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  • PGT-M for Hereditary Conditions in Thailand: A Patient Guide

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disease) is a laboratory step used during IVF to test embryos for a specific inherited condition that is already known to run in a family. It is not a general health screen and it does not test for every possible disorder. It is designed around one condition, or a small number of conditions, identified in advance through genetic counselling and confirmatory testing. In Thailand, PGT-M is offered by some fertility clinics, but availability, laboratory arrangements and eligibility criteria vary. This guide explains the purpose of PGT-M, the kinds of conditions it may be used for, and the practical questions international patients should ask before planning treatment.

    At a glance

    • What it is: A targeted genetic test on embryos created through IVF, looking for a known inherited condition.
    • What it is not: A guarantee of a healthy child, a general screening test, or a replacement for prenatal testing.
    • Who it may suit: People with a confirmed family history or carrier status for a specific monogenic condition.
    • Key first step: Genetic counselling and a clear genetic diagnosis before IVF is planned.
    • In Thailand: Confirm that the clinic can build or access a test specific to your condition and that the laboratory is accredited for that work.

    What PGT-M actually tests for

    PGT-M is used when a specific gene change (a pathogenic variant) has been identified in a family. The test looks at embryos created through IVF to see whether they have inherited that variant. It is sometimes called monogenic disease testing because it targets conditions caused by a change in a single gene.

    Examples of conditions that may be considered for PGT-M include cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, thalassaemia, Huntington’s disease, fragile X syndrome, and some inherited cancer syndromes. This is not a complete list, and whether PGT-M is appropriate depends on the specific condition, the inheritance pattern, and the genetic information available from the family.

    PGT-M is different from PGT-A, which counts chromosomes and is used more broadly. PGT-M is also different from PGT-SR, which looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. If you are researching PGT generally, it helps to keep these categories separate, because they answer different questions.

    Which conditions may qualify for PGT-M

    PGT-M is generally considered when all of the following apply:

    • A specific inherited condition has been diagnosed in the family or confirmed through carrier testing.
    • The gene or genes involved are known, and the laboratory can design a reliable test.
    • The condition is serious enough that a family wishes to avoid passing it on, and other options have been discussed.
    • Genetic counselling has taken place, so the patient understands the inheritance pattern and the limits of testing.

    Conditions with a clear single-gene cause are the most straightforward to test for. Conditions caused by many genes plus environment, or by unknown genes, are generally not suitable for PGT-M. Some conditions also require a custom test to be built, which takes time and may not be available at every clinic.

    Inheritance patterns matter

    How a condition is inherited affects who may be at risk and what testing can show. Autosomal recessive conditions, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassaemia, require both partners to be carriers. Autosomal dominant conditions, such as Huntington’s disease, can be passed on by one affected parent. X-linked conditions, such as some forms of muscular dystrophy, have a different pattern. A genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist can explain which pattern applies to your family.

    What the PGT-M process involves

    The exact steps vary by clinic and by condition, but the general sequence is usually similar.

    1. Genetic counselling and confirmation. A clinical geneticist or genetic counsellor reviews the family history and confirms the exact gene variant. This often requires a blood or saliva sample from the affected person or carrier.
    2. Test development. The laboratory designs a test that can reliably detect that variant in a single cell or a few cells taken from an embryo. This step can take weeks or longer and may not be possible for every condition.
    3. IVF cycle. Eggs are collected and fertilised in the laboratory to create embryos.
    4. Embryo biopsy. A small number of cells are removed from each embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage.
    5. Genetic analysis. The biopsy samples are tested for the specific variant.
    6. Embryo transfer. An embryo that does not carry the variant may be selected for transfer, if one is available and suitable.
    7. Prenatal testing. Even after PGT-M, many clinics recommend confirmatory testing during pregnancy, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, because PGT-M is a screening test for embryo selection and not a diagnostic test of the pregnancy.

    What to confirm with a clinic in Thailand

    Because PGT-M is highly specific, the most important question is whether the clinic and its laboratory can actually test for your condition. General IVF experience is not the same as experience with a particular monogenic disease.

    Questions worth asking:

    • Have you handled PGT-M for this specific condition before?
    • Do you build custom tests in-house, or do you send samples to an external laboratory?
    • Which laboratory performs the analysis, and what accreditation does it hold?
    • What genetic information do you need from my family before you can confirm the test is possible?
    • How long does test development take, and what happens if the test cannot be built?
    • What are the limitations of the test in my case, including the chance of an inconclusive result?
    • Do you require genetic counselling before treatment, and can it be done remotely?
    • What is your policy on confirmatory prenatal testing?
    • What documents do international patients need to provide, and how are they verified?
    • What are the estimated costs, and what is included or excluded?

    Costs, document requirements and legal rules can change and vary between clinics. Treat any figure or requirement you see online as something to confirm directly with the clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authority.

    Limitations and alternatives

    PGT-M is not a guarantee. It reduces the chance of transferring an embryo with a specific known variant, but it cannot eliminate all risk. Some embryos may be mosaic, meaning the biopsy result may not reflect the whole embryo. Some tests may give an inconclusive result. And PGT-M does not screen for other genetic conditions, chromosomal issues, or health problems that appear later in life.

    Alternatives to consider, depending on your situation, include:

    • Using donor eggs or donor sperm.
    • Prenatal diagnosis during pregnancy, with or without IVF.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) or for structural rearrangements (PGT-SR), if those are more relevant to your case.
    • Choosing not to have genetic testing and accepting the natural chance of inheritance.
    • Adoption or fostering.

    These are personal decisions, and a genetic counsellor can help you weigh them without pressure.

    Planning as an international patient

    If you are travelling to Thailand for PGT-M, plan for more than one trip in many cases. The first visit may be for consultation and blood samples; the IVF cycle and embryo testing happen later. Ask the clinic how results are communicated, what happens if no unaffected embryo is available, and how follow-up is arranged once you return home.

    It also helps to have a clear summary of your genetic diagnosis in English, including the gene name, the specific variant, and the inheritance pattern. This document is often requested before a clinic can confirm whether PGT-M is possible.

    Next steps

    • Speak with a genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist about your family history.
    • Obtain written confirmation of the exact gene variant.
    • Shortlist clinics that have experience with your specific condition.
    • Ask each clinic the questions above and compare their answers.
    • Confirm costs, timelines, and document requirements directly.
    • Read more about PGT in Thailand and browse our guides for related topics.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-M the same as PGT-A?

    No. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a known gene variant. PGT-A counts chromosomes and is used to check for an abnormal number of chromosomes. They answer different questions and may be used together in some cases.

    Can any clinic in Thailand offer PGT-M?

    Not necessarily. PGT-M requires a laboratory that can build or access a test for your specific condition. Availability varies, so you should confirm directly with the clinic whether they can test for your condition and which laboratory performs the analysis.

    Does PGT-M guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-M reduces the chance of transferring an embryo with a specific known variant, but it cannot eliminate all genetic or health risks. It does not test for every condition, and confirmatory prenatal testing is often recommended.

    What information do I need before asking a clinic about PGT-M?

    You will usually need a clear genetic diagnosis, including the gene name, the specific variant, and the inheritance pattern. A genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist can provide this, often after reviewing family history and test results.

    Are there alternatives to PGT-M?

    Depending on your situation, alternatives may include using donor eggs or sperm, prenatal diagnosis during pregnancy, or choosing not to have genetic testing. A genetic counsellor can explain the options and their limitations.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M Cost in Thailand: What International Patients Should Consider

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) costs in Thailand vary widely because each case is unique. There is no single price. Your total will depend on clinic fees, the complexity of the genetic condition, the number of embryos tested, and whether additional services such as genetic counselling or embryo freezing are needed. Most clinics provide a personalised quotation after reviewing your medical history. This guide explains the main cost components, what can change your quote, and the questions to ask so you can compare options clearly.

    At a glance

    • PGT-M pricing is personalised; no standard package exists.
    • Costs typically include a setup fee, per-embryo testing fees, and IVF laboratory charges.
    • Additional fees may apply for genetic counselling, embryo storage, or re-testing.
    • Quotes can differ in what they include—always ask for a written breakdown.
    • Travel, accommodation, and legal or administrative costs are separate.

    Why PGT-M costs vary so much

    PGT-M is not a single test. It is a customised process that starts with building a genetic probe specific to your family’s mutation. This setup work is often the largest fixed cost. After that, each embryo is tested individually, so the total rises with the number of embryos. Because every monogenic condition and every family’s genetic profile is different, clinics cannot publish a one-size-fits-all price. Instead, they quote after reviewing your genetic reports and discussing your goals.

    Main cost components

    When you receive a quotation, it will likely include several separate items. Understanding these helps you compare fairly.

    1. Genetic setup or probe development fee

    Before testing embryos, the laboratory must design and validate a custom test for your specific mutation. This is a one-time fee per couple (or per condition) and is usually non-refundable, even if no embryos are available for testing. It covers laboratory work, bioinformatics, and quality checks.

    2. Per-embryo testing fee

    Each embryo that reaches the biopsy stage is tested individually. The fee per embryo covers the biopsy procedure, genetic analysis, and reporting. If you have many embryos, this part of the cost can add up quickly. Some clinics offer a tiered price for multiple embryos; others charge a flat rate per embryo.

    3. IVF laboratory and clinical fees

    PGT-M is performed alongside an IVF cycle. You will also pay for standard IVF services: monitoring, egg retrieval, fertilisation (ICSI is often used), embryo culture, and biopsy. These fees may be bundled or listed separately. Ask whether the PGT-M quote includes the full IVF cycle or only the genetic testing portion.

    4. Genetic counselling

    Many clinics require or strongly recommend genetic counselling before and after testing. This helps you understand risks, results, and options. Counselling may be included or charged separately. It is an important part of informed decision-making, not just an add-on.

    5. Embryo freezing and storage

    After biopsy, embryos are usually frozen while awaiting results. Freezing and storage fees may be charged per embryo or per year. If you plan to transfer later, you will also pay for frozen embryo transfer (FET) in a separate cycle.

    6. Additional or repeat testing

    Occasionally, an embryo’s result is inconclusive and may need re-testing. Some clinics include one re-test in the initial fee; others charge extra. Ask about this policy upfront.

    What can change your quotation

    Several factors can push your total up or down. Knowing them helps you anticipate variations.

    • Number of embryos tested: More embryos mean higher per-embryo fees.
    • Complexity of the mutation: Some genetic conditions require more elaborate probe design, which may increase the setup fee.
    • Clinic’s pricing structure: Some bundle services; others itemise everything.
    • Additional genetic tests: If you also need PGT-A (chromosome screening) or other tests, those are extra.
    • Medication costs: IVF medications are often not included in clinic quotes and vary by pharmacy and protocol.
    • Currency and payment methods: Exchange rates and international transaction fees can affect your final cost.
    • Travel and accommodation: These are separate from medical fees but essential to your budget.

    How to compare quotes from different clinics

    Comparing quotes is not just about the bottom line. A lower price may exclude services you need, while a higher price may include more support. Use the table below as a checklist when reviewing quotations.

    Item to compare What to look for
    Setup fee Is it included? Is it refundable if no embryos are tested?
    Per-embryo fee Is there a tiered price? How many embryos are covered?
    IVF cycle Is the full IVF cycle included or only PGT-M?
    Genetic counselling Included? How many sessions?
    Embryo freezing/storage Included for how long? What are renewal fees?
    Re-testing policy Is one re-test included? What triggers a re-test?
    Medications Included or separate? Can you buy locally?
    Payment terms Deposit? Refund policy? Currency?

    Questions to ask for a clear quotation

    When you contact a clinic, ask these questions to get a complete picture. Write down the answers so you can compare fairly.

    1. What exactly does your PGT-M quote include, and what is excluded?
    2. Is the setup fee charged per couple, per condition, or per cycle?
    3. How much is the per-embryo testing fee, and does it change with the number of embryos?
    4. Are genetic counselling sessions included? If not, what is the cost?
    5. What is your policy if an embryo result is inconclusive?
    6. Are embryo freezing and storage included? For how long?
    7. Do you require a specific genetic test before starting? Is that extra?
    8. What are the payment terms, and in what currency will I be billed?
    9. Can you provide a written quotation that I can keep?
    10. What support do you offer international patients (e.g., language, coordination)?

    Budgeting beyond the clinic invoice

    Your medical fees are only part of the total cost. International patients should also plan for:

    • Travel: Flights, visas (if required), and local transport.
    • Accommodation: Near the clinic for the duration of your stay.
    • Living expenses: Food, communication, and daily needs.
    • Time off work: You may need to stay in Thailand for several weeks.
    • Insurance: Check whether your policy covers any part of IVF or PGT-M.
    • Follow-up: Any additional consultations or tests after returning home.

    These costs vary by individual and destination. Create a simple spreadsheet to track them alongside your medical quote.

    Next steps

    Start by gathering your genetic reports and any previous IVF records. Contact a few clinics that offer PGT-M and request a detailed quotation. Ask the questions above, and don’t hesitate to request clarification. Once you have quotes, compare them side by side using the table as a guide. Remember that the cheapest option is not always the best fit—consider the clinic’s experience with your specific condition, communication, and support for international patients.

    For more guidance on planning your journey, see our international patients page, IVF cost in Thailand, and patient resources. If you have questions, feel free to contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-M in Thailand cheaper than in other countries?

    Costs vary widely depending on the clinic, the complexity of your case, and the number of embryos tested. Thailand is often considered a cost-competitive destination for IVF and genetic testing, but you should compare personalised quotes rather than assume a general price difference. Request written quotations from several clinics and compare what is included.

    What is usually included in a PGT-M quote?

    Most quotes include a setup fee for designing the genetic test, a per-embryo testing fee, and sometimes genetic counselling. IVF laboratory and clinical fees may be separate. Always ask for a detailed breakdown of inclusions and exclusions, as clinics structure their quotes differently.

    Can I get a PGT-M price before I arrive in Thailand?

    Many clinics can provide an estimate based on your medical records, but a firm quote often requires a consultation and review of your genetic reports. Some clinics may ask for a deposit to begin the setup process. It is best to contact clinics directly and ask what information they need to give you a written quotation.

    Does PGT-M cost more if I have many embryos?

    Yes, because each embryo is tested individually. The per-embryo fee means that the more embryos you have, the higher the testing cost. Some clinics offer tiered pricing for multiple embryos, so ask about their fee structure.

    Are there any hidden costs I should watch for?

    Potential extra costs include genetic counselling, embryo freezing and storage, re-testing of inconclusive embryos, medications, and administrative fees. Travel and accommodation are separate. Ask for a comprehensive list of what is not included in the quote so you can budget accordingly.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT Biopsy Results in Thailand: How to Read Your Report

    If you are waiting for or have just received PGT biopsy results from a clinic in Thailand, you likely have a report full of technical terms. This guide explains the common structure and vocabulary of a PGT report so you can prepare informed questions for your clinic. It does not interpret your specific results. Only your treating clinic and a qualified genetic counsellor can do that, because the meaning of any result depends on your personal and family history, the technology used, and the limitations of the test.

    At a glance

    • PGT reports usually describe which embryos were tested, what type of PGT was used, and a result category for each embryo.
    • Common result categories include euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, and inconclusive or no result.
    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number; PGT-M looks at a specific inherited condition; PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements.
    • PGT is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child, and it is not necessary or suitable for every patient.
    • Always discuss your report with your clinic and a genetic counsellor before making decisions.

    What a PGT report typically contains

    Although formats vary between laboratories and clinics, a PGT report generally includes several sections. The exact layout depends on the provider, so use this as a general orientation rather than a fixed template.

    • Patient and sample information: identifiers for you and the embryos tested, plus dates of biopsy and reporting.
    • Test type: whether PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR, or a combination was performed.
    • Method: a brief description of the laboratory technique, such as the platform used for analysis.
    • Results table: one row per embryo, with a result category and sometimes a note about chromosome(s) involved.
    • Interpretation or comments: a summary from the laboratory, which may include limitations or recommendations for confirmatory testing.
    • Signatures or authorisations: names and roles of the professionals who reviewed and released the report.

    If any of these sections are missing or unclear, ask your clinic for clarification. You are entitled to understand the document that informs your care.

    Key terms you may see

    The vocabulary in PGT reports can be dense. Here are some terms you may encounter, with plain-English explanations. Remember that your clinic’s definitions may vary slightly, so confirm anything that affects your decisions.

    Embryo and biopsy

    An embryo is the early stage of development after fertilisation. A biopsy is a small sample of cells taken from the embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage, for genetic testing. The biopsy itself does not usually harm the embryo’s ability to develop, but it is an additional laboratory step.

    PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy): screens for extra or missing chromosomes across the embryo’s genome. It does not test for specific inherited diseases.
    • PGT-M (monogenic): tests for a specific single-gene condition that runs in your family, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassaemia, when the genetic variant is known.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement): tests for chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations, that may affect fertility or pregnancy outcomes.

    Some clinics combine these tests. The report should state clearly which test or tests were performed.

    Euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic

    • Euploid: the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes for its species. This is often described as a “normal” result, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • Aneuploid: the embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes. This may be described as “abnormal” or “affected.” Aneuploid embryos are often not recommended for transfer, but the decision depends on the specific chromosomes involved and your clinic’s policy.
    • Mosaic: the embryo has a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers. Mosaic results can be complex. Some mosaic embryos may still be considered for transfer after counselling, while others may not. The report may indicate the percentage of mosaic cells, but the clinical significance is not fully understood and varies by chromosome.
    • Inconclusive or no result: the test did not produce a clear answer, often because of technical limitations. Your clinic may recommend re-biopsy or may discuss other options.

    Other terms

    • Chromosome: a structure that carries genetic information. Humans usually have 46 chromosomes in pairs.
    • Mosaicism: the presence of two or more cell populations with different genetic make-up in the same embryo.
    • Resolution: the level of detail a test can detect. Lower resolution may miss small changes.
    • Positive predictive value: the probability that a positive result is correct. This can vary with the condition and the test.

    How to read the results table

    The results table is often the most important part of the report. It usually lists each embryo with an identifier, the result category, and sometimes additional notes. Here is a general approach to reading it:

    1. Identify the embryo: each embryo should have a unique code. Make sure you understand which code corresponds to which embryo if you have more than one.
    2. Read the result category: look for terms like euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or inconclusive. The report may use different words, so check the legend or glossary.
    3. Note any chromosome details: for aneuploid or mosaic results, the report may specify which chromosome(s) are involved. This information is important for your counsellor.
    4. Check for limitations: the report may include a note about the test’s limitations, such as the possibility of false positives or false negatives.
    5. Look for recommendations: some reports include suggestions for confirmatory testing or genetic counselling.

    Do not try to interpret the results on your own. The same result can have different implications depending on your age, medical history, and the reason for testing.

    Why a genetic counsellor is essential

    PGT results are not simply “good” or “bad.” They are probabilities and risk estimates that need to be understood in your personal context. A genetic counsellor can:

    • Explain what your specific result means for your chance of pregnancy and a healthy child.
    • Discuss the limitations of the test, including the possibility of false results.
    • Help you weigh the options for embryo transfer, including transferring a mosaic embryo or considering another cycle.
    • Address emotional and ethical concerns.
    • Coordinate with your fertility doctor to align the results with your treatment plan.

    In Thailand, genetic counselling services may be available at larger fertility centres or through referral. Ask your clinic whether a counsellor is available and whether the consultation can be conducted in your language.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    When you discuss your report, consider asking these questions. They can help you understand your options and make informed decisions.

    • Which type of PGT was performed, and what does it test for?
    • What do the result categories in my report mean in plain language?
    • For any mosaic or inconclusive results, what are the recommended next steps?
    • What are the limitations of this test for my situation?
    • Can I speak with a genetic counsellor, and is interpretation included in the cost?
    • How do these results affect my transfer plan?
    • Are there any additional tests that could provide more information?
    • What are the costs for any follow-up testing or counselling?

    Next steps after receiving your report

    1. Do not panic or make immediate decisions. Take time to read the report and write down your questions.
    2. Request a consultation with your fertility doctor and, if possible, a genetic counsellor.
    3. Ask for a plain-language explanation of each embryo’s result and what it means for transfer.
    4. Discuss the limitations of the test and any uncertainty in the results.
    5. Consider your options for transfer, further testing, or another cycle, and ask about the risks and benefits of each.
    6. Confirm costs for any additional consultations, tests, or procedures.
    7. Seek support from counselling services or patient support groups if you feel overwhelmed.

    Limitations of PGT

    PGT is a screening or diagnostic tool, not a guarantee. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and it may produce results that are difficult to interpret. Some embryos may be misclassified, and mosaic results are particularly challenging. PGT also does not improve the quality of an embryo or ensure implantation. It is one part of a broader fertility treatment plan, and its use should be individualised.

    Related reading

    For more context on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also browse our patient guides and frequently asked questions for additional support.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a mosaic result mean on my PGT report?

    A mosaic result means the embryo has a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers. The clinical significance can vary, and some mosaic embryos may still be considered for transfer after genetic counselling. Your clinic and a genetic counsellor can help you understand the specific implications for your case.

    Can I interpret my PGT report without a genetic counsellor?

    It is not recommended. PGT results are complex and depend on your personal and family history, the test used, and laboratory limitations. A genetic counsellor or your treating doctor should interpret the report for you to avoid misunderstandings.

    What should I do if my report says 'inconclusive' or 'no result'?

    An inconclusive result means the test did not provide a clear answer, often due to technical reasons. Your clinic may recommend re-biopsy or discuss other options. Ask your doctor what the next steps are and what the limitations mean for your treatment plan.

    Is PGT necessary for everyone undergoing IVF?

    No. PGT is not necessary or suitable for every patient. It is typically considered when there is a specific reason, such as a known inherited condition, recurrent pregnancy loss, or advanced maternal age. Your doctor can help you decide whether PGT is appropriate for your situation.

    Does a euploid result guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No. A euploid result means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes, but it does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a healthy baby. Many other factors affect IVF success, and your clinic can discuss these with you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Preparing for PGT Counselling in Thailand: Questions to Ask

    PGT counselling is a conversation with a qualified genetics professional or fertility clinician about what preimplantation genetic testing can and cannot tell you. Before you attend, it helps to write down your questions about test types, possible results, what those results may mean for your embryos, and what decisions you might face. This checklist covers the main topics to raise, so you can use your appointment to clarify your own situation rather than trying to absorb everything on the day.

    At a glance

    • PGT is a group of laboratory tests performed on embryos during IVF; it is not a treatment that guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy child.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR are different tests used for different reasons.
    • Results can be informative, uncertain, or inconclusive, and some embryos may have no result.
    • Counselling should cover consent, costs, what happens to embryos, and where to get support after testing.
    • Bring your questions in writing and ask for explanations in plain language.

    What PGT counselling is and is not

    PGT counselling is an opportunity to discuss the purpose and limits of preimplantation genetic testing in your specific situation. It is not a session that decides for you whether to test, and it is not a guarantee of any particular outcome. A counsellor or clinician can explain how PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR differ, what information each test may provide, and what remains uncertain.

    PGT is not required for all patients undergoing IVF. Whether it is relevant depends on your medical history, your reasons for considering it, and the advice of your treating team. Counselling should help you weigh the possible benefits against the limitations and the decisions that may follow.

    Questions about test types

    Ask your clinic to explain, in plain language, which test or tests they are recommending and why.

    • What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?
    • Which of these tests is being considered for my situation, and what is the reason?
    • What does each test look for, and what does it not look for?
    • Are there alternative approaches, including not testing, that we should discuss?
    • How is the sample taken from an embryo, and what are the limitations of that method?
    • What is the difference between screening and diagnosis in this context?

    Questions about possible results

    Results are not always a simple yes or no. Ask what types of results are possible and how each might be explained.

    • What results could come back, and what would each type mean in general terms?
    • What does it mean if a result is inconclusive, uncertain, or has no result?
    • Could a result be affected by factors such as embryo mosaicism or laboratory technique?
    • How will the clinic explain a result that is not clear-cut?
    • Will we have a chance to ask questions after the results are available?
    • What follow-up testing or counselling might be suggested if a result is unclear?

    Questions about consent and decision-making

    PGT consent is an important part of preparation. Ask how consent is documented and what choices you are being asked to make.

    • What information will be provided before we sign a consent form?
    • What are we consenting to, and can we change our mind later?
    • Who will have access to our genetic information and test results?
    • What are the options for embryos that are not transferred?
    • How are decisions made if we disagree with each other or with the clinic?
    • What support is available if we find the decision difficult?

    Questions about costs and practical arrangements

    Costs and logistics vary between clinics and over time. Ask for a written breakdown of what is included and what is not, and confirm details directly with your clinic.

    • What is included in the quoted price for PGT, and what might cost extra?
    • Are there separate charges for counselling, laboratory work, storage, or follow-up?
    • How and when will we receive results, and who will explain them?
    • What documents or identification do we need to bring?
    • Are there any travel or timing considerations we should plan for?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on refunds or cancellations if testing cannot proceed?

    Questions about post-test genetic support

    Post-test genetic support in Thailand may include a follow-up consultation to discuss results and next steps. Ask what is available and how to access it.

    • Who will explain the results to us, and when?
    • Will we have access to a genetics professional after testing?
    • What emotional or psychological support is available if results are unexpected?
    • Can you provide a written summary of the results for our records?
    • What are the next steps if we decide to pursue further testing or treatment?
    • How can we contact the clinic with questions after the appointment?

    How to prepare for your appointment

    Preparation can make your counselling session more productive. Consider these steps:

    1. Write down your questions in advance, starting with the ones that matter most to you.
    2. Bring a partner or support person if you would like help remembering the discussion.
    3. Ask for explanations in plain language, and request clarification if something is unclear.
    4. Take notes or ask if you can record the session, if that is permitted.
    5. Ask for written information or a summary you can review later.
    6. Confirm any follow-up appointments or contact details before you leave.

    Next steps

    After counselling, you may want to review the information you received, discuss it with your partner or support network, and decide whether you need another appointment. You can also read more about PGT in Thailand in our PGT in Thailand guide, browse our patient guides, or check the frequently asked questions for general orientation. Always confirm clinical, legal, and financial details directly with your treating clinic or the relevant authority.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in a family. PGT-SR looks at chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations. Your clinic can explain which, if any, is relevant to your situation.

    Is PGT required for all IVF patients?

    No. PGT is not required for everyone undergoing IVF. Whether it is appropriate depends on your medical history, your reasons for considering it, and the advice of your treating team. Counselling can help you understand the potential benefits and limitations.

    What does an inconclusive PGT result mean?

    An inconclusive or uncertain result means the test did not provide a clear answer. This can happen for technical reasons or because of biological factors such as mosaicism. Your clinic should explain what the result may mean and whether further testing or counselling is available.

    Can I get emotional support after PGT results?

    Many clinics offer follow-up consultations and may be able to refer you to a counsellor or psychologist. Ask your clinic what support is available and how to access it if you receive unexpected results.

    What should I bring to a PGT counselling appointment?

    Bring a written list of your questions, any relevant medical records, and a partner or support person if you wish. You may also want to bring a notebook or ask if you can record the session, if permitted.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M Testing in Thailand: What International Patients Should Know

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is a laboratory step used during IVF to test embryos for a specific inherited condition before transfer. It is not a general screening test and it is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy. It is usually considered when a person or couple has a known risk of passing on a particular genetic condition, and it is always planned alongside genetic counselling. In Thailand, several fertility clinics offer PGT-M, but availability, laboratory arrangements and requirements vary. This guide explains the general principles so you can ask better questions and plan realistically.

    At a glance

    • What it is: A targeted test on embryos created through IVF, looking for a specific inherited condition that has already been identified in your family or through carrier testing.
    • Who it may be relevant for: People with a known monogenic condition, carriers of a recessive or X-linked condition, or those with a family history where a specific gene variant has been found.
    • What it is not: A guarantee of pregnancy, a test for all possible genetic conditions, or a replacement for genetic counselling.
    • Key first step: Speak with a genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist before planning IVF abroad.
    • In Thailand: PGT-M is available at some clinics, but you will need to confirm laboratory capability, timelines and documentation directly.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is one of several preimplantation genetic testing options. It is designed to look for a known, specific monogenic disorder — a condition caused by a change in a single gene. Examples include cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, thalassaemia and Huntington’s disease, though many others exist.

    During an IVF cycle, eggs are fertilised and embryos develop in the laboratory. A small number of cells are removed from each embryo (a biopsy), usually at the blastocyst stage. The DNA from those cells is then tested for the specific gene variant that runs in your family. Embryos that do not carry the variant may be considered for transfer, depending on the clinic’s protocol and your circumstances.

    PGT-M is different from PGT-A, which counts chromosomes to look for numerical abnormalities, and from PGT-SR, which looks for structural rearrangements. PGT-M is targeted: it only looks for the condition you already know about. It does not screen for every possible genetic issue.

    Who might consider PGT-M?

    PGT-M is not for everyone. It is usually discussed when there is a known risk of passing on a specific monogenic condition. You might be referred for a conversation about PGT-M if:

    • You or your partner have been diagnosed with a monogenic condition.
    • You are both carriers of the same recessive condition (for example, thalassaemia or cystic fibrosis).
    • You are a carrier of an X-linked condition, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy or haemophilia.
    • You have a family history of a condition where a specific gene variant has been identified.
    • You have had a previous pregnancy or child affected by a monogenic condition.

    In some cases, PGT-M may not be technically possible — for example, if the genetic cause in your family has not been identified, or if the condition is caused by multiple genes or environmental factors. A genetic counsellor can help you understand whether PGT-M is an option for your specific situation.

    The general PGT-M process

    The exact steps vary by clinic and by country, but the broad sequence is similar. Timelines are not fixed and depend on your clinic, your test development, and your IVF cycle.

    1. Genetic counselling and confirmation of the diagnosis. Before anything else, a genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist reviews your family history and confirms the exact gene variant. This usually involves a blood or saliva sample from you and sometimes from family members.
    2. Test development. The laboratory builds a custom test for your specific variant. This is not an off-the-shelf test. It can take time, and not every laboratory offers this service.
    3. IVF cycle. You undergo ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval and fertilisation. Embryos are cultured in the laboratory.
    4. Embryo biopsy. A few cells are removed from each embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage. The embryos are typically frozen while testing is carried out.
    5. Genetic testing. The biopsied cells are analysed using the custom test. Results indicate which embryos carry the variant, which do not, and sometimes which are inconclusive.
    6. Results and counselling. A genetic counsellor or doctor explains the results. Not all embryos will be suitable for transfer, and some may have no result.
    7. Embryo transfer. If you have embryos that do not carry the variant, one may be transferred. Pregnancy is not guaranteed, and further testing during pregnancy (such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) may still be recommended to confirm the result.

    PGT-M in Thailand: what to confirm

    Thailand has fertility clinics that offer PGT-M, but services are not uniform. If you are considering travelling to Thailand for PGT-M, you will need to confirm several practical points directly with the clinic. Because regulations and laboratory arrangements can change, always verify current details before making plans.

    • Laboratory capability: Does the clinic perform PGT-M in-house, or does it send samples to an external laboratory? Who develops the custom test?
    • Genetic counselling: Is genetic counselling available before, during and after the process? Is it provided by a certified genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist?
    • Documentation: What medical records, genetic test results or referral letters do you need to provide? Are translations required?
    • Timelines: How long does test development take? How does this fit with your IVF cycle and travel plans?
    • Costs: What is included in the quoted price? Are there separate charges for genetic counselling, test development, IVF, biopsy, testing per embryo, freezing and transfer? Ask for a written breakdown.
    • Legal and regulatory requirements: Are there any restrictions on PGT-M in Thailand for your specific situation? What consent is required?
    • Follow-up: What happens if you have no suitable embryos, or if results are inconclusive? What support is available?

    You can find more general information for international patients on our international patients page, and an overview of PGT options in Thailand on our PGT in Thailand page.

    Benefits and limitations of PGT-M

    PGT-M can reduce the chance of passing on a specific inherited condition, but it is not a guarantee. It cannot eliminate all risk, and it does not test for conditions other than the one it was designed to detect.

    Limitations include:

    • Not all embryos will be suitable for testing or transfer.
    • Some embryos may give inconclusive results.
    • The test is specific to one condition; it does not screen for other genetic issues.
    • Pregnancy is not guaranteed after transfer.
    • Further testing during pregnancy may still be advised.
    • PGT-M adds complexity, time and cost to an IVF cycle.

    PGT-M is one option among several. Others include prenatal diagnosis, using donor gametes, adopting, or choosing not to have genetic testing. A genetic counsellor can help you weigh these options without pressure.

    Questions to ask a clinic

    Before committing to PGT-M in Thailand, consider asking:

    • Do you offer PGT-M for my specific condition?
    • Who will develop and validate the test?
    • What are the success rates for test development in cases like mine?
    • What proportion of embryos typically give a result?
    • What are the costs, and what is not included?
    • What genetic counselling is available, and in what language?
    • What are the timelines from first consultation to embryo transfer?
    • What happens if we have no embryos suitable for transfer?
    • What follow-up testing do you recommend during pregnancy?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT-M, start with genetic counselling in your home country or with a clinical geneticist. They can confirm whether PGT-M is technically possible for your family and help you understand the alternatives. If you then decide to explore treatment in Thailand, contact clinics directly to confirm their current services, requirements and costs. Our guides and FAQ sections provide further general information to help you prepare questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-M the same as PGT-A?

    No. PGT-M looks for a specific monogenic disorder, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassaemia. PGT-A counts chromosomes to look for numerical abnormalities. They test for different things and are used in different situations.

    Can PGT-M guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-M can reduce the chance of passing on a specific inherited condition, but it cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy or child. It does not test for all genetic conditions, and further testing during pregnancy may still be recommended.

    Do I need genetic counselling before PGT-M?

    Yes, genetic counselling is an essential part of the process. A genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist can confirm whether PGT-M is technically possible for your family, explain the limitations, and discuss alternatives.

    Is PGT-M available in Thailand?

    Some fertility clinics in Thailand offer PGT-M, but services vary. You will need to confirm directly with the clinic whether they can test for your specific condition, how the test is developed, and what the timelines and costs are.

    What if no embryos are suitable for transfer after PGT-M?

    This is a possible outcome. It is important to discuss with your clinic what happens in this situation, including whether another IVF cycle is an option and what support is available.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand: What the Test Can and Cannot Tell You

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test performed on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo during IVF. It can screen for extra or missing copies of whole chromosomes, a condition called aneuploidy. It cannot tell you whether an embryo will implant, whether a pregnancy will continue, or whether a child will be healthy. It is a screening test, not a guarantee, and it is not necessary or suitable for every patient. If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, the most useful step is to understand its scope and limits before you decide.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number, not at specific genes or all possible genetic conditions.
    • It is a screening test, so results are probabilistic, not absolute.
    • A “normal” result does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a healthy child.
    • An “abnormal” result does not always mean the embryo could never produce a healthy pregnancy; some findings are uncertain.
    • PGT-A is not the same as PGT-M or PGT-SR, which look for different things.
    • Whether PGT-A is appropriate depends on your history, age, embryo availability, and clinic guidance.

    What PGT-A screens for

    PGT-A is designed to detect whole-chromosome aneuploidy, meaning an embryo has an extra or missing copy of one or more chromosomes. Human cells usually have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. Aneuploidy can involve any chromosome, and some aneuploidies are more common than others. PGT-A does not routinely look for single-gene mutations, small deletions or duplications, or structural rearrangements. Those are addressed by different tests.

    The test is usually performed on a few cells removed from an embryo, typically at the blastocyst stage. The sample is analysed in a laboratory, and the result is reported as a classification, such as euploid (no aneuploidy detected), aneuploid (aneuploidy detected), or sometimes mosaic (a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers). Some reports also include a category for inconclusive or no result.

    What PGT-A cannot tell you

    PGT-A cannot confirm that an embryo will implant or that a pregnancy will result in a live birth. It cannot rule out all genetic conditions, because it does not examine every gene or every possible chromosome change. It cannot predict childhood health, development, or future medical conditions. It also cannot tell you whether an embryo will be affected by conditions caused by factors other than chromosome number, such as environmental influences or multifactorial conditions.

    In addition, PGT-A cannot guarantee that the embryo chosen for transfer is the “best” one in every respect. Embryo quality, uterine environment, and many other factors influence outcomes. A euploid result reduces the probability of certain chromosome-related issues, but it does not eliminate them.

    PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR: different tests, different questions

    PGT-A is one of several preimplantation genetic tests. PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene, such as cystic fibrosis or spinal muscular atrophy. PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) looks for chromosome structural changes, such as translocations, that may be present in a parent. Each test requires different laboratory methods and answers a different question. If you are considering PGT in Thailand, ask which test is being recommended and why.

    How PGT-A results are interpreted

    PGT-A results are usually reported as a classification. A euploid result means no aneuploidy was detected in the sampled cells. An aneuploid result means aneuploidy was detected. A mosaic result means the sample contained a mixture of euploid and aneuploid cells. Mosaic results can be difficult to interpret because the proportion and type of mosaic cells matter, and the clinical significance is not always clear. Some clinics may consider transferring mosaic embryos after counselling, while others may not. An inconclusive result means the test did not provide a clear answer, and repeat testing or another approach may be discussed.

    It is important to understand that a result applies to the sampled cells, not necessarily to the whole embryo. The embryo may be mosaic even if the sample appeared uniform. This is one reason why PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test for the embryo as a whole.

    Limitations and uncertainties

    PGT-A has technical limitations. The sample size is small, and the test may miss some chromosome changes or detect changes that are not present in the whole embryo. Some embryos may be classified as mosaic, which creates uncertainty about transfer decisions. The test does not detect all genetic conditions, and it does not assess non-chromosomal causes of pregnancy loss or implantation failure. It also does not improve the quality of an embryo or change the underlying reasons for infertility.

    Another limitation is that PGT-A requires embryos to be created and cultured to a suitable stage, which may not be possible for every patient. It also adds cost and time to an IVF cycle. Whether the potential information is worth these trade-offs is a personal decision that should be discussed with a qualified clinician.

    Who might consider PGT-A

    PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. It may be discussed with patients who have a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, repeated implantation failure, or advanced maternal age, or when there are other clinical reasons. However, guidelines and professional opinions vary, and the evidence for benefit in different groups is not uniform. Some patients may choose PGT-A to gain information, while others may decide against it. There is no single right answer.

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, ask the clinic about their experience, their laboratory methods, and how they interpret and report results. Ask what they do with mosaic or inconclusive results, and what alternatives exist if you decide not to test.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    • Which PGT test are you recommending, and why?
    • What does the test screen for, and what does it not screen for?
    • How do you report mosaic and inconclusive results?
    • What are the possible next steps if the result is abnormal or uncertain?
    • What are the costs, and what do they include?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy procedure?
    • How do you counsel patients about the limitations of PGT-A?
    • What alternatives are available if we decide not to do PGT-A?

    Next steps for international patients

    Before travelling to Thailand for IVF with PGT-A, gather information from the clinic in writing. Ask for a clear explanation of the test, its limitations, and the costs involved. Confirm what documents you need, what visas or entry requirements apply, and how long you may need to stay. These details can change, so verify them with the clinic and relevant authorities. It is also wise to ask about follow-up care and how results will be communicated to you.

    You can learn more about PGT in Thailand in our PGT in Thailand guide, browse other patient guides, or check our FAQ for general information. Always discuss your individual situation with a qualified healthcare provider.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a normal PGT-A result guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A is a screening test that looks for extra or missing whole chromosomes in a small sample of cells. A normal result reduces the chance of certain chromosome-related issues, but it cannot guarantee implantation, a continuing pregnancy, or a healthy child. Other genetic and non-genetic factors can still affect outcomes.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for whole-chromosome aneuploidy, such as an extra or missing chromosome. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene. They are different tests used for different purposes, and sometimes both may be considered.

    Can PGT-A tell me if my embryo is mosaic?

    PGT-A can sometimes detect mosaicism, which means the embryo has a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers. However, the result applies only to the sampled cells, and the clinical significance of mosaicism can be uncertain. Your clinic should explain what a mosaic result means for your situation.

    Is PGT-A recommended for everyone doing IVF?

    No. PGT-A is not universally recommended. It may be discussed for specific situations, such as recurrent pregnancy loss or advanced maternal age, but guidelines vary and the evidence is not uniform. Whether to use PGT-A is a personal decision to discuss with your clinician.

    What should I ask a clinic in Thailand about PGT-A?

    Ask which test is recommended and why, what it screens for and does not screen for, how mosaic and inconclusive results are handled, what the costs include, and what alternatives exist. Also ask about the biopsy procedure, counselling, and how results will be communicated.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • The Embryology and Genetics Laboratory Pathway in Thailand: A Patient Guide to Embryo Culture, Biopsy and PGT

    If you are considering IVF with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in Thailand, you may wonder what actually happens to your embryos in the laboratory. In short, the pathway usually moves from egg retrieval and fertilisation, through several days of embryo culture, to a small biopsy of cells from each embryo, followed by genetic testing and a report that your clinic uses to decide which embryos may be suitable for transfer. The exact steps, timelines and laboratory arrangements vary by clinic, so treat this as a map of the journey and a list of questions to confirm directly with your treating team.

    At a glance

    • The laboratory pathway is a sequence: retrieval, fertilisation, culture, biopsy, testing, reporting and possible transfer.
    • PGT is a group of tests, not a single test. PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR look at different things.
    • PGT cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a healthy child, and it is not necessary or suitable for everyone.
    • Your clinic should explain who performs each step, how embryos are tracked, and what happens to embryos that are not transferred.
    • Ask for written information about costs, consent, storage and reporting before you start.

    Step 1: Egg retrieval and fertilisation

    The laboratory pathway begins before the embryology laboratory itself. After ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, the eggs are collected and prepared for fertilisation. Fertilisation may be attempted by mixing eggs and sperm together, or by injecting a single sperm into an egg (ICSI). The choice depends on the clinical situation and is a decision your treating clinician should discuss with you.

    Once fertilisation occurs, the resulting structure is called a zygote. It then begins to divide and develop into an embryo. The laboratory monitors this early development, but the details of how often and how closely embryos are checked can differ between clinics.

    Step 2: Embryo culture

    Embryos are kept in a controlled environment designed to support development. This is often called embryo culture. Culture conditions, the type of incubator, and whether the laboratory uses time-lapse imaging or standard daily checks are laboratory-specific. No single approach is universally required, and clinics may use different systems.

    Embryos are usually observed over several days. Some may stop developing, and some may develop more slowly than others. The embryology team records these observations. If you are curious about how your embryos are progressing, ask what information the clinic can share and when.

    Step 3: Embryo biopsy

    For PGT, a small number of cells are typically removed from each embryo. This is called a biopsy. The timing can vary: some clinics biopsy embryos at the blastocyst stage, usually around day five or six of development, while others may use a different stage. The biopsy is intended to obtain DNA for testing without removing cells that the embryo needs to continue developing.

    Biopsy is a laboratory procedure, and the embryologist performing it should be experienced. Ask who performs the biopsy, how many cells are taken, and what the clinic’s approach is if an embryo is not suitable for biopsy.

    Step 4: What PGT tests look at

    PGT is an umbrella term. The three main categories you may hear about are:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening): looks at the number of chromosomes in the biopsied cells. It can identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes, but it does not test for all genetic conditions and does not guarantee a healthy pregnancy.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disease): looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene, when a known familial variant has been identified. It is usually planned in advance with a genetics team.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement): looks at chromosomes when a parent has a known structural rearrangement, such as a translocation.

    Each test has limitations. A result is a laboratory finding, not a diagnosis of your future child. Some results may be unclear, and some embryos may not provide enough DNA for a result. Your clinic should explain what a result can and cannot tell you.

    Step 5: Laboratory workflow and embryo tracking

    In a busy laboratory, multiple embryos from multiple patients may be handled on the same day. Reliable tracking is therefore essential. Clinics use labelling, witnessing procedures and documentation to help ensure that each embryo is correctly identified throughout culture, biopsy, testing and storage.

    You may want to ask how embryos are labelled, how identity checks are performed, and how the laboratory links the biopsy sample to the correct embryo. You can also ask how results are reported back to your clinician and to you.

    Step 6: Results, reporting and next steps

    After testing, the laboratory issues a report. Your clinician then discusses which embryos may be suitable for transfer, taking into account the test result, embryo development and your overall clinical picture. Some embryos may be recommended for transfer, some may be kept in storage, and some may not be suitable. The decision is not based on the PGT result alone.

    If no embryo is available for transfer after testing, your clinic should explain the possible reasons and discuss alternatives. PGT is one option among several, and it is not a required step for all patients.

    Questions to ask your clinic about the laboratory pathway

    • Who performs the biopsy, and what is their experience?
    • At what stage are embryos biopsied, and why?
    • How are embryos tracked and identified in the laboratory?
    • What PGT test is being proposed, and what can it detect or miss?
    • What happens if a result is unclear or no result is obtained?
    • How and when will I receive the laboratory report?
    • What are the costs of culture, biopsy, testing and storage, and what is included?
    • What are the clinic’s policies on embryo storage, consent and disposal?
    • What alternatives are available if I choose not to do PGT?

    Practical next steps

    1. Ask your clinic for a written summary of the laboratory pathway, including who does what.
    2. Request an explanation of the specific PGT test being recommended and its limitations.
    3. Confirm all costs in writing, including any separate laboratory or genetics fees.
    4. Ask how embryos will be stored and what happens if you move or stop treatment.
    5. Keep a copy of your consent forms and laboratory reports.

    Where to learn more

    You can compare clinics and their laboratory services on our hospitals page. For a broader overview of PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. Our guides section covers related planning topics, and the FAQ answers common questions about testing and treatment.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT required for all IVF patients in Thailand?

    No. PGT is an optional laboratory test that may be recommended for some patients based on their history or genetic risk. It is not required for everyone, and your clinic should explain why it is or is not being suggested in your case.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about certain chromosomal or genetic findings, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a healthy child. It also does not detect every possible condition. Your clinic should explain the limits of the specific test being used.

    How long does the laboratory pathway take?

    Timelines vary by clinic and by the test being performed. Embryo culture usually lasts several days, and testing may add additional time. Ask your clinic for an estimated schedule for your own cycle.

    What happens to embryos that are not transferred?

    Embryos that are not transferred may be stored, donated, used for research or disposed of, depending on your consent and the clinic's policies. Ask for written information about storage duration, costs and your options.

    Can I ask to speak to the embryologist?

    Many clinics allow patients to ask questions through their treating clinician. Whether you can speak directly to an embryologist depends on the clinic. It is reasonable to ask how laboratory questions are handled.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR in Thailand: How to Understand the Differences

    PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR are three different types of preimplantation genetic testing used during IVF. They are not interchangeable. PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in a family. PGT-SR looks at chromosome structure, usually when a parent carries a known rearrangement. Which one, if any, may be relevant depends on your history and is a clinical decision. This guide explains the differences in plain language and lists what to confirm with a clinic in Thailand.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A — checks chromosome number (for example, extra or missing chromosomes).
    • PGT-M — checks for a specific gene variant or condition known to run in the family.
    • PGT-SR — checks for chromosome structural rearrangements, such as translocations.
    • All three require an IVF cycle and a biopsy of embryo cells.
    • None of them guarantees a pregnancy, a live birth or a healthy child.
    • Suitability is determined by a clinician, often with a genetic counsellor.

    What PGT means in plain language

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a group of laboratory tests performed on embryos created through IVF, before any embryo is transferred to the uterus. A small number of cells is removed from the embryo (a biopsy), and those cells are tested in a laboratory. The results are used to help decide which embryo(s) might be considered for transfer.

    PGT is not a treatment for infertility, and it does not improve the quality of an embryo. It is a screening or diagnostic tool that provides additional information. It also has limitations: it cannot detect every possible genetic or health issue, and it cannot guarantee an outcome.

    The three main types of PGT testing in Thailand

    Clinics in Thailand, like clinics elsewhere, generally group PGT into three categories. The names can be confusing because they sound similar, but each answers a different question.

    PGT-A: chromosome number

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. Aneuploidy means an embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes — for example, an extra copy or a missing copy of a particular chromosome. PGT-A is used to count chromosomes, not to read individual genes.

    PGT-A may be discussed with patients in a range of situations, such as when there is a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, when the woman is older, or when previous IVF cycles have not led to a successful pregnancy. However, professional guidance varies, and PGT-A is not automatically recommended for everyone. Some clinics offer it routinely; others reserve it for specific situations. It is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy.

    PGT-M: a specific inherited condition

    PGT-M stands for preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders. Monogenic means caused by a change in a single gene. PGT-M is used when a family is known to be at risk of passing on a specific inherited condition, such as cystic fibrosis, thalassaemia, spinal muscular atrophy, or certain other conditions.

    Before PGT-M can be performed, the laboratory usually needs information about the specific gene variant in the family. This often involves a genetic test on the parents or an affected family member. PGT-M is therefore highly individualised: the test is built around one family’s specific variant. It is not a general screen for all genetic conditions.

    PGT-SR: chromosome structure

    PGT-SR stands for preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements. Structural rearrangements are changes in the way chromosome material is arranged — for example, a translocation, where part of one chromosome is attached to another. A person can carry a balanced translocation and be healthy, but it can increase the chance of miscarriage or of a child being affected by an unbalanced chromosome arrangement.

    PGT-SR is usually considered when a parent is known to carry a structural rearrangement, often identified after recurrent miscarriage or after a chromosome test. Like PGT-M, it is targeted to a known finding in the family.

    PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR: a comparison

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M PGT-SR
    What it looks at Number of chromosomes A specific gene variant Chromosome structure (rearrangements)
    Typical reason it is discussed Chromosome number concerns, history of loss, age-related risk Known inherited condition in the family Known structural rearrangement in a parent
    Is it targeted to one family? No — general chromosome count Yes — built around a specific variant Yes — built around a specific rearrangement
    Does it require prior genetic information? Usually not Usually yes Usually yes
    Does it guarantee a healthy child? No No No

    This table is a general orientation only. A clinic will explain which test, if any, fits your situation.

    Why a clinic might recommend one over another

    The choice is not a matter of one test being “better” than another. Each test is designed for a different question. A clinic may recommend:

    • PGT-A when the main concern is chromosome number, for example in the context of recurrent miscarriage or a previous aneuploid pregnancy.
    • PGT-M when there is a known single-gene condition in the family and the specific variant has been identified.
    • PGT-SR when a parent carries a known structural rearrangement, such as a translocation.

    In some cases, more than one type of PGT may be relevant, or none may be recommended. The decision depends on medical history, genetic test results, the number and quality of embryos available, and the clinic’s laboratory capabilities. It is a clinical judgement, not a patient preference alone.

    What PGT can and cannot tell you

    PGT provides information about the cells that were biopsied. It cannot tell you everything about the embryo. Limitations include:

    • It does not detect all genetic conditions.
    • It does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, live birth or a healthy child.
    • It may produce results that are unclear or that require interpretation.
    • It does not replace prenatal testing, which may still be offered during pregnancy.
    • It adds cost and complexity to an IVF cycle.

    Your clinic should explain the specific limitations of the test they are offering.

    Alternatives and other options

    PGT is one option among several. Depending on your situation, alternatives may include:

    • IVF without PGT, with embryo selection based on standard laboratory criteria.
    • Using donor gametes (sperm or eggs), if medically appropriate and legally available.
    • Prenatal diagnosis during pregnancy, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis.
    • Genetic counselling to understand risks and options without proceeding to PGT.

    These options have their own benefits, risks and limitations. A clinician and a genetic counsellor can help you weigh them.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, these questions can help you compare clinics and understand what is being offered:

    • Which type of PGT are you recommending for my situation, and why?
    • What information do you need from me or my family before the test can be performed?
    • What are the limitations of this test in your laboratory?
    • What happens if the result is unclear or inconclusive?
    • What are the costs involved, and what do they include?
    • What are the success rates for my age and diagnosis at your clinic?
    • Do you provide genetic counselling, and is it included?
    • What are the legal and regulatory requirements for PGT in Thailand for international patients?
    • What documents do I need to bring, and what is the expected timeline?
    • What alternatives do I have if I decide not to proceed with PGT?

    Next steps

    1. Gather your medical and genetic history, including any previous genetic test results.
    2. Ask your current doctor for a referral or summary that you can share with a clinic in Thailand.
    3. Contact one or more clinics and ask the questions above.
    4. Request a consultation with a genetic counsellor if available.
    5. Confirm costs, timeline, legal requirements and travel arrangements directly with the clinic.
    6. Take time to consider the information before making a decision.

    For more general information, see our PGT in Thailand page and our guides. You can also check our FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the main difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene variant. PGT-SR looks at the structure of chromosomes, such as translocations. Each test answers a different question and is chosen based on your medical and family history.

    Can I choose which PGT test I want?

    PGT is a medical test, so the decision is made with a clinician. You can discuss your preferences, but the recommended test depends on your history, genetic findings and the clinic's assessment. In some cases, no PGT may be recommended.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide useful information, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a healthy child. It does not detect all genetic conditions, and it does not replace prenatal testing.

    Is PGT available in Thailand for international patients?

    Many clinics in Thailand offer PGT, but availability, legal requirements and eligibility can vary. You should confirm directly with the clinic you are considering, and check any current regulations with the relevant authorities.

    What should I ask a clinic before deciding on PGT?

    Ask which type of PGT they recommend and why, what information they need from you, the limitations of the test, what happens if results are unclear, the costs, and whether genetic counselling is included. Also ask about legal requirements and timelines for international patients.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing Cost in Thailand: What Is Included and What Is Not

    PGT-A testing cost in Thailand is rarely a single number. Most quotations combine several services: embryo biopsy, laboratory genetic analysis, and sometimes IVF cycle components. What is included varies by clinic and by how many embryos are tested. This guide explains the common cost categories, why quotations differ, and the questions that help you compare them fairly. It does not provide prices, because those depend on your clinic, your protocol, and the number of embryos involved.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A quotations usually bundle biopsy, genetic analysis, and reporting, but the boundaries differ.
    • IVF cycle costs, medication, embryo freezing, and storage are often separate.
    • Ask whether the quote is per embryo, per batch, or per cycle.
    • Confirm what happens if no embryos are suitable for testing or transfer.
    • Request a written quotation that lists inclusions, exclusions, and payment timing.

    Why PGT-A quotations are not directly comparable

    Two clinics can quote for the same treatment and still produce very different totals. One may include biopsy and analysis in a single package; another may charge separately for each embryo. Some quotations include the IVF cycle, while others assume you already have embryos in storage. Currency, exchange rates, and payment schedules add further variation.

    For international patients, the practical approach is to compare categories rather than headline figures. Ask each clinic to break the quotation into the components below, then check which items are included, which are optional, and which are billed only if certain steps occur.

    Common cost components in a PGT-A quotation

    The table below lists categories that may appear in a quotation. It does not show amounts, because those are clinic-specific and can change. Use it as a checklist when you review a written quote.

    Category What it usually covers What to confirm
    IVF cycle Monitoring, egg retrieval, laboratory fertilisation, and embryo culture Is the cycle included, or is the quote only for testing?
    Embryo biopsy Removing a small number of cells from each embryo for testing Is the fee per embryo, or included in a package?
    Genetic analysis Laboratory screening of the biopsy sample for chromosomal number Is the analysis done in-house or sent to another laboratory?
    Reporting Written results and interpretation for your treating doctor Is a consultation to discuss results included?
    Embryo freezing and storage Cryopreservation of tested embryos and ongoing storage Are freezing and storage included for a set period?
    Medication Ovarian stimulation and related prescriptions Is medication included, or billed separately by a pharmacy?
    Monitoring and blood tests Ultrasound scans and hormone blood tests during the cycle Are all monitoring visits included, or charged per visit?
    Additional procedures Techniques such as ICSI or assisted hatching, if recommended Are these optional, and how would they change the total?

    What is often bundled

    Many quotations group the laboratory side of PGT-A into one line. That may include biopsy, analysis, and a results report. Some clinics also bundle a certain number of embryos into a package, with a separate fee for each additional embryo. If you see a single figure for PGT-A, ask what it covers and whether it has an embryo limit.

    Bundling can make a quotation easier to read, but it can also hide the cost of extra steps. For example, a package may include biopsy and analysis but not the IVF cycle that produced the embryos. Always ask which parts of the pathway are inside the package and which are outside.

    What is often billed separately

    Items outside the PGT-A package commonly include:

    • The IVF cycle itself, including monitoring and retrieval
    • Fertility medication and pharmacy costs
    • Embryo freezing and storage after testing
    • Pre-treatment consultations, scans, and blood tests
    • Additional laboratory techniques recommended for your case
    • Follow-up consultations to discuss results
    • Any travel, accommodation, and administrative costs

    Some clinics also charge separately for shipping samples to an external genetics laboratory. If the laboratory is not on site, ask who handles the sample, how long results take, and whether transport is included.

    How to compare quotations from different clinics

    Use the same questions for every clinic so you can compare like with like. A written quotation is more useful than a verbal estimate, because it gives you a document to check.

    1. Ask for a written quotation that lists every included service and every exclusion.
    2. Confirm whether the PGT-A fee is per embryo, per batch, or per cycle.
    3. Ask how many embryos are covered before extra fees apply.
    4. Check whether the IVF cycle, medication, and monitoring are inside or outside the quote.
    5. Ask what happens if no embryos are available for biopsy or if testing yields no result.
    6. Confirm whether freezing, storage, and a results consultation are included.
    7. Ask about payment timing, currency, and whether any refund or credit applies if a step is not performed.

    Questions to ask before you commit

    These questions help you understand the financial and practical shape of treatment. They are not a substitute for clinical advice from your treating doctor.

    • What exactly does the PGT-A fee include, and what is excluded?
    • Is the price fixed, or can it change during treatment?
    • How many embryos does the quotation cover, and what is the fee for each additional embryo?
    • Is the genetic analysis performed at the clinic or at another laboratory?
    • How long do results usually take, and does that affect storage fees?
    • What costs should I expect if the cycle needs to be adjusted or repeated?
    • Are there separate charges for consultations, scans, or blood tests?
    • What payment methods are accepted, and when is payment due?

    Planning beyond the quotation

    Cost is one part of planning. International patients also need to consider travel, accommodation, time away from work, and how many visits a cycle may require. Those costs are rarely included in a PGT-A quotation, so it helps to estimate them separately.

    It is also worth asking how the clinic communicates results and follow-up plans if you return home. Some patients prefer to stay until results are available; others arrange a remote consultation. Confirm what is possible before you book travel.

    For a broader view of IVF cost categories in Thailand, see our guide to IVF cost in Thailand. For more detail on PGT-A specifically, visit PGT-A cost in Thailand. You can also explore patient resources for planning tools, or contact us if you have questions about comparing quotations.

    Next steps

    Before you commit to a clinic, request a written quotation and compare it against the categories above. Ask the clinic to confirm inclusions, exclusions, and what happens if a step is not performed. If a quotation is unclear, ask for a revised version with each item listed separately. Taking this step can help you avoid surprises and make a more informed decision.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a PGT-A quotation in Thailand usually include the IVF cycle?

    Not always. Some quotations cover only the biopsy and genetic analysis, while others bundle the IVF cycle. Ask the clinic to state clearly whether monitoring, retrieval, fertilisation, and embryo culture are included or billed separately.

    Is PGT-A charged per embryo or as a package?

    Both approaches exist. Some clinics charge per embryo tested, while others offer a package that covers a set number of embryos with an additional fee for each extra embryo. Confirm the basis of the fee and any embryo limit before you compare quotations.

    What costs are commonly not included in a PGT-A quotation?

    Medication, embryo freezing and storage, pre-treatment consultations, monitoring scans, blood tests, and follow-up consultations are often separate. Travel and accommodation are almost never included. Ask for a written list of exclusions.

    How can I compare quotations from different clinics fairly?

    Use the same checklist for each clinic: ask what is included, what is excluded, whether the fee is per embryo or per cycle, how many embryos are covered, and what happens if no embryos are suitable for testing. A written quotation makes comparison easier.

    Can the cost change after I receive a quotation?

    It can, depending on your treatment plan, the number of embryos, and any additional procedures your doctor recommends. Ask whether the quotation is fixed or an estimate, and request that any changes be explained in writing before you agree.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT for Advanced Maternal Age in Thailand: What It Tests and Who It May Help

    If you are over 40 and considering IVF in Thailand, you may have read that preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) can help select embryos. PGT is a group of laboratory tests performed on a small number of cells taken from an embryo during IVF. It does not treat infertility, improve egg quality or guarantee a pregnancy. Instead, it provides information about the chromosomal or genetic makeup of an embryo, which you and your clinician can use when deciding which embryo(s) to transfer. This guide explains the main types of PGT, why age is relevant, and what the results can and cannot tell you.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo; the chance of chromosomal errors rises with maternal age.
    • PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in a family.
    • PGT-SR looks at chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations, that a parent may carry.
    • PGT is not a guarantee of pregnancy, live birth or a healthy child.
    • Whether PGT is appropriate for you depends on your history, your age, the reason for testing and clinic guidance.

    What PGT means in plain language

    During IVF, eggs are fertilised in the laboratory and embryos begin to develop. If PGT is planned, an embryologist removes a few cells from an embryo at a specific stage, usually the blastocyst stage. Those cells are tested, and the embryo is typically frozen while results are awaited. A later transfer cycle uses an embryo selected partly on the basis of the test result.

    PGT is not one single test. It is an umbrella term for several different investigations, each with a different purpose. The type your clinic discusses with you should match the question you are trying to answer.

    The three main types of PGT

    Test What it looks at Typical reason it is discussed
    PGT-A Number of chromosomes in an embryo (aneuploidy screening) Age-related risk of chromosomal errors, or a history of repeated implantation failure or miscarriage
    PGT-M A specific gene variant or inherited condition A known familial genetic condition, such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease
    PGT-SR Structural chromosome rearrangements A parent carries a translocation or similar rearrangement

    Some clinics may also discuss other forms of testing. The names and availability of specific tests can vary, so ask your clinic to explain exactly which test is being proposed and why.

    Why age matters: aneuploidy and egg quality

    Human eggs are formed before birth and mature over decades. As a woman ages, the chance that an egg will have an incorrect number of chromosomes increases. An embryo with an incorrect number of chromosomes is described as aneuploid. Many aneuploid embryos do not implant, and some pregnancies involving aneuploid embryos end in miscarriage. A small number can result in a live birth with a chromosomal condition, such as Down syndrome.

    This age-related tendency is sometimes described as a decline in egg quality, but it is more accurate to think of it as a change in the proportion of eggs with chromosomal errors. It is not something you can feel, and it does not mean every egg or every embryo will be affected. PGT-A is one way to gather information about the chromosomal status of the embryos you have, but it does not change the underlying biology of the eggs or embryos.

    What PGT-A can and cannot tell you

    PGT-A is designed to detect whole-chromosome gains or losses. It can identify embryos that are likely to be euploid (the expected number of chromosomes) or aneuploid. It cannot tell you whether an embryo will implant, whether a pregnancy will continue, or what a child’s health, development or appearance will be.

    PGT-A also has technical limitations. It is a screening test, not a diagnostic test, and it can produce results that are inconclusive, borderline or affected by mosaicism (where an embryo has a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers). Some embryos may be reported as mosaic, and the implications of transferring a mosaic embryo are not fully understood. Your clinic should explain what a particular result means for your specific situation.

    PGT-M and PGT-SR: when the question is different

    PGT-M is used when there is a known inherited condition in the family. It looks for a specific gene variant that the parents may pass on. PGT-SR is used when a parent carries a chromosome rearrangement, such as a translocation, which can increase the risk of miscarriage or a child with a chromosomal condition. These tests are not about age-related aneuploidy; they answer a different question. If you have a family history of a genetic condition or a known rearrangement, ask your clinic whether PGT-M or PGT-SR is relevant for you.

    Is PGT right for you? Questions to consider

    PGT is not a required step in IVF, and it is not suitable for everyone. Whether it is offered or recommended depends on your medical history, your age, the reason for testing, the number of embryos available, and clinic policy. Some people choose PGT to gain information; others decide against it because of cost, the possibility of no transferable embryos, or the wish to avoid embryo freezing and testing.

    There is no single correct choice. A useful next step is to ask your clinic the following questions:

    • Which type of PGT are you recommending for me, and why?
    • What will the result tell us, and what will it not tell us?
    • What happens if the result is inconclusive or mosaic?
    • How many embryos would need to be tested for the test to be useful in my case?
    • What are the alternatives to PGT, and what are the trade-offs?
    • What are the costs, including any separate laboratory, freezing and storage fees?
    • What are the clinic’s policies on embryo storage, disposal and transport?

    Practical planning for international patients

    If you are travelling to Thailand for IVF with PGT, planning involves more than the test itself. You will need to consider how long you can stay, how many visits are required, and how results will be communicated to you. Because PGT often involves freezing embryos and transferring them in a later cycle, your timeline may extend over more than one trip or require coordination with a clinic in your home country.

    Before you commit, ask your clinic to explain:

    • How many days you need to be in Thailand for monitoring, egg collection and any transfer.
    • How results are shared and how follow-up is arranged if you return home.
    • What documents or records the clinic needs from you, and whether translations are required.
    • What payment, cancellation and refund policies apply.
    • Whether the clinic can support you if you need to pause or change plans.

    Legal and regulatory requirements can change and may differ depending on your situation. Always confirm current requirements with the clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authority. You can also read more general information on our PGT in Thailand page and browse our guides for related topics.

    Alternatives and limitations

    PGT is one option among several. Some people proceed with IVF without PGT, accepting that embryo selection will be based on development and appearance rather than genetic testing. Others may consider donor eggs, adoption or choosing not to pursue further treatment. These are personal decisions, and no single path is right for everyone.

    It is also important to recognise that PGT cannot create embryos, improve egg or sperm quality, or overcome all causes of infertility. It does not replace prenatal testing, which may still be offered during pregnancy. And it does not remove the uncertainty that is part of any fertility treatment.

    Next steps

    If you are over 40 and considering PGT in Thailand, start by clarifying your own questions. Write down what you hope to learn from testing and what you would do with the information. Then discuss those points with a qualified fertility clinician who can review your history and explain whether PGT is likely to be useful in your case. For general background, see our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A improve my chances of having a baby if I am over 40?

    PGT-A can provide information about the chromosomal status of an embryo, but it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a live birth. It does not change the underlying biology of your eggs or embryos. Whether it improves your individual chances depends on many factors, and your clinic can discuss what is known and what remains uncertain in your situation.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an incorrect number of chromosomes in an embryo, which becomes more common with age. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in a family. PGT-SR looks for chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations, that a parent may carry. Each test answers a different question.

    Can PGT tell me if my embryo is healthy?

    No. PGT-A looks at chromosome number, and PGT-M and PGT-SR look at specific genetic issues. None of these tests can confirm that an embryo is completely healthy or predict a child's future health, development or appearance. PGT is a screening or diagnostic tool with limitations, and results should be interpreted with your clinician.

    What happens if my PGT result is inconclusive or mosaic?

    Some embryos may be reported as inconclusive or mosaic, meaning the result is not clear-cut. The implications of transferring such an embryo are not fully understood, and practices vary. Your clinic should explain what a specific result means for you and what options are available.

    Is PGT required for IVF in Thailand?

    No. PGT is not a required part of IVF, and it is not suitable for everyone. Whether it is offered or recommended depends on your medical history, your age, the reason for testing, the number of embryos available, and clinic policy. You can discuss the pros and cons with your fertility clinician.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.