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  • PGT-A and Egg Donor IVF in Thailand: Is It Necessary?

    Understanding PGT-A in Donor Egg IVF

    When using donor eggs for IVF, you may wonder whether preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is necessary. PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. However, because egg donors are typically young and healthy, the risk of chromosomal abnormalities is generally low. As a result, PGT-A is often not recommended for donor egg cycles. This guide explains the reasoning, situations where PGT-A might still be considered, and questions to ask your clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Points

    • PGT-A is a screening test, not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • Young donors have lower aneuploidy rates, so PGT-A may add limited value.
    • PGT-A may be considered in specific cases, such as advanced maternal age or previous miscarriages.
    • Discuss the pros, cons, and costs with your fertility specialist.

    What Is PGT-A and How Does It Work?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. Embryos with the correct number of chromosomes are called euploid; those with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid. Aneuploidy is a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage.

    In an IVF cycle, embryos are cultured for several days, and a small number of cells are biopsied. These cells are then analyzed using techniques like next-generation sequencing. Only embryos that appear euploid are considered for transfer.

    It’s important to understand that PGT-A is a screening test. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, nor does it guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    Why PGT-A Is Often Not Recommended with Donor Eggs

    Egg donors are usually in their twenties or early thirties, an age when aneuploidy rates are naturally low. For example, the risk of chromosomal abnormalities in embryos from young donors is significantly lower than in embryos from women over 35. Because of this, many fertility specialists believe that PGT-A adds little benefit in donor egg cycles.

    Additionally, PGT-A involves embryo biopsy, which is an invasive procedure with a small risk of damaging the embryo. There is also the cost of the testing itself, which may not be covered by insurance. Given the low baseline risk, the potential benefits of PGT-A may not outweigh these drawbacks for most patients using donor eggs.

    When PGT-A Might Still Be Considered

    There are situations where PGT-A may be considered even with donor eggs. These include:

    • Advanced maternal age of the recipient: While the donor’s age is the main factor in embryo aneuploidy, some clinics may consider PGT-A if the recipient is older, though evidence is limited.
    • Previous miscarriages or failed IVF cycles: If you have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss or multiple failed transfers, PGT-A might help identify chromosomal issues as a cause.
    • Balanced translocation in the donor or recipient: If either party carries a chromosomal rearrangement, PGT-A or PGT-SR may be recommended.
    • Personal preference: Some patients prefer the additional information PGT-A provides, even if the medical necessity is unclear.

    It’s essential to discuss your specific history and concerns with your fertility specialist to determine if PGT-A is appropriate for you.

    Alternatives to PGT-A with Donor Eggs

    If you decide not to pursue PGT-A, there are other ways to increase the chances of a successful donor egg cycle:

    • Choosing a screened donor: Reputable clinics screen donors for genetic and infectious diseases, reducing the risk of inherited conditions.
    • Optimizing your uterine health: A thorough evaluation of your uterine cavity and hormonal preparation can improve implantation.
    • Transferring a single embryo: Elective single embryo transfer (eSET) reduces the risk of multiple pregnancy while maintaining good success rates.

    These alternatives focus on overall cycle quality rather than embryo selection.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About PGT-A

    Before deciding on PGT-A, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • What is the aneuploidy rate for embryos from donors of the age I’m considering?
    • What are the success rates for donor egg cycles with and without PGT-A?
    • What is the cost of PGT-A, and are there additional biopsy or shipping fees?
    • How many embryos typically survive the biopsy and testing process?
    • What are the risks of embryo biopsy?
    • How will PGT-A results be used in my treatment plan?

    These questions can help you make an informed decision based on your unique situation.

    Next Steps: Making Your Decision

    Deciding whether to use PGT-A with donor eggs is personal. Here’s a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Review your medical history and any previous pregnancy outcomes.
    2. Discuss the potential benefits and limitations of PGT-A with your fertility specialist.
    3. Ask for data on your clinic’s donor egg outcomes, both with and without PGT-A.
    4. Consider the financial implications and whether the cost is justified for you.
    5. Make a decision that aligns with your values and goals.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool, not a guarantee. Your fertility team can help you weigh the options.

    Conclusion

    In summary, PGT-A is often not necessary when using donor eggs in Thailand, because young donors have a low risk of chromosomal abnormalities. However, there are specific situations where it might be considered. By understanding the purpose and limitations of PGT-A, and by asking the right questions, you can make a confident choice for your family-building journey.

    For more information on PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A always recommended with donor eggs?

    No, PGT-A is not always recommended with donor eggs. Because egg donors are typically young, the risk of chromosomal abnormalities is low, so many clinics do not advise PGT-A as a routine part of donor egg IVF. However, it may be considered in specific cases, such as previous miscarriages or if the donor is known to carry a chromosomal rearrangement.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-M is used to detect specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. PGT-M is typically used when one or both parents are known carriers of a genetic condition.

    Can PGT-A guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No, PGT-A cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy. It is a screening test that helps select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, but it does not ensure implantation, a live birth, or a healthy baby. Other factors, such as uterine health and embryo quality, also play a role.

    Does PGT-A harm the embryo?

    PGT-A involves a biopsy of a few cells from the embryo, which carries a small risk of damaging the embryo. However, the procedure is generally considered safe, and most embryos survive the process. Your clinic can provide more details about the risks and benefits.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A for Repeated Implantation Failure in Thailand: Does It Help?

    Understanding repeated implantation failure

    Repeated implantation failure (RIF) is usually defined as the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after transferring several good-quality embryos. The exact number of failed transfers used in the definition varies among clinics, so it’s important to ask your doctor how they assess your situation.

    RIF can be emotionally and physically exhausting. You may be searching for answers and wondering whether a test like PGT-A could be the key. This guide explains what PGT-A is, how it relates to RIF, and what to consider before pursuing it in Thailand.

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for an abnormal number of chromosomes, a condition called aneuploidy. Embryos with an abnormal chromosome count often fail to implant or miscarry.

    PGT-A involves taking a small sample of cells from the embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage, and analyzing the DNA. Only embryos that appear to have the expected number of chromosomes are considered for transfer.

    It’s important to understand that PGT-A is a screening test, not a guarantee. It cannot detect all genetic problems, and it does not ensure a pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    How PGT-A relates to RIF

    One possible cause of RIF is that the embryos transferred were chromosomally abnormal. If that is the case, PGT-A could help by identifying embryos with a normal chromosome count, potentially reducing the number of failed transfers.

    However, aneuploidy is only one of many possible reasons for RIF. Other factors include uterine abnormalities, hormonal issues, immune responses, and problems with the embryo’s ability to implant even when chromosomes are normal.

    Therefore, PGT-A is not automatically recommended for everyone with RIF. It may be more useful in certain situations, such as when you have had several failed transfers and are producing multiple embryos, or when you are older and the risk of aneuploidy is higher.

    What the evidence says

    Research on PGT-A for RIF has shown mixed results. Some studies suggest that PGT-A may reduce the time to pregnancy by avoiding transfers of aneuploid embryos, but it does not necessarily increase the overall live birth rate per cycle. Other studies have not found a clear benefit for all age groups.

    Because the evidence is not conclusive, many fertility specialists recommend a thorough evaluation before deciding on PGT-A. They may suggest investigating uterine health, fallopian tubes, hormonal levels, and other factors that could affect implantation.

    Before considering PGT-A: a full workup

    If you have experienced RIF, your doctor may recommend a series of tests to look for other causes. These may include:

    • Imaging of the uterus, such as ultrasound or hysteroscopy, to check for polyps, fibroids, or scar tissue.
    • Assessment of the uterine lining, including thickness and pattern.
    • Hormonal testing to rule out thyroid or prolactin issues.
    • Evaluation of the semen, if not already done.
    • Genetic testing of you and your partner to check for chromosomal rearrangements that could affect embryo development.

    This workup helps identify whether aneuploidy is likely to be the main issue or whether other problems need to be addressed first.

    When PGT-A might be considered

    PGT-A may be more relevant if you have:

    • Had several failed transfers with embryos that appeared morphologically good.
    • Produced a higher number of embryos, allowing for testing and selection.
    • Advanced maternal age, which increases the risk of aneuploidy.
    • Had previous miscarriages that may have been due to chromosomal abnormalities.

    But even in these cases, PGT-A is not a guarantee. It can help you avoid transferring embryos that are likely to fail, but it cannot overcome uterine or other factors that may also be preventing implantation.

    Alternatives and complementary approaches

    If PGT-A is not recommended or not available, there are other strategies that may be considered:

    • Endometrial receptivity testing, which evaluates the uterine lining’s readiness for implantation.
    • Treatment of any identified uterine issues, such as polyps or fibroids.
    • Adjustments to the IVF protocol, such as changing medication or timing.
    • Use of assisted hatching, though evidence is limited.
    • Exploring the possibility of using donor eggs, if aneuploidy is a major concern.

    Your doctor can help you weigh these options based on your specific history.

    Questions to ask your clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, ask your clinic:

    • What is your definition of RIF, and do you recommend PGT-A for my situation?
    • What other tests do you suggest before PGT-A?
    • How many embryos do I need to have for PGT-A to be worthwhile?
    • What is the process for embryo biopsy and testing?
    • How long does testing take, and how does that affect my treatment timeline?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any additional fees?
    • What are the limitations of PGT-A, and what results can I expect?

    Next steps

    Deciding whether to use PGT-A after RIF is personal and should be made with your doctor. Here is a simple checklist:

    1. Review your full medical history and previous IVF cycles.
    2. Complete a thorough workup to rule out uterine and hormonal issues.
    3. Discuss the potential benefits and limitations of PGT-A with your specialist.
    4. Ask about the laboratory’s experience and quality standards.
    5. Consider the emotional and financial investment before proceeding.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool, not a promise. It may help you make more informed decisions about which embryos to transfer, but it does not guarantee success. Take your time, ask questions, and choose a path that feels right for you.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A recommended for all cases of repeated implantation failure?

    No. PGT-A is not recommended for everyone with RIF. It may be considered when aneuploidy is suspected as a cause, such as after several failed transfers with good-quality embryos or in cases of advanced maternal age. A full evaluation is needed to determine if PGT-A is appropriate.

    Can PGT-A guarantee a successful pregnancy after RIF?

    No. PGT-A can help identify embryos with a normal chromosome count, but it cannot guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a live birth. Other factors such as uterine health and embryo quality also play a role.

    What other tests might be done before PGT-A for RIF?

    Doctors may recommend imaging of the uterus, hormonal testing, semen analysis, and genetic testing of the parents to look for other causes of RIF. This helps ensure that aneuploidy is the likely issue before proceeding with PGT-A.

    How long does PGT-A take in Thailand?

    The testing process typically adds a few weeks to the IVF cycle because embryos need to grow to the blastocyst stage before biopsy, and the genetic analysis takes time. Your clinic can provide a specific timeline based on their procedures.

    Does PGT-A increase the chance of a live birth for women with RIF?

    The evidence is mixed. Some studies suggest PGT-A may reduce the number of failed transfers by avoiding aneuploid embryos, but it may not increase the overall live birth rate per cycle. It is important to discuss the potential benefits and limitations with your doctor.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing Cost in Thailand: What’s Included and What’s Extra

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is an optional add-on to IVF that screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. In Thailand, the cost of PGT-A is not a single fixed price; it is built from several components. Understanding what is typically included in a package and what may be billed separately helps you compare quotes fairly and avoid surprises.

    At a glance: PGT-A cost components

    • Biopsy – the procedure to remove a few cells from each embryo
    • Genetic analysis – the laboratory testing of those cells
    • Shipping and handling – if embryos are sent to an external lab
    • Biopsy freezing – cryopreservation of embryos after biopsy
    • Consultation and follow-up – genetic counseling and result interpretation

    What is typically included in a PGT-A package?

    Most IVF clinics in Thailand offer PGT-A as an add-on to an IVF cycle, either as a package or as itemized charges. A package often bundles the biopsy procedure, the genetic analysis of a set number of embryos, and sometimes the initial consultation. However, the exact inclusions vary by clinic.

    When you receive a quote, ask for a detailed breakdown. Common inclusions in a PGT-A package may be:

    • Embryo biopsy (often performed on day 5 or day 6 blastocysts)
    • Genetic analysis of a specified number of embryos (for example, up to 8 or 10)
    • Local shipping to the genetic laboratory if it is off-site
    • One follow-up consultation to discuss results

    Some clinics may also include the cost of freezing embryos after biopsy, but this is not universal. Always confirm whether the package covers the entire biopsy-to-result process or only part of it.

    What is usually extra?

    Even with a package, certain costs may be billed separately. These can include:

    • Additional embryos – if you have more embryos than the package covers, each extra embryo may incur an additional analysis fee.
    • Repeat biopsy – if a biopsy fails or the sample is insufficient, a second attempt may cost extra.
    • International shipping – if you are using a lab outside Thailand or need expedited transport.
    • Embryo freezing and storage – annual storage fees are often separate from the PGT-A package.
    • Genetic counseling – some clinics include it, others charge separately.
    • Medication and monitoring – the IVF cycle itself, including stimulation drugs and blood tests, is usually not part of the PGT-A fee.

    Because these extras can add up, ask for a written itemized quote that lists every potential charge.

    Why prices vary between clinics

    PGT-A pricing in Thailand is not standardized. Differences arise from:

    • Laboratory type – in-house labs may have different pricing than external labs.
    • Technology used – next-generation sequencing (NGS) is common, but some labs may use other methods.
    • Number of embryos tested – packages often have tiered pricing based on quantity.
    • Clinic location – Bangkok clinics may have different overhead than those in other cities.
    • Included services – some packages bundle more services than others.

    When comparing, look beyond the headline price and compare the total cost of the entire IVF cycle with PGT-A, including all potential extras.

    Questions to ask when comparing PGT-A quotes

    To make a fair comparison, ask each clinic the same set of questions. Here are key ones:

    • What exactly does the PGT-A package include? (biopsy, analysis, shipping, consultation?)
    • How many embryos are covered by the quoted price?
    • What is the cost per additional embryo beyond the package limit?
    • Are there any additional charges for biopsy freezing or embryo storage?
    • Is the genetic testing done in-house or at an external laboratory? If external, are shipping costs included?
    • What happens if a biopsy sample is insufficient – is there a repeat biopsy fee?
    • Are there any hidden fees, such as administrative charges or result delivery fees?
    • Is genetic counseling included in the price?

    Request a written quote that itemizes each component. This helps you compare apples to apples.

    How to plan your budget

    When budgeting for PGT-A in Thailand, consider the full IVF cycle cost, not just the PGT-A add-on. Your budget should include:

    • IVF cycle fees (consultation, monitoring, egg retrieval, embryo culture)
    • PGT-A biopsy and analysis
    • Embryo freezing and storage (if applicable)
    • Medications
    • Travel and accommodation (if you are coming from abroad)
    • Potential extra cycles if no embryos are suitable for transfer

    Because PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy, some patients plan for the possibility of multiple cycles. Discuss with your doctor how many embryos you might expect and what that means for your overall budget.

    Next steps

    If you are comparing IVF clinics in Thailand for PGT-A, start by requesting detailed quotes from several clinics. Use the questions above to guide your conversations. Also, review our resources on PGT-A cost considerations and overall IVF costs in Thailand to understand the broader financial picture. For personalized assistance, you can contact our team or explore patient resources for more guidance.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is typically included in a PGT-A package in Thailand?

    A PGT-A package usually includes the embryo biopsy procedure, genetic analysis of a set number of embryos, and sometimes local shipping and a follow-up consultation. However, inclusions vary by clinic, so always ask for a detailed breakdown.

    What are common extra costs for PGT-A in Thailand?

    Common extras include charges for testing additional embryos beyond the package limit, repeat biopsy if needed, embryo freezing and storage, international shipping, and genetic counseling if not included. Always ask for an itemized quote.

    Why do PGT-A prices vary between clinics in Thailand?

    Prices vary due to differences in laboratory type (in-house vs. external), technology used, number of embryos covered, clinic location, and what services are bundled. Comparing total IVF cycle costs, not just PGT-A fees, is important.

    How can I compare PGT-A quotes fairly?

    Ask each clinic the same questions about inclusions, number of embryos covered, additional embryo costs, biopsy freezing, shipping, and potential hidden fees. Request a written itemized quote to compare accurately.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M for HLA Matching in Thailand: What Patients Need to Know

    Understanding PGT-A and PGT-M

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used to screen embryos created through IVF before transfer. Two common types are PGT-A and PGT-M. PGT-A (aneuploidy testing) checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes, which can affect implantation or lead to miscarriage. PGT-M (monogenic testing) looks for specific single-gene disorders, such as thalassemia, and can also be used to identify embryos with a particular tissue type, known as HLA matching.

    For patients who already have a child with a condition like thalassemia or a blood disorder, PGT-M can help select an embryo that is both free of the genetic condition and a tissue match for the existing child. This allows the birth of a healthy sibling whose umbilical cord blood or bone marrow could potentially be used for treatment.

    Why PGT-A Alone Is Not Enough for HLA Matching

    HLA (human leukocyte antigen) typing is a genetic test that determines tissue compatibility. PGT-A does not examine HLA genes; it only counts chromosomes. Therefore, PGT-A cannot tell you whether an embryo is a match for a sibling. To achieve HLA matching, PGT-M must be performed using a specific test designed to identify the HLA type of each embryo.

    In some cases, clinics may combine PGT-A and PGT-M in the same IVF cycle. This means embryos are screened for both chromosomal abnormalities and the specific genetic condition, as well as HLA type. However, PGT-A alone will not provide the information needed for HLA matching.

    How PGT-M for HLA Matching Works in Thailand

    In Thailand, PGT-M for HLA matching is offered at specialized fertility centers. The process typically involves several steps:

    1. Consultation and genetic counseling: You will meet with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor to discuss your family history, the genetic condition involved, and the feasibility of HLA matching.
    2. IVF cycle: You undergo ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, and the eggs are fertilized with sperm in the laboratory to create embryos.
    3. Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo, usually on day 5 or 6 of development.
    4. Genetic testing: The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for PGT-M, which includes testing for the specific genetic disorder and HLA typing.
    5. Embryo selection: Only embryos that are both unaffected by the genetic condition and HLA-matched to the existing child are considered for transfer.
    6. Frozen embryo transfer: A suitable embryo is thawed and transferred to your uterus.

    It is important to note that the entire process requires careful planning and coordination between the fertility clinic and the genetics laboratory. Not all clinics in Thailand may offer PGT-M for HLA matching, so you will need to confirm availability and specific protocols with the clinic you choose.

    Key Differences Between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screen for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) Detect specific single-gene disorders and HLA type
    What it tests Number of chromosomes Specific gene mutations and HLA markers
    Can it select for HLA match? No Yes, when designed for that purpose
    Typical use To improve implantation chances and reduce miscarriage risk To avoid passing on a genetic disease and to find a tissue match for a sibling
    Combination Often used alone or with PGT-M May be combined with PGT-A for additional screening

    Considerations for Patients Seeking HLA-Matched Embryos

    If you are considering PGT-M for HLA matching in Thailand, there are several factors to keep in mind:

    • Genetic counseling: You will need to understand the inheritance pattern of the condition and the probability of having an HLA-matched, unaffected embryo. This is not guaranteed, and the number of suitable embryos may be limited.
    • Legal and ethical aspects: HLA matching for the purpose of creating a “savior sibling” may be regulated in some countries. In Thailand, you should discuss the legal framework with your clinic and possibly seek independent legal advice.
    • Cost: PGT-M for HLA matching is more complex and expensive than standard PGT-A. Costs can vary significantly between clinics, so you should request a detailed breakdown.
    • Time: The entire process, from initial consultation to embryo transfer, may take several months. Be prepared for potential delays.
    • Success rates: The chance of achieving a pregnancy and a live birth depends on many factors, including your age, the number of embryos available, and the quality of the laboratory. No clinic can guarantee a successful outcome.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before proceeding, consider asking the following questions:

    • Does your clinic offer PGT-M for HLA matching?
    • What is the experience of your genetics laboratory with HLA typing?
    • How many embryos are typically needed to have a reasonable chance of finding an HLA match?
    • What is the cost of PGT-M for HLA matching, and what does it include?
    • Are there any legal restrictions in Thailand regarding HLA matching?
    • What is the timeline from start to embryo transfer?

    Next Steps

    If you are ready to explore PGT-M for HLA matching in Thailand, here is a simple checklist:

    1. Research fertility clinics that offer PGT-M and have experience with HLA matching.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your specific situation.
    3. Ask for a referral to a genetic counselor who can explain the testing process and implications.
    4. Request a detailed cost estimate and timeline.
    5. Clarify any legal or ethical questions with the clinic or a legal professional.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, you can visit our PGT in Thailand page. You may also find our guides helpful, and check our FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A be used for HLA matching?

    No, PGT-A only screens for chromosomal abnormalities and does not test HLA type. HLA matching requires PGT-M, which is specifically designed to identify tissue compatibility.

    Is PGT-M for HLA matching available in Thailand?

    Yes, some fertility clinics in Thailand offer PGT-M for HLA matching, but availability may vary. You should confirm with the clinic directly and ask about their experience with this specific testing.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M for HLA matching?

    Success rates depend on many factors, including the number of embryos produced, the genetic condition involved, and the laboratory's expertise. There is no guarantee of finding an HLA-matched embryo or achieving a pregnancy. Discuss your individual chances with your clinic.

    Is PGT-M for HLA matching legal in Thailand?

    Legal regulations may apply to HLA matching for medical purposes. It is essential to consult with your clinic and possibly seek legal advice to understand the current legal framework in Thailand.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Success Rates in Thailand: What to Expect

    PGT-A Success Rates in Thailand: A Realistic Overview

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand, you have likely come across PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy). This test screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. Many patients ask: “What are the success rates with PGT-A in Thailand?” The short answer is that PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy or live birth, but it can help you choose embryos with the best chance of implanting and developing. Success rates vary widely based on your age, embryo quality, and clinic protocols. This guide explains what PGT-A measures, how success is reported, and what factors influence your chances.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-A

    • PGT-A screens embryos for abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy).
    • It does not improve embryo quality; it helps select embryos more likely to be chromosomally normal.
    • Success rates are often reported as live birth per transferred embryo, but this varies by age and embryo quality.
    • PGT-A is not necessary for everyone; your doctor can advise based on your history.
    • In Thailand, many IVF clinics offer PGT-A, but outcomes depend on lab standards and your individual situation.

    What Is PGT-A and How Does It Work?

    PGT-A is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. A few cells are removed from the embryo (usually at the blastocyst stage, around day 5 or 6) and analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities. Embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid) are considered viable for transfer. Those with missing or extra chromosomes (aneuploid) often fail to implant or result in miscarriage.

    This test is different from PGT-M (for single-gene disorders) and PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements). PGT-A focuses on chromosome number, not specific genetic diseases.

    How Are PGT-A Success Rates Measured?

    Success rates can be reported in several ways, and it is important to understand the difference:

    • Live birth per transferred embryo: The most meaningful measure for patients. It tells you the chance that a single transferred embryo results in a live birth.
    • Ongoing pregnancy rate: The percentage of pregnancies that progress past a certain point (e.g., 12 weeks).
    • Clinical pregnancy rate: The presence of a fetal heartbeat on ultrasound.
    • Euploidy rate: The percentage of embryos that are chromosomally normal. This is not a success rate but a laboratory measure.

    When clinics quote “success rates,” ask exactly what they are measuring. A high clinical pregnancy rate may not translate to a live birth.

    Factors That Influence PGT-A Success in Thailand

    Several factors affect your chances of a successful PGT-A cycle:

    Maternal Age

    Age is the strongest predictor of embryo aneuploidy. Women under 35 have a higher proportion of normal embryos, while women over 40 have fewer. Therefore, PGT-A success rates are higher in younger women simply because they are more likely to have at least one euploid embryo for transfer.

    Embryo Quality and Development

    Embryos that reach the blastocyst stage and have good morphology are more likely to be euploid. However, even high-grade embryos can be aneuploid. PGT-A adds genetic information to morphological assessment.

    Laboratory Standards and Biopsy Technique

    The accuracy of PGT-A depends on the laboratory’s experience and the biopsy method. In Thailand, clinics may use different platforms (e.g., next-generation sequencing). Ask about the lab’s accreditation and how many cycles they perform annually.

    Number of Embryos Available

    To benefit from PGT-A, you need a sufficient number of embryos to test. If you produce few embryos, the chance that at least one is euploid decreases.

    Clinic-Specific Protocols

    Each clinic has its own protocols for ovarian stimulation, embryo culture, and transfer. These can affect the number and quality of embryos you produce.

    What Do Published Success Rates Show?

    While specific Thailand-specific published rates are not available in this guide, international studies show that transferring a euploid embryo results in higher implantation and live birth rates per transfer compared to transferring an untested embryo, especially in women of advanced maternal age. However, the overall chance of a live birth per cycle may not be higher because some cycles produce no euploid embryos.

    In Thailand, many clinics report success rates on their websites, but these are not standardized. Always ask for the clinic’s own data, broken down by age group and transfer type.

    Is PGT-A Right for You?

    PGT-A is not for everyone. It is often recommended for:

    • Women over 35
    • Couples with recurrent miscarriage
    • Previous failed IVF cycles
    • Severe male factor infertility

    However, it adds cost and time to the IVF process. Some couples may not need it, especially younger women with no known fertility issues. Discuss your specific situation with a fertility specialist.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About PGT-A Success

    When evaluating clinics in Thailand, ask these questions:

    • What is your live birth rate per transferred euploid embryo for my age group?
    • How many PGT-A cycles do you perform per year?
    • What genetic testing platform do you use, and is your lab accredited?
    • How do you handle embryos with no result or mosaic results?
    • What is the cost of PGT-A, and are there additional fees for biopsy or storage?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    Before committing to PGT-A in Thailand, take these steps:

    1. Gather your medical history and any previous IVF results.
    2. Consult with a fertility specialist to determine if PGT-A is appropriate.
    3. Research clinics and ask for their success data.
    4. Consider the emotional and financial investment.
    5. Prepare questions for your initial consultation.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool to help you make informed decisions, not a guarantee. Your doctor can guide you based on your unique circumstances.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the success rate of PGT-A in Thailand?

    Success rates vary widely depending on maternal age, embryo quality, and clinic protocols. There is no single national rate. Ask your clinic for its live birth rate per transferred euploid embryo, broken down by age group.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a live birth?

    No. PGT-A helps select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which increases the chance of implantation and reduces miscarriage risk, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or live birth. Other factors, such as uterine receptivity and embryo quality, also matter.

    Is PGT-A worth the extra cost in Thailand?

    For some patients, especially those over 35 or with recurrent miscarriage, PGT-A may reduce the number of failed transfers and miscarriages. However, it adds significant cost and may not be necessary for everyone. Discuss the potential benefits and limitations with your doctor.

    How long does PGT-A testing take in Thailand?

    PGT-A typically adds about 2-4 weeks to the IVF process because embryos must be biopsied and sent to a lab for analysis. This may require a frozen embryo transfer in a subsequent cycle. Your clinic will provide a specific timeline.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M for Single Gene Disorders: What Patients in Thailand Should Know

    PGT-A vs PGT-M: What’s the Difference?

    If you carry a single gene disorder (also called a monogenic condition), you may be exploring preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) as part of your IVF journey. Two common types of PGT are PGT-A and PGT-M. While both involve testing embryos created through IVF, they answer different questions.

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It is often used to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy, especially for people of advanced maternal age or those with recurrent miscarriage.

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) looks for a specific genetic mutation that causes a particular single gene disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. If you or your partner carry a known mutation, PGT-M can identify embryos that do not inherit the disorder.

    For patients with a known single gene disorder, PGT-M is usually the necessary test. PGT-A alone cannot tell you whether an embryo carries your specific mutation. In some cases, both PGT-A and PGT-M may be performed together, but they serve distinct purposes.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A: Checks chromosome number (aneuploidy). Does not test for specific gene mutations.
    • PGT-M: Tests for a specific single gene mutation. Requires prior genetic testing of parents and often other family members.
    • PGT-SR: Tests for structural rearrangements of chromosomes (e.g., translocations). Sometimes relevant if you also have a chromosome issue.
    • Which one?: If you have a known single gene disorder, PGT-M is essential. PGT-A may be added for chromosome screening.

    Why PGT-M Is Necessary for Single Gene Disorders

    Single gene disorders are caused by mutations in a specific gene. PGT-M is designed to detect whether an embryo has inherited that mutation. Without PGT-M, you cannot know if an embryo is affected by the condition you carry.

    PGT-A, on the other hand, only counts chromosomes. An embryo can have a normal number of chromosomes but still carry a disease-causing mutation. Therefore, PGT-A is not a substitute for PGT-M when you have a known monogenic disorder.

    In some situations, your clinic may recommend doing both PGT-A and PGT-M. This is because embryos that are free of the mutation may still have chromosome abnormalities that could affect implantation or lead to miscarriage. Combining both tests can provide more complete information, but it also adds complexity and cost.

    How PGT-M Works

    PGT-M is a multi-step process that begins before you start an IVF cycle. Here is a general overview:

    1. Genetic counseling and testing: You and your partner will meet with a genetic counselor. The specific mutation must be identified through genetic testing of you, your partner, and sometimes other family members.
    2. IVF and embryo biopsy: After eggs are retrieved and fertilized, embryos are grown in the lab for several days. A few cells are then removed from each embryo (biopsy).
    3. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are analyzed for the specific mutation. This requires a customized test for your family’s mutation.
    4. Embryo selection: Embryos that do not carry the mutation are considered for transfer.

    Because PGT-M requires a personalized test, it is not a one-size-fits-all procedure. The laboratory needs time to develop and validate the test before your cycle begins.

    PGT-A: What It Can and Cannot Do

    PGT-A is often used to select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes. It can help reduce the risk of miscarriage due to aneuploidy and may improve the efficiency of IVF by avoiding transfer of embryos that are unlikely to implant.

    However, PGT-A does not test for single gene mutations. If you have a known monogenic disorder, PGT-A results will not tell you whether an embryo is affected by that condition. Therefore, PGT-A is not a replacement for PGT-M.

    Some patients may choose to have both PGT-A and PGT-M. This can be beneficial because it provides two layers of information: the specific mutation status and the chromosome status. But it also means more testing, which can increase the time and cost of the IVF cycle.

    PGT-SR: When Chromosome Structure Matters

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is used when one or both parents have a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation. This can cause embryos to have missing or extra chromosome segments, leading to miscarriage or birth defects.

    If you have a single gene disorder, PGT-SR is not typically needed unless you also have a known chromosomal rearrangement. Your genetic counselor can help determine if PGT-SR is relevant for your situation.

    Choosing Between PGT-A and PGT-M in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, you will likely work with an IVF clinic that offers genetic testing services. The choice between PGT-A and PGT-M depends on your medical history and genetic status.

    For patients with a known single gene disorder, PGT-M is the primary test. PGT-A may be added if you also want chromosome screening. Some clinics may offer a combined approach, but this is not always necessary.

    When researching clinics in Thailand, ask about their experience with PGT-M for your specific condition. Not all laboratories may have the capability to develop a customized test for every mutation. It is important to confirm that the clinic can handle your case.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • Do you offer PGT-M for my specific single gene disorder?
    • How long does it take to develop a personalized PGT-M test?
    • Can you perform PGT-A and PGT-M together on the same embryo biopsy?
    • What is the success rate for embryos that are free of the mutation?
    • What are the limitations of PGT-M? Are there any embryos that may have unclear results?
    • What is the cost of PGT-M, and does it include genetic counseling and test development?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Confirm your genetic diagnosis and the specific mutation with a genetic counselor.
    2. Research IVF clinics in Thailand that offer PGT-M for your condition.
    3. Ask about the laboratory’s experience with your type of mutation.
    4. Discuss whether PGT-A is also recommended in your case.
    5. Understand the timeline, including the time needed for test development.
    6. Clarify all costs and what they include.

    PGT is a personal decision. It is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child, but it can provide valuable information to help you make informed choices. Always consult with your medical team to determine the best approach for your situation.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect single gene disorders?

    No. PGT-A only checks for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It does not test for specific gene mutations. If you have a known single gene disorder, you need PGT-M to determine whether an embryo carries the mutation.

    Is PGT-M necessary if I have a single gene disorder?

    Yes, if you want to identify embryos that do not carry the specific mutation causing your disorder. PGT-M is the only type of PGT that tests for a particular monogenic condition. PGT-A cannot provide that information.

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, in many cases both tests can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. This provides information about both the specific mutation and chromosome number. However, not all clinics may offer combined testing, so it is important to ask.

    How long does PGT-M take in Thailand?

    The timeline can vary. PGT-M requires a personalized test to be developed for your family's mutation, which can take several weeks or months. Your clinic can give you a more specific estimate based on your case.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Biopsy Timing in Thailand: What to Expect

    If you are considering preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) during IVF in Thailand, one of the first questions you may have is: when does the embryo biopsy actually happen? In most Thai IVF clinics, the biopsy is performed on embryos that have reached the blastocyst stage, typically on day 5 or day 6 after fertilization. This timing is important because it affects your treatment schedule, your travel plans, and the coordination between your clinic and the genetic testing laboratory.

    This guide explains the general process of PGT-A biopsy in Thailand, what to expect at each step, and the questions you should ask your clinic to confirm the details that apply to your specific situation.

    At a Glance: PGT-A Biopsy Timing

    • Biopsy is usually done on day 5 or day 6 after egg retrieval and fertilization.
    • The embryo must reach the blastocyst stage (a specific developmental milestone) before biopsy.
    • Only a few cells are removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm).
    • The biopsied cells are sent to a genetic laboratory for analysis, while the embryo is frozen.
    • Results typically take several days to a few weeks, depending on the laboratory.
    • Your clinic will confirm the exact day and process based on your embryo development and lab protocols.

    Why Day 5 or Day 6?

    PGT-A is performed on embryos that have developed to the blastocyst stage. In a typical IVF cycle, embryos are cultured in the laboratory for about five to six days after fertilization. By day 5, many embryos have reached the blastocyst stage, which is a more advanced stage of development. Biopsying at this stage allows the embryologist to remove a small number of cells from the trophectoderm, which will later become the placenta. This is considered safer for the embryo than removing cells from the inner cell mass, which will become the fetus.

    Some embryos develop more slowly and may not reach the blastocyst stage until day 6 or even day 7. In such cases, the biopsy may be performed on day 6 or later, depending on the clinic’s protocols and the embryo’s quality. The decision to biopsy on day 5 versus day 6 is based on the embryo’s development, not a fixed schedule.

    The PGT-A Biopsy Process in Thai Clinics

    While each clinic may have its own specific procedures, the general steps for PGT-A biopsy are similar across Thai IVF centers.

    Step 1: Embryo Culture to Blastocyst Stage

    After egg retrieval and fertilization, embryos are cultured in a specialized incubator. The embryologist monitors their development daily. By day 5 or 6, embryos that have reached the blastocyst stage are eligible for biopsy.

    Step 2: Embryo Biopsy

    On the day of biopsy, the embryologist uses a laser or a thin needle to create a small opening in the zona pellucida (the outer shell of the embryo). Then, a few cells from the trophectoderm are gently aspirated. This process is delicate and requires expertise to minimize any potential impact on the embryo.

    Step 3: Genetic Analysis

    The biopsied cells are placed in a tube and sent to a genetic testing laboratory. The laboratory analyzes the DNA to check for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy). The embryo itself is frozen (vitrified) while waiting for the results.

    Step 4: Embryo Transfer

    Once the results are available, your doctor will discuss which embryos are chromosomally normal (euploid) and suitable for transfer. A frozen embryo transfer (FET) is typically scheduled in a subsequent cycle, after your uterus is prepared.

    How Biopsy Timing Affects Your IVF Timeline in Thailand

    If you are traveling to Thailand for IVF with PGT-A, understanding the timing is crucial for planning your stay. Here are the key points to consider:

    • Egg retrieval to biopsy: The biopsy occurs about 5 to 6 days after your egg retrieval. You will need to be in Thailand for at least this period.
    • Freezing and waiting: After the biopsy, the embryos are frozen. You may choose to return home while waiting for the genetic results, as the transfer will happen in a later cycle.
    • Results timeline: The time it takes to receive PGT-A results can vary. Some laboratories may provide results within a few days, while others may take longer. Your clinic will give you an estimated timeline.
    • Travel planning: Many international patients plan to stay in Thailand for the initial IVF cycle (including egg retrieval and biopsy) and then return for the frozen embryo transfer after results are available. This may involve two trips, but some patients choose to stay for the entire process. Discuss your travel plans with your clinic to understand the recommended schedule.

    What to Ask Your Clinic About PGT-A Biopsy

    Because every clinic and patient situation is unique, it is essential to confirm the following details directly with your chosen clinic:

    • On which day (day 5, day 6, or later) does your clinic typically perform the biopsy?
    • What is the estimated time for receiving PGT-A results?
    • How many embryos are usually biopsied in a cycle?
    • What is the experience of the embryology team with PGT-A biopsies?
    • How does the clinic coordinate with the genetic testing laboratory?
    • What is the recommended timeline for international patients, including travel and rest periods?
    • Are there any specific instructions for the days leading up to the biopsy?

    Next Steps: Planning Your PGT-A Cycle in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, here is a simple checklist to help you move forward:

    1. Research IVF clinics in Thailand that offer PGT-A and have experience with international patients.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your medical history and whether PGT-A is appropriate for you.
    3. Ask about the clinic’s biopsy timing, laboratory accreditation, and result turnaround times.
    4. Plan your travel and accommodation, keeping in mind the need to stay for at least the egg retrieval and biopsy.
    5. Confirm the costs involved, including the biopsy procedure, genetic testing, and any additional laboratory fees.
    6. Prepare for the possibility of a second trip for the frozen embryo transfer.

    Remember, the information in this guide is general. Your doctor will provide personalized advice based on your specific circumstances.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A biopsy always done on day 5?

    No, not always. While day 5 is common, some embryos develop more slowly and may be biopsied on day 6 or later. The exact day depends on when the embryo reaches the blastocyst stage and the clinic's protocols.

    How long does it take to get PGT-A results in Thailand?

    The time can vary by laboratory. Some clinics may provide results within a few days, while others may take longer. Your clinic will give you an estimated timeline based on their lab arrangements.

    Can I go home after the biopsy and return later for the transfer?

    Yes, many international patients do this. After the biopsy, embryos are frozen, and you can return home while waiting for results. The transfer is usually done in a later cycle, so you may need to plan a second trip to Thailand.

    Does the biopsy hurt the embryo?

    The biopsy is a delicate procedure performed by experienced embryologists. It removes only a few cells from the outer layer of the embryo, and studies suggest it does not significantly impact the embryo's viability. However, the skill of the embryology team is important.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A for Advanced Maternal Age in Thailand: A Guide for Women Over 40

    If you are a woman over 40 considering IVF in Thailand, you may have heard about PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy). This test screens embryos for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, which are more common with advancing maternal age. PGT-A can help your doctor select embryos with the typical chromosome count for transfer, potentially reducing the risk of miscarriage and failed implantation. However, it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby, and it is not necessary for everyone. This guide explains what PGT-A is, how it may benefit women over 40, its limitations, and the questions you should ask before deciding.

    At a Glance: PGT-A for Women Over 40

    • What it does: Screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • Who it may help: Women over 40, where the chance of aneuploidy is higher.
    • Potential benefits: May reduce miscarriage risk and improve the efficiency of IVF by selecting embryos with the typical chromosome count.
    • Limitations: Does not guarantee a live birth, cannot detect all genetic or chromosomal issues, and may damage embryos in rare cases.
    • Not for everyone: Some women may not produce enough embryos to make testing worthwhile.

    Understanding PGT-A

    PGT-A is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. After fertilization, embryos are grown in the laboratory for several days, typically until they reach the blastocyst stage. A few cells are then removed from each embryo and analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities. Embryos with the expected number of chromosomes (euploid) are considered suitable for transfer, while those with missing or extra chromosomes (aneuploid) are usually not transferred because they are less likely to implant or may lead to miscarriage.

    Chromosomal abnormalities are a major cause of early pregnancy loss and failed implantation. The risk of aneuploidy increases with maternal age, particularly after 35 and more sharply after 40. For this reason, PGT-A is often discussed with women of advanced maternal age.

    How PGT-A Can Benefit Women Over 40

    For women over 40, the main potential benefits of PGT-A include:

    • Reduced risk of miscarriage: By selecting embryos with the typical chromosome count, PGT-A may lower the chance of miscarriage due to aneuploidy.
    • Improved IVF efficiency: Transferring a euploid embryo may increase the chance of implantation per transfer, potentially reducing the number of cycles needed.
    • Better embryo selection: When multiple embryos are available, PGT-A can help prioritize which embryo to transfer first.

    However, it is important to note that PGT-A does not improve the quality of your eggs or embryos. It only helps identify which embryos are more likely to be chromosomally normal. The overall success of IVF still depends on many factors, including the number and quality of embryos you produce.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Here are some limitations to keep in mind:

    • Not all chromosomal abnormalities are detected: PGT-A screens for common aneuploidies, but it does not detect all genetic conditions or structural chromosomal rearrangements.
    • Mosaicism: Some embryos may have a mix of normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance of mosaicism is still being studied, and such embryos may or may not be suitable for transfer.
    • Embryo damage: The biopsy procedure carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, although this is rare in experienced laboratories.
    • No guarantee of live birth: Even a euploid embryo may not implant or may result in miscarriage for other reasons.
    • Cost and time: PGT-A adds to the cost of IVF and requires the embryo to be frozen while testing is completed, which may delay transfer.

    Additionally, PGT-A is not recommended for all women. If you produce very few embryos, the benefit of testing may be limited, as you may have no euploid embryo to transfer. Your doctor can help you weigh the potential benefits and risks based on your individual situation.

    PGT-A in Thailand: What to Consider

    Thailand has become a popular destination for IVF and genetic testing, including PGT-A. Many clinics offer advanced reproductive technologies, but regulations and practices can vary. When considering PGT-A in Thailand, you should:

    • Choose a reputable clinic: Look for clinics with experience in PGT-A and a good track record. You can ask about their laboratory accreditation and success rates.
    • Understand the legal and ethical framework: Thailand has laws and guidelines regarding assisted reproduction and genetic testing. Your clinic should explain what is permitted and any restrictions.
    • Ask about the testing process: Inquire about the laboratory that will perform the genetic analysis, the type of testing used, and how long results take.
    • Consider the total cost: PGT-A adds to the cost of IVF. Ask for a detailed breakdown of fees, including the biopsy, genetic analysis, and any additional storage or shipping costs.

    Because regulations and practices can change, it is essential to verify current information directly with your chosen clinic and, if necessary, with relevant Thai authorities.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-A, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A in women over 40?
    • What is the likelihood that I will have at least one embryo suitable for transfer after testing?
    • How many embryos do you typically need before recommending PGT-A?
    • What is the cost of PGT-A, and what does it include?
    • How long will it take to get results, and how will this affect my treatment timeline?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy procedure?
    • How do you handle mosaic embryos?
    • What are my options if no embryos are suitable for transfer?

    Next Steps: Making Your Decision

    Deciding whether to use PGT-A is personal and should be based on your medical history, the number of embryos you produce, and your goals. Here is a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist: Discuss your age, ovarian reserve, and any previous pregnancy or IVF outcomes.
    2. Understand your embryo potential: Ask about the expected number of eggs and embryos based on your AMH, FSH, and antral follicle count.
    3. Learn about PGT-A: Read reliable information and ask your clinic for details about their testing process.
    4. Consider the costs and benefits: Weigh the additional cost of PGT-A against the potential reduction in miscarriage risk and time to pregnancy.
    5. Make an informed choice: Decide together with your doctor whether PGT-A is right for you.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool to help you make more informed decisions about which embryos to transfer. It does not guarantee a successful outcome, but for many women over 40, it can provide valuable information.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand overview, read our guides, or check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A worth it for women over 40?

    PGT-A can be beneficial for women over 40 because it screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities, which are more common at this age. By selecting embryos with the typical chromosome count, PGT-A may reduce the risk of miscarriage and improve the efficiency of IVF. However, it is not a guarantee of success, and the decision should be based on your individual circumstances, including the number of embryos you produce and your overall health.

    What is the success rate of PGT-A in Thailand for women over 40?

    Success rates for PGT-A vary widely depending on the clinic, the woman's age, and the number of embryos available. There is no single success rate that applies to all cases. It is important to ask your clinic for their specific data, but remember that even with PGT-A, a live birth is not guaranteed.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT-A does not guarantee a healthy baby. It screens for common chromosomal abnormalities, but it cannot detect all genetic conditions, and there are other factors that can affect pregnancy and child health. PGT-A is a screening tool, not a guarantee.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, which are more common with advanced maternal age. PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is used to detect specific single-gene diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia, when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation. They are different tests used for different purposes.

    Are there any risks of PGT-A to the embryo?

    The biopsy procedure used in PGT-A involves removing a few cells from the embryo. This carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, although it is rare in experienced laboratories. The long-term effects of embryo biopsy are still being studied, but current evidence suggests that the risk is low.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A for Recurrent Miscarriage in Thailand: What to Consider

    Recurrent miscarriage—often defined as two or more pregnancy losses—can be emotionally and physically exhausting. When you are exploring next steps, you may hear about preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). PGT-A screens embryos created through IVF for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, which are a common cause of early pregnancy loss. But is PGT-A right for everyone with recurrent miscarriage? Not necessarily. This guide explains what PGT-A can and cannot do, how it fits into a broader evaluation, and what to consider if you are looking at clinics in Thailand.

    At a glance: PGT-A and recurrent miscarriage

    • What PGT-A does: It screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) before transfer.
    • Who may consider it: People with recurrent miscarriage, especially when other causes have been ruled out or when maternal age is advanced.
    • What it does not do: It does not guarantee a pregnancy or a live birth, and it does not test for all genetic conditions.
    • What to do first: A thorough medical evaluation for recurrent miscarriage is essential before deciding on PGT-A.

    Understanding recurrent miscarriage

    Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is typically defined as two or more consecutive miscarriages. It affects a small percentage of couples trying to conceive. Causes can include chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo, uterine structural issues, hormonal or immune factors, blood clotting disorders, and lifestyle influences. In many cases, no clear cause is found.

    Because chromosomal abnormalities in embryos are a leading cause of early miscarriage, PGT-A has been proposed as a way to select embryos with the expected number of chromosomes, potentially reducing the risk of another loss. However, PGT-A is not a first-line test for everyone. Your doctor will usually recommend a full evaluation first, which may include blood tests, imaging of the uterus, and genetic testing of the parents.

    What is PGT-A and how does it work?

    PGT-A is a technique used during in vitro fertilization (IVF). After eggs are fertilized to create embryos, a small number of cells are removed from each embryo (usually at the blastocyst stage, around day 5 or 6 of development). These cells are then analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities. Embryos with the expected number of chromosomes (euploid) are considered suitable for transfer, while those with missing or extra chromosomes (aneuploid) are typically not transferred.

    It is important to understand that PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It looks for common chromosomal abnormalities but cannot detect all genetic problems. Also, the biopsy and testing process is not perfect; there is a small risk of error, and some embryos may be mosaic (containing both normal and abnormal cells).

    Can PGT-A help with recurrent miscarriage?

    The answer depends on the cause of your miscarriages. If the losses are due to chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo, PGT-A may help by identifying embryos that are less likely to miscarry. However, if the cause is uterine, hormonal, or immune-related, PGT-A will not address that issue.

    Research on PGT-A for recurrent miscarriage has shown mixed results. Some studies suggest that PGT-A may reduce the miscarriage rate in certain groups, especially women over 35, but it does not necessarily improve the overall chance of a live birth per IVF cycle. Other studies have not found a clear benefit for all women with recurrent pregnancy loss. This is why PGT-A is not universally recommended for RPL; it is a decision to make with your doctor based on your specific history and test results.

    What Thai clinics offer for PGT-A

    Thailand has many fertility clinics that offer IVF and preimplantation genetic testing, including PGT-A. If you are considering treatment in Thailand, you will find that clinics typically provide a range of services, such as:

    • Initial consultations and fertility assessments
    • IVF with PGT-A (often as part of a package)
    • Genetic counseling before and after testing
    • Embryo biopsy and genetic analysis (often done in collaboration with an accredited laboratory)

    However, the availability and specifics of PGT-A can vary between clinics. Some clinics may offer PGT-A as a standard option, while others may recommend it only in certain situations. It is essential to ask about the clinic’s experience with PGT-A for recurrent miscarriage, the laboratory they use, and their success rates—though keep in mind that success rates are not always directly comparable.

    Questions to ask a Thai clinic about PGT-A

    Before you decide on a clinic, consider asking these questions:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A for patients who have had recurrent miscarriages?
    • Which genetic laboratory do you use, and are they accredited?
    • What is the biopsy technique, and how many cells are removed?
    • How do you handle mosaic embryos or inconclusive results?
    • What is the cost of PGT-A in addition to the IVF cycle?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling to help interpret results?
    • What are the next steps if no euploid embryos are available?

    Alternatives and complementary tests

    PGT-A is not the only option. Depending on your situation, your doctor may suggest:

    • Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) – if you or your partner carry a specific genetic condition.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements (PGT-SR) – if you or your partner have a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation.
    • Karyotyping of both partners – to check for balanced translocations that may not affect health but can cause miscarriages.
    • Uterine evaluation – such as hysteroscopy or saline infusion sonography to check for structural issues.
    • Immune testing and treatment – if an immune cause is suspected.

    Your doctor will help you decide which tests are appropriate based on your history.

    Limitations and risks of PGT-A

    It is crucial to have realistic expectations. PGT-A has limitations:

    • It does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or live birth.
    • It cannot detect all genetic abnormalities, such as those caused by small deletions or duplications.
    • There is a small risk that the biopsy could damage the embryo, though this is rare.
    • Testing may result in no embryos suitable for transfer, which can be emotionally difficult.
    • PGT-A adds significant cost to an IVF cycle.

    Also, PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. For younger women without a history of miscarriage, PGT-A may not improve live birth rates and could lead to unnecessary discard of embryos that might have self-corrected.

    Next steps: making a decision

    If you are considering PGT-A for recurrent miscarriage in Thailand, here is a step-by-step approach:

    1. Complete a full RPL evaluation – work with a reproductive specialist to rule out other causes.
    2. Discuss your specific history – share your age, number of losses, and any previous test results.
    3. Ask about PGT-A’s potential benefit for you – your doctor can explain the evidence in your context.
    4. Research clinics in Thailand – look for clinics with experience in PGT-A and genetic counseling.
    5. Clarify costs and logistics – ask about the full cost of IVF with PGT-A, including medications, biopsy, and analysis.
    6. Consider genetic counseling – before and after testing to understand your results and options.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool, not a promise. It can provide valuable information to help you and your doctor make decisions, but it is not a guarantee of a healthy baby. Take your time, ask questions, and choose a clinic that supports you with clear communication and realistic guidance.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A recommended for all women with recurrent miscarriage?

    No. PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. It may be considered when chromosomal abnormalities are suspected as a cause, especially in women over 35 or after a full evaluation has ruled out other factors. Your doctor will assess your individual history.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a live birth?

    No. PGT-A can reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities, but it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a live birth. Other factors, such as uterine health and embryo implantation, also play a role.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for abnormal numbers of chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for specific genetic disorders that the parents are known to carry. They are used for different purposes and can be done together in some cases.

    How much does PGT-A cost in Thailand?

    The cost of PGT-A in Thailand varies by clinic and may be included in an IVF package or added separately. It is important to ask for a detailed breakdown of costs, including the biopsy, genetic analysis, and any additional fees.

    What happens if no normal embryos are available after PGT-A?

    If no euploid embryos are available, your doctor will discuss options such as repeating an IVF cycle, using donor eggs, or considering other treatments. This is an emotionally challenging outcome, and genetic counseling can help you understand your choices.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A and PGT-M: questions each test is intended to answer

    How to use this guide

    This page provides the explanation. For a separate practical record, use PGT-A or PGT-M enquiry: laboratory preparation and quote checklist. Record the responsible provider’s answers rather than treating a generic example as confirmation for your case.

    PGT-A vs PGT-M: Understanding the Basics

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand, you may come across two common genetic tests: PGT-A and PGT-M. Both are performed on embryos before transfer, but they answer different questions. PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) checks for the correct number of chromosomes, while PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders) looks for specific inherited genetic conditions. This guide explains the difference to help you discuss options with your fertility team.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A: Screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-M: Tests for a specific genetic disorder that runs in the family.
    • Purpose: PGT-A aims to improve IVF success by selecting chromosomally normal embryos; PGT-M aims to avoid passing on a known genetic condition.
    • Who it’s for: PGT-A is often considered for women of advanced maternal age or those with recurrent miscarriage; PGT-M is for couples with a known monogenic disorder.
    • Method: Both require a biopsy of a few cells from the embryo, usually on day 5 or 6.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, previously known as preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. An extra or missing chromosome is called aneuploidy. Many aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A can identify which embryos have the correct number of chromosomes, potentially helping your doctor choose the embryo most likely to lead to a successful pregnancy.

    PGT-A is often recommended for:

    • Women over 35, as the risk of aneuploidy increases with age.
    • Couples who have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss.
    • Couples with previous failed IVF cycles.
    • Couples who want to reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities.

    It is important to note that PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby. It only screens for chromosomal number abnormalities, not all genetic conditions.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is used when one or both partners carry a specific genetic mutation that could cause a monogenic disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. The test identifies embryos that have inherited the mutation, allowing the transfer of embryos free from that particular condition.

    PGT-M is typically recommended for:

    • Couples with a known genetic disorder in their family.
    • Couples who are carriers of an autosomal recessive or X-linked condition.
    • Couples who have had a child with a genetic disorder and wish to avoid passing it on.

    PGT-M requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation. The test is highly specific and does not screen for other chromosomal abnormalities unless combined with PGT-A.

    Key Differences Between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Checks for chromosomal number abnormalities Checks for a specific genetic mutation
    Who it’s for General IVF patients, especially those with age-related risks Couples with a known genetic disorder
    Method Biopsy of embryo cells, then analysis of chromosomes Biopsy of embryo cells, then analysis for specific mutation
    Result Identifies embryos with normal chromosome number Identifies embryos without the specific mutation
    Limitations Does not detect all genetic disorders Does not detect chromosomal abnormalities unless combined with PGT-A

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M Be Combined?

    Yes, in some cases, PGT-A and PGT-M can be performed together on the same embryo biopsy. This is sometimes called PGT-A+PGT-M or comprehensive PGT. Combining them allows you to screen for both chromosomal abnormalities and a specific genetic mutation. However, this may increase the cost and complexity of the testing. Your fertility clinic can advise whether combined testing is appropriate for your situation.

    How Are PGT-A and PGT-M Performed?

    Both tests follow a similar process:

    1. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval: Eggs are collected and fertilized with sperm in the lab.
    2. Embryo culture: Embryos are grown to the blastocyst stage, usually by day 5 or 6.
    3. Biopsy: A few cells are removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm).
    4. Genetic analysis: The cells are sent to a genetics lab for analysis.
    5. Embryo transfer: A healthy embryo is selected for transfer, usually in a subsequent cycle.

    The biopsy is performed by an embryologist, and the analysis is done in a specialized laboratory. The time required for results may vary, so ask your clinic about the expected timeline.

    When Is Each Test Recommended?

    Your doctor may recommend PGT-A if you have no known genetic disorder but want to reduce the risk of chromosomal abnormalities. PGT-M is recommended when there is a specific genetic condition in your family. In some cases, both tests may be suggested, especially if you are of advanced maternal age and also carry a genetic mutation.

    It is essential to have genetic counseling before undergoing PGT-M to understand the implications of the results and the limitations of the test.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    When considering PGT-A or PGT-M in Thailand, ask your fertility clinic:

    • Which genetic tests do you offer, and what is the difference in your lab?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage?
    • How long does it take to get results?
    • What are the risks of embryo biopsy?
    • What is the cost of PGT-A and PGT-M, and are they covered by any packages?
    • Do you have genetic counseling available?

    Next Steps

    If you are deciding between PGT-A and PGT-M, start by discussing your medical history and family history with a fertility specialist. They can help you determine which test, if any, is appropriate. You may also want to consult a genetic counselor to understand the implications of testing.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, or visit our guides section. If you have specific questions, check our FAQ page.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.