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  • How to Interpret PGT-A Results: Euploid, Aneuploid, and Mosaic Embryos

    If you have recently received PGT-A results, you may be looking at terms like euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic and wondering what they mean for your IVF journey. This guide explains these results in plain language and helps you prepare questions for your medical team. Remember, only a qualified medical professional can interpret your specific results and advise on transfer decisions.

    At a glance: key terms

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in humans) and is considered chromosomally normal.
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has missing or extra chromosomes, which often leads to implantation failure or miscarriage.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mix of cells with normal and abnormal chromosomes. The clinical significance can vary.

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a test that screens embryos created through IVF for chromosomal abnormalities. It is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, but it can help your clinic choose which embryo to transfer first. PGT-A is optional and may not be recommended for everyone. Your doctor will discuss whether it is appropriate for your situation.

    Understanding euploid results

    A euploid result means the embryo has the typical number of chromosomes. This is often considered a positive sign, but it does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a healthy child. Other factors, such as embryo quality and maternal age, also play a role. Your clinic will use this information along with other criteria to decide which embryo to transfer.

    Understanding aneuploid results

    An aneuploid result means the embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes. This can be a missing or extra chromosome. Most aneuploid embryos will not implant or will miscarry. However, some chromosomal abnormalities can result in a live birth with health issues. Your clinic will likely advise against transferring an aneuploid embryo, but the final decision is yours after thorough counseling.

    Understanding mosaic results

    A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells: some with normal chromosomes and some with abnormal ones. The percentage of abnormal cells can vary. Mosaic results are more complex to interpret. Some studies suggest that mosaic embryos may have a chance of developing into a healthy baby, but the risk of chromosomal problems is higher than with euploid embryos. Your clinic may recommend additional testing or counseling to help you decide.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    When you receive your PGT-A results, consider asking your medical team these questions:

    • What exactly does my result mean in my specific case?
    • What is the likelihood of implantation and live birth with this embryo?
    • Are there any additional tests or consultations recommended?
    • What are the risks and benefits of transferring a mosaic embryo?
    • How does this result affect my overall treatment plan?

    Next steps after receiving results

    After you receive your PGT-A results, you will likely have a follow-up appointment with your doctor. Use this time to discuss your options and ask any questions. You may also want to seek genetic counseling to fully understand the implications. Remember, the decision to transfer an embryo is yours, but it should be made with the guidance of your medical team.

    Additional resources

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and check the FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a euploid embryo mean?

    A euploid embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in humans). It is considered chromosomally normal, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy.

    Can a mosaic embryo result in a healthy baby?

    Some mosaic embryos may lead to a healthy baby, but the risk of chromosomal abnormalities is higher than with euploid embryos. Your clinic can provide more specific guidance based on the percentage of abnormal cells.

    Should I transfer an aneuploid embryo?

    Most aneuploid embryos will not implant or will miscarry. Transferring an aneuploid embryo is generally not recommended, but your doctor will discuss your specific situation and options.

    Is PGT-A mandatory for IVF?

    No, PGT-A is optional. Your doctor may recommend it based on your age, medical history, or previous IVF outcomes, but it is not required for all patients.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Compare PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR for Your Situation

    What Are PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of tests performed on embryos created through IVF before transfer. Each test answers a different question about the embryo’s genetic makeup. Understanding the purpose of each can help you have a more informed conversation with your fertility team.

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with too many or too few chromosomes are called aneuploid and often fail to implant or miscarry.
    • PGT-M (monogenic testing) looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease. It is used when one or both partners carry a known genetic mutation.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement testing) detects structural changes in chromosomes, such as inversions or translocations, that can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos.

    These tests are not routine for everyone. They are typically offered based on medical history, age, or specific genetic risks. Your clinic will recommend which test, if any, is appropriate for your situation.

    At a Glance: Key Differences

    • Purpose: PGT-A screens for chromosomal number errors; PGT-M targets a specific gene mutation; PGT-SR checks for chromosomal structural changes.
    • Who it’s for: PGT-A is often considered for women of advanced maternal age or those with recurrent miscarriage; PGT-M is for couples with a known genetic condition; PGT-SR is for carriers of balanced structural rearrangements.
    • What it requires: All require IVF and embryo biopsy. PGT-M and PGT-SR often require a prior genetic workup of the parents.
    • Result interpretation: PGT-A gives a result of euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic (mixed). PGT-M and PGT-SR report whether the embryo carries the specific mutation or unbalanced rearrangement.

    When Is Each Test Typically Recommended?

    PGT-A

    PGT-A is often discussed for patients who are older, have had repeated implantation failure, or have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss. It can also be considered for couples who want to reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality. However, PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby, and its benefit may vary by age and history.

    PGT-M

    PGT-M is used when one or both partners are known carriers of a single-gene disorder. Before starting, the specific mutation must be identified, and a genetic test must be developed for that family. This process can take time and requires genetic counseling.

    PGT-SR

    PGT-SR is recommended when a partner carries a balanced structural rearrangement, such as a translocation or inversion. These rearrangements may not affect the carrier’s health but can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos, increasing the risk of miscarriage or birth defects.

    How the Testing Process Works

    All PGT tests follow a similar process:

    1. IVF cycle: You undergo ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, and embryos are created in the lab.
    2. Biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo, usually on day 5 or 6 of development.
    3. Genetic analysis: The cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for testing. The type of test depends on what you and your clinic have decided.
    4. Transfer: Embryos that are considered suitable for transfer are selected based on the test results and other criteria.

    The biopsy is a delicate procedure, and not all embryos survive it. Your clinic will explain the risks and benefits in your specific case.

    What Do the Results Mean?

    Results are not always black and white. For PGT-A, an embryo may be reported as:

    • Euploid: normal number of chromosomes.
    • Aneuploid: abnormal number.
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells.

    For PGT-M and PGT-SR, results indicate whether the embryo carries the specific genetic change tested. However, these tests do not detect all genetic conditions, and they cannot guarantee the health of a child.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT is a screening tool, not a guarantee. It does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects, and it does not test for every possible genetic condition. Additionally, the accuracy of the test depends on the laboratory and the number of cells biopsied. There is also a small chance of no result or an inconclusive result.

    PGT adds cost and time to an IVF cycle. It also requires a skilled laboratory and experienced team. Discuss with your clinic about the specific technology they use and their success rates with PGT.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic or Genetic Counselor

    • Which PGT test do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    • What is the process for developing a test for PGT-M or PGT-SR, and how long does it take?
    • What are the risks of embryo biopsy?
    • How are mosaic embryos handled in your clinic?
    • What is the accuracy of the test, and what are the limitations?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any additional fees for genetic counseling?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    Choosing whether to use PGT is a personal decision. Start by gathering information about your own genetic history and fertility situation. Then, schedule a consultation with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor. They can help you understand the risks, benefits, and alternatives.

    Remember that PGT is not mandatory for everyone. Some couples may choose not to test, and that is a valid option. The goal is to make a decision that aligns with your values and medical needs.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You may also find our guides and FAQ sections helpful.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR be done at the same time?

    Yes, in some cases, multiple tests can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. For example, if a couple is doing PGT-M for a single-gene disorder, they may also opt for PGT-A to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. However, this depends on the laboratory's capabilities and the embryo's quality. Your clinic can advise whether combined testing is feasible for your situation.

    Is PGT-A recommended for all IVF patients?

    No, PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. It is often considered for patients of advanced maternal age, those with recurrent implantation failure, or recurrent pregnancy loss. However, its benefit may be limited for younger patients with no known fertility issues. Your doctor will discuss whether PGT-A is appropriate based on your individual circumstances.

    What is the difference between PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder, such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington's disease, when the parents are known carriers. PGT-SR tests for structural changes in chromosomes, like translocations or inversions, that can cause unbalanced chromosomes in embryos. Both require prior genetic testing of the parents to develop the test.

    How long does PGT testing take?

    The time can vary. After embryo biopsy, results may take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks, depending on the type of test and the laboratory. PGT-M and PGT-SR often require additional time for test development before the IVF cycle even starts. Your clinic will provide a timeline based on your specific plan.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding the Risks of IVF and PGT in Thailand: A Balanced Overview

    In vitro fertilization (IVF) and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) are powerful tools that help many people build their families. However, like any medical procedure, they come with potential risks and limitations. If you are considering treatment in Thailand, understanding these risks can help you make an informed decision and prepare for the journey ahead. This guide offers a balanced overview of the common risks associated with IVF and PGT, and encourages you to discuss your specific situation with a qualified fertility specialist.

    At a Glance: Key Risks to Consider

    • Physical side effects from fertility medications and egg retrieval.
    • Emotional and financial stress from the treatment cycle.
    • Laboratory risks such as errors in handling embryos or genetic testing.
    • Uncertainty in test results – PGT is not 100% accurate.
    • Ethical and legal considerations that vary by country and clinic.

    Understanding IVF Risks

    IVF involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization in the lab, and embryo transfer. Each step carries its own set of risks.

    Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)

    Fertility medications stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. In some cases, this can lead to ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), where the ovaries become swollen and painful. Symptoms range from mild bloating to severe abdominal pain, nausea, and shortness of breath. Severe OHSS is rare but can require hospitalization. Your doctor will monitor your hormone levels and ultrasound during stimulation to reduce the risk.

    Side Effects of Fertility Medications

    Common side effects of injectable hormones include hot flashes, headaches, mood swings, and breast tenderness. These are usually temporary and resolve after the cycle. Some women may experience allergic reactions or injection site pain.

    Egg Retrieval Procedure Risks

    Egg retrieval is a minor surgical procedure performed under sedation. Risks include bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding organs (such as the bladder or bowel), though these are rare. You may experience cramping or spotting after the procedure.

    Embryo Transfer Risks

    The embryo transfer itself is usually painless, but there is a small risk of infection or cramping. In rare cases, the embryo may implant outside the uterus (ectopic pregnancy), which is a medical emergency.

    Multiple Pregnancy

    Transferring more than one embryo increases the chance of twins or higher-order multiples, which carries higher risks for both mother and babies, including preterm birth and low birth weight. Many clinics now recommend single embryo transfer (SET) to reduce these risks.

    Understanding PGT Risks and Limitations

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is performed on embryos before transfer to screen for genetic abnormalities. There are different types: PGT-A (aneuploidy screening), PGT-M (monogenic disorders), and PGT-SR (structural rearrangements). While PGT can provide valuable information, it is not perfect.

    Laboratory Errors and Biopsy Risks

    PGT requires a biopsy of a few cells from the embryo. This process can damage the embryo, although the risk is low. There is also a possibility of laboratory errors, such as contamination or mislabeling, which could lead to incorrect results. Reputable labs follow strict protocols to minimize these risks, but they cannot be completely eliminated.

    Mosaicism and Inconclusive Results

    Embryos can be mosaic, meaning they have a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT may report a mosaic result, which is often inconclusive. Additionally, sometimes the test fails to produce a result, requiring a re-biopsy or leaving the embryo untested. This uncertainty can be emotionally challenging.

    False Positives and False Negatives

    PGT is highly accurate but not 100%. A false positive means the test indicates an abnormality when the embryo is actually normal, leading to the embryo being discarded unnecessarily. A false negative means the test misses an abnormality, and the embryo may be transferred with a genetic issue. The risk is small but real.

    Ethical and Legal Considerations

    PGT raises ethical questions, especially regarding the selection of embryos for traits unrelated to medical conditions. In Thailand, the legal framework for PGT may differ from your home country. It is essential to understand the regulations and ensure the clinic follows ethical guidelines.

    Emotional and Financial Considerations

    IVF and PGT can be emotionally and financially demanding. The process involves multiple appointments, procedures, and waiting periods. The uncertainty of outcomes can cause stress and anxiety. It is important to have a support system and consider counseling. Financially, costs can add up, and not all cycles result in a live birth. Make sure you understand the full cost structure, including medications, lab fees, and any additional procedures.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before starting treatment, ask your clinic specific questions to understand their approach and your risks:

    • What is your policy on single embryo transfer?
    • How do you monitor for OHSS, and what is your protocol if it occurs?
    • What is your lab’s accreditation and quality control process?
    • How do you handle inconclusive or mosaic PGT results?
    • What are the success rates for your clinic, and how are they calculated?
    • What support services do you offer for emotional and financial counseling?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    To move forward with confidence, consider these steps:

    1. Research clinics in Thailand that are transparent about their procedures and outcomes.
    2. Schedule consultations with at least two clinics to compare approaches.
    3. Ask for a detailed breakdown of costs and what is included.
    4. Discuss your medical history and any specific risks with the fertility specialist.
    5. Seek independent advice from a genetic counselor if you are considering PGT.

    Remember, every individual’s situation is unique. The risks and benefits of IVF and PGT should be weighed carefully with your medical team. For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, visit our guides section, or check our FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the most common risk of IVF?

    The most common risk is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), which can cause bloating, pain, and in severe cases, hospitalization. Your doctor will monitor you to reduce this risk.

    Can PGT damage the embryo?

    PGT requires a biopsy of a few cells, which carries a small risk of damaging the embryo. However, this risk is low, and many embryos survive the procedure.

    Is PGT 100% accurate?

    No, PGT is highly accurate but not perfect. There is a small chance of false positives or false negatives, and some results may be inconclusive due to mosaicism.

    Are there legal restrictions on PGT in Thailand?

    Yes, Thailand has regulations regarding PGT. It is important to discuss the legal aspects with your clinic and understand how they apply to your situation.

    How can I reduce the risks of IVF and PGT?

    Choose a reputable clinic with transparent practices, follow your doctor's advice, and ask questions about their protocols. Also, consider single embryo transfer to reduce multiple pregnancy risks.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read Your PGT-A Results in Thailand: Mosaic, Aneuploid, and Euploid Explained

    If you have just received your PGT-A results from a clinic in Thailand, you may be looking at terms like “euploid,” “aneuploid,” and “mosaic.” These words describe the chromosomal status of your embryos, and they can influence your next steps. This guide explains these categories in plain English, what they might mean for your transfer decisions, and what to ask your clinic to feel more confident about your options.

    At a glance: PGT-A result categories

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in most cases).
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has missing or extra chromosomes.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mix of cells with normal and abnormal chromosomes.
    • No result: The test did not produce a clear result, and you may need to discuss options with your clinic.

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a test that checks embryos created through IVF for chromosomal abnormalities. It is not a test for specific genetic diseases—that is a different test called PGT-M. PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in the embryo’s cells. Having the correct number of chromosomes is important for an embryo to have the best chance of implanting and developing into a healthy baby.

    In Thailand, PGT-A is offered by many fertility clinics as part of an IVF cycle. The test is performed on a small sample of cells taken from the embryo before transfer. The results can help you and your doctor decide which embryo to transfer first.

    Understanding the three main results

    Euploid

    An embryo is called euploid when it has the expected number of chromosomes. For a typical human embryo, that means 46 chromosomes. Euploid embryos are generally considered to have the highest chance of implanting and developing into a healthy pregnancy. However, a euploid result does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Other factors, such as the embryo’s quality and the health of the uterus, also play a role.

    Aneuploid

    An embryo is called aneuploid when it has missing or extra chromosomes. For example, an embryo with three copies of chromosome 21 is aneuploid. Aneuploid embryos often fail to implant or may lead to miscarriage. If an aneuploid embryo does implant, it can result in a child with a chromosomal condition, such as Down syndrome. Most clinics do not recommend transferring an aneuploid embryo, but the decision is always made in consultation with your doctor.

    Mosaic

    A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells: some with the normal number of chromosomes and some with an abnormal number. The degree of mosaicism can vary—some embryos have a low percentage of abnormal cells, while others have a high percentage. Mosaic embryos are a gray area in PGT-A. Some studies suggest that mosaic embryos can still lead to healthy pregnancies, but the risk of chromosomal abnormalities may be higher than with euploid embryos. Your clinic may offer additional counseling to help you understand the specific level of mosaicism and what it might mean for your situation.

    What do PGT-A results mean for your transfer decision?

    Your PGT-A results are one piece of information to consider when planning your embryo transfer. Here are some general points to keep in mind:

    • Euploid embryos are usually prioritized for transfer because they have the highest chance of success.
    • Aneuploid embryos are typically not transferred, but you should discuss the risks and alternatives with your doctor.
    • Mosaic embryos may be considered for transfer if no euploid embryos are available, but this decision requires careful discussion about the potential risks and benefits.

    It is important to remember that PGT-A is a screening test, not a guarantee. Even a euploid embryo may not result in a pregnancy. Your doctor will consider your age, medical history, and the quality of your embryos when making recommendations.

    Questions to ask your clinic about your PGT-A results

    When you receive your PGT-A report, you may have questions. Here are some questions you can ask your clinic to better understand your results:

    • What is the exact chromosomal status of each embryo?
    • For mosaic embryos, what is the percentage of abnormal cells, and which chromosomes are affected?
    • What is the recommended transfer order for my embryos?
    • Are there any additional tests or counseling you recommend?
    • What are the risks and success rates associated with each type of embryo?
    • How does my age and medical history affect the interpretation of these results?

    Next steps after receiving your PGT-A results

    After you receive your PGT-A results, you may need to make decisions about your next cycle. Here is a simple checklist to help you move forward:

    1. Review your results with your doctor and ask any questions you have.
    2. Discuss the transfer order and whether any additional testing is needed.
    3. Consider genetic counseling if you have questions about the implications of your results.
    4. Plan your next steps, whether that is preparing for a transfer or considering another IVF cycle.
    5. Take time to process the information—this is an emotional journey, and it is okay to ask for support.

    Where to learn more

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, you can explore our PGT in Thailand guide. You may also find our guides and FAQ pages helpful as you continue your journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a euploid embryo mean?

    A euploid embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in most cases). It is generally considered to have the highest chance of implanting and developing into a healthy pregnancy, but it does not guarantee success.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred?

    In some cases, a mosaic embryo may be considered for transfer if no euploid embryos are available. The decision depends on the level of mosaicism and the specific chromosomes involved. You should discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for specific genetic disorders. They are different tests and are used for different purposes.

    Do PGT-A results guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A is a screening test that can reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Other factors also affect outcomes.

    What should I do if my PGT-A result is 'no result'?

    If your PGT-A result is inconclusive, your clinic may recommend repeating the test, or you may discuss other options. It is important to ask your doctor what the no-result finding means for your specific embryos.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR: Which Genetic Test Is Right for You?

    If you are exploring IVF and genetic testing, you may have come across terms like PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR. These are three types of preimplantation genetic testing, each designed to answer a different question about embryos before transfer. This guide explains the differences in plain English, so you can have a more informed conversation with your fertility team.

    At a Glance: The Three Main Types of PGT

    • PGT-A checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-M looks for a specific single-gene disorder that one or both parents carry.
    • PGT-SR detects structural rearrangements of chromosomes, such as inversions or translocations.

    Each test requires IVF, embryo biopsy, and genetic analysis. The choice depends on your medical history, family history, and the reason you are considering testing.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, or preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A aims to identify embryos with the expected number of chromosomes, which may help reduce the risk of miscarriage and improve the efficiency of IVF by selecting embryos more likely to develop normally.

    PGT-A is often offered to patients of advanced maternal age, those with recurrent pregnancy loss, or those who have had multiple failed IVF cycles. However, it is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, and some embryos with normal chromosomes may still fail to implant or develop.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M, or preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders, is used when there is a known single-gene condition in the family, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It identifies embryos that have inherited the specific genetic mutation. This test is typically offered to couples who are carriers of an autosomal recessive or dominant disorder, or who have a family history of a specific genetic condition.

    PGT-M requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the exact mutation. The test is highly specific and can help reduce the risk of having a child affected by that particular disorder. However, it does not screen for all genetic conditions, and it requires careful genetic counseling before and after testing.

    What Is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR, or preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements, is used when one or both parents have a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation or inversion. These rearrangements usually do not cause health problems in the carrier, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may cause miscarriage or birth defects. PGT-SR identifies embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome arrangement, increasing the chance of a successful pregnancy.

    PGT-SR is typically recommended for couples where one partner has a known structural rearrangement, often identified after recurrent miscarriages or a child with a chromosomal abnormality.

    How Do the Tests Differ?

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M PGT-SR
    What it screens for Abnormal number of chromosomes Specific single-gene disorder Structural chromosomal rearrangements
    Who might consider it Patients with advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, or repeated IVF failure Couples with a known single-gene disorder in the family Couples where one partner has a balanced translocation or inversion
    Requires prior genetic testing of parents? No Yes, to identify the specific mutation Yes, to confirm the rearrangement
    Main goal Select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes Avoid transferring embryos affected by a specific genetic disease Avoid transferring embryos with unbalanced chromosomes

    Which Test Is Right for You?

    There is no one-size-fits-all answer. The right test depends on your medical and family history. Here are some general considerations:

    • If you have no known genetic condition but are concerned about age-related chromosomal abnormalities, PGT-A may be discussed.
    • If you or your partner are carriers of a specific genetic disease, PGT-M may be relevant.
    • If you have experienced recurrent miscarriages and a chromosomal rearrangement has been identified, PGT-SR may be offered.

    Your fertility clinic will recommend testing based on your individual situation. It is important to understand that PGT is not mandatory for all IVF patients, and it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child.

    What to Consider Before Testing

    Before deciding on PGT, consider the following:

    • Genetic counseling: Speak with a genetic counselor to understand the implications of testing and results.
    • Accuracy and limitations: No genetic test is 100% accurate. There is a small risk of misdiagnosis or inconclusive results.
    • Embryo biopsy: The biopsy procedure is invasive, though the risk to the embryo is considered low.
    • Cost and logistics: PGT adds to the cost of IVF and may require shipping samples to a specialized laboratory.
    • Emotional readiness: Results may be complex, and you may face decisions about whether to transfer embryos with uncertain results.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • Which type of PGT do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    • What is the laboratory’s experience with this specific test?
    • How long will it take to receive results?
    • What are the risks and limitations of the biopsy and testing?
    • Will I have genetic counseling before and after testing?
    • What are the costs involved, and are they covered by any package?

    Next Steps

    1. Review your medical and family history with your fertility specialist.
    2. Ask for a referral to a genetic counselor if you are considering PGT-M or PGT-SR.
    3. Discuss the potential benefits and limitations of each test in your specific case.
    4. Make an informed decision based on your values and medical advice.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic disorders?

    No, PGT-A only screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It does not detect single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. Other tests like PGT-M and PGT-SR are needed for those conditions.

    Is PGT-M only for couples with a known genetic disease?

    Yes, PGT-M is typically used when there is a known single-gene disorder in the family. It requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A checks for an abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements like translocations or inversions. PGT-SR is used when a parent has a known chromosomal rearrangement.

    Is PGT mandatory for all IVF patients?

    No, PGT is not mandatory. It is an optional test that may be recommended based on your medical history, age, or family history. Discuss with your clinic whether it is appropriate for you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing Cost in Thailand: What Is Included in the Quoted Price?

    When comparing PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) costs across Thai IVF clinics, the quoted price can vary significantly—not just in total amount, but in what it actually covers. Some quotes include the biopsy procedure, laboratory analysis, and even shipping fees, while others only cover the genetic analysis itself. To make an informed comparison, you need to understand the typical components of a PGT-A quote, what might be billed separately, and which questions to ask before committing.

    At a Glance: Key Points to Remember

    • PGT-A quotes in Thailand usually cover the genetic analysis of a specified number of embryos, but may not include biopsy, biopsy-related lab work, or shipping.
    • Extra charges often apply for additional embryos, re-analysis, or if the biopsy is performed at a different facility.
    • Always request a written itemized quote that lists each service and its cost.
    • Ask about payment terms, refund policies, and whether any part of the fee is non-refundable.

    What Typically Goes Into a PGT-A Quote

    A PGT-A cycle involves several steps, and each may be billed separately. Here are the common components you might see in a quote:

    • Embryo biopsy: The procedure to remove a few cells from each embryo. This is usually performed by the IVF lab and may be included in the IVF package or charged separately.
    • Genetic analysis: The actual testing of the biopsied cells to check for chromosomal abnormalities. This is the core of PGT-A and is often the main cost driver.
    • Laboratory processing: Preparation of the samples for shipping, including any special handling or storage.
    • Shipping and handling: If the biopsy samples are sent to an external genetics lab, shipping costs may be added.
    • Consultation and reporting: Some clinics include genetic counseling or a detailed report review in the quote.

    What Might Be Billed Separately

    Be aware that the following services are often not included in a base PGT-A quote:

    • Additional embryos: Most quotes cover a set number of embryos (e.g., up to 8). If you have more embryos, each additional one may incur an extra fee.
    • Re-analysis: If a result is inconclusive and needs to be repeated, some labs charge an additional fee.
    • Biopsy not included: Some clinics quote only the genetic analysis, leaving the biopsy as a separate charge.
    • IVF cycle costs: PGT-A is usually an add-on to an IVF cycle, so the cost of ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and embryo culture is separate.
    • Medication and monitoring: These are typically part of the IVF package, but confirm if they are included.

    How to Compare Quotes Effectively

    To avoid surprises, follow these steps when comparing PGT-A quotes from different clinics:

    1. Ask for a written itemized quote. Request a breakdown that lists each service and its cost, not just a total.
    2. Clarify the number of embryos included. Confirm how many embryos the base price covers and the cost per additional embryo.
    3. Check if biopsy is included. If not, ask for the biopsy fee and whether it is performed in-house or sent out.
    4. Inquire about shipping and handling. If samples are sent to an external lab, ask about shipping costs and who arranges it.
    5. Ask about re-analysis policies. Find out if there is a fee for inconclusive results and how often that happens.
    6. Confirm payment terms. Ask about deposit requirements, payment deadlines, and refund policies if the cycle is canceled.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Use this checklist during your consultation to ensure you have a complete picture of the costs:

    • What exactly is included in the PGT-A quote?
    • How many embryos does the base price cover?
    • What is the cost for each additional embryo?
    • Is the biopsy fee included? If not, how much is it?
    • Are there any additional lab fees, such as for cell lysis or DNA amplification?
    • How are shipping and handling charges handled?
    • What happens if a result is inconclusive? Is there a re-analysis fee?
    • Are there any discounts for multiple cycles or bundled services?
    • What is the payment schedule and refund policy?

    Understanding the Range of Costs

    While exact prices vary and should be confirmed directly with clinics, PGT-A costs in Thailand generally depend on the number of embryos tested and the laboratory used. Some clinics offer packages that include a certain number of embryos, while others charge per embryo. It is important to note that the total cost can increase significantly if you have many embryos or if additional procedures are needed.

    To get a realistic estimate, ask the clinic for a detailed quote based on your specific situation. Remember that the cheapest quote may not be the best value if it excludes essential services.

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    After you have gathered quotes from several clinics, compare them side by side using the checklist above. Consider not only the cost but also the clinic’s experience with PGT-A, the laboratory’s accreditation, and the support provided. Once you have a clear understanding of what is included, you can make a confident decision that aligns with your budget and needs.

    For more detailed information on PGT-A costs and IVF costs in Thailand, visit our PGT-A cost guide and IVF cost guide. If you have specific questions, our patient resources can help, or contact us for personalized assistance.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a PGT-A quote in Thailand usually include the embryo biopsy?

    Not always. Some clinics include the biopsy in the PGT-A quote, while others charge it separately. Always ask for a written breakdown to confirm.

    Are there extra costs for testing more than a certain number of embryos?

    Yes, many clinics have a base price that covers a set number of embryos, and additional embryos are billed per embryo. Confirm the included number and the per-embryo fee.

    What should I do if a PGT-A result is inconclusive?

    Ask the clinic about their re-analysis policy. Some labs may charge an additional fee for repeating the test, while others may offer a discount or include it.

    Are shipping costs for sending biopsy samples to a lab included in the quote?

    Shipping and handling may be billed separately, especially if samples are sent to an external genetics lab. Clarify this with the clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M vs PGT-SR in Thailand: Choosing the Right Genetic Test

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand and have a known genetic condition or a chromosomal rearrangement, you may have come across two types of preimplantation genetic testing: PGT-M and PGT-SR. Both are performed on embryos created through IVF, but they look for different kinds of genetic issues. This guide explains the difference in plain English, so you can have more informed conversations with your clinic and a genetic counselor.

    At a glance

    • PGT-M is used when one or both parents have a specific single-gene disorder (like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease).
    • PGT-SR is used when a parent has a chromosomal rearrangement (like a translocation) that can lead to embryos with missing or extra chromosomal material.
    • Both tests require IVF and embryo biopsy, and neither guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • Your genetic counselor and fertility team will help you decide which test, if any, is appropriate for your situation.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M stands for preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic (single-gene) disorders. It is designed to identify embryos that have inherited a specific genetic condition caused by a change in a single gene. This test is typically considered when one or both partners carry a gene mutation for a condition such as:

    • Cystic fibrosis
    • Sickle cell disease
    • Tay-Sachs disease
    • Huntington’s disease
    • Thalassemia

    PGT-M requires a prior genetic diagnosis in the family. The laboratory needs to know the exact mutation to test for, and often requires blood samples from both parents and sometimes other family members to build a genetic profile.

    What is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR stands for preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements. It is used when one parent has a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation or an inversion. These rearrangements usually do not cause health problems in the carrier, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may result in miscarriage, stillbirth, or a child with disabilities.

    PGT-SR tests embryos for the correct amount of chromosomal material, aiming to identify embryos that are balanced (like the carrier parent) or completely normal. It does not test for single-gene disorders.

    Key differences between PGT-M and PGT-SR

    Aspect PGT-M PGT-SR
    Purpose Detect a specific single-gene disorder Detect unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements
    Who might consider it Couples with a known gene mutation for a monogenic condition Couples where one partner has a structural chromosomal rearrangement
    What it looks for A specific mutation in a single gene Normal or balanced chromosomal content
    Prior information needed Genetic diagnosis of the specific mutation in the family Chromosomal analysis of the carrier parent
    Process IVF, embryo biopsy, DNA analysis for the specific mutation IVF, embryo biopsy, chromosomal analysis

    How the testing process works

    Both PGT-M and PGT-SR are performed as part of an IVF cycle. After eggs are fertilized in the laboratory, embryos are cultured for several days. A small number of cells are then removed from each embryo (a biopsy) and sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The results help the fertility team decide which embryos may be suitable for transfer.

    The exact steps and timeline can vary between clinics. Your clinic will provide specific instructions and timelines.

    When is each test typically discussed?

    PGT-M is usually discussed when a couple has a known single-gene disorder in the family and wants to reduce the risk of passing it on. PGT-SR is discussed when a chromosomal rearrangement has been identified in one partner, often after recurrent miscarriages or a previous child with a chromosomal abnormality.

    Your doctor or genetic counselor may recommend one test or the other, but the decision is always yours. Some couples may need both PGT-M and PGT-SR if they have both a single-gene disorder and a chromosomal rearrangement, but this is less common.

    Questions to ask a genetic counselor

    Before deciding on any genetic testing, it is important to speak with a genetic counselor who can explain the risks, benefits, and limitations in your specific situation. Here are some questions you might ask:

    • Which test is appropriate for my condition, and why?
    • What are the chances that a biopsied embryo will be suitable for transfer?
    • What are the limitations of the test? Can it miss anything?
    • How long will the testing take, and how will it affect my IVF timeline?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any additional fees for genetic counseling?
    • What are the risks of embryo biopsy?
    • What are my options if no embryos are suitable for transfer?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT-M or PGT-SR in Thailand, here is a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Gather any genetic test results or family history information you have.
    2. Consult with a genetic counselor to understand your options.
    3. Choose a fertility clinic that offers the testing you need.
    4. Ask the clinic about their experience with your specific condition.
    5. Clarify all costs, timelines, and what happens with the results.

    Remember, genetic testing is a personal decision. Take the time you need to feel comfortable with your choices.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-M and PGT-SR be done at the same time?

    Yes, in some cases both tests can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. This may be recommended if a couple has both a single-gene disorder and a chromosomal rearrangement. However, not all clinics offer combined testing, so you should ask your clinic about their capabilities.

    Is PGT-M or PGT-SR guaranteed to prevent a genetic condition?

    No. PGT-M and PGT-SR are screening tests that aim to identify embryos with specific genetic issues, but they are not 100% accurate. There is always a small risk of misdiagnosis or that a test may not detect all possible abnormalities. Genetic counseling can help you understand the residual risks.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder. PGT-SR tests for structural chromosomal rearrangements. They are used for different purposes and can be performed separately or together.

    Do I need PGT-M or PGT-SR if I have no known genetic issues?

    Not necessarily. PGT-M and PGT-SR are typically recommended only when there is a known genetic risk. Many people do not need these tests. Your doctor or genetic counselor can help you decide based on your medical and family history.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Does Embryo Biopsy Involve in an IVF and PGT Cycle?

    Embryo Biopsy at a Glance

    Embryo biopsy is a laboratory procedure performed during an IVF cycle when preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is planned. It involves removing a small number of cells from an embryo to be sent for genetic analysis. The biopsy itself does not diagnose or guarantee a healthy pregnancy; it provides information that can help you and your clinic decide which embryos to consider for transfer.

    This guide explains the timing, the steps, and the questions you may want to ask before undergoing embryo biopsy as part of PGT in Thailand.

    When Does Embryo Biopsy Happen?

    Embryo biopsy is not a single event; it is scheduled at a specific stage of embryo development. The timing depends on the type of PGT being performed and the laboratory’s protocols.

    • Cleavage-stage biopsy: This occurs on day 3 after fertilization, when the embryo has about 6–8 cells. One or two cells are removed.
    • Blastocyst-stage biopsy: This is more common today. It occurs on day 5 or day 6, when the embryo has developed into a blastocyst with a fluid-filled cavity and distinct cell types. A few cells are removed from the trophectoderm, which will become the placenta.

    Most clinics prefer blastocyst biopsy because it allows more cells to be sampled without disturbing the inner cell mass that becomes the fetus. However, the exact timing may vary based on embryo development and laboratory protocols.

    What Are the Steps of Embryo Biopsy?

    The biopsy is performed by an embryologist in a specialized laboratory. The steps are generally as follows:

    1. Embryo preparation: The embryo is held in place under a microscope using a specialized pipette.
    2. Creating an opening: A laser or chemical solution is used to create a small opening in the outer shell of the embryo (the zona pellucida).
    3. Cell removal: A thin needle or pipette is used to gently aspirate the required number of cells.
    4. Cell handling: The removed cells are placed in a sterile tube for genetic testing.
    5. Embryo culture: The biopsied embryo is returned to the incubator and continues to develop until transfer or freezing.

    The procedure is delicate and requires skilled embryologists. The cells removed are from the trophectoderm (future placenta) or, in day-3 biopsy, from the outer layer of the embryo, not the inner cell mass that becomes the fetus.

    Types of PGT and What They Test For

    Embryo biopsy is used for different types of PGT, each with a specific purpose:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy): Screens for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, which can cause implantation failure or miscarriage.
    • PGT-M (monogenic): Tests for specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement): Detects chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations, that may affect embryo development.

    Not all embryos are suitable for biopsy, and not all patients need PGT. Your clinic will discuss whether PGT is appropriate based on your medical history and family-building goals.

    What Happens After Biopsy?

    After the biopsy, the cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The results typically take several days to a few weeks, depending on the type of testing and the laboratory’s workload. While waiting, the embryos are usually frozen (vitrified) to preserve them.

    Once results are available, your clinic will discuss which embryos are considered suitable for transfer. It is important to understand that PGT results are not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Genetic testing has limitations, and not all abnormalities can be detected.

    Risks and Limitations

    Embryo biopsy is generally considered safe, but it is an invasive procedure. Potential risks include:

    • Damage to the embryo during cell removal.
    • Reduced embryo viability, though this is rare.
    • Inconclusive results, which may require additional testing or re-biopsy.

    Additionally, PGT cannot detect all genetic conditions, and the accuracy of the test depends on the laboratory’s methods and the quality of the sample. It is essential to discuss the limitations with your clinic and genetic counselor.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before undergoing embryo biopsy, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • What type of PGT do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    • At what stage will the biopsy be performed?
    • How many cells will be removed, and what is your success rate for biopsy?
    • How long will it take to receive results?
    • What are the risks and limitations of the biopsy and PGT?
    • Will the embryos be frozen after biopsy, and what is the survival rate after thawing?
    • What is the cost of the biopsy and PGT, and what does it include?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, here is a simple checklist to guide your planning:

    1. Research clinics that offer PGT and embryo biopsy.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your medical history and testing options.
    3. Ask about the laboratory’s experience and accreditation.
    4. Clarify the timeline, costs, and what happens with unused embryos.
    5. Consider genetic counseling to understand the implications of results.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand overview, our guides, and our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is embryo biopsy painful for the embryo?

    Embryos do not have a nervous system, so they do not feel pain. The biopsy is a delicate laboratory procedure performed under a microscope, and the embryo is handled gently to minimize stress.

    Can embryo biopsy harm the embryo?

    There is a small risk of damage, but it is rare. The procedure is performed by trained embryologists using precise techniques. The removal of a few cells from the trophectoderm is generally considered safe, but it is not without risk.

    How long does it take to get PGT results?

    The time varies depending on the type of PGT and the laboratory. It can take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks. Your clinic will provide a specific timeline based on their protocols.

    Do all embryos survive the biopsy and freezing process?

    Most embryos survive, but there is a small risk of damage or loss. The survival rate depends on the embryo quality and the laboratory's expertise. Your clinic can provide their specific data.

    Is PGT mandatory for all IVF cycles?

    No, PGT is not mandatory. It is an optional test that may be recommended based on maternal age, genetic history, or previous pregnancy losses. Your doctor will discuss whether it is appropriate for you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • When Might PGT-SR Be Discussed in an IVF Pathway?

    If you or your partner has a structural chromosome rearrangement—such as a balanced translocation or inversion—you may wonder when preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements (PGT-SR) might come up in an IVF pathway. PGT-SR is a technique used during IVF to screen embryos for chromosomal imbalances that can result from such rearrangements. It is not a routine test for everyone; it is typically discussed when a specific genetic situation is known or suspected. This guide explains the typical timing, the steps involved, and the questions you may want to ask your clinic.

    At a glance: When PGT-SR may be considered

    • After a structural chromosome rearrangement is identified in either partner.
    • During genetic counseling before starting IVF.
    • When planning an IVF cycle with embryo biopsy and genetic testing.
    • When discussing reproductive options with a fertility specialist or geneticist.

    Understanding PGT-SR

    PGT-SR is one of several types of preimplantation genetic testing. It is designed to detect embryos that have an unbalanced form of a structural rearrangement. Unlike PGT-A (which screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes) or PGT-M (which tests for a specific single-gene disorder), PGT-SR focuses on the structural arrangement of chromosomes. It is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or a live birth, and it is not suitable for every patient. The decision to use PGT-SR should be made in consultation with a genetics specialist and your fertility team.

    When might PGT-SR be discussed?

    PGT-SR is usually discussed in the following situations:

    • After a genetic diagnosis: If a blood test (karyotype) has shown a structural rearrangement in you or your partner, your doctor may mention PGT-SR as an option during IVF.
    • During genetic counseling: A genetic counselor can explain the risks of unbalanced chromosomes and how PGT-SR might help select embryos for transfer.
    • Before starting IVF: If you are already planning IVF for other reasons, your clinic may discuss PGT-SR as an add-on test.
    • After previous pregnancy loss or a child with a chromosomal imbalance: These experiences may prompt testing and discussion of PGT-SR.

    The exact timing can vary. Some clinics may raise the topic during your initial consultation, while others may wait until after you have completed genetic testing. It is important to ask your clinic about their specific process.

    The IVF pathway with PGT-SR: A step-by-step timeline

    If PGT-SR is part of your plan, the IVF process typically follows these steps:

    1. Genetic counseling and testing: You and your partner may undergo blood tests to confirm the rearrangement and understand its implications.
    2. IVF cycle start: You begin ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval as in a standard IVF cycle.
    3. Fertilization and embryo culture: Eggs are fertilized with sperm, and embryos are cultured for several days.
    4. Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo, usually on day 5 or 6 (blastocyst stage).
    5. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for PGT-SR analysis.
    6. Results and transfer: Once results are available, you and your doctor discuss which embryos (if any) are suitable for transfer.

    The time from biopsy to results can vary, so ask your clinic for their typical timeline. Also, note that not all embryos may be suitable for transfer, and there is no guarantee of a pregnancy.

    Key considerations for international patients

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand as an international patient, there are several factors to keep in mind:

    • Genetic counseling: Ensure you have access to a genetic counselor who can explain the implications of your specific rearrangement.
    • Laboratory accreditation: Ask about the laboratory that will perform the genetic analysis and its quality standards.
    • Costs: PGT-SR adds to the cost of IVF. Ask for a detailed breakdown of fees, including biopsy, genetic testing, and any additional procedures.
    • Legal and regulatory aspects: Regulations around PGT can vary by country. Confirm with your clinic what is permitted and what documentation you may need.
    • Travel and accommodation: If you are traveling for treatment, plan for the time required for the IVF cycle and the waiting period for genetic results.

    These are general categories; specific details should be confirmed directly with your chosen clinic.

    Questions to ask your clinic about PGT-SR

    Before deciding on PGT-SR, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • What is the success rate of PGT-SR at your clinic? (Ask for their own data, not general figures.)
    • How many embryos typically have unbalanced chromosomes in my situation?
    • What is the turnaround time for genetic results?
    • Are there any additional risks to the embryos from biopsy?
    • What are the costs, and what is included?
    • Who will interpret the results, and will I have a follow-up consultation?

    These questions can help you make an informed decision.

    Alternatives and limitations

    PGT-SR is not the only option. Depending on your situation, alternatives may include:

    • IVF without PGT: You may choose to transfer embryos without testing and use prenatal diagnosis (such as amniocentesis) during pregnancy.
    • Using donor gametes: In some cases, using donor eggs or sperm may be considered.
    • Natural conception with prenatal testing: Some couples may opt to conceive naturally and undergo prenatal testing.

    PGT-SR has limitations. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and it does not guarantee a healthy baby. The biopsy process may damage some embryos, and not all embryos will be suitable for transfer. Discuss these limitations with your team.

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT-SR, your next steps may include:

    1. Consult with a genetic counselor to understand your specific rearrangement.
    2. Research fertility clinics that offer PGT-SR and have experience with your condition.
    3. Ask for a detailed treatment plan and cost estimate.
    4. Clarify any legal or regulatory questions with the clinic.
    5. Plan your travel and accommodation if you are coming from abroad.

    Remember, the decision to use PGT-SR is personal and should be made with professional guidance.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-SR the same as PGT-A?

    No. PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-SR specifically looks for unbalanced structural rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions. They are different tests and may be used together in some cases.

    How long does PGT-SR take?

    The genetic analysis itself may take several days to a few weeks, depending on the laboratory. Your clinic can provide a specific timeline for your cycle.

    Does PGT-SR guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-SR can reduce the risk of transferring embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, but it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child. Other genetic and non-genetic factors can affect outcomes.

    Can PGT-SR be done with frozen embryos?

    Yes, PGT-SR can be performed on embryos that are biopsied and then frozen while awaiting results. This is a common approach.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M vs PGT-A in Thailand: Which Genetic Test Should You Choose?

    PGT-A and PGT-M: What’s the Difference?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used to screen embryos created through IVF for genetic issues before transfer. Two common types are PGT-A and PGT-M. PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) checks for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, which can cause implantation failure or miscarriage. PGT-M (monogenic testing) looks for specific inherited single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. In Thailand, both tests are available, but they serve different purposes. This guide explains the difference and helps you understand which test might be relevant for your situation.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A: Screens for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) in embryos.
    • PGT-M: Tests for specific single-gene disorders that run in families.
    • PGT-SR: A related test for structural rearrangements like translocations.
    • Combination: Some patients may have both PGT-A and PGT-M to address multiple concerns.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, previously known as preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), evaluates embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. An embryo with missing or extra chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A is often recommended for women of advanced maternal age, couples with recurrent implantation failure, or those with repeated pregnancy loss. It can also be used to reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality.

    PGT-A does not test for specific diseases; it only checks chromosome number. It is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, but it can help select embryos with the highest chance of implantation.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is designed for couples who carry a known genetic mutation for a single-gene disorder. If you or your partner have a family history of a condition like Huntington’s disease, thalassemia, or spinal muscular atrophy, PGT-M can identify embryos that do not carry the mutation. This test requires prior genetic analysis of the parents to design a personalized test for each embryo.

    PGT-M is not a general screening tool; it is only useful when a specific genetic risk is already identified. It can be combined with PGT-A to also check for chromosomal abnormalities.

    When Is Each Test Recommended?

    Your fertility specialist may suggest PGT-A if you have:

    • Advanced maternal age (typically over 35)
    • Previous failed IVF cycles
    • Recurrent miscarriage
    • Severe male factor infertility

    PGT-M may be recommended if:

    • You or your partner carry a known single-gene mutation
    • You have a family history of a genetic disorder
    • You have had a child with a genetic condition

    In some cases, both tests are used together. For example, a couple with a known genetic mutation and advanced maternal age might opt for both PGT-M and PGT-A to maximize the chance of a healthy pregnancy.

    How Are the Tests Performed?

    Both PGT-A and PGT-M require IVF. After eggs are fertilized, embryos are cultured for about five to six days until they reach the blastocyst stage. A few cells are then biopsied from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta). These cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The biopsy is performed by an embryologist, and the process is similar for both tests.

    The main difference is in the laboratory analysis. PGT-A uses techniques like next-generation sequencing (NGS) to count chromosomes. PGT-M uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other methods to detect the specific mutation. The time to results may vary, but it typically takes a few days to a couple of weeks.

    What Do the Results Mean?

    For PGT-A, results are usually reported as:

    • Euploid: normal chromosome number
    • Aneuploid: abnormal chromosome number
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells

    Euploid embryos are generally preferred for transfer. Aneuploid embryos are usually not transferred. Mosaic embryos may be considered, but this is a complex decision that should be discussed with your doctor.

    For PGT-M, results indicate whether the embryo carries the specific mutation. Embryos without the mutation are considered unaffected and may be suitable for transfer. However, PGT-M does not eliminate all risks; it only tests for the specific disorder in question.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Even with PGT-A, embryos can be mosaic, and some abnormalities may not be detected. PGT-M is highly accurate for the specific mutation tested, but it does not screen for other genetic conditions. Additionally, the biopsy process carries a small risk of embryo damage, though this is rare.

    In Thailand, the availability and regulations for PGT may vary. It is important to choose a clinic with experience in genetic testing and to discuss the limitations with your specialist.

    How to Choose Between PGT-A and PGT-M

    The choice depends on your medical history and genetic risk. If you have no known genetic disorder, PGT-A may be more relevant. If you carry a specific mutation, PGT-M is necessary. In some cases, both tests are recommended. Your fertility doctor will guide you based on your individual situation.

    Consider asking your clinic:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A and PGT-M?
    • How many embryos typically survive the biopsy process?
    • What is the turnaround time for results?
    • Are there any additional costs for genetic counseling?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, start by consulting a fertility specialist. They can assess your medical history and recommend the appropriate testing. You may also want to seek genetic counseling to understand your risks and options. For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide and our general guides. If you have questions, check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, PGT-A and PGT-M can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. This is often done when a couple has a known genetic mutation and also wants to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. The combined testing can provide more comprehensive information, but it may increase the cost and time required.

    Is PGT-M only for couples with a known genetic disease?

    Yes, PGT-M is specifically designed for couples who carry a known single-gene mutation. It is not a general screening test. If you do not have a known genetic risk, PGT-M is not typically recommended.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome numbers), while PGT-SR is used for structural rearrangements like translocations, where parts of chromosomes are swapped or missing. PGT-SR is less common and is recommended when a parent has a balanced translocation.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT does not guarantee a healthy baby. It can reduce the risk of transferring embryos with specific genetic issues, but it cannot detect all potential problems. Other factors during pregnancy and after birth also affect a child's health.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.