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  • How to Read Your PGT-A Results in Thailand: Mosaic, Aneuploid, and Euploid Explained

    If you have just received your PGT-A results from a clinic in Thailand, you may be looking at terms like “euploid,” “aneuploid,” and “mosaic.” These words describe the chromosomal status of your embryos, and they can influence your next steps. This guide explains these categories in plain English, what they might mean for your transfer decisions, and what to ask your clinic to feel more confident about your options.

    At a glance: PGT-A result categories

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in most cases).
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has missing or extra chromosomes.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mix of cells with normal and abnormal chromosomes.
    • No result: The test did not produce a clear result, and you may need to discuss options with your clinic.

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a test that checks embryos created through IVF for chromosomal abnormalities. It is not a test for specific genetic diseases—that is a different test called PGT-M. PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in the embryo’s cells. Having the correct number of chromosomes is important for an embryo to have the best chance of implanting and developing into a healthy baby.

    In Thailand, PGT-A is offered by many fertility clinics as part of an IVF cycle. The test is performed on a small sample of cells taken from the embryo before transfer. The results can help you and your doctor decide which embryo to transfer first.

    Understanding the three main results

    Euploid

    An embryo is called euploid when it has the expected number of chromosomes. For a typical human embryo, that means 46 chromosomes. Euploid embryos are generally considered to have the highest chance of implanting and developing into a healthy pregnancy. However, a euploid result does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Other factors, such as the embryo’s quality and the health of the uterus, also play a role.

    Aneuploid

    An embryo is called aneuploid when it has missing or extra chromosomes. For example, an embryo with three copies of chromosome 21 is aneuploid. Aneuploid embryos often fail to implant or may lead to miscarriage. If an aneuploid embryo does implant, it can result in a child with a chromosomal condition, such as Down syndrome. Most clinics do not recommend transferring an aneuploid embryo, but the decision is always made in consultation with your doctor.

    Mosaic

    A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells: some with the normal number of chromosomes and some with an abnormal number. The degree of mosaicism can vary—some embryos have a low percentage of abnormal cells, while others have a high percentage. Mosaic embryos are a gray area in PGT-A. Some studies suggest that mosaic embryos can still lead to healthy pregnancies, but the risk of chromosomal abnormalities may be higher than with euploid embryos. Your clinic may offer additional counseling to help you understand the specific level of mosaicism and what it might mean for your situation.

    What do PGT-A results mean for your transfer decision?

    Your PGT-A results are one piece of information to consider when planning your embryo transfer. Here are some general points to keep in mind:

    • Euploid embryos are usually prioritized for transfer because they have the highest chance of success.
    • Aneuploid embryos are typically not transferred, but you should discuss the risks and alternatives with your doctor.
    • Mosaic embryos may be considered for transfer if no euploid embryos are available, but this decision requires careful discussion about the potential risks and benefits.

    It is important to remember that PGT-A is a screening test, not a guarantee. Even a euploid embryo may not result in a pregnancy. Your doctor will consider your age, medical history, and the quality of your embryos when making recommendations.

    Questions to ask your clinic about your PGT-A results

    When you receive your PGT-A report, you may have questions. Here are some questions you can ask your clinic to better understand your results:

    • What is the exact chromosomal status of each embryo?
    • For mosaic embryos, what is the percentage of abnormal cells, and which chromosomes are affected?
    • What is the recommended transfer order for my embryos?
    • Are there any additional tests or counseling you recommend?
    • What are the risks and success rates associated with each type of embryo?
    • How does my age and medical history affect the interpretation of these results?

    Next steps after receiving your PGT-A results

    After you receive your PGT-A results, you may need to make decisions about your next cycle. Here is a simple checklist to help you move forward:

    1. Review your results with your doctor and ask any questions you have.
    2. Discuss the transfer order and whether any additional testing is needed.
    3. Consider genetic counseling if you have questions about the implications of your results.
    4. Plan your next steps, whether that is preparing for a transfer or considering another IVF cycle.
    5. Take time to process the information—this is an emotional journey, and it is okay to ask for support.

    Where to learn more

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, you can explore our PGT in Thailand guide. You may also find our guides and FAQ pages helpful as you continue your journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a euploid embryo mean?

    A euploid embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in most cases). It is generally considered to have the highest chance of implanting and developing into a healthy pregnancy, but it does not guarantee success.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred?

    In some cases, a mosaic embryo may be considered for transfer if no euploid embryos are available. The decision depends on the level of mosaicism and the specific chromosomes involved. You should discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for specific genetic disorders. They are different tests and are used for different purposes.

    Do PGT-A results guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A is a screening test that can reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Other factors also affect outcomes.

    What should I do if my PGT-A result is 'no result'?

    If your PGT-A result is inconclusive, your clinic may recommend repeating the test, or you may discuss other options. It is important to ask your doctor what the no-result finding means for your specific embryos.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR: Which Genetic Test Is Right for You?

    If you are exploring IVF and genetic testing, you may have come across terms like PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR. These are three types of preimplantation genetic testing, each designed to answer a different question about embryos before transfer. This guide explains the differences in plain English, so you can have a more informed conversation with your fertility team.

    At a Glance: The Three Main Types of PGT

    • PGT-A checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-M looks for a specific single-gene disorder that one or both parents carry.
    • PGT-SR detects structural rearrangements of chromosomes, such as inversions or translocations.

    Each test requires IVF, embryo biopsy, and genetic analysis. The choice depends on your medical history, family history, and the reason you are considering testing.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, or preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A aims to identify embryos with the expected number of chromosomes, which may help reduce the risk of miscarriage and improve the efficiency of IVF by selecting embryos more likely to develop normally.

    PGT-A is often offered to patients of advanced maternal age, those with recurrent pregnancy loss, or those who have had multiple failed IVF cycles. However, it is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, and some embryos with normal chromosomes may still fail to implant or develop.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M, or preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders, is used when there is a known single-gene condition in the family, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It identifies embryos that have inherited the specific genetic mutation. This test is typically offered to couples who are carriers of an autosomal recessive or dominant disorder, or who have a family history of a specific genetic condition.

    PGT-M requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the exact mutation. The test is highly specific and can help reduce the risk of having a child affected by that particular disorder. However, it does not screen for all genetic conditions, and it requires careful genetic counseling before and after testing.

    What Is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR, or preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements, is used when one or both parents have a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation or inversion. These rearrangements usually do not cause health problems in the carrier, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may cause miscarriage or birth defects. PGT-SR identifies embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome arrangement, increasing the chance of a successful pregnancy.

    PGT-SR is typically recommended for couples where one partner has a known structural rearrangement, often identified after recurrent miscarriages or a child with a chromosomal abnormality.

    How Do the Tests Differ?

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M PGT-SR
    What it screens for Abnormal number of chromosomes Specific single-gene disorder Structural chromosomal rearrangements
    Who might consider it Patients with advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, or repeated IVF failure Couples with a known single-gene disorder in the family Couples where one partner has a balanced translocation or inversion
    Requires prior genetic testing of parents? No Yes, to identify the specific mutation Yes, to confirm the rearrangement
    Main goal Select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes Avoid transferring embryos affected by a specific genetic disease Avoid transferring embryos with unbalanced chromosomes

    Which Test Is Right for You?

    There is no one-size-fits-all answer. The right test depends on your medical and family history. Here are some general considerations:

    • If you have no known genetic condition but are concerned about age-related chromosomal abnormalities, PGT-A may be discussed.
    • If you or your partner are carriers of a specific genetic disease, PGT-M may be relevant.
    • If you have experienced recurrent miscarriages and a chromosomal rearrangement has been identified, PGT-SR may be offered.

    Your fertility clinic will recommend testing based on your individual situation. It is important to understand that PGT is not mandatory for all IVF patients, and it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child.

    What to Consider Before Testing

    Before deciding on PGT, consider the following:

    • Genetic counseling: Speak with a genetic counselor to understand the implications of testing and results.
    • Accuracy and limitations: No genetic test is 100% accurate. There is a small risk of misdiagnosis or inconclusive results.
    • Embryo biopsy: The biopsy procedure is invasive, though the risk to the embryo is considered low.
    • Cost and logistics: PGT adds to the cost of IVF and may require shipping samples to a specialized laboratory.
    • Emotional readiness: Results may be complex, and you may face decisions about whether to transfer embryos with uncertain results.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • Which type of PGT do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    • What is the laboratory’s experience with this specific test?
    • How long will it take to receive results?
    • What are the risks and limitations of the biopsy and testing?
    • Will I have genetic counseling before and after testing?
    • What are the costs involved, and are they covered by any package?

    Next Steps

    1. Review your medical and family history with your fertility specialist.
    2. Ask for a referral to a genetic counselor if you are considering PGT-M or PGT-SR.
    3. Discuss the potential benefits and limitations of each test in your specific case.
    4. Make an informed decision based on your values and medical advice.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic disorders?

    No, PGT-A only screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It does not detect single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. Other tests like PGT-M and PGT-SR are needed for those conditions.

    Is PGT-M only for couples with a known genetic disease?

    Yes, PGT-M is typically used when there is a known single-gene disorder in the family. It requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A checks for an abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements like translocations or inversions. PGT-SR is used when a parent has a known chromosomal rearrangement.

    Is PGT mandatory for all IVF patients?

    No, PGT is not mandatory. It is an optional test that may be recommended based on your medical history, age, or family history. Discuss with your clinic whether it is appropriate for you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing Cost in Thailand: What Is Included in the Quoted Price?

    When comparing PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) costs across Thai IVF clinics, the quoted price can vary significantly—not just in total amount, but in what it actually covers. Some quotes include the biopsy procedure, laboratory analysis, and even shipping fees, while others only cover the genetic analysis itself. To make an informed comparison, you need to understand the typical components of a PGT-A quote, what might be billed separately, and which questions to ask before committing.

    At a Glance: Key Points to Remember

    • PGT-A quotes in Thailand usually cover the genetic analysis of a specified number of embryos, but may not include biopsy, biopsy-related lab work, or shipping.
    • Extra charges often apply for additional embryos, re-analysis, or if the biopsy is performed at a different facility.
    • Always request a written itemized quote that lists each service and its cost.
    • Ask about payment terms, refund policies, and whether any part of the fee is non-refundable.

    What Typically Goes Into a PGT-A Quote

    A PGT-A cycle involves several steps, and each may be billed separately. Here are the common components you might see in a quote:

    • Embryo biopsy: The procedure to remove a few cells from each embryo. This is usually performed by the IVF lab and may be included in the IVF package or charged separately.
    • Genetic analysis: The actual testing of the biopsied cells to check for chromosomal abnormalities. This is the core of PGT-A and is often the main cost driver.
    • Laboratory processing: Preparation of the samples for shipping, including any special handling or storage.
    • Shipping and handling: If the biopsy samples are sent to an external genetics lab, shipping costs may be added.
    • Consultation and reporting: Some clinics include genetic counseling or a detailed report review in the quote.

    What Might Be Billed Separately

    Be aware that the following services are often not included in a base PGT-A quote:

    • Additional embryos: Most quotes cover a set number of embryos (e.g., up to 8). If you have more embryos, each additional one may incur an extra fee.
    • Re-analysis: If a result is inconclusive and needs to be repeated, some labs charge an additional fee.
    • Biopsy not included: Some clinics quote only the genetic analysis, leaving the biopsy as a separate charge.
    • IVF cycle costs: PGT-A is usually an add-on to an IVF cycle, so the cost of ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and embryo culture is separate.
    • Medication and monitoring: These are typically part of the IVF package, but confirm if they are included.

    How to Compare Quotes Effectively

    To avoid surprises, follow these steps when comparing PGT-A quotes from different clinics:

    1. Ask for a written itemized quote. Request a breakdown that lists each service and its cost, not just a total.
    2. Clarify the number of embryos included. Confirm how many embryos the base price covers and the cost per additional embryo.
    3. Check if biopsy is included. If not, ask for the biopsy fee and whether it is performed in-house or sent out.
    4. Inquire about shipping and handling. If samples are sent to an external lab, ask about shipping costs and who arranges it.
    5. Ask about re-analysis policies. Find out if there is a fee for inconclusive results and how often that happens.
    6. Confirm payment terms. Ask about deposit requirements, payment deadlines, and refund policies if the cycle is canceled.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Use this checklist during your consultation to ensure you have a complete picture of the costs:

    • What exactly is included in the PGT-A quote?
    • How many embryos does the base price cover?
    • What is the cost for each additional embryo?
    • Is the biopsy fee included? If not, how much is it?
    • Are there any additional lab fees, such as for cell lysis or DNA amplification?
    • How are shipping and handling charges handled?
    • What happens if a result is inconclusive? Is there a re-analysis fee?
    • Are there any discounts for multiple cycles or bundled services?
    • What is the payment schedule and refund policy?

    Understanding the Range of Costs

    While exact prices vary and should be confirmed directly with clinics, PGT-A costs in Thailand generally depend on the number of embryos tested and the laboratory used. Some clinics offer packages that include a certain number of embryos, while others charge per embryo. It is important to note that the total cost can increase significantly if you have many embryos or if additional procedures are needed.

    To get a realistic estimate, ask the clinic for a detailed quote based on your specific situation. Remember that the cheapest quote may not be the best value if it excludes essential services.

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    After you have gathered quotes from several clinics, compare them side by side using the checklist above. Consider not only the cost but also the clinic’s experience with PGT-A, the laboratory’s accreditation, and the support provided. Once you have a clear understanding of what is included, you can make a confident decision that aligns with your budget and needs.

    For more detailed information on PGT-A costs and IVF costs in Thailand, visit our PGT-A cost guide and IVF cost guide. If you have specific questions, our patient resources can help, or contact us for personalized assistance.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a PGT-A quote in Thailand usually include the embryo biopsy?

    Not always. Some clinics include the biopsy in the PGT-A quote, while others charge it separately. Always ask for a written breakdown to confirm.

    Are there extra costs for testing more than a certain number of embryos?

    Yes, many clinics have a base price that covers a set number of embryos, and additional embryos are billed per embryo. Confirm the included number and the per-embryo fee.

    What should I do if a PGT-A result is inconclusive?

    Ask the clinic about their re-analysis policy. Some labs may charge an additional fee for repeating the test, while others may offer a discount or include it.

    Are shipping costs for sending biopsy samples to a lab included in the quote?

    Shipping and handling may be billed separately, especially if samples are sent to an external genetics lab. Clarify this with the clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M vs PGT-SR in Thailand: Choosing the Right Genetic Test

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand and have a known genetic condition or a chromosomal rearrangement, you may have come across two types of preimplantation genetic testing: PGT-M and PGT-SR. Both are performed on embryos created through IVF, but they look for different kinds of genetic issues. This guide explains the difference in plain English, so you can have more informed conversations with your clinic and a genetic counselor.

    At a glance

    • PGT-M is used when one or both parents have a specific single-gene disorder (like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease).
    • PGT-SR is used when a parent has a chromosomal rearrangement (like a translocation) that can lead to embryos with missing or extra chromosomal material.
    • Both tests require IVF and embryo biopsy, and neither guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • Your genetic counselor and fertility team will help you decide which test, if any, is appropriate for your situation.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M stands for preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic (single-gene) disorders. It is designed to identify embryos that have inherited a specific genetic condition caused by a change in a single gene. This test is typically considered when one or both partners carry a gene mutation for a condition such as:

    • Cystic fibrosis
    • Sickle cell disease
    • Tay-Sachs disease
    • Huntington’s disease
    • Thalassemia

    PGT-M requires a prior genetic diagnosis in the family. The laboratory needs to know the exact mutation to test for, and often requires blood samples from both parents and sometimes other family members to build a genetic profile.

    What is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR stands for preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements. It is used when one parent has a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation or an inversion. These rearrangements usually do not cause health problems in the carrier, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may result in miscarriage, stillbirth, or a child with disabilities.

    PGT-SR tests embryos for the correct amount of chromosomal material, aiming to identify embryos that are balanced (like the carrier parent) or completely normal. It does not test for single-gene disorders.

    Key differences between PGT-M and PGT-SR

    Aspect PGT-M PGT-SR
    Purpose Detect a specific single-gene disorder Detect unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements
    Who might consider it Couples with a known gene mutation for a monogenic condition Couples where one partner has a structural chromosomal rearrangement
    What it looks for A specific mutation in a single gene Normal or balanced chromosomal content
    Prior information needed Genetic diagnosis of the specific mutation in the family Chromosomal analysis of the carrier parent
    Process IVF, embryo biopsy, DNA analysis for the specific mutation IVF, embryo biopsy, chromosomal analysis

    How the testing process works

    Both PGT-M and PGT-SR are performed as part of an IVF cycle. After eggs are fertilized in the laboratory, embryos are cultured for several days. A small number of cells are then removed from each embryo (a biopsy) and sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The results help the fertility team decide which embryos may be suitable for transfer.

    The exact steps and timeline can vary between clinics. Your clinic will provide specific instructions and timelines.

    When is each test typically discussed?

    PGT-M is usually discussed when a couple has a known single-gene disorder in the family and wants to reduce the risk of passing it on. PGT-SR is discussed when a chromosomal rearrangement has been identified in one partner, often after recurrent miscarriages or a previous child with a chromosomal abnormality.

    Your doctor or genetic counselor may recommend one test or the other, but the decision is always yours. Some couples may need both PGT-M and PGT-SR if they have both a single-gene disorder and a chromosomal rearrangement, but this is less common.

    Questions to ask a genetic counselor

    Before deciding on any genetic testing, it is important to speak with a genetic counselor who can explain the risks, benefits, and limitations in your specific situation. Here are some questions you might ask:

    • Which test is appropriate for my condition, and why?
    • What are the chances that a biopsied embryo will be suitable for transfer?
    • What are the limitations of the test? Can it miss anything?
    • How long will the testing take, and how will it affect my IVF timeline?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any additional fees for genetic counseling?
    • What are the risks of embryo biopsy?
    • What are my options if no embryos are suitable for transfer?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT-M or PGT-SR in Thailand, here is a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Gather any genetic test results or family history information you have.
    2. Consult with a genetic counselor to understand your options.
    3. Choose a fertility clinic that offers the testing you need.
    4. Ask the clinic about their experience with your specific condition.
    5. Clarify all costs, timelines, and what happens with the results.

    Remember, genetic testing is a personal decision. Take the time you need to feel comfortable with your choices.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-M and PGT-SR be done at the same time?

    Yes, in some cases both tests can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. This may be recommended if a couple has both a single-gene disorder and a chromosomal rearrangement. However, not all clinics offer combined testing, so you should ask your clinic about their capabilities.

    Is PGT-M or PGT-SR guaranteed to prevent a genetic condition?

    No. PGT-M and PGT-SR are screening tests that aim to identify embryos with specific genetic issues, but they are not 100% accurate. There is always a small risk of misdiagnosis or that a test may not detect all possible abnormalities. Genetic counseling can help you understand the residual risks.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder. PGT-SR tests for structural chromosomal rearrangements. They are used for different purposes and can be performed separately or together.

    Do I need PGT-M or PGT-SR if I have no known genetic issues?

    Not necessarily. PGT-M and PGT-SR are typically recommended only when there is a known genetic risk. Many people do not need these tests. Your doctor or genetic counselor can help you decide based on your medical and family history.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Does Embryo Biopsy Involve in an IVF and PGT Cycle?

    Embryo Biopsy at a Glance

    Embryo biopsy is a laboratory procedure performed during an IVF cycle when preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is planned. It involves removing a small number of cells from an embryo to be sent for genetic analysis. The biopsy itself does not diagnose or guarantee a healthy pregnancy; it provides information that can help you and your clinic decide which embryos to consider for transfer.

    This guide explains the timing, the steps, and the questions you may want to ask before undergoing embryo biopsy as part of PGT in Thailand.

    When Does Embryo Biopsy Happen?

    Embryo biopsy is not a single event; it is scheduled at a specific stage of embryo development. The timing depends on the type of PGT being performed and the laboratory’s protocols.

    • Cleavage-stage biopsy: This occurs on day 3 after fertilization, when the embryo has about 6–8 cells. One or two cells are removed.
    • Blastocyst-stage biopsy: This is more common today. It occurs on day 5 or day 6, when the embryo has developed into a blastocyst with a fluid-filled cavity and distinct cell types. A few cells are removed from the trophectoderm, which will become the placenta.

    Most clinics prefer blastocyst biopsy because it allows more cells to be sampled without disturbing the inner cell mass that becomes the fetus. However, the exact timing may vary based on embryo development and laboratory protocols.

    What Are the Steps of Embryo Biopsy?

    The biopsy is performed by an embryologist in a specialized laboratory. The steps are generally as follows:

    1. Embryo preparation: The embryo is held in place under a microscope using a specialized pipette.
    2. Creating an opening: A laser or chemical solution is used to create a small opening in the outer shell of the embryo (the zona pellucida).
    3. Cell removal: A thin needle or pipette is used to gently aspirate the required number of cells.
    4. Cell handling: The removed cells are placed in a sterile tube for genetic testing.
    5. Embryo culture: The biopsied embryo is returned to the incubator and continues to develop until transfer or freezing.

    The procedure is delicate and requires skilled embryologists. The cells removed are from the trophectoderm (future placenta) or, in day-3 biopsy, from the outer layer of the embryo, not the inner cell mass that becomes the fetus.

    Types of PGT and What They Test For

    Embryo biopsy is used for different types of PGT, each with a specific purpose:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy): Screens for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, which can cause implantation failure or miscarriage.
    • PGT-M (monogenic): Tests for specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement): Detects chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations, that may affect embryo development.

    Not all embryos are suitable for biopsy, and not all patients need PGT. Your clinic will discuss whether PGT is appropriate based on your medical history and family-building goals.

    What Happens After Biopsy?

    After the biopsy, the cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The results typically take several days to a few weeks, depending on the type of testing and the laboratory’s workload. While waiting, the embryos are usually frozen (vitrified) to preserve them.

    Once results are available, your clinic will discuss which embryos are considered suitable for transfer. It is important to understand that PGT results are not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Genetic testing has limitations, and not all abnormalities can be detected.

    Risks and Limitations

    Embryo biopsy is generally considered safe, but it is an invasive procedure. Potential risks include:

    • Damage to the embryo during cell removal.
    • Reduced embryo viability, though this is rare.
    • Inconclusive results, which may require additional testing or re-biopsy.

    Additionally, PGT cannot detect all genetic conditions, and the accuracy of the test depends on the laboratory’s methods and the quality of the sample. It is essential to discuss the limitations with your clinic and genetic counselor.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before undergoing embryo biopsy, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • What type of PGT do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    • At what stage will the biopsy be performed?
    • How many cells will be removed, and what is your success rate for biopsy?
    • How long will it take to receive results?
    • What are the risks and limitations of the biopsy and PGT?
    • Will the embryos be frozen after biopsy, and what is the survival rate after thawing?
    • What is the cost of the biopsy and PGT, and what does it include?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, here is a simple checklist to guide your planning:

    1. Research clinics that offer PGT and embryo biopsy.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your medical history and testing options.
    3. Ask about the laboratory’s experience and accreditation.
    4. Clarify the timeline, costs, and what happens with unused embryos.
    5. Consider genetic counseling to understand the implications of results.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand overview, our guides, and our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is embryo biopsy painful for the embryo?

    Embryos do not have a nervous system, so they do not feel pain. The biopsy is a delicate laboratory procedure performed under a microscope, and the embryo is handled gently to minimize stress.

    Can embryo biopsy harm the embryo?

    There is a small risk of damage, but it is rare. The procedure is performed by trained embryologists using precise techniques. The removal of a few cells from the trophectoderm is generally considered safe, but it is not without risk.

    How long does it take to get PGT results?

    The time varies depending on the type of PGT and the laboratory. It can take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks. Your clinic will provide a specific timeline based on their protocols.

    Do all embryos survive the biopsy and freezing process?

    Most embryos survive, but there is a small risk of damage or loss. The survival rate depends on the embryo quality and the laboratory's expertise. Your clinic can provide their specific data.

    Is PGT mandatory for all IVF cycles?

    No, PGT is not mandatory. It is an optional test that may be recommended based on maternal age, genetic history, or previous pregnancy losses. Your doctor will discuss whether it is appropriate for you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • When Might PGT-SR Be Discussed in an IVF Pathway?

    If you or your partner has a structural chromosome rearrangement—such as a balanced translocation or inversion—you may wonder when preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements (PGT-SR) might come up in an IVF pathway. PGT-SR is a technique used during IVF to screen embryos for chromosomal imbalances that can result from such rearrangements. It is not a routine test for everyone; it is typically discussed when a specific genetic situation is known or suspected. This guide explains the typical timing, the steps involved, and the questions you may want to ask your clinic.

    At a glance: When PGT-SR may be considered

    • After a structural chromosome rearrangement is identified in either partner.
    • During genetic counseling before starting IVF.
    • When planning an IVF cycle with embryo biopsy and genetic testing.
    • When discussing reproductive options with a fertility specialist or geneticist.

    Understanding PGT-SR

    PGT-SR is one of several types of preimplantation genetic testing. It is designed to detect embryos that have an unbalanced form of a structural rearrangement. Unlike PGT-A (which screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes) or PGT-M (which tests for a specific single-gene disorder), PGT-SR focuses on the structural arrangement of chromosomes. It is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or a live birth, and it is not suitable for every patient. The decision to use PGT-SR should be made in consultation with a genetics specialist and your fertility team.

    When might PGT-SR be discussed?

    PGT-SR is usually discussed in the following situations:

    • After a genetic diagnosis: If a blood test (karyotype) has shown a structural rearrangement in you or your partner, your doctor may mention PGT-SR as an option during IVF.
    • During genetic counseling: A genetic counselor can explain the risks of unbalanced chromosomes and how PGT-SR might help select embryos for transfer.
    • Before starting IVF: If you are already planning IVF for other reasons, your clinic may discuss PGT-SR as an add-on test.
    • After previous pregnancy loss or a child with a chromosomal imbalance: These experiences may prompt testing and discussion of PGT-SR.

    The exact timing can vary. Some clinics may raise the topic during your initial consultation, while others may wait until after you have completed genetic testing. It is important to ask your clinic about their specific process.

    The IVF pathway with PGT-SR: A step-by-step timeline

    If PGT-SR is part of your plan, the IVF process typically follows these steps:

    1. Genetic counseling and testing: You and your partner may undergo blood tests to confirm the rearrangement and understand its implications.
    2. IVF cycle start: You begin ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval as in a standard IVF cycle.
    3. Fertilization and embryo culture: Eggs are fertilized with sperm, and embryos are cultured for several days.
    4. Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo, usually on day 5 or 6 (blastocyst stage).
    5. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for PGT-SR analysis.
    6. Results and transfer: Once results are available, you and your doctor discuss which embryos (if any) are suitable for transfer.

    The time from biopsy to results can vary, so ask your clinic for their typical timeline. Also, note that not all embryos may be suitable for transfer, and there is no guarantee of a pregnancy.

    Key considerations for international patients

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand as an international patient, there are several factors to keep in mind:

    • Genetic counseling: Ensure you have access to a genetic counselor who can explain the implications of your specific rearrangement.
    • Laboratory accreditation: Ask about the laboratory that will perform the genetic analysis and its quality standards.
    • Costs: PGT-SR adds to the cost of IVF. Ask for a detailed breakdown of fees, including biopsy, genetic testing, and any additional procedures.
    • Legal and regulatory aspects: Regulations around PGT can vary by country. Confirm with your clinic what is permitted and what documentation you may need.
    • Travel and accommodation: If you are traveling for treatment, plan for the time required for the IVF cycle and the waiting period for genetic results.

    These are general categories; specific details should be confirmed directly with your chosen clinic.

    Questions to ask your clinic about PGT-SR

    Before deciding on PGT-SR, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • What is the success rate of PGT-SR at your clinic? (Ask for their own data, not general figures.)
    • How many embryos typically have unbalanced chromosomes in my situation?
    • What is the turnaround time for genetic results?
    • Are there any additional risks to the embryos from biopsy?
    • What are the costs, and what is included?
    • Who will interpret the results, and will I have a follow-up consultation?

    These questions can help you make an informed decision.

    Alternatives and limitations

    PGT-SR is not the only option. Depending on your situation, alternatives may include:

    • IVF without PGT: You may choose to transfer embryos without testing and use prenatal diagnosis (such as amniocentesis) during pregnancy.
    • Using donor gametes: In some cases, using donor eggs or sperm may be considered.
    • Natural conception with prenatal testing: Some couples may opt to conceive naturally and undergo prenatal testing.

    PGT-SR has limitations. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and it does not guarantee a healthy baby. The biopsy process may damage some embryos, and not all embryos will be suitable for transfer. Discuss these limitations with your team.

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT-SR, your next steps may include:

    1. Consult with a genetic counselor to understand your specific rearrangement.
    2. Research fertility clinics that offer PGT-SR and have experience with your condition.
    3. Ask for a detailed treatment plan and cost estimate.
    4. Clarify any legal or regulatory questions with the clinic.
    5. Plan your travel and accommodation if you are coming from abroad.

    Remember, the decision to use PGT-SR is personal and should be made with professional guidance.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-SR the same as PGT-A?

    No. PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-SR specifically looks for unbalanced structural rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions. They are different tests and may be used together in some cases.

    How long does PGT-SR take?

    The genetic analysis itself may take several days to a few weeks, depending on the laboratory. Your clinic can provide a specific timeline for your cycle.

    Does PGT-SR guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-SR can reduce the risk of transferring embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, but it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child. Other genetic and non-genetic factors can affect outcomes.

    Can PGT-SR be done with frozen embryos?

    Yes, PGT-SR can be performed on embryos that are biopsied and then frozen while awaiting results. This is a common approach.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M vs PGT-A in Thailand: Which Genetic Test Should You Choose?

    PGT-A and PGT-M: What’s the Difference?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used to screen embryos created through IVF for genetic issues before transfer. Two common types are PGT-A and PGT-M. PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) checks for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, which can cause implantation failure or miscarriage. PGT-M (monogenic testing) looks for specific inherited single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. In Thailand, both tests are available, but they serve different purposes. This guide explains the difference and helps you understand which test might be relevant for your situation.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A: Screens for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) in embryos.
    • PGT-M: Tests for specific single-gene disorders that run in families.
    • PGT-SR: A related test for structural rearrangements like translocations.
    • Combination: Some patients may have both PGT-A and PGT-M to address multiple concerns.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, previously known as preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), evaluates embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. An embryo with missing or extra chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A is often recommended for women of advanced maternal age, couples with recurrent implantation failure, or those with repeated pregnancy loss. It can also be used to reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality.

    PGT-A does not test for specific diseases; it only checks chromosome number. It is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, but it can help select embryos with the highest chance of implantation.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is designed for couples who carry a known genetic mutation for a single-gene disorder. If you or your partner have a family history of a condition like Huntington’s disease, thalassemia, or spinal muscular atrophy, PGT-M can identify embryos that do not carry the mutation. This test requires prior genetic analysis of the parents to design a personalized test for each embryo.

    PGT-M is not a general screening tool; it is only useful when a specific genetic risk is already identified. It can be combined with PGT-A to also check for chromosomal abnormalities.

    When Is Each Test Recommended?

    Your fertility specialist may suggest PGT-A if you have:

    • Advanced maternal age (typically over 35)
    • Previous failed IVF cycles
    • Recurrent miscarriage
    • Severe male factor infertility

    PGT-M may be recommended if:

    • You or your partner carry a known single-gene mutation
    • You have a family history of a genetic disorder
    • You have had a child with a genetic condition

    In some cases, both tests are used together. For example, a couple with a known genetic mutation and advanced maternal age might opt for both PGT-M and PGT-A to maximize the chance of a healthy pregnancy.

    How Are the Tests Performed?

    Both PGT-A and PGT-M require IVF. After eggs are fertilized, embryos are cultured for about five to six days until they reach the blastocyst stage. A few cells are then biopsied from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta). These cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The biopsy is performed by an embryologist, and the process is similar for both tests.

    The main difference is in the laboratory analysis. PGT-A uses techniques like next-generation sequencing (NGS) to count chromosomes. PGT-M uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other methods to detect the specific mutation. The time to results may vary, but it typically takes a few days to a couple of weeks.

    What Do the Results Mean?

    For PGT-A, results are usually reported as:

    • Euploid: normal chromosome number
    • Aneuploid: abnormal chromosome number
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells

    Euploid embryos are generally preferred for transfer. Aneuploid embryos are usually not transferred. Mosaic embryos may be considered, but this is a complex decision that should be discussed with your doctor.

    For PGT-M, results indicate whether the embryo carries the specific mutation. Embryos without the mutation are considered unaffected and may be suitable for transfer. However, PGT-M does not eliminate all risks; it only tests for the specific disorder in question.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Even with PGT-A, embryos can be mosaic, and some abnormalities may not be detected. PGT-M is highly accurate for the specific mutation tested, but it does not screen for other genetic conditions. Additionally, the biopsy process carries a small risk of embryo damage, though this is rare.

    In Thailand, the availability and regulations for PGT may vary. It is important to choose a clinic with experience in genetic testing and to discuss the limitations with your specialist.

    How to Choose Between PGT-A and PGT-M

    The choice depends on your medical history and genetic risk. If you have no known genetic disorder, PGT-A may be more relevant. If you carry a specific mutation, PGT-M is necessary. In some cases, both tests are recommended. Your fertility doctor will guide you based on your individual situation.

    Consider asking your clinic:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A and PGT-M?
    • How many embryos typically survive the biopsy process?
    • What is the turnaround time for results?
    • Are there any additional costs for genetic counseling?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, start by consulting a fertility specialist. They can assess your medical history and recommend the appropriate testing. You may also want to seek genetic counseling to understand your risks and options. For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide and our general guides. If you have questions, check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, PGT-A and PGT-M can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. This is often done when a couple has a known genetic mutation and also wants to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. The combined testing can provide more comprehensive information, but it may increase the cost and time required.

    Is PGT-M only for couples with a known genetic disease?

    Yes, PGT-M is specifically designed for couples who carry a known single-gene mutation. It is not a general screening test. If you do not have a known genetic risk, PGT-M is not typically recommended.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome numbers), while PGT-SR is used for structural rearrangements like translocations, where parts of chromosomes are swapped or missing. PGT-SR is less common and is recommended when a parent has a balanced translocation.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT does not guarantee a healthy baby. It can reduce the risk of transferring embryos with specific genetic issues, but it cannot detect all potential problems. Other factors during pregnancy and after birth also affect a child's health.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs. IVF Without PGT in Thailand: How to Decide

    If you are planning IVF in Thailand, one of the decisions you may face is whether to add preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) to your cycle. PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer, but it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. This guide compares the potential benefits and limitations of PGT-A versus not doing it, helping you think through the factors that matter most for your situation.

    At a glance: PGT-A vs. no PGT

    • PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes, which are a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage.
    • No PGT means embryos are selected based on appearance (morphology) and developmental stage, without genetic screening.
    • PGT-A may reduce the chance of transferring an abnormal embryo, but it does not improve the quality of your eggs or embryos.
    • The decision depends on your age, number of embryos, budget, and personal values.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A is a test performed on a small number of cells taken from an embryo (usually at the blastocyst stage, around day 5 or 6 of development). The test looks for an abnormal number of chromosomes, a condition called aneuploidy. Most embryos with aneuploidy will not implant or will miscarry, and some may lead to conditions like Down syndrome.

    PGT-A is different from PGT-M (for single-gene disorders) and PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements like translocations). PGT-A is not a test for all genetic diseases; it only screens for chromosomal number abnormalities.

    What does IVF without PGT involve?

    In a standard IVF cycle without PGT, embryos are cultured for several days and then graded by embryologists based on their appearance. The embryologist selects the embryo(s) that look most likely to implant. This approach is sometimes called “morphological selection.” It is less expensive and does not require the extra laboratory steps of biopsy and genetic analysis.

    Potential benefits of PGT-A

    • Reduced risk of transferring an abnormal embryo: PGT-A can identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes, allowing the transfer of a euploid (normal) embryo.
    • Lower chance of miscarriage: Because aneuploidy is a leading cause of early pregnancy loss, transferring a euploid embryo may reduce the risk of miscarriage.
    • Fewer cycles to pregnancy: For some patients, especially those with a higher number of embryos, PGT-A may help avoid transferring embryos that would not implant, potentially reducing the number of transfer cycles needed.
    • More information for decision-making: PGT-A results can provide insight into the chromosomal status of your embryos, which may help you decide how many to transfer or whether to consider additional testing.

    Potential limitations and risks of PGT-A

    • Not a guarantee: A euploid embryo may still fail to implant or miscarry due to other factors. PGT-A does not guarantee a live birth.
    • Embryo damage: The biopsy procedure carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, though this is rare in experienced labs.
    • Mosaicism: Some embryos have a mix of normal and abnormal cells (mosaicism). PGT-A may not always accurately predict the outcome for these embryos.
    • Cost and time: PGT-A adds significant cost to an IVF cycle and requires the embryos to be frozen while testing is completed, which may delay transfer.
    • No improvement in egg quality: PGT-A cannot fix underlying egg or sperm quality issues; it only screens the embryos you have.

    Key factors to consider in your decision

    Your age

    Maternal age is the strongest predictor of embryo aneuploidy. The chance of an embryo having an abnormal number of chromosomes increases with age, particularly after 35. If you are older, PGT-A may be more useful because a higher proportion of your embryos are likely to be abnormal. However, even younger women can have aneuploid embryos, so age alone is not the only factor.

    Number of embryos

    PGT-A is most informative when you have multiple embryos to test. If you only have one or two embryos, the test may still be useful, but the results may be less actionable. If you have many embryos, PGT-A can help prioritize which ones to transfer first.

    Budget

    PGT-A adds a significant cost to an IVF cycle. You will need to weigh the potential benefits against the financial burden. Some patients prefer to use the money for additional IVF cycles if needed, rather than testing embryos.

    Personal values and risk tolerance

    Some patients prefer to have as much information as possible, even if it means additional cost and delay. Others prefer a more natural approach and are comfortable with the uncertainty of not testing. There is no right or wrong choice; it is a personal decision.

    How to compare PGT-A vs. no PGT in Thailand

    When you consult with a fertility clinic in Thailand, ask specific questions to help you compare your options:

    • What is the cost of PGT-A, and what does it include?
    • How many embryos do you recommend testing, and why?
    • What is the clinic’s experience with PGT-A, and what is their biopsy success rate?
    • How long will the testing take, and how will it affect my treatment timeline?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy procedure at your lab?
    • How do you handle mosaic embryos?
    • What is the policy on transferring embryos with abnormal results?

    Making your decision: a step-by-step approach

    1. Gather information: Learn about PGT-A and your clinic’s specific protocols.
    2. Assess your personal risk factors: Consider your age, medical history, and any previous pregnancy losses.
    3. Estimate your embryo count: Discuss with your doctor how many embryos you are likely to have based on your ovarian reserve and response to stimulation.
    4. Review your budget: Determine what you can afford and how PGT-A fits into your overall IVF costs.
    5. Talk to your doctor: Ask for a personalized recommendation based on your situation.
    6. Consider a second opinion: If you are unsure, seek advice from another fertility specialist.
    7. Make a decision that feels right for you: Remember that there is no universally correct answer.

    Next steps

    If you are considering IVF in Thailand, take the time to research clinics and their PGT-A offerings. Ask about their success rates, laboratory standards, and how they support patients in making this decision. Ultimately, the choice between PGT-A and no PGT is yours, and it should align with your medical needs, financial situation, and personal preferences.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, our IVF guides, and our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A worth it in Thailand?

    Whether PGT-A is worth it depends on your age, number of embryos, budget, and personal preferences. PGT-A can reduce the risk of transferring an abnormal embryo and may lower the chance of miscarriage, but it does not guarantee a live birth. Discuss your specific situation with your fertility doctor to determine if the benefits outweigh the costs for you.

    Does PGT-A improve IVF success rates?

    PGT-A may improve the efficiency of IVF by helping select embryos that are more likely to implant, but it does not guarantee success. The overall success rate depends on many factors, including embryo quality, uterine health, and the clinic's expertise. PGT-A cannot improve the quality of your eggs or embryos.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. PGT-M is used when one or both parents are known carriers of a genetic condition. PGT-A is not a test for all genetic diseases.

    Can PGT-A harm the embryo?

    The biopsy procedure for PGT-A carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, but this is rare in experienced laboratories. The long-term effects of embryo biopsy are still being studied, but current evidence suggests it is generally safe. Discuss the risks with your clinic.

    How much does PGT-A cost in Thailand?

    The cost of PGT-A in Thailand varies by clinic and the number of embryos tested. It is typically an additional fee on top of the standard IVF cycle cost. Contact clinics directly for current pricing and what is included in the fee.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Genetic Carrier Screening Before IVF in Thailand: A Practical Guide

    What is genetic carrier screening?

    Genetic carrier screening is a blood or saliva test that looks for changes (variants) in genes that can cause inherited conditions. If you carry a variant for a condition, you usually do not have the condition yourself, but you may pass the variant to your children. Carrier screening is typically done before or during fertility treatment planning to help you understand your reproductive risks.

    In the context of IVF, carrier screening can provide information that may influence whether you consider preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M). PGT-M is a technique used to test embryos for a specific genetic condition before transfer.

    Why consider carrier screening before IVF?

    Knowing your carrier status before IVF can help you and your clinician make more informed decisions. If both partners are carriers of the same autosomal recessive condition, or if one partner carries an X-linked condition, there is an increased chance that a child could inherit the condition. Carrier screening results can help you understand these risks and discuss options such as PGT-M, using donor gametes, or prenatal testing.

    Carrier screening is not a requirement for IVF, but it is a personal choice that some people find useful for family planning.

    What does carrier screening involve?

    Carrier screening typically involves a simple blood test or saliva sample. The sample is analyzed in a laboratory to look for specific gene variants associated with a panel of inherited conditions. Panels can vary in the number and type of conditions they cover, from a few common ones to hundreds of rare diseases.

    In Thailand, carrier screening is available through fertility clinics, genetic laboratories, and some hospitals. The process usually includes a consultation with a genetic counselor or fertility specialist to discuss your personal and family medical history before testing.

    How carrier screening results can inform PGT-M decisions

    If carrier screening shows that you and your partner are both carriers of the same autosomal recessive condition, or if you are a carrier of an X-linked condition, your clinician may discuss the option of PGT-M. PGT-M involves testing embryos created through IVF for the specific genetic variant before transfer. This can reduce the chance of having a child with that condition, but it does not guarantee a healthy pregnancy or baby.

    Carrier screening results are not the only factor in deciding about PGT-M. Other considerations include the severity of the condition, your personal values, and the availability of testing in the clinic you choose.

    What to consider when choosing carrier screening in Thailand

    If you are considering carrier screening before IVF in Thailand, here are some points to discuss with your clinic:

    • Which conditions are included in the panel? Ask for a list of the conditions tested and whether the panel is tailored to your ethnic background.
    • What is the turnaround time for results? This can affect your IVF timeline.
    • Who will interpret the results? A genetic counselor or doctor with experience in reproductive genetics should explain the implications.
    • What are the costs? Carrier screening and PGT-M are separate procedures with separate fees. Ask for a detailed breakdown.
    • What happens if a variant is found? Understand the next steps, including whether PGT-M is feasible and what the limitations are.

    Practical questions to ask your clinic

    Before you proceed, consider asking your fertility clinic in Thailand:

    • Do you offer carrier screening on-site, or do you refer to an external laboratory?
    • Can carrier screening be done before starting IVF stimulation?
    • How long are results valid?
    • If both partners are carriers, what are the options for embryo testing?
    • Are there any additional consultations or counseling sessions recommended?

    Next steps: a checklist

    If you are planning IVF in Thailand and want to learn more about carrier screening, here is a simple checklist:

    1. Research fertility clinics that offer genetic services.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your medical and family history.
    3. Ask about carrier screening panels and costs.
    4. If you decide to test, arrange for the blood or saliva sample.
    5. Review results with a genetic counselor or doctor.
    6. Discuss how results may affect your IVF plan, including whether PGT-M is an option.

    For more information about genetic testing in IVF, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also explore our other guides or visit the FAQ section for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is carrier screening mandatory before IVF in Thailand?

    No, carrier screening is not mandatory. It is an optional test that you can choose to have before or during IVF treatment. Your clinic can provide information about the process and help you decide if it is right for you.

    What is the difference between carrier screening and PGT-M?

    Carrier screening tests your blood or saliva to see if you carry a gene variant for a condition. PGT-M is a test performed on embryos created through IVF to see if they have inherited a specific genetic condition. Carrier screening is done on you, while PGT-M is done on embryos.

    How long does carrier screening take in Thailand?

    The time to receive results can vary depending on the laboratory and the panel used. It is best to ask your clinic for an estimated turnaround time, as this can affect your IVF schedule.

    Can carrier screening be done after starting IVF?

    In some cases, carrier screening can be done during the IVF cycle, but it is usually recommended to do it before starting treatment so that results are available to guide decisions about PGT-M. Discuss your timeline with your clinic.

    What if I am a carrier but my partner is not?

    If you are a carrier for a recessive condition and your partner is not, the chance of having a child with that condition is generally low. However, your clinician can explain the specific risks and discuss any additional testing that might be relevant.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-SR in Thailand: What’s the Difference?

    PGT-A vs PGT-SR: What’s the difference?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) and PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) are two different types of genetic tests that can be performed on embryos created through IVF. They answer different questions about embryo health.

    PGT-A checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). This is a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage. PGT-A is often considered for patients of advanced maternal age, those with recurrent pregnancy loss, or repeated implantation failure.

    PGT-SR is specifically designed for patients who carry a structural rearrangement of their chromosomes, such as a translocation or inversion. These rearrangements can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may cause miscarriage or a child with disabilities. PGT-SR aims to identify embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome arrangement.

    In Thailand, both tests are available through IVF clinics that offer genetic testing. However, the choice between PGT-A and PGT-SR depends on your specific medical history and genetic situation.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A: screens for aneuploidy (extra or missing chromosomes).
    • PGT-SR: screens for unbalanced structural rearrangements (e.g., translocations).
    • Who may need PGT-SR: individuals or couples with a known chromosomal rearrangement.
    • Who may need PGT-A: those with age-related risk, recurrent miscarriage, or repeated IVF failure.
    • Both tests require IVF and embryo biopsy.

    Understanding PGT-A

    PGT-A is a screening test that looks for an abnormal number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. Some aneuploidies, such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), can lead to a live birth with health issues.

    PGT-A is often recommended for women over 35, as the risk of aneuploidy increases with maternal age. It may also be suggested for couples who have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss or repeated implantation failure. However, PGT-A does not guarantee a successful pregnancy, and it is not necessary for everyone.

    Understanding PGT-SR

    PGT-SR is a test for people who carry a structural rearrangement of their chromosomes. Structural rearrangements include translocations (when a piece of one chromosome attaches to another) and inversions (when a chromosome segment is reversed). Carriers often have no health problems themselves, but they may produce embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, leading to miscarriage or a child with disabilities.

    PGT-SR is designed to identify embryos that have a normal or balanced chromosome arrangement. This can help reduce the risk of miscarriage and the chance of having a child with a chromosomal disorder. PGT-SR is not a screening test for aneuploidy in general; it is specifically for structural rearrangements.

    Key differences between PGT-A and PGT-SR

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-SR
    Purpose Screens for aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes) Screens for unbalanced structural rearrangements (e.g., translocations)
    Who it’s for Patients with age-related risk, recurrent miscarriage, or repeated IVF failure Patients who carry a known chromosomal rearrangement
    What it detects Extra or missing whole chromosomes Unbalanced chromosome segments due to structural rearrangements
    Method Embryo biopsy and genetic analysis (e.g., NGS) Embryo biopsy and genetic analysis, often with additional testing for the specific rearrangement
    Outcome Identifies embryos with normal chromosome number Identifies embryos with normal or balanced chromosome structure

    When is PGT-SR recommended?

    PGT-SR is recommended when one or both partners are known carriers of a structural rearrangement. This is usually identified through a blood test called karyotyping. If you have a history of recurrent miscarriages, a previous child with a chromosomal disorder, or a family history of translocations, your doctor may suggest karyotyping.

    If a rearrangement is found, PGT-SR can be used during IVF to select embryos that are less likely to lead to miscarriage or a child with a chromosomal condition. However, PGT-SR is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, and it does not test for all genetic conditions.

    PGT-A vs PGT-SR: Which one do you need?

    The choice between PGT-A and PGT-SR depends on your medical history and genetic status. If you have a known structural rearrangement, PGT-SR is the appropriate test. If you are considering PGT for age-related aneuploidy or recurrent miscarriage without a known rearrangement, PGT-A may be more relevant.

    In some cases, a clinic may recommend both tests, especially if you have a rearrangement and also have age-related aneuploidy risk. However, this is a decision to make with your fertility specialist after a thorough evaluation.

    What to ask your clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT-A or PGT-SR in Thailand, here are some questions to ask:

    • Do you offer PGT-A and PGT-SR? What is the difference in your laboratory?
    • How many embryos are typically biopsied, and what is the success rate of the biopsy?
    • How long does it take to get results?
    • What is the cost of each test, and what does it include?
    • Do you have genetic counseling available to help interpret results?
    • What are the limitations of the test?

    Next steps

    If you are trying to decide between PGT-A and PGT-SR, start by reviewing your medical history and any genetic testing you have already had. If you have not had karyotyping, ask your doctor if it is recommended. Then, consult with an IVF clinic in Thailand that offers genetic testing to discuss your options.

    Remember, PGT is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child. It is a tool to help you make informed decisions about which embryos to transfer.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect structural rearrangements like translocations?

    PGT-A is designed to detect an abnormal number of chromosomes, not structural rearrangements. A structural rearrangement like a translocation may not change the total number of chromosomes, so PGT-A might miss it. PGT-SR is specifically designed to detect unbalanced structural rearrangements.

    Is PGT-SR only for people with a known translocation?

    Yes, PGT-SR is typically recommended for individuals or couples who are known carriers of a structural rearrangement, such as a translocation or inversion. If you have not been diagnosed with a rearrangement, PGT-SR is unlikely to be offered.

    Do I need both PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    In some cases, a clinic may recommend both tests, especially if you have a structural rearrangement and also have age-related aneuploidy risk. However, this is not always necessary. Your fertility specialist can advise based on your specific situation.

    What is the difference between PGT-SR and PGT-M?

    PGT-SR is for structural rearrangements, while PGT-M is for single-gene disorders (like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia). They are different tests for different genetic conditions. Some patients may need both if they have both a rearrangement and a single-gene disorder.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.