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  • How to Read a PGT-M Report in Thailand: A Guide for International Patients

    Receiving a PGT-M report can feel overwhelming, especially when you are navigating fertility treatment in a new country. This guide explains the typical sections of a PGT-M report, what the results mean for your embryos, and why you should always discuss the findings with a genetic counselor. While this overview helps you understand the basics, only a qualified professional can provide personalized interpretation based on your specific family history and treatment plan.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-M Reports

    • PGT-M looks for a specific genetic condition that runs in your family.
    • The report shows whether each embryo is affected, unaffected, or inconclusive for that condition.
    • Results are not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child; they are one part of the embryo selection process.
    • A genetic counselor must explain your results in the context of your medical and family history.

    What Is PGT-M and Why Is It Done?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders (PGT-M) is a technique used during IVF to test embryos for a specific inherited condition, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. The goal is to identify embryos that do not carry the condition, so that only those embryos are considered for transfer. PGT-M is not a routine test for all IVF patients; it is recommended when there is a known genetic risk in one or both parents.

    In Thailand, PGT-M is offered at specialized fertility centers. The process involves creating embryos in the lab, taking a small sample of cells from each embryo (usually on day 5 or 6), and analyzing that sample for the specific genetic mutation. The results are compiled into a report that your fertility team will review with you.

    Understanding the Structure of a PGT-M Report

    While the exact layout may vary between laboratories, most PGT-M reports include the following sections:

    Patient and Cycle Information

    This section identifies you and your partner, the cycle date, and the IVF cycle number. It may also list the indication for testing, such as the specific genetic condition being screened for. Check that your names and dates are correct, as errors here could affect the interpretation.

    Embryo Identification

    Each embryo is given a unique identifier, often a number or code. This is crucial for tracking which embryo corresponds to which result. Make sure you understand how your clinic labels embryos, as this will be used in all future discussions.

    Genetic Status of Each Embryo

    This is the core of the report. For each embryo, the laboratory will indicate whether it is:

    • Unaffected (or not carrying the familial mutation): The embryo does not have the specific genetic change tested for. This is often the preferred status for transfer, but it does not guarantee the embryo is free of all genetic or chromosomal issues.
    • Affected (or carrying the familial mutation): The embryo has the genetic change associated with the condition. These embryos are typically not considered for transfer, but you should discuss the implications with your counselor.
    • Inconclusive or no result: The test could not determine the status due to technical issues or insufficient DNA. These embryos may be re-tested or considered with caution.

    Some reports also include a note about whether the embryo is a carrier (if the condition is recessive) or shows a normal number of chromosomes. However, PGT-M is not the same as PGT-A (aneuploidy screening), which checks for chromosomal abnormalities. Your clinic may recommend additional testing if needed.

    Methodology and Quality Metrics

    This section describes the laboratory techniques used, such as PCR or next-generation sequencing, and may include quality indicators like amplification success rates. While you do not need to understand every technical detail, it is helpful to know that the laboratory follows standardized protocols. If you have questions about the reliability of the results, ask your clinic for more information.

    How to Interpret the Results for Transfer Decisions

    The primary purpose of the PGT-M report is to guide which embryos are suitable for transfer. In general, an unaffected embryo is preferred, but the final decision depends on many factors, including the embryo’s overall quality, your medical history, and the availability of other embryos.

    It is important to understand that PGT-M only tests for the specific condition you were screened for. It does not rule out other genetic or chromosomal problems, nor does it guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. The report is a tool to reduce the risk of passing on a known condition, not a promise of a perfect outcome.

    Your fertility doctor and genetic counselor will help you weigh the results. They may also consider whether to perform additional testing, such as PGT-A, to check for chromosomal abnormalities. This is a separate test and may not be included in your PGT-M report.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About Your PGT-M Report

    When you receive your report, prepare a list of questions to ask your medical team. Here are some suggestions:

    • What does each embryo’s status mean for my chance of a healthy pregnancy?
    • Are there any embryos that are inconclusive? What are my options for those?
    • Should I consider additional testing, such as PGT-A, for these embryos?
    • How does the embryo quality (grading) factor into the transfer decision?
    • What is the likelihood of a false positive or false negative result?
    • How long do I have to decide which embryo to transfer?

    Write down the answers and bring a trusted friend or partner to the consultation if possible. It can be helpful to have a second set of ears.

    Next Steps After Receiving Your PGT-M Report

    Once you have reviewed the report with your team, you will likely move toward planning a frozen embryo transfer (FET). This involves preparing your uterus with medication and scheduling the transfer of the chosen embryo. The timeline for this varies depending on your cycle and clinic protocols.

    If you have questions about the logistics of treatment in Thailand, such as travel arrangements or accommodation, your clinic’s international patient coordinator can assist. They can also help you understand any documentation you may need for your stay.

    Remember that PGT-M is just one step in your fertility journey. It provides valuable information, but it does not replace the need for ongoing prenatal care and genetic counseling if you become pregnant.

    Checklist for Reviewing Your PGT-M Report

    • Verify your personal details and cycle information.
    • Identify each embryo by its unique code.
    • Understand the genetic status for each embryo (unaffected, affected, inconclusive).
    • Ask about any inconclusive results and your options.
    • Discuss the implications for transfer with your doctor and genetic counselor.
    • Clarify whether additional testing is recommended.
    • Confirm the next steps for scheduling a transfer.

    Why Genetic Counseling Is Essential

    PGT-M results are complex and can have emotional and medical implications. A genetic counselor is trained to explain the results in the context of your family history, the specific condition, and the limitations of the test. They can help you understand the risks of passing on the condition, the likelihood of a successful pregnancy with a given embryo, and the options available to you.

    In Thailand, many fertility clinics have genetic counselors on staff or can refer you to one. Even if you are an international patient, you should have access to counseling services, either in person or via telemedicine. Do not hesitate to ask for a counseling session before making any decisions.

    Ultimately, the decision of which embryo to transfer is yours, but you should make it with the full support and guidance of your medical team.

    Further Resources

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, including the different types of testing, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides for other fertility topics, or check our FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does 'unaffected' mean on a PGT-M report?

    An 'unaffected' embryo does not carry the specific genetic mutation that was tested for. This is generally the preferred status for transfer, but it does not guarantee the embryo is free of all genetic or chromosomal issues.

    Can a PGT-M report tell me if my embryo is healthy?

    No. PGT-M only tests for the specific genetic condition you were screened for. It does not rule out other genetic or chromosomal abnormalities, nor does it guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What should I do if my PGT-M report shows an inconclusive result?

    If an embryo has an inconclusive result, discuss with your clinic whether re-testing is possible or whether the embryo can be considered for transfer with caution. Your genetic counselor can help you weigh the risks and options.

    Is PGT-M the same as PGT-A?

    No. PGT-M tests for a specific monogenic condition, while PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities. They are separate tests and may be used together in some cases.

    Do I need a genetic counselor to interpret my PGT-M report?

    Yes, it is strongly recommended. A genetic counselor can explain your results in the context of your family history and the specific condition, and help you understand the implications for transfer.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A and Egg Freezing in Thailand: What to Know

    Understanding PGT-A and Egg Freezing

    If you are considering egg freezing in Thailand, you may have heard about PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy). PGT-A is a test that checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. It is often used during IVF to help select embryos for transfer. But how does it work when eggs are frozen first? This guide explains the basics, the timing, and the limitations you should discuss with your clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Points

    • PGT-A is optional and not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • Testing is usually done on embryos, not on eggs directly.
    • Frozen eggs can be thawed, fertilized, and grown to the blastocyst stage before biopsy.
    • Timing of testing may affect your treatment plan and costs.
    • Discuss logistics, costs, and legal aspects with your clinic.

    How PGT-A Works with Frozen Eggs

    When you freeze eggs, they are stored until you are ready to use them. Later, the eggs are thawed and fertilized with sperm to create embryos. These embryos are typically cultured for about five to six days until they reach the blastocyst stage. At that point, a few cells are removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) for testing. This biopsy is sent to a genetics laboratory to analyze the chromosomes.

    PGT-A can identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid) and those with an abnormal number (aneuploid). Aneuploid embryos may fail to implant or may lead to miscarriage. However, PGT-A does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a screening tool, not a diagnostic test for all genetic conditions.

    Timing of PGT-A on Frozen Eggs

    The timing of PGT-A is important. In a typical IVF cycle with fresh eggs, testing occurs after fertilization and embryo culture. With frozen eggs, the process is similar: eggs are thawed, fertilized, and cultured to blastocyst. The biopsy is then performed, and the embryos are usually frozen while waiting for results. This is called a freeze-all cycle.

    Some clinics may offer the option to test eggs before freezing, but this is less common and may not be as reliable. Most often, PGT-A is performed on embryos created from frozen eggs. The entire process—from thawing to biopsy—requires careful coordination between the fertility clinic and the genetics laboratory. Ask your clinic about their specific protocols and timelines.

    Potential Limitations of PGT-A on Frozen Eggs

    There are several limitations to consider. First, not all eggs will survive the thawing process. The survival rate can vary, and some eggs may not fertilize or develop into blastocysts. This means you may have fewer embryos available for testing than you might expect.

    Second, PGT-A is a screening test, not a guarantee. It can reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with an abnormal number of chromosomes, but it cannot detect all genetic problems. Also, a normal PGT-A result does not ensure a live birth.

    Third, the biopsy and freezing process may slightly reduce the viability of some embryos, although this is generally considered safe. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-A with frozen eggs, ask your clinic the following questions:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A on embryos from frozen eggs?
    • What is the expected survival rate for thawing my frozen eggs?
    • How many embryos typically reach the blastocyst stage for biopsy?
    • What is the turnaround time for PGT-A results?
    • How are embryos frozen after biopsy, and what is the success rate for thawing them later?
    • What are the costs for PGT-A, and are there additional fees for freezing and storage?
    • Are there any legal or regulatory considerations for genetic testing in Thailand?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to review your medical history and goals.
    2. Ask about the clinic’s protocols for egg freezing and PGT-A.
    3. Clarify costs, including medications, procedures, and genetic testing.
    4. Understand the legal and ethical aspects of genetic testing in Thailand.
    5. Consider genetic counseling to interpret PGT-A results and make informed decisions.

    For more information on PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional resources.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A be done on frozen eggs directly?

    PGT-A is typically performed on embryos, not on eggs. Eggs are thawed, fertilized, and cultured to the blastocyst stage before a biopsy is taken. Some clinics may offer testing of polar bodies from eggs, but this is less common and may have limitations.

    How long does PGT-A take after egg freezing?

    The process involves thawing eggs, fertilization, embryo culture to blastocyst (about 5-6 days), biopsy, and then genetic analysis. Results may take several days to a few weeks, depending on the laboratory. Your clinic can provide a specific timeline.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities but does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It can reduce the risk of miscarriage due to aneuploidy, but other factors also affect outcomes.

    What are the risks of PGT-A on frozen eggs?

    Risks include the possibility that some eggs may not survive thawing, embryos may not develop to the biopsy stage, and the biopsy itself may slightly affect embryo viability. Discuss these risks with your clinic.

    Is PGT-A mandatory for egg freezing in Thailand?

    No, PGT-A is optional. It is a personal choice based on your medical history, age, and preferences. Your clinic can help you decide if it is appropriate for you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M in Thailand: A Step-by-Step Guide for Known Genetic Disorders

    Understanding PGT-M

    Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) is a technique used during IVF to identify embryos that do not carry a specific genetic condition known to run in a family. It is a complex process that requires careful planning, specialized laboratory expertise, and close coordination between the IVF clinic and genetic laboratory. This guide explains the general steps involved in a PGT-M cycle in Thailand, so you can approach treatment with realistic expectations and informed questions.

    At a Glance: Key Steps in a PGT-M Cycle

    • Genetic counseling and family history review
    • Confirming the genetic diagnosis and identifying the specific mutation
    • Developing a personalized test (probe) for the family’s mutation
    • IVF cycle with ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval
    • Embryo biopsy at the blastocyst stage
    • Genetic analysis of biopsied cells
    • Transfer of a suitable embryo (if available)

    Step 1: Genetic Counseling and Family History Review

    Before starting PGT-M, you will meet with a genetic counselor or a specialist to discuss your family history, the specific genetic condition, and how it is inherited. This consultation helps confirm that PGT-M is appropriate for your situation and clarifies the risks and limitations. You should bring any previous genetic test results, medical records, and details about affected family members.

    Step 2: Confirming the Genetic Diagnosis

    PGT-M requires a precise understanding of the genetic mutation causing the disorder. This often involves a blood test from the affected parent or child to identify the exact mutation. In some cases, additional family members may need to be tested to establish a clear genetic link. The laboratory will use this information to design a personalized test for your embryos.

    Step 3: Developing a Personalized Test (Probe)

    Once the mutation is identified, the genetic laboratory creates a customized test, sometimes called a probe, that can detect the mutation in embryonic cells. This development process can take several weeks and requires a sample from the affected individual and often other family members. The probe must be validated to ensure accuracy before it is used on embryos.

    Step 4: IVF Cycle and Embryo Creation

    PGT-M is performed in conjunction with in vitro fertilization (IVF). You will undergo ovarian stimulation to produce multiple eggs, which are then retrieved and fertilized with sperm in the laboratory. The resulting embryos are cultured for about five to six days until they reach the blastocyst stage, when they are ready for biopsy.

    Step 5: Embryo Biopsy

    At the blastocyst stage, a few cells are carefully removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) that will become the placenta. This biopsy is performed by an embryologist using specialized equipment. The biopsied cells are sent to the genetic laboratory for analysis, while the embryos are frozen to await results.

    Step 6: Genetic Analysis

    The biopsied cells undergo genetic testing to determine whether each embryo carries the familial mutation. The analysis also often includes screening for chromosomal abnormalities (PGT-A) to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy. Results typically take several days to a few weeks, depending on the laboratory and the complexity of the test.

    Step 7: Embryo Transfer

    Once results are available, you and your doctor will discuss which embryos, if any, are suitable for transfer. A frozen embryo transfer (FET) is usually performed in a subsequent cycle, after the uterus is prepared with hormones. Any unaffected embryos may be frozen for future use.

    Important Considerations for PGT-M in Thailand

    Specialized Laboratory Support

    PGT-M requires a highly specialized genetic laboratory with experience in developing and running personalized tests. Not all IVF clinics have in-house genetic labs, so many partner with external laboratories. When choosing a clinic, ask about their experience with PGT-M, the laboratory they use, and their success rates with this specific procedure.

    Timeline and Planning

    A PGT-M cycle involves multiple steps that can take several months from initial consultation to embryo transfer. The probe development alone can take weeks, and the IVF cycle adds additional time. International patients should plan for at least two trips to Thailand: one for the initial consultation and possibly egg retrieval, and another for embryo transfer. However, exact timelines vary, so confirm with your clinic.

    Legal and Regulatory Considerations

    Thailand has regulations governing assisted reproductive technology, including PGT. It is essential to verify the current legal framework with your clinic or a local authority, as rules may change. Your clinic should provide guidance on what is permitted and any documentation required for international patients.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • How many PGT-M cycles have you performed, and what is your experience with my specific genetic condition?
    • Which genetic laboratory do you use, and is it accredited?
    • How long does probe development take, and what samples are needed?
    • What is the expected timeline from consultation to embryo transfer?
    • What are the costs for PGT-M, and what do they include?
    • What is your policy on embryo freezing and storage?

    Next Steps: Your PGT-M Checklist

    • Gather your genetic test results and family medical history.
    • Research IVF clinics in Thailand that offer PGT-M and have relevant experience.
    • Schedule a genetic counseling session to confirm the diagnosis and discuss PGT-M suitability.
    • Ask clinics about their laboratory partnerships and PGT-M success rates.
    • Clarify legal and documentation requirements for international patients.
    • Plan your travel and accommodation, considering the potential need for multiple visits.

    PGT-M is a powerful tool for families with known genetic disorders, but it is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or child. It is a complex procedure that requires careful planning and expert care. By understanding the steps and asking the right questions, you can make informed decisions about your fertility journey in Thailand.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does a PGT-M cycle take in Thailand?

    A PGT-M cycle typically spans several months, including genetic counseling, probe development, IVF, biopsy, and embryo transfer. The exact timeline varies by clinic and individual circumstances, so it's best to ask your clinic for a personalized schedule.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M?

    Success rates depend on many factors, including the specific genetic condition, the laboratory's expertise, and the woman's age. There is no guaranteed outcome, and you should discuss realistic expectations with your doctor.

    Is PGT-M legal in Thailand?

    Thailand has regulations for assisted reproductive technology, but specific rules may change. It is essential to verify the current legal status with your clinic or a local authority before proceeding.

    Can PGT-M test for multiple genetic disorders at once?

    In some cases, PGT-M can be designed to test for more than one genetic condition, but this depends on the laboratory's capabilities and the specific mutations involved. Your genetic counselor can advise on what is possible.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: Understanding the Differences

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand, you may have come across terms like PGT-A and PGT-M. Both are types of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) performed on embryos before transfer. But they answer different questions. PGT-A checks for chromosomal abnormalities, while PGT-M looks for specific genetic conditions. This article explains the differences, who might consider each test, and what to discuss with your clinic.

    At a glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder that one or both parents carry.
    • Both tests require IVF and embryo biopsy.
    • Results can help guide which embryos to transfer, but they do not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, or preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Many aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. Some may lead to conditions like Down syndrome.

    PGT-A is often considered for people who have experienced recurrent miscarriage, previous failed IVF cycles, or advanced maternal age. However, it is not recommended for everyone. Some clinics may suggest PGT-A to improve embryo selection, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M, or preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders, looks for a specific genetic condition caused by a single gene mutation. Examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. This test is used when one or both parents are known carriers of a genetic disorder and want to reduce the risk of passing it on.

    PGT-M requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation. The test is highly personalized and may take longer to develop than PGT-A.

    Key differences between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    What it screens for Chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) Specific single-gene disorders
    Who may consider it People with recurrent miscarriage, repeated IVF failure, or advanced maternal age Couples who are carriers of a known genetic condition
    Requires prior genetic testing of parents? No Yes, to identify the specific mutation
    Result interpretation Embryo is classified as euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic Embryo is classified as affected, unaffected, or inconclusive
    Typical timeline Results may be available within days to weeks May take longer due to test development

    What is PGT-SR?

    You may also hear about PGT-SR, which stands for preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements. This test is used when one parent has a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation, that can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos. PGT-SR is similar to PGT-A in that it looks at chromosomes, but it focuses on specific structural changes.

    PGT-SR is less common than PGT-A or PGT-M. Your clinic can explain if it is relevant to your situation.

    How are the tests performed?

    Both PGT-A and PGT-M involve the same general steps:

    1. IVF is performed to create embryos.
    2. On day 5 or 6, a few cells are removed from each embryo (biopsy).
    3. The cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis.
    4. Results are reported to your clinic, and you discuss which embryos to transfer.

    The biopsy is a delicate procedure, but it is performed by experienced embryologists. The removal of cells does not guarantee that the embryo will be unaffected.

    Costs and timelines in Thailand

    The cost of PGT in Thailand varies depending on the clinic, the number of embryos tested, and the type of test. PGT-M is often more expensive than PGT-A because it requires developing a personalized test. You should ask your clinic for a detailed breakdown of costs, including biopsy, genetic analysis, and any additional fees.

    Timelines also vary. PGT-A results may be available within a few weeks, while PGT-M may take longer. Your clinic can give you an estimate based on your specific case.

    How to decide which test is right for you

    Deciding whether to use PGT-A, PGT-M, or no genetic testing at all is a personal choice. Here are some steps to help you decide:

    1. Review your medical history and any genetic risks with your doctor.
    2. If you have a known genetic condition in your family, consider genetic counseling.
    3. Ask your clinic about the availability and accuracy of each test.
    4. Discuss the financial implications and whether the test is covered by any package.
    5. Consider the emotional and ethical aspects of embryo testing.

    Remember, PGT is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a tool to help you make informed decisions.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • What is the difference in cost between PGT-A and PGT-M at your clinic?
    • How many embryos are typically needed for testing?
    • What is the turnaround time for results?
    • How are mosaic embryos reported and what are the options?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling as part of the process?
    • What are the limitations of the test?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, start by gathering information from reputable sources and consulting with a fertility specialist. You can also explore our PGT in Thailand guide for an overview, and check our guides for more detailed topics. For common questions, visit our FAQ page.

    Ultimately, the decision to use PGT-A or PGT-M should be made in partnership with your medical team, based on your unique circumstances.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done at the same time?

    Yes, it is possible to perform both PGT-A and PGT-M on the same embryo biopsy. This is sometimes called combined testing. However, not all clinics offer this, and it may increase the cost. You should ask your clinic if combined testing is available and what it involves.

    Is PGT-A necessary for all IVF patients?

    No, PGT-A is not necessary for everyone. It may be recommended for certain situations, such as advanced maternal age or recurrent miscarriage, but it is not a routine requirement. Your doctor can help you weigh the potential benefits and limitations based on your individual history.

    What are the risks of embryo biopsy?

    Embryo biopsy is a delicate procedure, but it is generally considered safe. There is a small risk of damaging the embryo, but experienced embryologists minimize this. The long-term effects on the child are not fully known, so it is important to discuss any concerns with your clinic.

    How long does it take to get PGT results in Thailand?

    The timeline can vary. PGT-A results may be available within a few days to a couple of weeks, while PGT-M may take longer because a personalized test needs to be developed. Your clinic can provide a more specific estimate based on your case.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT IVF Success Rates in Thailand: What the Numbers Really Mean

    When you’re researching IVF in Thailand, you’ll often see success rates quoted alongside preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). But what do these numbers really mean? PGT can help identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes or without a specific genetic condition, potentially improving the chances of a successful pregnancy. However, success rates are not a guarantee, and they depend on many factors, including your age, the reason for testing, and the clinic’s laboratory standards. This guide explains how PGT relates to IVF success in Thailand, what to look for in clinic data, and the questions to ask before you commit.

    At a Glance: PGT and IVF Success

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities, which are more common with older maternal age.
    • PGT-M and PGT-SR are used for specific genetic conditions or chromosomal rearrangements.
    • Success rates vary widely by patient profile; no clinic can guarantee a live birth.
    • Ask clinics for their own data, broken down by age and testing type.

    What Is PGT and How Does It Affect IVF Success?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is performed on embryos created through IVF before transfer. There are three main types:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with an abnormal number (aneuploid) often fail to implant or miscarry.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders) looks for specific single-gene conditions, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia, when one or both parents carry a known mutation.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements) is used when a parent has a chromosomal rearrangement, like a translocation, which can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos.

    By selecting embryos that are likely to be chromosomally normal or free of a specific condition, PGT may reduce the risk of miscarriage and increase the chance of a successful pregnancy per transfer. However, it does not guarantee a live birth, and not all patients need PGT.

    Factors That Influence PGT IVF Success Rates

    Success rates with PGT are not a single number. They depend on several key factors:

    • Maternal age: The proportion of chromosomally normal embryos declines with age. Younger women typically have more normal embryos, which can improve the odds per transfer.
    • Reason for PGT: PGT-A for general screening may have different outcomes than PGT-M for a specific genetic condition, where the goal is to avoid a particular disease.
    • Embryo quality and development: Embryos that reach the blastocyst stage (day 5-6) and are graded well are more likely to be viable.
    • Laboratory standards: The accuracy of PGT depends on the biopsy technique, genetic laboratory, and embryo culture conditions. Ask about the clinic’s experience and quality controls.
    • Number of embryos available: Not all embryos will survive the biopsy and freezing process, and some may be abnormal. A larger cohort gives more options.

    How to Interpret Clinic Success Rates

    When comparing IVF clinics in Thailand, you’ll see success rates reported in different ways. Some may report pregnancy rates per embryo transfer, while others use live birth rates. For PGT, the most meaningful metric is often the live birth rate per transfer of a tested embryo, but this can be misleading if the clinic only transfers embryos after extensive screening.

    Here are some questions to ask when reviewing clinic data:

    • What is your live birth rate per transfer for patients in my age group?
    • How many PGT cycles have you performed, and what is your experience with my specific type of testing?
    • What is your embryo survival rate after biopsy and freezing?
    • Do you report outcomes separately for PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?
    • What is your cancellation rate (cycles that do not reach transfer)?

    Remember that success rates are retrospective and may not reflect your individual situation. A clinic with a high success rate may have a selective patient population.

    PGT in Thailand: What to Consider

    Thailand has become a popular destination for IVF and PGT due to its advanced medical facilities and relatively lower costs compared to Western countries. However, there is no official national registry that publishes standardized success rates for all clinics. This means you must rely on clinic-reported data, which may not be independently verified.

    When choosing a clinic, consider:

    • Accreditation: Look for international accreditations, such as from the Joint Commission International (JCI), which indicate adherence to quality standards.
    • Laboratory quality: Ask about the genetic laboratory used for PGT. Is it on-site or outsourced? What are their quality controls?
    • Doctor’s experience: How many PGT cycles has your doctor performed? What is their approach to embryo transfer?
    • Patient support: Do they offer counseling to help you understand the implications of PGT results?

    Limitations and Alternatives to PGT

    PGT is not a guarantee of a healthy baby. It has limitations:

    • PGT-A cannot detect all chromosomal abnormalities, and some embryos may be mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells).
    • PGT-M and PGT-SR require prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation or rearrangement.
    • There is a small risk of embryo damage during biopsy, though this is rare in experienced labs.
    • PGT does not eliminate the risk of birth defects or genetic conditions that are not tested.

    Alternatives to PGT include:

    • IVF without PGT: For younger women or those without known genetic risks, transferring embryos without testing may be appropriate.
    • Prenatal testing: After pregnancy, tests like amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling can diagnose certain conditions.
    • Donor embryos or gametes: If PGT is not an option, using donor eggs or sperm may reduce the risk of genetic disorders.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT in Thailand, prepare a list of questions for your consultation:

    • What is your success rate for PGT cycles in my age group?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage?
    • What is your policy on mosaic embryos?
    • How long does it take to get PGT results?
    • What are the costs for PGT, and are there any additional fees for genetic counseling?
    • Do you have a genetic counselor on staff?

    Next Steps: Making Your Decision

    Choosing to undergo PGT with IVF is a personal decision. Here’s a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Gather your medical history and any genetic test results.
    2. Research clinics in Thailand that offer PGT and compare their reported outcomes.
    3. Schedule consultations with at least two clinics to compare approaches.
    4. Ask for a breakdown of costs, including PGT, medications, and any additional procedures.
    5. Consider the emotional and financial implications of a cycle that may not result in a transfer.
    6. Discuss your options with a genetic counselor to understand the implications of PGT results.

    Remember, success rates are just one piece of the puzzle. The right clinic for you is one that offers transparent data, experienced staff, and a supportive environment.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), which are more common with advanced maternal age. PGT-M is used to detect specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia, when parents are known carriers. Both are performed on embryos before transfer, but they answer different questions.

    Does PGT guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No, PGT does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It can reduce the risk of miscarriage and certain genetic conditions, but many other factors affect implantation and live birth, including embryo quality, uterine health, and overall medical history.

    How do I know if I need PGT?

    PGT is typically recommended for women over 35, couples with a known genetic condition, or those with recurrent pregnancy loss or implantation failure. However, it is not necessary for everyone. Your doctor can help you decide based on your specific situation and family-building goals.

    Are PGT success rates in Thailand different from other countries?

    Success rates depend more on the patient's age and the clinic's laboratory standards than on the country itself. Thailand has many clinics with advanced technology, but there is no national registry, so you should ask each clinic for its own data and verify its credentials.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read a PGT-A Laboratory Report Before Embryo Transfer

    If you have undergone preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), your laboratory report is a key document that summarizes the chromosome status of each embryo. Reading it clearly can help you have more informed conversations with your fertility team. This guide explains the common sections of a PGT-A report, what terms like euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, and no-result mean, and what questions to ask before embryo transfer.

    At a Glance: Key Points

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer.
    • Results are typically reported as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or no-result.
    • Your report includes embryo identifiers, biopsy date, and chromosome findings.
    • Always discuss results with your clinic; they can explain what they mean for your specific situation.

    What Is PGT-A and Why Is It Done?

    PGT-A is a test performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF). It checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with the expected number of chromosomes are called euploid; those with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid. Mosaic embryos have a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby, but it can provide information that helps you and your clinic decide which embryo to transfer.

    Understanding the Structure of a PGT-A Report

    Most PGT-A reports include the following sections:

    • Patient and cycle information: Your name, date of birth, and cycle number.
    • Embryo identification: Each embryo is labeled with a unique ID or number.
    • Biopsy details: Date of biopsy and number of cells tested.
    • Chromosome results: For each embryo, the report lists the chromosome status (euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or no-result).
    • Interpretation: Some reports include a brief explanation of what the result means.

    Not all reports look the same. Your clinic can help you locate each section.

    Key Terms on Your Report

    Euploid

    Euploid means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. This is often considered a favorable result, but it does not guarantee implantation or a live birth. Other factors, such as embryo quality and uterine environment, also matter.

    Aneuploid

    Aneuploid means the embryo has missing or extra chromosomes. These embryos are generally not recommended for transfer, but your clinic can explain the specific implications.

    Mosaic

    Mosaic embryos have a mixture of normal and abnormal cells. The report may show a percentage of mosaicism. Some clinics consider transferring mosaic embryos in certain situations, but this decision is complex and should be discussed with your medical team.

    No-Result

    Sometimes the test fails to produce a result, often due to insufficient DNA or technical issues. Your clinic may recommend re-biopsy or additional testing, depending on your situation.

    How to Interpret Chromosome Numbers

    Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. PGT-A checks for the correct number in each embryo. The report may list specific chromosomes that are abnormal, such as trisomy 21 (three copies of chromosome 21) or monosomy X (one X chromosome). Your clinic can explain what these findings mean for embryo transfer.

    What to Ask Your Clinic About Your Report

    • What does this result mean for my chance of implantation?
    • Is this embryo considered transferable?
    • If the result is mosaic, what percentage of cells are abnormal?
    • Are there any additional tests recommended?
    • How does this result affect my overall treatment plan?

    Next Steps: Before Embryo Transfer

    1. Review your report with your fertility specialist.
    2. Ask about the quality of the embryo and any other factors that may affect transfer.
    3. Discuss the timing of your transfer cycle.
    4. Confirm any additional procedures, such as assisted hatching, if recommended.
    5. Make a plan for follow-up testing after transfer, if applicable.

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy. Embryos can still have abnormalities that PGT-A does not identify. Also, the test itself has limitations, such as the possibility of a no-result or the risk of biopsy affecting the embryo, though this is rare.

    Conclusion

    Reading a PGT-A report can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. Your fertility team is there to explain the results and help you make an informed decision. Use this guide to prepare questions and understand the basics before your next appointment.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does euploid mean on a PGT-A report?

    Euploid means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. It is often considered a favorable result, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred?

    Some clinics may consider transferring mosaic embryos in certain situations, but this decision is complex and should be discussed with your medical team.

    What should I do if my PGT-A report shows no result?

    If your report shows no result, your clinic may recommend re-biopsy or additional testing. Discuss your options with your fertility specialist.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No, PGT-A is a screening test and does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or live birth. It provides information about chromosome status but cannot detect all genetic conditions.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Prepare for a PGT-M Cycle with a Known Genetic Condition

    Understanding PGT-M

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is a technique used during IVF to identify embryos that do not carry a specific genetic condition. It is an option for couples or individuals who know they have a genetic mutation and want to reduce the chance of passing it on to their children. Preparing for a PGT-M cycle involves several steps, from genetic counseling to embryo biopsy. This guide outlines the process and provides questions to ask your clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Steps

    • Genetic counseling to understand your condition and testing options.
    • Probe development to create a personalized test for your mutation.
    • IVF cycle with embryo biopsy and genetic testing.
    • Transfer of unaffected embryos, if available.

    Step 1: Genetic Counseling

    Before starting a PGT-M cycle, you will meet with a genetic counselor. This session helps you understand the inheritance pattern of your condition, the risks of passing it on, and the accuracy and limitations of PGT-M. The counselor will also review your medical and family history to confirm that PGT-M is appropriate for your situation.

    What to Discuss with Your Genetic Counselor

    • Your specific genetic mutation and its inheritance pattern.
    • The risk of passing the condition to a child.
    • How PGT-M works and its success rates (ask for clinic-specific data).
    • Alternative options, such as prenatal testing or using donor gametes.
    • Emotional and ethical considerations.

    Step 2: Probe Development

    PGT-M requires a personalized test, called a probe, that detects your specific mutation. To develop this probe, you and often your partner or a family member will provide blood samples. The laboratory uses these samples to design a test that can identify embryos carrying the mutation. This process takes time, so it is important to start it well before your IVF cycle.

    Questions to Ask About Probe Development

    • How long does probe development take?
    • What samples are needed from me and my partner or family members?
    • What is the cost of probe development, and is it included in the PGT-M package?
    • What happens if the probe cannot be developed?

    Step 3: IVF Cycle with Biopsy

    Once the probe is ready, you will undergo an IVF cycle. This involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, and embryo culture. On day 5 or 6, a few cells are removed from each embryo (biopsy) and sent to the genetic laboratory for testing. Only embryos that are unaffected by the condition are considered for transfer.

    Understanding the IVF Process

    • Ovarian stimulation: You will take medications to produce multiple eggs.
    • Egg retrieval: A minor procedure to collect eggs.
    • Fertilization: Eggs are fertilized with sperm in the lab.
    • Embryo culture: Embryos grow for several days.
    • Biopsy: Cells are removed for genetic testing.
    • Genetic testing: The probe is used to analyze the embryos.
    • Transfer: An unaffected embryo is placed in the uterus.

    Step 4: Embryo Transfer and Follow-Up

    After testing, your doctor will discuss the results with you. If you have unaffected embryos, you can plan a frozen embryo transfer. If not, you may need to consider other options. After transfer, you will have a pregnancy test and follow-up care.

    Checklist of Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is your experience with PGT-M for my specific condition?
    • What is the timeline from initial consultation to embryo transfer?
    • What are the costs for genetic counseling, probe development, IVF, biopsy, and testing?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage?
    • What is the accuracy of PGT-M for my mutation?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy procedure?
    • How are embryos with uncertain results handled?
    • What support services are available?

    Next Steps

    Preparing for a PGT-M cycle requires careful planning and coordination. Start by scheduling a genetic counseling session and discussing probe development with your clinic. Use the questions above to guide your conversations. For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our patient resources or FAQ for additional guidance. When you are ready, contact us to discuss your options.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does it take to prepare for a PGT-M cycle?

    Preparation time varies. Genetic counseling and probe development can take several weeks to months, depending on the laboratory and your specific mutation. Your clinic can provide a timeline based on your situation.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M?

    Success rates depend on many factors, including the laboratory's experience, the number of embryos produced, and the accuracy of the probe. Ask your clinic for their specific success rates and what they mean for your case.

    Are there risks to the embryo from biopsy?

    Embryo biopsy is generally considered safe, but there may be a small risk of damage to the embryo. Your clinic will explain the risks and how they minimize them.

    Can PGT-M be used for any genetic condition?

    PGT-M can be used for many single-gene disorders, but not all. The feasibility depends on the specific mutation and the ability to develop a reliable probe. Your genetic counselor can advise you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Is the Cost of PGT-M in Thailand? A Guide for Patients with Genetic Disorders

    If you are considering PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) in Thailand, the cost is likely one of your first questions. While exact prices vary widely, understanding the components that make up the total cost can help you plan and compare options effectively. This guide explains the main cost factors, why quotes differ, and what to ask clinics before you commit.

    At a Glance: Key Cost Components

    • Probe development: A custom genetic test created for your specific condition.
    • IVF cycle costs: PGT-M requires IVF to create embryos for testing.
    • Embryo biopsy and testing: The laboratory work to remove and analyze cells from embryos.
    • Medications and monitoring: Fertility drugs, blood tests, and ultrasounds.
    • Additional services: Genetic counseling, shipping of samples, and storage fees.

    Understanding PGT-M and Its Costs

    PGT-M is a technique used during IVF to identify embryos that may carry a specific genetic disorder. Unlike PGT-A (which screens for chromosomal abnormalities) or PGT-SR (which checks for structural rearrangements), PGT-M is tailored to a single-gene condition. This customization is a major reason why costs can be higher and more variable.

    Probe Development: The First Major Expense

    Before any embryo can be tested, a laboratory must create a probe—a specialized test that detects the specific genetic mutation in your family. This process requires samples from you, your partner, and often other family members. The cost of probe development is usually a separate, one-time fee. It can take several weeks to complete, and the probe is then used for all embryos in your cycle.

    Because each family’s genetic situation is unique, probe development costs are not standardized. Factors that may influence the price include the complexity of the genetic condition, the laboratory’s technology, and the number of family samples needed.

    IVF Cycle Costs

    PGT-M cannot be done without IVF, as embryos must be created in the laboratory. The IVF cycle itself includes ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, and embryo culture. These costs are typically bundled into a package, but the exact inclusions vary by clinic. Some packages may include medications, while others charge them separately.

    Embryo Biopsy and Genetic Testing

    Once embryos reach a certain stage (usually day 5 or 6), a few cells are removed in a process called biopsy. The cells are then sent to a genetic laboratory for analysis. This step involves both the biopsy procedure and the genetic testing itself. The testing fee may be per embryo or per cycle, and some clinics offer discounts for testing multiple embryos.

    Medications and Monitoring

    Fertility medications are a significant part of IVF costs. The type and dosage of drugs depend on your individual response to stimulation. Monitoring appointments, including blood tests and ultrasounds, are also necessary to track follicle development. These costs are often itemized separately.

    Why Quotes Vary: What to Compare

    When you request quotes from different clinics, you will notice that prices can differ substantially. This is not just about profit margins—it reflects differences in services, technology, and what is included. To make a fair comparison, ask each clinic for a detailed breakdown of costs, including:

    • Probe development fees
    • IVF cycle base cost
    • Embryo biopsy and genetic testing fees
    • Medication costs (and whether they are included)
    • Monitoring and consultation fees
    • Any additional charges for embryo freezing, storage, or shipping

    Also ask whether the quote is in Thai baht or another currency, and whether it includes VAT. Some clinics may offer package deals that bundle multiple services, but ensure you understand what is not included.

    Questions to Ask a Clinic

    Before choosing a clinic for PGT-M, consider asking these questions:

    • What is the total cost for a complete PGT-M cycle, including probe development and testing?
    • Are medications included in the quote? If not, what is the estimated cost?
    • How many embryos are included in the testing fee? What is the cost for additional embryos?
    • What is the timeline for probe development and when will we know if it is successful?
    • Are there any additional fees for genetic counseling, embryo storage, or shipping samples?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on refunds if the cycle is canceled or no embryos are suitable for transfer?

    Next Steps: Planning Your Budget

    Once you have gathered quotes and asked the right questions, you can begin to plan your budget. Keep in mind that PGT-M is a complex procedure, and the cost is an investment in your family’s future. It is wise to set aside a contingency fund for unexpected expenses, such as additional testing or a second cycle.

    If you are considering PGT-M in Thailand, take the time to research clinics thoroughly. Look for experience with your specific genetic condition, and ask about their laboratory partnerships and success rates—though remember that success rates are not a guarantee of outcome.

    For more information on PGT in general, see our PGT in Thailand guide. If you have further questions, our FAQ section may help, or you can contact us for personalized assistance. You may also find our guides useful as you navigate your fertility journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    Why is PGT-M more expensive than PGT-A?

    PGT-M requires a custom probe to detect a specific genetic mutation, which involves additional laboratory work and often family samples. PGT-A is a more standardized test for chromosomal abnormalities, so it does not require the same level of customization.

    Does the cost of PGT-M include the IVF cycle?

    Typically, PGT-M costs are separate from the IVF cycle, but some clinics offer packages that bundle both. Always ask for a detailed breakdown to understand what is included.

    Are there any additional costs I should expect?

    Yes, you may encounter costs for medications, monitoring, embryo storage, shipping of samples, and genetic counseling. Some clinics also charge for consultations or additional tests.

    Can I use my own genetic counselor or laboratory?

    Some clinics may allow you to work with an external genetic counselor or laboratory, but this can affect the overall cost and coordination. It is best to discuss this with the clinic directly.

    Is PGT-M covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Insurance coverage for PGT-M is rare and varies by policy. Most patients pay out of pocket. Check with your insurance provider to see if any part of the treatment is covered.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Testing Costs in Thailand: What to Expect

    If you are considering IVF with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, one of the first questions you likely have is: What does it cost and what does the price include? While exact figures vary by clinic and individual treatment plan, understanding the typical cost components can help you compare quotes meaningfully and avoid surprises.

    PGT-A is an optional add-on to IVF that screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. The total cost is usually separate from the base IVF cycle fee and can be broken down into several parts. This guide explains the common components, what to ask clinics, and how to plan your budget.

    At a Glance: Key Cost Components

    • Biopsy fee: The embryology lab procedure to remove a few cells from each embryo.
    • Genetic analysis fee: The laboratory test that analyzes the biopsied cells.
    • Embryo freezing (vitrification): If you freeze embryos while waiting for results or before transfer.
    • Shipping and handling: If the biopsy samples are sent to an external genetics lab.
    • Consultation and counseling: Genetic counseling before and after testing.
    • Medication and monitoring: Additional IVF medications or monitoring if the cycle is modified.

    What Is Typically Included in a PGT-A Quote?

    When you receive a quote for PGT-A, it may include some or all of the following:

    • The biopsy procedure performed by the embryology team.
    • The genetic analysis of a specified number of embryos (often up to 8 or 10).
    • A written report of results.
    • Genetic counseling to explain the results.

    However, clinics may quote a base price that covers only the biopsy and analysis, with additional fees for embryo freezing, shipping, or extra embryos beyond a certain number. Always ask for a detailed breakdown.

    Potential Additional Fees to Consider

    Beyond the core biopsy and analysis, you may encounter these extra costs:

    • Embryo freezing and storage: If you freeze embryos for future use, there is usually an annual storage fee.
    • Shipping to an external lab: Some clinics send biopsies to a genetics laboratory in another country, which adds shipping and handling charges.
    • Extra embryos: If you have more embryos than the quoted number, each additional embryo may incur an extra analysis fee.
    • Repeat testing: In rare cases, a biopsy may fail or produce inconclusive results, and a repeat test may be needed.
    • Medication adjustments: If your IVF cycle requires additional medications or monitoring due to the testing plan.

    Why Prices Vary Between Clinics

    Several factors influence the total cost of PGT-A in Thailand:

    • Laboratory type: In-house genetics labs may offer lower prices than external labs.
    • Technology used: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is common, but some labs may use different platforms.
    • Number of embryos tested: Many clinics offer a package for a set number of embryos, with per-embryo fees beyond that.
    • Included services: Some quotes include genetic counseling, while others charge separately.
    • Clinic location and reputation: Clinics in major cities or with specialized expertise may have higher fees.

    How to Compare Quotes Effectively

    When comparing PGT-A costs between clinics, ask these questions:

    • What exactly is included in the quoted price? (Biopsy, analysis, report, counseling?)
    • How many embryos does the base price cover?
    • What is the fee for each additional embryo?
    • Are there separate charges for embryo freezing, storage, or shipping?
    • Is the genetic analysis done in-house or at an external lab? If external, what are the shipping costs?
    • What happens if a biopsy fails or results are inconclusive? Is there a retest fee?
    • Are there any discounts for combined IVF and PGT-A packages?
    • What is the payment schedule and are there refund policies?

    Budget Planning Tips

    To plan your budget effectively:

    • Request a written itemized quote from each clinic.
    • Ask about package deals that bundle IVF and PGT-A.
    • Consider the number of embryos you are likely to have based on your age and previous cycles.
    • Factor in potential additional fees for freezing and storage.
    • Check whether your home country offers any tax deductions or insurance coverage for fertility treatments.

    Next Steps: Questions to Ask Before You Commit

    Before you decide on a clinic, schedule a consultation and ask:

    • What is the total estimated cost for my specific situation?
    • What is the success rate for PGT-A in your lab? (Ask for their own data, not general statistics.)
    • How long will it take to receive results?
    • What support is available for international patients, such as translation services or coordination?

    Taking the time to compare quotes and understand inclusions can help you make an informed decision that fits your budget and needs.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A testing included in the standard IVF cost in Thailand?

    No, PGT-A is typically an optional add-on and is charged separately from the base IVF cycle fee. Always confirm with your clinic what is included in your IVF quote and what is extra.

    What factors affect the cost of PGT-A in Thailand?

    The cost can vary based on the number of embryos tested, whether the genetic analysis is done in-house or at an external lab, the technology used, and whether additional services like embryo freezing or genetic counseling are included.

    Are there any hidden fees I should ask about?

    Yes, ask about fees for embryo freezing and storage, shipping to an external lab, additional embryos beyond the quoted number, and any charges for repeat testing if a biopsy fails.

    Can I negotiate the price of PGT-A with a clinic?

    Some clinics may offer package deals or discounts, especially if you combine IVF and PGT-A. It is always worth asking about available packages or payment plans.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-SR for Balanced Translocation Carriers: What to Ask and Consider

    Understanding PGT-SR and Balanced Translocations

    If you or your partner carry a balanced translocation, you may have been told that PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) could help during IVF. This test is designed to identify embryos that have a normal or balanced set of chromosomes, avoiding those with an unbalanced rearrangement that could lead to miscarriage or a child with health problems.

    PGT-SR is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is one option to consider, and it requires careful discussion with your fertility team and a genetic counselor.

    At a Glance

    • PGT-SR is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF.
    • It aims to detect embryos with unbalanced chromosome rearrangements.
    • It does not test for all genetic conditions or guarantee a live birth.
    • Your clinic will need to confirm the exact testing platform and its limitations.

    What Is a Balanced Translocation?

    A balanced translocation is a chromosomal rearrangement where pieces of chromosomes have swapped places, but the total amount of genetic material is normal. Carriers usually have no health problems themselves, but they may produce eggs or sperm with unbalanced chromosomes, which can lead to miscarriage or a child with disabilities.

    PGT-SR is specifically designed for this situation, but it is not the only option. Some carriers may consider prenatal testing after natural conception, or they may choose not to test at all. The right choice depends on your personal, medical, and ethical considerations.

    How PGT-SR Works

    PGT-SR is performed as part of an IVF cycle. After eggs are fertilized, embryos are cultured for several days. A few cells are then biopsied from each embryo and sent for genetic analysis. The test looks for the specific translocation you carry, aiming to identify embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome pattern.

    The process involves several steps, and your clinic will guide you through each one. It is important to understand that the test is not 100% accurate, and there is a small risk of misdiagnosis. Your clinic should explain the laboratory methods they use and the quality controls in place.

    What PGT-SR Can and Cannot Tell You

    PGT-SR can identify embryos that appear to have a normal or balanced chromosome set for the translocation in question. However, it cannot guarantee that an embryo is completely free of all genetic or chromosomal issues. It also does not test for single-gene disorders or other chromosomal abnormalities unrelated to the translocation.

    Furthermore, PGT-SR does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a live birth. Embryo quality, uterine factors, and other medical issues also play a role. The test is a screening tool, not a cure.

    Alternatives to PGT-SR

    If you are a balanced translocation carrier, you may have other options:

    • Natural conception with prenatal testing: You could conceive naturally and undergo chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis during pregnancy to check the baby’s chromosomes.
    • IVF without PGT-SR: You could have IVF and transfer embryos without genetic testing, accepting the risk of an unbalanced embryo.
    • Using donor eggs or sperm: Some carriers choose to use a donor to avoid passing on the translocation.
    • Not testing: You may decide not to pursue any testing and accept the natural risks.

    Each option has its own benefits and drawbacks. A genetic counselor can help you weigh them based on your specific translocation and personal values.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-SR, consider asking your fertility clinic and genetic counselor the following questions:

    • What specific testing method will be used for PGT-SR, and what are its accuracy and limitations?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage in cases like mine?
    • What is the expected turnaround time for results, and how does that affect the IVF cycle?
    • Are there any additional tests recommended, such as PGT-A for other chromosomes?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any financial risks if no embryos are suitable for transfer?
    • What is the policy on transferring embryos with uncertain results?
    • How will the embryos be frozen and stored if needed?

    These questions can help you understand what to expect and make an informed decision.

    Next Steps and Considerations

    If you are considering PGT-SR, here is a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Confirm your translocation diagnosis with a genetic counselor.
    2. Discuss your reproductive options, including PGT-SR, prenatal testing, and alternatives.
    3. Choose an IVF clinic with experience in PGT-SR and ask about their laboratory protocols.
    4. Understand the costs, timelines, and potential outcomes before starting.
    5. Consider the emotional and ethical aspects of embryo testing.

    Remember, PGT-SR is a personal choice. Take the time you need to gather information and support.

    Learn More

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-SR the same as PGT-A?

    No. PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) screens embryos for any abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-SR is specifically designed to detect unbalanced rearrangements caused by a known structural rearrangement like a balanced translocation. Some clinics may combine both tests, but they are different.

    Can PGT-SR guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-SR can reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with an unbalanced translocation, but it cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a baby without health issues. Other genetic conditions and factors are not covered by this test.

    What happens if no embryos are suitable for transfer after PGT-SR?

    If no embryos have a normal or balanced result, you may need to consider another IVF cycle, use donor gametes, or explore other family-building options. Your clinic will discuss the possibilities based on your individual situation.

    Does PGT-SR require IVF?

    Yes, PGT-SR is performed on embryos created through IVF. It cannot be done with natural conception. If you prefer not to use IVF, prenatal testing is an alternative to consider.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.