertainty. If you choose this path, ask your clinic what monitoring or follow-up they recommend.

    Choose another embryo

    If you have other embryos that are not mosaic, you and your clinic may discuss prioritizing those first. This is a common consideration, but it depends on how many embryos you have and their individual results.

    Consider another cycle

    Some patients consider another IVF cycle to try to obtain additional embryos. This is a significant decision with its own medical, emotional, and practical considerations. Ask your clinic how another cycle might be approached and what factors would be considered.

    Seek a second opinion

    If you are unsure about your clinic’s interpretation, you may wish to seek a second opinion from another qualified professional. A second opinion can help you understand the range of views on mosaic embryos, but it may also reflect the same uncertainties. Ask for the raw data or a detailed report if you want another professional to review the finding.

    What to confirm before you travel or decide

    If you are an international patient planning to travel to Thailand for a transfer or consultation, confirm the following with your clinic:

    • How the clinic will communicate the mosaic result and any recommendations.
    • Whether a consultation can be done remotely before travel.
    • What documents or records the clinic needs from you, and how to send them securely.
    • What the clinic’s policy is on mosaic embryo transfer, including any consent process.
    • What follow-up care is available after transfer, and how it can be coordinated with your home clinic.
    • What costs are associated with the consultation, transfer, and any additional testing, and how payment is handled.
    • Whether there are any legal or regulatory considerations for your situation, and who can confirm them.

    Because policies and requirements can change, always confirm current details directly with the clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authorities. This guide does not provide legal, financial, or medical advice for your individual situation.

    Next steps

    Receiving a mosaic result can feel uncertain. A practical next step is to gather clear information from your clinic and write down your questions before your next conversation. Ask for the specific details of your report, the clinic’s policy, and the reasoning behind any recommendation. If you are considering transfer, ask what follow-up would be recommended. If you are considering another option, ask what that process would involve. You do not have to decide immediately, and you can take time to review the information with people you trust.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also browse our guides and FAQ for related topics.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a mosaic embryo result mean the embryo is abnormal?

    A mosaic result means the tested sample contained a mix of cells with typical and atypical chromosome patterns. It is not the same as a uniformly abnormal result, and it does not predict with certainty how the embryo will develop. The meaning depends on the specific finding, the laboratory's definitions, and your clinic's interpretation.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred in Thailand?

    Some Thai clinics may offer transfer of mosaic embryos, while others may not, and policies can vary. There is no single national rule that applies to every clinic or every mosaic finding. Ask your clinic directly about its policy, how it makes transfer decisions, and what consent or counseling it requires.

    What is the difference between low-level and high-level mosaicism?

    Laboratories may use different thresholds to describe mosaic levels. In general, a lower percentage of atypical cells may be discussed differently from a higher percentage, but there is no universal cutoff that applies to all chromosomes or all clinics. Ask your clinic to explain the specific level on your report and how it affects their counseling.

    Should I get a second opinion on my mosaic result?

    A second opinion can be helpful if you want another professional's perspective on the report or the clinic's recommendation. It may not resolve all uncertainty, because mosaic interpretation involves judgment and varies between laboratories and clinics. If you seek a second opinion, ask your clinic for the detailed report or raw data that the reviewer would need.

    Does a mosaic result affect future IVF cycles?

    A mosaic result in one embryo does not necessarily predict the results of a future cycle. Mosaicism can vary between embryos and between cycles. If you are considering another cycle, ask your clinic how they would approach it and what factors they would consider based on your history.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: Which Test Is Right for You?

    PGT-A and PGT-M are two types of preimplantation genetic testing used during IVF. PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes, while PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in your family. The right test depends on your medical history, family history, and what you and your clinician aim to learn. Neither test guarantees a healthy pregnancy or baby, and not every patient needs either test. In Thailand, availability and laboratory protocols vary by clinic, so you will need to confirm details directly with your chosen provider.

    At a glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A checks the number of chromosomes in an embryo. It is often considered when age or history suggests a higher chance of chromosomal issues.
    • PGT-M looks for a specific gene change linked to a known inherited condition in the family.
    • PGT-A is broader but less specific; PGT-M is highly targeted.
    • Both require an IVF cycle and a biopsy of embryo cells.
    • Neither test can guarantee a successful pregnancy or a child without health issues.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. Aneuploidy means an embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes—either too many or too few. Chromosome number errors are common in human embryos and become more frequent with increasing maternal age. PGT-A is used to identify embryos with a normal number of chromosomes (euploid) versus those with an abnormal number (aneuploid).

    PGT-A does not look for specific gene mutations. It is a screening test, not a diagnostic test for a particular disease. It may be offered to patients who have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss, repeated IVF failure, or who are of advanced maternal age. However, the use of PGT-A remains debated, and it is not universally recommended for all IVF patients. Some embryos with abnormal results can sometimes self-correct, and some normal embryos may fail to implant for other reasons.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M stands for preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders. Monogenic means caused by a single gene. PGT-M is used when there is a known risk of passing on a specific inherited condition, such as cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, or Huntington’s disease. It requires that the exact gene mutation in the family has been identified through genetic testing of the parents or an affected family member.

    PGT-M is highly targeted. The laboratory builds a custom test to look for that specific mutation in the embryo. This means PGT-M is not a general screen; it is only useful when the mutation is known. Without prior genetic testing, PGT-M cannot be performed. PGT-M can reduce the chance of implanting an embryo affected by the condition, but it does not eliminate all risks, and it cannot guarantee a healthy child.

    How do PGT-A and PGT-M differ in purpose?

    The core difference is scope. PGT-A looks at all chromosomes broadly to detect numerical abnormalities. PGT-M looks at one specific gene to detect a known familial mutation. PGT-A is often used when there is no known inherited condition but there is a concern about chromosomal errors. PGT-M is used when a specific inherited condition is known to be present in the family.

    Another difference is the starting point. PGT-A can be done without prior genetic testing of the parents. PGT-M requires prior identification of the mutation, usually through a blood test of the parents or a relative. This makes PGT-M a more personalized and labor-intensive process.

    When might each test be considered?

    PGT-A may be discussed if you are of advanced maternal age, have a history of recurrent miscarriage, or have had multiple unsuccessful IVF cycles. Some clinics also offer it as an optional add-on for any IVF cycle, though its benefit for all patients is not firmly established.

    PGT-M is considered when you or your partner carry a known genetic mutation that could be passed on, or when you already have a child affected by a genetic condition. It is also an option for couples who are both carriers of the same recessive condition. In these cases, PGT-M can help select embryos that are not affected by the condition.

    It is important to note that neither test is a requirement for IVF. Many healthy babies are born from IVF without any genetic testing. The decision should be made with a genetic counselor and your fertility doctor, based on your individual circumstances.

    How are the laboratory processes different?

    Both PGT-A and PGT-M begin with an IVF cycle, where eggs are retrieved and fertilized to create embryos. The embryos are cultured for a few days until they reach the blastocyst stage. At that point, a few cells are removed from the outer layer (trophectoderm) in a procedure called a biopsy. The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis.

    For PGT-A, the lab uses techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) to count the chromosomes. This process can be done relatively quickly and does not require a custom probe.

    For PGT-M, the lab must first develop a personalized test that can detect the specific mutation. This often involves building a probe using DNA from the parents or a reference sample. The process takes longer and requires more specialized expertise. In some cases, PGT-M may be combined with PGT-A to also check chromosome number, but this is a separate decision.

    In Thailand, not all clinics offer PGT-M, and those that do may have different laboratory protocols. You will need to ask your clinic about their experience and whether they perform the test in-house or send samples abroad.

    What are the limitations of each test?

    PGT-A can sometimes produce results that are difficult to interpret, such as mosaicism, where an embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance of mosaicism is not fully understood, and some mosaic embryos can lead to healthy pregnancies. PGT-A also cannot detect all genetic problems; it only looks at chromosome number, not gene mutations or structural rearrangements.

    PGT-M is limited to the specific mutation it was designed to detect. It cannot rule out other genetic conditions that were not tested for. It also requires that the mutation is known and that a reliable test can be built. In some cases, the test may not be informative for all embryos. Like PGT-A, PGT-M cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a child free of all health issues.

    Both tests involve a biopsy, which carries a small risk of damage to the embryo, though this risk is considered low. Neither test improves the quality of the embryos themselves; they only provide information to help select which embryos to transfer.

    How to decide which test is right for you

    The choice between PGT-A and PGT-M is not a simple either/or. Some patients may be advised to have PGT-M alone, PGT-A alone, both, or neither. The decision should be based on your medical and family history, the reason for your IVF, and your goals.

    Start by discussing your family history with your doctor. If you have a known genetic condition in the family, PGT-M may be relevant. If you have a history of miscarriage or are older, PGT-A might be discussed. A genetic counselor can help you understand your risks and the implications of testing.

    Ask your clinic about their experience with each test, their laboratory partners, and how they handle results. Because PGT is a rapidly evolving field, protocols and availability can change. What is offered today may differ from what is available next year.

    Questions to ask your clinic in Thailand

    • Do you offer PGT-A and PGT-M? If not, do you refer to another clinic?
    • What laboratory do you use for genetic testing? Is it in Thailand or overseas?
    • What is your experience with PGT-M for my specific condition?
    • How do you handle mosaic results from PGT-A?
    • What are the costs involved? (Ask for a detailed breakdown.)
    • What are the success rates for my age and diagnosis? (Understand how they define success.)
    • What are the risks and limitations of each test?
    • How long does it take to get results?
    • Do you provide genetic counseling before and after testing?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT-A or PGT-M in Thailand, begin by gathering your personal and family medical history. Speak with a genetic counselor if you have a known inherited condition. Then consult with a fertility clinic that offers the test you are interested in. Remember that PGT is a tool, not a guarantee. It can provide useful information, but it does not replace a thorough discussion with your healthcare team about your individual chances and options.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, explore our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also browse our guides and FAQ for additional support.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I have PGT-M without PGT-A?

    Yes, PGT-M can be performed alone. Some clinics may recommend combining it with PGT-A to also check chromosome number, but this is a separate decision based on your situation.

    Is PGT-A always necessary for IVF?

    No. PGT-A is not required for all IVF cycles. It may be offered in certain cases, such as advanced maternal age or recurrent miscarriage, but its benefit for all patients is still debated. Discuss with your doctor whether it is appropriate for you.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M in terms of what they detect?

    PGT-A detects extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy) across all chromosomes. PGT-M detects a specific gene mutation that is known to run in your family. PGT-A is a broad screen; PGT-M is a targeted test.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about embryos, but it cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a child without health issues. Other factors, including maternal health and embryo quality, also play a role.

    How do I know if I need PGT-M?

    PGT-M is considered when there is a known inherited condition in your family or if you and your partner are carriers of the same genetic condition. A genetic counselor can help assess your risk and whether PGT-M is appropriate.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.