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  • PGT-A vs. IVF Without PGT in Thailand: How to Decide

    If you are planning IVF in Thailand, one of the decisions you may face is whether to add preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) to your cycle. PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer, but it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. This guide compares the potential benefits and limitations of PGT-A versus not doing it, helping you think through the factors that matter most for your situation.

    At a glance: PGT-A vs. no PGT

    • PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes, which are a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage.
    • No PGT means embryos are selected based on appearance (morphology) and developmental stage, without genetic screening.
    • PGT-A may reduce the chance of transferring an abnormal embryo, but it does not improve the quality of your eggs or embryos.
    • The decision depends on your age, number of embryos, budget, and personal values.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A is a test performed on a small number of cells taken from an embryo (usually at the blastocyst stage, around day 5 or 6 of development). The test looks for an abnormal number of chromosomes, a condition called aneuploidy. Most embryos with aneuploidy will not implant or will miscarry, and some may lead to conditions like Down syndrome.

    PGT-A is different from PGT-M (for single-gene disorders) and PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements like translocations). PGT-A is not a test for all genetic diseases; it only screens for chromosomal number abnormalities.

    What does IVF without PGT involve?

    In a standard IVF cycle without PGT, embryos are cultured for several days and then graded by embryologists based on their appearance. The embryologist selects the embryo(s) that look most likely to implant. This approach is sometimes called “morphological selection.” It is less expensive and does not require the extra laboratory steps of biopsy and genetic analysis.

    Potential benefits of PGT-A

    • Reduced risk of transferring an abnormal embryo: PGT-A can identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes, allowing the transfer of a euploid (normal) embryo.
    • Lower chance of miscarriage: Because aneuploidy is a leading cause of early pregnancy loss, transferring a euploid embryo may reduce the risk of miscarriage.
    • Fewer cycles to pregnancy: For some patients, especially those with a higher number of embryos, PGT-A may help avoid transferring embryos that would not implant, potentially reducing the number of transfer cycles needed.
    • More information for decision-making: PGT-A results can provide insight into the chromosomal status of your embryos, which may help you decide how many to transfer or whether to consider additional testing.

    Potential limitations and risks of PGT-A

    • Not a guarantee: A euploid embryo may still fail to implant or miscarry due to other factors. PGT-A does not guarantee a live birth.
    • Embryo damage: The biopsy procedure carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, though this is rare in experienced labs.
    • Mosaicism: Some embryos have a mix of normal and abnormal cells (mosaicism). PGT-A may not always accurately predict the outcome for these embryos.
    • Cost and time: PGT-A adds significant cost to an IVF cycle and requires the embryos to be frozen while testing is completed, which may delay transfer.
    • No improvement in egg quality: PGT-A cannot fix underlying egg or sperm quality issues; it only screens the embryos you have.

    Key factors to consider in your decision

    Your age

    Maternal age is the strongest predictor of embryo aneuploidy. The chance of an embryo having an abnormal number of chromosomes increases with age, particularly after 35. If you are older, PGT-A may be more useful because a higher proportion of your embryos are likely to be abnormal. However, even younger women can have aneuploid embryos, so age alone is not the only factor.

    Number of embryos

    PGT-A is most informative when you have multiple embryos to test. If you only have one or two embryos, the test may still be useful, but the results may be less actionable. If you have many embryos, PGT-A can help prioritize which ones to transfer first.

    Budget

    PGT-A adds a significant cost to an IVF cycle. You will need to weigh the potential benefits against the financial burden. Some patients prefer to use the money for additional IVF cycles if needed, rather than testing embryos.

    Personal values and risk tolerance

    Some patients prefer to have as much information as possible, even if it means additional cost and delay. Others prefer a more natural approach and are comfortable with the uncertainty of not testing. There is no right or wrong choice; it is a personal decision.

    How to compare PGT-A vs. no PGT in Thailand

    When you consult with a fertility clinic in Thailand, ask specific questions to help you compare your options:

    • What is the cost of PGT-A, and what does it include?
    • How many embryos do you recommend testing, and why?
    • What is the clinic’s experience with PGT-A, and what is their biopsy success rate?
    • How long will the testing take, and how will it affect my treatment timeline?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy procedure at your lab?
    • How do you handle mosaic embryos?
    • What is the policy on transferring embryos with abnormal results?

    Making your decision: a step-by-step approach

    1. Gather information: Learn about PGT-A and your clinic’s specific protocols.
    2. Assess your personal risk factors: Consider your age, medical history, and any previous pregnancy losses.
    3. Estimate your embryo count: Discuss with your doctor how many embryos you are likely to have based on your ovarian reserve and response to stimulation.
    4. Review your budget: Determine what you can afford and how PGT-A fits into your overall IVF costs.
    5. Talk to your doctor: Ask for a personalized recommendation based on your situation.
    6. Consider a second opinion: If you are unsure, seek advice from another fertility specialist.
    7. Make a decision that feels right for you: Remember that there is no universally correct answer.

    Next steps

    If you are considering IVF in Thailand, take the time to research clinics and their PGT-A offerings. Ask about their success rates, laboratory standards, and how they support patients in making this decision. Ultimately, the choice between PGT-A and no PGT is yours, and it should align with your medical needs, financial situation, and personal preferences.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, our IVF guides, and our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A worth it in Thailand?

    Whether PGT-A is worth it depends on your age, number of embryos, budget, and personal preferences. PGT-A can reduce the risk of transferring an abnormal embryo and may lower the chance of miscarriage, but it does not guarantee a live birth. Discuss your specific situation with your fertility doctor to determine if the benefits outweigh the costs for you.

    Does PGT-A improve IVF success rates?

    PGT-A may improve the efficiency of IVF by helping select embryos that are more likely to implant, but it does not guarantee success. The overall success rate depends on many factors, including embryo quality, uterine health, and the clinic's expertise. PGT-A cannot improve the quality of your eggs or embryos.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. PGT-M is used when one or both parents are known carriers of a genetic condition. PGT-A is not a test for all genetic diseases.

    Can PGT-A harm the embryo?

    The biopsy procedure for PGT-A carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, but this is rare in experienced laboratories. The long-term effects of embryo biopsy are still being studied, but current evidence suggests it is generally safe. Discuss the risks with your clinic.

    How much does PGT-A cost in Thailand?

    The cost of PGT-A in Thailand varies by clinic and the number of embryos tested. It is typically an additional fee on top of the standard IVF cycle cost. Contact clinics directly for current pricing and what is included in the fee.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Genetic Carrier Screening Before IVF in Thailand: A Practical Guide

    What is genetic carrier screening?

    Genetic carrier screening is a blood or saliva test that looks for changes (variants) in genes that can cause inherited conditions. If you carry a variant for a condition, you usually do not have the condition yourself, but you may pass the variant to your children. Carrier screening is typically done before or during fertility treatment planning to help you understand your reproductive risks.

    In the context of IVF, carrier screening can provide information that may influence whether you consider preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M). PGT-M is a technique used to test embryos for a specific genetic condition before transfer.

    Why consider carrier screening before IVF?

    Knowing your carrier status before IVF can help you and your clinician make more informed decisions. If both partners are carriers of the same autosomal recessive condition, or if one partner carries an X-linked condition, there is an increased chance that a child could inherit the condition. Carrier screening results can help you understand these risks and discuss options such as PGT-M, using donor gametes, or prenatal testing.

    Carrier screening is not a requirement for IVF, but it is a personal choice that some people find useful for family planning.

    What does carrier screening involve?

    Carrier screening typically involves a simple blood test or saliva sample. The sample is analyzed in a laboratory to look for specific gene variants associated with a panel of inherited conditions. Panels can vary in the number and type of conditions they cover, from a few common ones to hundreds of rare diseases.

    In Thailand, carrier screening is available through fertility clinics, genetic laboratories, and some hospitals. The process usually includes a consultation with a genetic counselor or fertility specialist to discuss your personal and family medical history before testing.

    How carrier screening results can inform PGT-M decisions

    If carrier screening shows that you and your partner are both carriers of the same autosomal recessive condition, or if you are a carrier of an X-linked condition, your clinician may discuss the option of PGT-M. PGT-M involves testing embryos created through IVF for the specific genetic variant before transfer. This can reduce the chance of having a child with that condition, but it does not guarantee a healthy pregnancy or baby.

    Carrier screening results are not the only factor in deciding about PGT-M. Other considerations include the severity of the condition, your personal values, and the availability of testing in the clinic you choose.

    What to consider when choosing carrier screening in Thailand

    If you are considering carrier screening before IVF in Thailand, here are some points to discuss with your clinic:

    • Which conditions are included in the panel? Ask for a list of the conditions tested and whether the panel is tailored to your ethnic background.
    • What is the turnaround time for results? This can affect your IVF timeline.
    • Who will interpret the results? A genetic counselor or doctor with experience in reproductive genetics should explain the implications.
    • What are the costs? Carrier screening and PGT-M are separate procedures with separate fees. Ask for a detailed breakdown.
    • What happens if a variant is found? Understand the next steps, including whether PGT-M is feasible and what the limitations are.

    Practical questions to ask your clinic

    Before you proceed, consider asking your fertility clinic in Thailand:

    • Do you offer carrier screening on-site, or do you refer to an external laboratory?
    • Can carrier screening be done before starting IVF stimulation?
    • How long are results valid?
    • If both partners are carriers, what are the options for embryo testing?
    • Are there any additional consultations or counseling sessions recommended?

    Next steps: a checklist

    If you are planning IVF in Thailand and want to learn more about carrier screening, here is a simple checklist:

    1. Research fertility clinics that offer genetic services.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your medical and family history.
    3. Ask about carrier screening panels and costs.
    4. If you decide to test, arrange for the blood or saliva sample.
    5. Review results with a genetic counselor or doctor.
    6. Discuss how results may affect your IVF plan, including whether PGT-M is an option.

    For more information about genetic testing in IVF, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also explore our other guides or visit the FAQ section for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is carrier screening mandatory before IVF in Thailand?

    No, carrier screening is not mandatory. It is an optional test that you can choose to have before or during IVF treatment. Your clinic can provide information about the process and help you decide if it is right for you.

    What is the difference between carrier screening and PGT-M?

    Carrier screening tests your blood or saliva to see if you carry a gene variant for a condition. PGT-M is a test performed on embryos created through IVF to see if they have inherited a specific genetic condition. Carrier screening is done on you, while PGT-M is done on embryos.

    How long does carrier screening take in Thailand?

    The time to receive results can vary depending on the laboratory and the panel used. It is best to ask your clinic for an estimated turnaround time, as this can affect your IVF schedule.

    Can carrier screening be done after starting IVF?

    In some cases, carrier screening can be done during the IVF cycle, but it is usually recommended to do it before starting treatment so that results are available to guide decisions about PGT-M. Discuss your timeline with your clinic.

    What if I am a carrier but my partner is not?

    If you are a carrier for a recessive condition and your partner is not, the chance of having a child with that condition is generally low. However, your clinician can explain the specific risks and discuss any additional testing that might be relevant.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-SR in Thailand: What’s the Difference?

    PGT-A vs PGT-SR: What’s the difference?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) and PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) are two different types of genetic tests that can be performed on embryos created through IVF. They answer different questions about embryo health.

    PGT-A checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). This is a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage. PGT-A is often considered for patients of advanced maternal age, those with recurrent pregnancy loss, or repeated implantation failure.

    PGT-SR is specifically designed for patients who carry a structural rearrangement of their chromosomes, such as a translocation or inversion. These rearrangements can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may cause miscarriage or a child with disabilities. PGT-SR aims to identify embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome arrangement.

    In Thailand, both tests are available through IVF clinics that offer genetic testing. However, the choice between PGT-A and PGT-SR depends on your specific medical history and genetic situation.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A: screens for aneuploidy (extra or missing chromosomes).
    • PGT-SR: screens for unbalanced structural rearrangements (e.g., translocations).
    • Who may need PGT-SR: individuals or couples with a known chromosomal rearrangement.
    • Who may need PGT-A: those with age-related risk, recurrent miscarriage, or repeated IVF failure.
    • Both tests require IVF and embryo biopsy.

    Understanding PGT-A

    PGT-A is a screening test that looks for an abnormal number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. Some aneuploidies, such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), can lead to a live birth with health issues.

    PGT-A is often recommended for women over 35, as the risk of aneuploidy increases with maternal age. It may also be suggested for couples who have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss or repeated implantation failure. However, PGT-A does not guarantee a successful pregnancy, and it is not necessary for everyone.

    Understanding PGT-SR

    PGT-SR is a test for people who carry a structural rearrangement of their chromosomes. Structural rearrangements include translocations (when a piece of one chromosome attaches to another) and inversions (when a chromosome segment is reversed). Carriers often have no health problems themselves, but they may produce embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, leading to miscarriage or a child with disabilities.

    PGT-SR is designed to identify embryos that have a normal or balanced chromosome arrangement. This can help reduce the risk of miscarriage and the chance of having a child with a chromosomal disorder. PGT-SR is not a screening test for aneuploidy in general; it is specifically for structural rearrangements.

    Key differences between PGT-A and PGT-SR

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-SR
    Purpose Screens for aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes) Screens for unbalanced structural rearrangements (e.g., translocations)
    Who it’s for Patients with age-related risk, recurrent miscarriage, or repeated IVF failure Patients who carry a known chromosomal rearrangement
    What it detects Extra or missing whole chromosomes Unbalanced chromosome segments due to structural rearrangements
    Method Embryo biopsy and genetic analysis (e.g., NGS) Embryo biopsy and genetic analysis, often with additional testing for the specific rearrangement
    Outcome Identifies embryos with normal chromosome number Identifies embryos with normal or balanced chromosome structure

    When is PGT-SR recommended?

    PGT-SR is recommended when one or both partners are known carriers of a structural rearrangement. This is usually identified through a blood test called karyotyping. If you have a history of recurrent miscarriages, a previous child with a chromosomal disorder, or a family history of translocations, your doctor may suggest karyotyping.

    If a rearrangement is found, PGT-SR can be used during IVF to select embryos that are less likely to lead to miscarriage or a child with a chromosomal condition. However, PGT-SR is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, and it does not test for all genetic conditions.

    PGT-A vs PGT-SR: Which one do you need?

    The choice between PGT-A and PGT-SR depends on your medical history and genetic status. If you have a known structural rearrangement, PGT-SR is the appropriate test. If you are considering PGT for age-related aneuploidy or recurrent miscarriage without a known rearrangement, PGT-A may be more relevant.

    In some cases, a clinic may recommend both tests, especially if you have a rearrangement and also have age-related aneuploidy risk. However, this is a decision to make with your fertility specialist after a thorough evaluation.

    What to ask your clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT-A or PGT-SR in Thailand, here are some questions to ask:

    • Do you offer PGT-A and PGT-SR? What is the difference in your laboratory?
    • How many embryos are typically biopsied, and what is the success rate of the biopsy?
    • How long does it take to get results?
    • What is the cost of each test, and what does it include?
    • Do you have genetic counseling available to help interpret results?
    • What are the limitations of the test?

    Next steps

    If you are trying to decide between PGT-A and PGT-SR, start by reviewing your medical history and any genetic testing you have already had. If you have not had karyotyping, ask your doctor if it is recommended. Then, consult with an IVF clinic in Thailand that offers genetic testing to discuss your options.

    Remember, PGT is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child. It is a tool to help you make informed decisions about which embryos to transfer.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect structural rearrangements like translocations?

    PGT-A is designed to detect an abnormal number of chromosomes, not structural rearrangements. A structural rearrangement like a translocation may not change the total number of chromosomes, so PGT-A might miss it. PGT-SR is specifically designed to detect unbalanced structural rearrangements.

    Is PGT-SR only for people with a known translocation?

    Yes, PGT-SR is typically recommended for individuals or couples who are known carriers of a structural rearrangement, such as a translocation or inversion. If you have not been diagnosed with a rearrangement, PGT-SR is unlikely to be offered.

    Do I need both PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    In some cases, a clinic may recommend both tests, especially if you have a structural rearrangement and also have age-related aneuploidy risk. However, this is not always necessary. Your fertility specialist can advise based on your specific situation.

    What is the difference between PGT-SR and PGT-M?

    PGT-SR is for structural rearrangements, while PGT-M is for single-gene disorders (like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia). They are different tests for different genetic conditions. Some patients may need both if they have both a rearrangement and a single-gene disorder.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: How to Decide

    If you are planning IVF in Thailand and have heard about preimplantation genetic testing, you may be weighing two common options: PGT-A and PGT-M. Both tests are performed on embryos created through IVF, but they answer different questions. PGT-A checks for chromosomal abnormalities, while PGT-M looks for specific inherited genetic conditions. This guide explains the difference and outlines the factors that influence which test—or combination—might be relevant for you.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-M tests for a specific genetic disorder that runs in the family.
    • Some patients may have both PGT-A and PGT-M, but this depends on medical history and clinic protocols.
    • The choice is not about which test is “better” overall, but which test addresses your specific situation.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, or preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, is a screening test that looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is considered aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A is often used to help select embryos with the typical chromosome number, which may improve the chances of a successful pregnancy, especially for older patients or those with recurrent pregnancy loss.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M, or preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders, is a diagnostic test for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene mutation. Examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. PGT-M is used when one or both partners carry a known genetic mutation and want to reduce the risk of passing it on to their child. The test requires a prior genetic workup to identify the mutation and build a personalized test for each family.

    Key differences between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screens for chromosomal abnormalities Diagnoses a specific genetic disorder
    Who it is for Patients concerned about embryo chromosome status Carriers of a known genetic mutation
    What it detects Aneuploidy (extra or missing chromosomes) Specific gene mutations
    Requires prior genetic testing No Yes, to develop a customized test
    Result interpretation Chromosomally normal or abnormal Affected, unaffected, or carrier status (depending on condition)

    Factors that influence the choice

    Deciding between PGT-A and PGT-M—or whether to do both—depends on several personal and medical factors. Here are the main considerations to discuss with your fertility specialist.

    Your medical history

    If you or your partner are known carriers of a genetic disorder, PGT-M may be the primary test. If you have experienced recurrent miscarriages or failed IVF cycles, PGT-A might be more relevant. Your age can also play a role, as chromosomal abnormalities increase with maternal age.

    Your family planning goals

    PGT-M is chosen when the goal is to avoid a specific inherited disease. PGT-A is chosen when the goal is to select embryos with the best chance of implanting and developing into a healthy pregnancy. Some patients may want both: to avoid a genetic condition and also to screen for chromosomal health.

    Clinic capabilities and protocols

    Not all IVF clinics in Thailand offer the same genetic testing services. Some may have in-house laboratories, while others partner with external labs. The availability of PGT-M may depend on the clinic’s ability to develop a customized test for your specific mutation. Ask about the clinic’s experience with the type of testing you are considering.

    Cost and logistics

    Genetic testing adds to the overall cost of IVF. PGT-M is often more expensive than PGT-A because it requires a personalized test development process. There may also be additional costs for genetic counseling, blood tests, and shipping samples if the lab is off-site. Confirm the full cost structure with your clinic before proceeding.

    Can you have both PGT-A and PGT-M?

    Yes, in some cases both tests can be performed on the same embryo. This is sometimes called combined testing. However, it is not automatically recommended for everyone. The decision depends on whether you have a known genetic mutation and whether you also want to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. Your fertility team can advise whether combined testing is appropriate for your situation.

    What to ask your clinic

    Before deciding, ask your clinic specific questions to understand your options:

    • What genetic tests do you offer, and which do you recommend for my situation?
    • How is PGT-M developed for my specific mutation, and how long does that take?
    • What is the accuracy of the test, and what are the limitations?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage, and how does that affect the chance of having a transferable embryo?
    • What are the costs for PGT-A, PGT-M, and combined testing?
    • Will I need genetic counseling before or after testing?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, start by gathering your medical records, including any prior genetic testing results. Then, schedule consultations with fertility clinics that offer the testing you need. During the consultation, discuss your history, goals, and the practical aspects of testing. Finally, take time to consider the emotional and financial implications before making a decision.

    For more information on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You may also find our patient guides and FAQ sections helpful as you navigate your journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A or PGT-M more common in Thailand?

    PGT-A is generally more widely offered because it does not require a prior genetic workup. PGT-M is available at specialized clinics but requires a personalized test development process. The availability may vary by clinic, so it is best to ask directly.

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic disorders?

    No. PGT-A only screens for chromosomal abnormalities, not single-gene disorders. PGT-M is needed for specific inherited conditions. Some clinics may offer combined testing, but it is not universal.

    Do I need PGT-M if I am a carrier of a genetic condition?

    If you or your partner are carriers of a known genetic mutation, PGT-M may be recommended to reduce the risk of passing it on. However, the decision depends on the condition, your family history, and your reproductive goals. Genetic counseling can help you understand your options.

    How long does PGT-M take in Thailand?

    PGT-M requires developing a customized test for your specific mutation, which can take several weeks to months. The exact timeline depends on the clinic and the complexity of the test. Ask your clinic for an estimated timeline.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M in Thailand: How It Works and What to Expect

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is a technique used during IVF to identify embryos that carry a specific single-gene disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. If you are considering PGT-M in Thailand, this guide explains the typical process, what to expect, and how to prepare. It is important to understand that PGT-M is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, and it is not suitable for every situation. Always discuss your specific case with a qualified fertility specialist and genetic counselor.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. It looks for a specific genetic mutation that you or your partner may carry. The goal is to identify embryos that do not have that particular mutation, so that only those embryos are considered for transfer. This can reduce the chance of passing on the disorder to your child.

    PGT-M is different from PGT-A (aneuploidy screening), which checks for the correct number of chromosomes, and PGT-SR (structural rearrangements), which looks for chromosomal rearrangements. PGT-M is specifically for single-gene disorders.

    How PGT-M Works: Step-by-Step

    The process of PGT-M involves several steps, from initial consultation to embryo transfer. Here is a general outline:

    1. Initial consultation and genetic counseling: You will meet with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor to review your medical history, discuss the genetic condition, and determine if PGT-M is appropriate.
    2. Carrier testing and family studies: To design a PGT-M test, the clinic needs to know the exact genetic mutation. This may require blood or saliva samples from you, your partner, and sometimes other family members to establish a genetic link.
    3. IVF cycle: You will undergo ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and fertilization in the laboratory to create embryos.
    4. Embryo biopsy: A few days after fertilization, a small number of cells are removed from each embryo. This is usually done on day 5 or day 6 when the embryo has reached the blastocyst stage.
    5. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The lab will test for the specific mutation and may also perform PGT-A to check chromosome number.
    6. Embryo transfer: Once results are available, you and your doctor will discuss which embryos are suitable for transfer. A frozen embryo transfer is often performed in a later cycle.

    What to Prepare Before Starting PGT-M

    Before you begin, there are several things to consider and prepare:

    • Genetic confirmation: Ensure that the genetic condition in your family has been confirmed by a genetic test. You will need to provide the specific mutation details.
    • Medical records: Gather your medical history, including any previous fertility treatments, genetic test results, and relevant family history.
    • Legal and ethical considerations: Understand the legal framework for PGT-M in Thailand and your home country. Some countries have restrictions on embryo testing or disposal.
    • Costs: PGT-M adds to the cost of IVF. Ask for a detailed breakdown of fees, including genetic testing, biopsy, and storage.
    • Time: The entire process, from consultation to embryo transfer, can take several months. Plan accordingly.

    What to Expect During the Process

    During the IVF cycle, you will undergo standard procedures such as hormone injections, ultrasound monitoring, and egg retrieval. The embryo biopsy is a delicate procedure, but it is performed by experienced embryologists. After the biopsy, embryos are frozen while you wait for the genetic results.

    The genetic analysis can take several weeks. During this time, you may feel anxious. It is helpful to have a support system and to ask your clinic about their communication process for results.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT-M is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. There are several limitations to be aware of:

    • Test accuracy: While PGT-M is highly accurate, there is a small risk of misdiagnosis. Confirmatory prenatal testing is often recommended.
    • Embryo damage: The biopsy procedure carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, though this is rare.
    • No embryos suitable: It is possible that none of the embryos will be free of the genetic condition, or that embryos may not survive the biopsy and freezing process.
    • Not a substitute for prenatal care: PGT-M does not eliminate the need for prenatal screening or testing during pregnancy.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    When considering PGT-M in Thailand, ask your clinic the following questions:

    • What is your experience with PGT-M for my specific genetic condition?
    • How many embryos are typically biopsied, and what is your success rate for embryo survival after biopsy?
    • How long does the genetic analysis take, and how will I receive the results?
    • What is the cost of PGT-M, and what does it include?
    • Do you have a genetic counselor on staff?
    • What are the legal and ethical guidelines for PGT-M in Thailand?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-M in Thailand, start by researching fertility clinics that offer this service. Schedule a consultation to discuss your specific situation. Bring your genetic test results and any relevant medical records. Ask about the clinic’s experience with PGT-M and their laboratory protocols.

    For more information on PGT in general, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional resources.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does PGT-M take in Thailand?

    The entire PGT-M process, from initial consultation to embryo transfer, typically takes several months. The genetic analysis itself may take a few weeks. Exact timelines vary by clinic and the specific genetic test required.

    Is PGT-M legal in Thailand?

    PGT-M is available in Thailand, but there may be legal and ethical guidelines that vary. It is important to discuss the legal aspects with your clinic and consider the regulations in your home country as well.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M?

    Success rates for PGT-M depend on many factors, including the specific genetic condition, the number of embryos produced, and the laboratory's expertise. There is no single success rate that applies to all cases. Discuss your individual prognosis with your doctor.

    Can PGT-M be done with frozen embryos?

    Yes, PGT-M can be performed on embryos that are biopsied and then frozen. In fact, most clinics freeze embryos after biopsy and transfer them in a later cycle once results are available.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) in Thailand: PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to examine embryos for specific genetic or chromosomal conditions before transfer. In Thailand, PGT is available in many fertility clinics, but it is not a routine step for every patient. This guide explains the three main types of PGT—PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR—what they screen for, when they might be considered, and what to keep in mind when discussing options with your doctor.

    At a Glance: The Three Types of PGT

    • PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy): screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes.
    • PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic Disorders): screens for specific single-gene diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia.
    • PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements): screens for chromosomal structural changes, such as translocations or inversions.

    What Is PGT and Why Is It Used?

    PGT is performed on embryos created through IVF. After fertilization, embryos are cultured in the laboratory for several days, and a small number of cells are biopsied for genetic analysis. The results help embryologists and doctors select embryos that are less likely to have certain genetic or chromosomal issues for transfer. The goal is to reduce the risk of miscarriage or the birth of a child with a specific genetic condition.

    It is important to understand that PGT does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a screening tool that provides information to help you and your doctor make more informed decisions.

    PGT-A: Screening for Chromosomal Number Abnormalities

    PGT-A, formerly known as PGS (preimplantation genetic screening), checks embryos for aneuploidy—an abnormal number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes may fail to implant, lead to miscarriage, or result in a condition such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

    PGT-A is often considered for patients who are of advanced maternal age, have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss, have had previous failed IVF cycles, or have a known chromosomal abnormality in one partner. However, the decision to use PGT-A is individual and should be discussed with your fertility specialist.

    What PGT-A Can and Cannot Tell You

    PGT-A can identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes, but it cannot detect all genetic disorders. It also cannot guarantee that a transferred embryo will implant or result in a live birth. Some embryos with normal chromosomes may still fail to develop due to other factors.

    PGT-M: Testing for Single-Gene Disorders

    PGT-M is used when one or both partners are known carriers of a specific monogenic (single-gene) disorder. This test identifies embryos that have inherited the disease-causing mutation. Common examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, and thalassemia, which is prevalent in Southeast Asia.

    To use PGT-M, the specific genetic mutation must be identified in the parents. The test is then customized for each family. PGT-M can help couples who are at high risk of passing on a serious genetic condition to have children who are unaffected by that particular disease.

    Important Considerations for PGT-M

    PGT-M requires genetic counseling and often a preparatory workup to design the test. It is not available for all genetic conditions, and the accuracy depends on the specific mutation and laboratory protocols. As with all PGT, it does not eliminate the risk of other genetic or chromosomal issues.

    PGT-SR: Testing for Chromosomal Structural Rearrangements

    PGT-SR is designed for couples where one partner carries a structural chromosomal rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation or inversion. These rearrangements do not usually cause health problems in the carrier, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may result in miscarriage or birth defects.

    PGT-SR identifies embryos with a normal or balanced chromosomal arrangement, increasing the chance of a successful pregnancy and reducing the risk of miscarriage due to unbalanced chromosomes.

    Who Might Consider PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR is typically recommended for couples with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, infertility, or a known chromosomal rearrangement in one partner. A genetic test called karyotyping is used to identify such rearrangements.

    How PGT Is Performed in an IVF Cycle

    If you and your doctor decide that PGT is appropriate, the process generally follows these steps:

    1. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval: You undergo standard IVF treatment to produce and collect eggs.
    2. Fertilization and embryo culture: Eggs are fertilized with sperm, and embryos are cultured for about five to six days until they reach the blastocyst stage.
    3. Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) that will become the placenta. The biopsy is performed by an experienced embryologist.
    4. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for testing. The type of PGT determines the specific analysis.
    5. Embryo transfer: After results are available, one or more unaffected embryos are selected for transfer. Embryos that are not transferred may be frozen for future use.

    The entire process adds time to an IVF cycle, as genetic testing may take several days to weeks. Your clinic will provide a timeline based on their laboratory arrangements.

    Comparing PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR

    Type What It Screens For Typical Candidates
    PGT-A Abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) Advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, repeated implantation failure, known chromosomal abnormality in a parent
    PGT-M Specific single-gene disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, thalassemia) Couples who are carriers of a known monogenic disease
    PGT-SR Structural chromosomal rearrangements (e.g., translocations, inversions) Couples with a known structural rearrangement in one partner, often with a history of miscarriage

    Limitations and Risks of PGT

    While PGT provides valuable information, it has limitations:

    • Not diagnostic: PGT is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. There is a small risk of misdiagnosis, and a confirmatory prenatal test (such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling) may be recommended after pregnancy is achieved.
    • Embryo damage: The biopsy procedure carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, though this is rare when performed by experienced professionals.
    • No guarantee: PGT does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Embryos with normal results may still fail to implant or miscarry due to other factors.
    • Cost and time: PGT adds significant cost and time to an IVF cycle. It is not covered by all insurance plans, and the financial implications should be discussed with your clinic.

    Alternatives to PGT

    Depending on your situation, there may be alternatives to PGT. These include:

    • Prenatal testing: After natural conception or IVF without PGT, you can undergo prenatal screening and diagnostic tests during pregnancy.
    • Using donor gametes: If you are at high risk of passing on a genetic disorder, using donor eggs or sperm may be an option.
    • Not testing: Some couples choose to proceed without PGT and accept the risk of a genetic condition.

    Your fertility specialist and a genetic counselor can help you weigh these options based on your medical history and personal values.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About PGT

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, here are some questions to ask your clinic:

    • What types of PGT do you offer, and which one is recommended for my situation?
    • How many embryos are typically biopsied, and what is the success rate of the biopsy procedure?
    • How long does the genetic testing take, and how will it affect my IVF timeline?
    • What is the cost of PGT, and are there any additional fees for genetic counseling or laboratory services?
    • What is your laboratory’s accreditation and experience with PGT?
    • How are embryos with inconclusive results handled?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    Deciding whether to use PGT is a personal choice that should be made with the guidance of your fertility team. Here is a simple checklist to help you move forward:

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to discuss your medical history and fertility goals.
    2. If PGT-M or PGT-SR is relevant, undergo genetic counseling and any necessary carrier screening or karyotyping.
    3. Ask your clinic for detailed information about their PGT protocols, including laboratory standards and success rates (if available).
    4. Consider the emotional, financial, and time commitments involved.
    5. Make a decision that aligns with your values and medical needs.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand page, browse our guides, or check the FAQ section for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M screens for specific single-gene disorders like cystic fibrosis or thalassemia. PGT-SR screens for structural chromosomal rearrangements such as translocations or inversions. Each test is used for different medical indications.

    Is PGT mandatory for all IVF patients in Thailand?

    No, PGT is not mandatory. It is an optional test that may be recommended based on your age, medical history, or genetic risk. Your fertility specialist will discuss whether PGT is appropriate for you.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT does not guarantee a healthy baby. It is a screening tool that reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain genetic or chromosomal issues, but it cannot eliminate all risks. A successful pregnancy and live birth depend on many factors.

    How long does PGT take in an IVF cycle?

    PGT adds time to an IVF cycle because embryos must be biopsied and sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The testing process can take several days to weeks, depending on the type of PGT and the laboratory's schedule. Your clinic will provide a specific timeline.

    Are there risks associated with embryo biopsy for PGT?

    Embryo biopsy is a delicate procedure that carries a small risk of damaging the embryo. However, when performed by experienced embryologists, the risk is low. There is also a small chance of misdiagnosis, so prenatal testing may be recommended after pregnancy.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-SR: A Guide for Patients with Structural Chromosomal Rearrangements

    If you or your partner carry a balanced translocation or another structural chromosomal rearrangement, you may have heard about PGT-SR. This test is used during IVF to check embryos for an unbalanced set of chromosomes. It can help you understand which embryos may be less likely to implant or lead to a healthy pregnancy. This guide explains what PGT-SR is, when it is recommended, and how it differs from other types of preimplantation genetic testing.

    What is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR stands for preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements. It is a type of genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. The test looks for changes in the structure of chromosomes, such as:

    • Balanced translocations – when a piece of one chromosome has swapped with a piece of another, but no genetic material is lost or gained.
    • Inversions – when a segment of a chromosome is reversed.
    • Other structural changes that may affect how chromosomes pair up during cell division.

    People who carry a balanced translocation often have no health problems themselves, but they may have a higher risk of producing embryos with unbalanced chromosomes. This can lead to implantation failure, miscarriage, or a child with a chromosomal disorder. PGT-SR aims to identify embryos that have a balanced set of chromosomes, which may be more likely to develop normally.

    When is PGT-SR recommended?

    PGT-SR is typically offered to couples where one partner is known to carry a structural chromosomal rearrangement. This may be discovered after:

    • Recurrent miscarriages
    • A previous pregnancy with an unbalanced chromosomal abnormality
    • A child with a chromosomal disorder
    • Infertility evaluation

    It is not recommended for everyone. Your doctor may suggest PGT-SR if the risk of unbalanced embryos is significant. The decision depends on your specific rearrangement, your medical history, and your family planning goals.

    How PGT-SR differs from PGT-A and PGT-M

    PGT is an umbrella term for several tests. It is helpful to understand the differences:

    Test What it screens for Typical use
    PGT-A Aneuploidy – extra or missing whole chromosomes General screening for embryos, often for older mothers or repeated IVF failure
    PGT-M Specific single-gene disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell) Couples at risk of passing on a known genetic disease
    PGT-SR Structural rearrangements – unbalanced chromosomes due to translocations or inversions Couples where one partner carries a structural rearrangement

    PGT-SR is not the same as PGT-A. PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes, while PGT-SR looks at the structure. Some clinics may combine PGT-SR with PGT-A to also check for aneuploidy, but this is not always necessary.

    The PGT-SR process in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT-SR in Thailand, the process generally follows these steps:

    1. Consultation and genetic counseling: You will meet with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor to review your medical history and discuss whether PGT-SR is appropriate.
    2. IVF cycle: You will undergo ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval. The eggs are fertilized with sperm in the lab to create embryos.
    3. Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo, usually on day 5 or 6 of development. This is done carefully to minimize harm to the embryo.
    4. Genetic analysis: The cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The lab uses techniques such as next-generation sequencing or array comparative genomic hybridization to detect structural rearrangements.
    5. Embryo selection: Embryos that appear to have a balanced set of chromosomes are considered for transfer. Unbalanced embryos are usually not transferred.
    6. Transfer and follow-up: A selected embryo is transferred to the uterus. Any remaining balanced embryos may be frozen for future use.

    The entire process can take several weeks, but the exact timeline varies by clinic and your individual treatment plan.

    What do PGT-SR results mean?

    PGT-SR results are not always straightforward. Possible outcomes include:

    • Balanced: The embryo has a normal or balanced set of chromosomes, similar to the carrier parent. These embryos are considered suitable for transfer.
    • Unbalanced: The embryo has extra or missing chromosomal material. These embryos are usually not transferred because they may lead to miscarriage or a child with health problems.
    • Inconclusive: The test did not provide a clear result. This can happen for technical reasons. You may need to discuss options with your doctor.

    It is important to note that PGT-SR does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a screening tool that can help you make informed decisions.

    Limitations and considerations

    PGT-SR has limitations. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and it does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects. The biopsy and testing process may damage some embryos, although this is rare. Also, PGT-SR is not a substitute for prenatal testing during pregnancy.

    In Thailand, the availability and regulations around PGT-SR may vary. Some clinics offer it as part of their genetic testing services, but not all. It is important to ask about the laboratory’s experience and the specific technology used.

    Questions to ask your clinic in Thailand

    Before deciding on PGT-SR, consider asking your clinic:

    • What is your experience with PGT-SR for my type of rearrangement?
    • Which genetic analysis method do you use, and what is the accuracy?
    • How many embryos typically have a balanced result?
    • What are the costs involved, and what is included?
    • How long does the testing take, and how does it affect the IVF timeline?
    • What are the options if no balanced embryos are available?

    Next steps

    If you are exploring PGT-SR in Thailand, start by gathering your medical records, including any previous genetic testing or karyotype results. Then, schedule a consultation with a fertility clinic that offers genetic testing. Bring your questions and ask for a clear explanation of the process, risks, and expected outcomes.

    For more information on PGT in general, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You may also find our guides and FAQ sections helpful.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-SR the same as PGT-A?

    No. PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (extra or missing whole chromosomes), while PGT-SR screens for structural rearrangements like translocations and inversions. They are different tests, though some clinics may combine them.

    Who should consider PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR is typically recommended for couples where one partner carries a structural chromosomal rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation. It may be suggested after recurrent miscarriages, a previous unbalanced pregnancy, or infertility evaluation.

    Does PGT-SR guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-SR is a screening tool that helps identify embryos with a balanced set of chromosomes. It does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy child, and it cannot detect all genetic conditions.

    What are the risks of PGT-SR?

    The main risks are related to the IVF process and embryo biopsy. There is a small chance that the biopsy could damage the embryo, and the test may be inconclusive. It is important to discuss these risks with your doctor.

    How much does PGT-SR cost in Thailand?

    Costs vary widely depending on the clinic, the technology used, and your individual treatment plan. It is best to ask your clinic for a detailed breakdown of fees.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: How to Choose the Right Genetic Test for IVF

    PGT-A vs PGT-M: A Quick Orientation

    If you are planning IVF in Thailand and have been offered preimplantation genetic testing, you may be weighing two common options: PGT-A and PGT-M. Both tests are performed on embryos created through IVF, but they answer different questions. PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), which is more common with advanced maternal age. PGT-M looks for a specific single-gene disorder that one or both parents are known to carry. Your choice depends on your medical history, your reason for testing, and what you hope to learn before embryo transfer.

    This guide explains the purpose, process, and practical considerations of each test, and helps you frame the right questions for your fertility clinic in Thailand.

    At a Glance: Key Differences

    • PGT-A checks for chromosomal abnormalities (too many or too few chromosomes). It is often recommended for women of advanced maternal age, repeated implantation failure, or recurrent miscarriage.
    • PGT-M tests for a specific inherited genetic condition, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia, when both partners are known carriers or have a family history.
    • PGT-SR (not the focus here) screens for structural rearrangements like translocations, which can affect chromosome pairing.
    • Both tests require IVF, embryo biopsy, and genetic analysis. The process and timeline are similar, but the laboratory techniques differ.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a screening test. It counts the number of chromosomes in each embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). An embryo with an abnormal number—such as an extra chromosome 21 (Down syndrome) or a missing chromosome—is considered aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or miscarry, and some can lead to a live birth with a chromosomal condition.

    PGT-A is often offered to patients who are at higher risk of producing aneuploid embryos, including women over 35, those with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, or repeated failed IVF cycles. It can also be used to select a single embryo for transfer, reducing the chance of multiple pregnancy.

    It is important to note that PGT-A does not guarantee a healthy baby. It only screens for common chromosomal abnormalities; it does not detect all genetic disorders, and it cannot identify every cause of miscarriage or implantation failure.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is a diagnostic test for a specific single-gene disease. It is used when one or both partners are known carriers of a genetic condition, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, or thalassemia. The test identifies embryos that carry the disease-causing mutation, allowing the transfer of embryos that are unaffected.

    PGT-M requires prior knowledge of the exact genetic mutation in the family. This is usually established through carrier screening or genetic testing of an affected family member. The test is highly specific: it looks for that particular mutation, not for other genetic issues.

    PGT-M is not a general health screen. It does not assess chromosome number (that would be PGT-A) and it does not detect all possible genetic conditions. It is a targeted test for a known risk.

    How Are the Tests Performed?

    Both PGT-A and PGT-M follow a similar IVF pathway:

    1. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval – You undergo standard IVF to produce embryos.
    2. Embryo culture – Embryos are grown in the laboratory for about five to six days, until they reach the blastocyst stage.
    3. Biopsy – A few cells are removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm), which will become the placenta. The embryo itself is not harmed.
    4. Genetic analysis – The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory. For PGT-A, the chromosomes are counted. For PGT-M, the specific gene is analyzed.
    5. Freezing and transfer – While waiting for results, embryos are frozen. Once results are available, a healthy embryo (if any) is selected for transfer in a later cycle.

    The biopsy and freezing process is similar for both tests. The main difference is the type of genetic analysis performed. Some clinics may offer combined testing (PGT-A plus PGT-M) if you have both chromosomal and single-gene concerns, but this is not always necessary.

    Which Test Is Right for You?

    Your choice depends on your medical history and the reason for testing. Here are some general scenarios:

    • Advanced maternal age (typically over 35) – PGT-A may be offered to screen for chromosomal abnormalities, as the risk of aneuploidy increases with age.
    • Known carrier of a single-gene disorder – PGT-M is the appropriate test to avoid passing on that specific condition.
    • Both partners are carriers of the same autosomal recessive condition – PGT-M is strongly indicated.
    • History of recurrent miscarriage or implantation failure – PGT-A may be considered to rule out chromosomal causes, but it is not a guarantee of success.
    • Family history of a chromosomal structural rearrangement – PGT-SR (not covered in detail here) may be recommended.

    It is possible to have both PGT-A and PGT-M in the same cycle if you have both indications. Your fertility specialist and genetic counselor can help you decide based on your specific situation.

    Cost and Time Considerations

    The cost of PGT-A and PGT-M varies widely between clinics in Thailand and depends on the number of embryos tested, the laboratory used, and whether you combine tests. PGT-M is generally more expensive than PGT-A because it requires developing a customized test for your specific mutation, which involves additional laboratory work and sometimes a prior “work-up” using a blood sample from you and your partner.

    Time is also a factor. PGT-A results typically take about a week, while PGT-M may take longer, especially if a custom test needs to be developed. This can affect your IVF cycle timeline, as embryos are frozen while you wait.

    Because costs and timelines are not standardized, it is essential to ask your clinic for a detailed breakdown before you commit. Confirm what is included in the quoted price, such as biopsy, genetic analysis, freezing, and any additional consultations.

    Limitations and Risks

    No genetic test is perfect. Both PGT-A and PGT-M have limitations:

    • Mosaicism – Embryos may have a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A may not always detect this, and the clinical significance is still being studied.
    • False results – There is a small risk of a false positive or false negative, though modern techniques are highly accurate.
    • Embryo damage – Biopsy carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, though this is rare in experienced hands.
    • Not a guarantee – A “normal” embryo may still fail to implant or miscarry for other reasons. PGT does not guarantee a live birth.

    It is also important to understand that PGT-A does not screen for all genetic disorders, and PGT-M only looks for the specific mutation you are testing for. Neither test can predict the health of a future child beyond the tested conditions.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic in Thailand

    Before deciding, ask your fertility clinic these questions:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A and PGT-M? How many cycles have you performed?
    • Which genetics laboratory do you use, and what is their accreditation?
    • What is the exact cost for PGT-A and PGT-M, including biopsy, analysis, and freezing?
    • How long will it take to get results, and how does that affect my treatment timeline?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling to help interpret results?
    • What are the success rates for embryo transfer after PGT in your clinic? (Ask for their own data, not general statistics.)
    • What happens if no embryos are suitable for transfer?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-A or PGT-M in Thailand, start by gathering your medical records, including any genetic test results or family history. Then, schedule a consultation with a fertility specialist who can review your case and recommend the most appropriate testing strategy. You may also want to speak with a genetic counselor to understand the implications of your results.

    Remember, the choice between PGT-A and PGT-M is not about which test is “better” overall, but which test addresses your specific medical needs. Take your time, ask questions, and make an informed decision with your healthcare team.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also explore our other guides and check the FAQ section for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I have both PGT-A and PGT-M in the same IVF cycle?

    Yes, it is possible to combine PGT-A and PGT-M in the same cycle. This is done when you have both chromosomal and single-gene concerns. The biopsy process is the same, but the genetic analysis will include both chromosome counting and specific gene testing. This may increase the cost and time for results, so discuss the details with your clinic.

    Is PGT-A necessary for all IVF patients?

    No, PGT-A is not necessary for everyone. It is typically recommended for patients with advanced maternal age, a history of recurrent miscarriage, or repeated implantation failure. For younger patients with no known genetic issues, PGT-A may not be needed. Your doctor will advise based on your individual circumstances.

    How accurate are PGT-A and PGT-M?

    Both tests are highly accurate, but they are not infallible. PGT-A has a small risk of false results due to mosaicism or technical errors. PGT-M is very accurate for the specific mutation tested, but it does not detect other genetic conditions. Discuss the accuracy and limitations with your clinic and genetic counselor.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT does not guarantee a healthy baby. It reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain chromosomal abnormalities or specific genetic disorders, but it cannot prevent all birth defects or health issues. Many factors affect pregnancy outcome, including embryo quality, uterine environment, and overall health.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-SR is used when one parent has a structural rearrangement of chromosomes, such as a translocation. PGT-SR identifies embryos with unbalanced chromosome arrangements that could lead to miscarriage or birth defects. It is a different test with a different purpose.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Turnaround Time in Thailand: What to Expect

    PGT-A Turnaround Time: An Overview

    If you are planning or have recently undergone preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, you likely want to know how long it will take to receive results. The waiting period can influence your embryo transfer schedule and overall treatment timeline. While exact times vary by clinic and laboratory, understanding the general process and factors that affect turnaround can help you plan effectively.

    Typically, PGT-A results are available within a few days to a couple of weeks after the biopsy. However, this is not a fixed rule, and several variables can extend or shorten the wait. This guide explains the steps involved, what can affect timing, and how to prepare for the results.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-A Timing

    • PGT-A involves biopsy of a few cells from the embryo, followed by genetic analysis.
    • Turnaround time includes biopsy, shipping, laboratory processing, and reporting.
    • Factors like lab workload, embryo development stage, and shipping logistics can influence timing.
    • Your clinic will provide a specific timeline based on their protocols.

    The PGT-A Process: From Biopsy to Report

    Understanding the steps involved in PGT-A can clarify why results take time. Here is a typical sequence:

    1. Embryo Biopsy: On day 5 or 6 of embryo development, a few cells are removed from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta). This is done in the embryology lab.
    2. Sample Preparation: The biopsied cells are placed in a tube and prepared for shipping.
    3. Shipping to Laboratory: The sample is sent to a genetic testing laboratory, which may be on-site or off-site. If off-site, shipping time can add to the overall wait.
    4. Genetic Analysis: The laboratory amplifies the DNA and analyzes it for chromosomal abnormalities. This step involves complex technology and takes time.
    5. Result Reporting: The lab sends the results to your clinic, which then interprets them and communicates with you.

    Each step has its own duration, and delays can occur at any point.

    Factors That Can Affect PGT-A Turnaround Time

    Several factors can influence how long you wait for PGT-A results:

    • Laboratory Workload: High volume at the testing lab can lead to longer processing times.
    • Embryo Development: Embryos that reach the blastocyst stage later may be biopsied later, shifting the timeline.
    • Shipping Logistics: If the lab is in another city or country, shipping time and customs clearance can add days.
    • Testing Platform: Different genetic testing methods may have different processing times.
    • Clinic Communication: How quickly your clinic reviews and relays results can affect when you learn the outcome.

    Because these variables are not always predictable, it is best to ask your clinic for an estimated range rather than a single day.

    How PGT-A Results Impact Embryo Transfer Planning

    PGT-A results help identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which can improve the chances of implantation and reduce the risk of miscarriage. However, the waiting period can affect your transfer cycle:

    • Fresh vs. Frozen Transfer: If you plan a fresh transfer, PGT-A results may not be ready before the optimal transfer window. Many patients opt for a frozen embryo transfer (FET) in a subsequent cycle to allow time for testing.
    • Cycle Scheduling: Your clinic will coordinate the transfer with your menstrual cycle, which may be delayed to accommodate the results.
    • Emotional Preparation: Waiting for results can be stressful. Knowing the timeline can help you manage expectations.

    Discuss with your doctor whether a fresh or frozen transfer is recommended based on your situation and the expected turnaround time.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About PGT-A Logistics

    To get a clear picture of your timeline, consider asking these questions:

    • How long does PGT-A typically take from biopsy to results at your clinic?
    • Is the genetic testing done on-site or at an external laboratory? If external, where is it located?
    • What is the shipping process, and how long does it usually take?
    • Are there any factors that could delay results, such as holidays or lab closures?
    • How will I be notified of the results, and who will explain them to me?
    • Will the results affect my transfer plan, and when can we schedule the transfer?

    Clear communication with your clinic can reduce uncertainty and help you plan your next steps.

    Next Steps: Preparing for Your PGT-A Results

    While you wait, you can take practical steps to stay informed and ready:

    • Confirm your clinic’s contact method for results and ask about their typical response time.
    • Ask if you can receive a copy of the genetic report for your records.
    • Plan a follow-up appointment to discuss the results and their implications.
    • Consider speaking with a genetic counselor if you have questions about the results.

    Remember that PGT-A is a screening tool, not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. It provides valuable information, but other factors also influence success.

    Conclusion

    PGT-A turnaround time in Thailand can vary, but understanding the process and asking the right questions can help you plan. While waiting, focus on self-care and maintain open communication with your clinic. For more information on PGT in Thailand, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, visit our guides section, or check our FAQ page.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does PGT-A take in Thailand?

    The turnaround time for PGT-A in Thailand typically ranges from a few days to two weeks, depending on the clinic and laboratory. Factors such as lab workload, shipping, and testing methods can affect the exact duration. Your clinic will provide a more specific estimate.

    Can PGT-A results be ready for a fresh embryo transfer?

    In some cases, PGT-A results may be available within the window for a fresh transfer, but often the timing is tight. Many patients choose a frozen embryo transfer to allow sufficient time for testing and to plan the transfer cycle more flexibly.

    What factors can delay PGT-A results?

    Delays can occur due to laboratory workload, shipping issues, embryo development timing, or communication between the lab and clinic. Holidays and weekends may also extend the wait.

    Is PGT-A testing done in Thailand or abroad?

    Some clinics in Thailand have on-site genetic laboratories, while others send samples to external labs, possibly in other countries. This can affect turnaround time. Ask your clinic where your samples will be processed.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M Process in Thailand: A Step-by-Step Guide

    If you are considering preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) in Thailand, you likely want to understand the process from start to finish. PGT-M is a technique used during IVF to test embryos for a specific genetic condition that runs in the family. This guide outlines the typical steps involved, from initial genetic counseling to receiving results, and highlights what you should confirm with your clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Steps in PGT-M

    • Genetic counseling and family mutation testing
    • IVF cycle to create embryos
    • Embryo biopsy (usually day 5 or 6)
    • Genetic analysis of biopsied cells
    • Results and embryo transfer decision

    Step 1: Genetic Counseling and Family Mutation Testing

    The first step in the PGT-M process is genetic counseling. This is essential to confirm that PGT-M is appropriate for your situation. During counseling, a genetic counselor or specialist will review your family history and the specific genetic condition you are trying to avoid. They will explain the testing process, its limitations, and what results may mean.

    Before starting PGT-M, it is usually necessary to identify the exact genetic mutation in the affected family member. This is called family mutation testing. Without knowing the precise mutation, PGT-M cannot be performed. Your clinic will guide you on how to obtain this information, which may involve testing a blood or saliva sample from an affected relative.

    Step 2: IVF Cycle to Create Embryos

    PGT-M requires in vitro fertilization (IVF) to create embryos. You will undergo ovarian stimulation to produce multiple eggs, which are then retrieved and fertilized with sperm in the laboratory. The resulting embryos are cultured for several days, typically until they reach the blastocyst stage (around day 5 or 6).

    Your clinic will provide specific instructions for the IVF cycle, including medication protocols and monitoring appointments. It is important to follow these instructions closely to optimize the number of embryos available for testing.

    Step 3: Embryo Biopsy

    Once embryos reach the blastocyst stage, a biopsy is performed. This involves removing a few cells from the outer layer of the embryo, called the trophectoderm, which will later become the placenta. The biopsy is done by an embryologist using a precise laser and micropipette. The cells are then sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis.

    The biopsy procedure is delicate and requires expertise. Your clinic will have protocols in place to minimize any potential risk to the embryo. After biopsy, embryos are typically frozen (vitrified) while awaiting results.

    Step 4: Genetic Analysis

    The biopsied cells undergo genetic analysis to determine whether each embryo carries the specific genetic mutation. The testing method used may vary, but it is designed to detect the mutation with high accuracy. In some cases, additional testing for chromosomal abnormalities (such as PGT-A) may be performed simultaneously, but this is not always necessary.

    The analysis can take several days to a few weeks, depending on the laboratory and the complexity of the test. Your clinic will provide an estimated timeline for when results will be available.

    Step 5: Results and Embryo Transfer

    Once results are available, your genetic counselor or doctor will explain them to you. Embryos that are free of the genetic condition may be considered for transfer. The transfer is usually scheduled in a subsequent cycle, after your uterus is prepared with hormones.

    It is important to understand that PGT-M reduces the risk of having a child with the specific genetic condition, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a completely healthy baby. There are limitations to the testing, and your clinic will discuss these with you.

    Practical Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the exact process for family mutation testing, and how long does it take?
    • How many embryos are typically needed for PGT-M to be feasible?
    • What is the biopsy procedure, and how many cells are removed?
    • How long will genetic analysis take, and when will results be available?
    • Are there any additional tests recommended, such as PGT-A?
    • What are the costs involved, and what is included in the quoted price?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    • Confirm that PGT-M is appropriate for your genetic situation with a genetic counselor.
    • Arrange for family mutation testing to identify the specific genetic mutation.
    • Choose a clinic in Thailand that offers PGT-M and has experience with your condition.
    • Discuss the full timeline, including IVF, biopsy, and results, with your clinic.
    • Clarify all costs and what they cover before starting treatment.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand overview. You can also explore our guides and FAQ for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does the PGT-M process take in Thailand?

    The timeline varies by clinic and individual circumstances. Generally, it includes genetic counseling, family mutation testing (which may take several weeks), an IVF cycle (about 2-3 weeks), embryo biopsy (one day), and genetic analysis (which can take days to weeks). Your clinic can provide a more specific timeline based on your situation.

    Is family mutation testing required for PGT-M?

    Yes, family mutation testing is typically required to identify the exact genetic mutation causing the condition. Without this information, PGT-M cannot be performed. Your clinic will guide you on how to obtain this testing.

    What are the limitations of PGT-M?

    PGT-M reduces the risk of having a child with the specific genetic condition, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a completely healthy baby. There is a small chance of misdiagnosis, and not all embryos may be suitable for transfer. Your clinic will discuss these limitations with you.

    Can PGT-M be combined with other genetic tests?

    Yes, PGT-M can sometimes be combined with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. However, this is not always necessary and depends on your specific situation. Discuss with your clinic whether additional testing is recommended.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.