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  • PGT-A vs PGT-SR for Repeated Implantation Failure: What’s the Difference?

    If you have experienced repeated implantation failure (RIF), you may be exploring genetic testing options for embryos. Two tests often discussed are PGT-A and PGT-SR. Both are forms of preimplantation genetic testing, but they look for different types of chromosomal issues. This article explains the difference, how they might be used in RIF, and what to keep in mind.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements of chromosomes, such as translocations.
    • Both tests require IVF and a biopsy of the embryo.
    • Neither test guarantees pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a test that looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A aims to identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which may improve the chances of implantation.

    What is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is used when one or both parents carry a structural chromosomal rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation or inversion. These rearrangements do not usually affect the parent’s health, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may cause implantation failure or miscarriage. PGT-SR identifies embryos with a normal or balanced chromosomal structure.

    Key differences between PGT-A and PGT-SR

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-SR
    What it screens for Abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) Structural rearrangements (e.g., translocations, inversions)
    Who might consider it People with RIF, advanced maternal age, or previous miscarriages Couples where one partner has a known structural rearrangement
    How it works Biopsied cells are analyzed for chromosome count Biopsied cells are analyzed for chromosome structure
    Goal Select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes Select embryos with normal or balanced chromosome structure

    How PGT-A might be used in RIF

    In RIF, the cause is often unknown. PGT-A may be offered to check whether chromosomal abnormalities in embryos are contributing to implantation failure. If most embryos are aneuploid, transferring a euploid embryo might improve the chance of implantation. However, PGT-A does not address other potential causes of RIF, such as uterine factors, immune issues, or embryo-endometrium interaction.

    How PGT-SR might be used in RIF

    PGT-SR is typically considered only if a parent is known to carry a structural rearrangement. If you have RIF and a family history of translocations or repeated miscarriages, your doctor may recommend karyotyping (a blood test) for you and your partner. If a rearrangement is found, PGT-SR can help select embryos with a normal or balanced structure.

    Limitations of PGT-A and PGT-SR

    • Not a guarantee: Even a genetically normal embryo may not implant or lead to a live birth.
    • Biopsy risks: Embryo biopsy is invasive and requires skilled laboratory expertise.
    • Mosaicism: PGT-A may not always detect mosaicism (a mix of normal and abnormal cells).
    • Cost and time: Genetic testing adds to the cost of IVF and may delay embryo transfer.
    • Not for everyone: These tests are not necessary for all patients and may not be recommended in every case.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • What is your experience with PGT-A and PGT-SR?
    • What is the biopsy technique, and how many cells are taken?
    • How are results reported, and what do they mean for my embryos?
    • What are the costs for the test and the IVF cycle?
    • How long will it take to get results?
    • What are the alternatives if I do not want genetic testing?

    Next steps

    1. Discuss your history of RIF with your fertility specialist.
    2. Ask whether genetic testing is appropriate for your situation.
    3. Consider genetic counseling to understand the implications.
    4. Review the costs and logistics with your clinic.
    5. Make an informed decision based on your personal circumstances.

    For more information, see our PGT in Thailand guide, explore our guides, or check the FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A help with repeated implantation failure?

    PGT-A may help identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes, which could be a cause of implantation failure. However, it does not address other potential causes, and a normal result does not guarantee pregnancy.

    Is PGT-SR only for people with known chromosomal rearrangements?

    Yes, PGT-SR is typically recommended when one or both parents carry a structural rearrangement, such as a translocation. If you have RIF and suspect a rearrangement, your doctor may suggest karyotyping first.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements. Both require IVF and embryo biopsy, but they look for different types of chromosomal issues.

    Are PGT-A and PGT-SR guaranteed to result in a baby?

    No. Genetic testing can help select embryos with a higher chance of implantation, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a live birth. Other factors also affect success.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What PGT-A Can and Cannot Tell You: Understanding Its Limitations

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a screening test used during IVF to check embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It helps embryologists select embryos that are more likely to implant and develop normally. However, PGT-A is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or baby, and it has important limitations that you should understand before deciding whether to use it.

    At a Glance: Key Limitations of PGT-A

    • PGT-A cannot detect all genetic disorders, only chromosomal number abnormalities.
    • It cannot identify structural chromosome rearrangements (that’s PGT-SR).
    • It cannot detect single-gene disorders (that’s PGT-M).
    • Mosaicism results may be uncertain and require confirmatory testing.
    • PGT-A does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects.
    • It cannot predict the health of a future child.

    What PGT-A Can Detect

    PGT-A screens for aneuploidy, which means having too many or too few chromosomes. This is a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage. By identifying embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid), PGT-A can help reduce the risk of miscarriage and improve the chances of a successful pregnancy in certain situations.

    What PGT-A Cannot Detect

    Single-Gene Disorders

    PGT-A does not test for specific genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. For those, you would need PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders), which is a different test that looks for specific gene mutations.

    Structural Chromosome Abnormalities

    PGT-A does not detect balanced translocations or other structural rearrangements of chromosomes. If you or your partner have a known chromosomal rearrangement, PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) is the appropriate test.

    Mosaicism

    Mosaicism occurs when an embryo has both normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A may report an embryo as mosaic, meaning it has a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The clinical significance of mosaicism is not fully understood, and the accuracy of the result depends on the biopsy sample. A mosaic embryo may still lead to a healthy baby, but it carries a higher risk of abnormalities. Confirmatory testing, such as prenatal diagnosis (amniocentesis or CVS), is often recommended if a mosaic embryo is transferred.

    Epigenetic and Multifactorial Conditions

    PGT-A does not assess epigenetic changes (how genes are expressed) or complex conditions like autism, diabetes, or heart disease, which are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

    Why PGT-A Results Are Not Absolute

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It provides information about the chromosomes in the cells biopsied from the embryo, but it cannot guarantee that the embryo is completely normal. The biopsy samples only a few cells from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta), which may not represent the entire embryo. Additionally, technical limitations can lead to false positives or false negatives.

    The Need for Confirmatory Testing

    If you become pregnant after transferring a PGT-A tested embryo, your doctor may recommend prenatal testing, such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis, to confirm the chromosomal status of the fetus. This is especially important if the embryo was mosaic or if you have other risk factors.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What type of genetic testing does your lab use for PGT-A?
    • How does your clinic report mosaicism, and what is your policy on transferring mosaic embryos?
    • What is the accuracy rate of PGT-A at your lab?
    • Do you recommend confirmatory testing after a PGT-A pregnancy?
    • What are the costs and timelines for PGT-A?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    Before deciding on PGT-A, discuss with your fertility specialist:

    • Your medical history and reasons for considering PGT-A.
    • The limitations and potential benefits in your specific situation.
    • Alternative options, such as not testing or using other screening methods.
    • The emotional and financial implications.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool to help you make informed choices, but it is not a guarantee. Take your time, ask questions, and consider genetic counseling if needed.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, visit our guides, or check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic abnormalities?

    No, PGT-A only screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). It does not detect single-gene disorders, structural rearrangements, or complex conditions influenced by multiple genes and environment.

    What is mosaicism in PGT-A results?

    Mosaicism means an embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A may report an embryo as mosaic, but the clinical significance is uncertain. Confirmatory testing is often recommended if a mosaic embryo is transferred.

    Is PGT-A a guarantee of a healthy baby?

    No, PGT-A is a screening test that reduces the risk of miscarriage and chromosomal abnormalities, but it cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy or baby. It does not detect all genetic conditions or birth defects.

    Do I need confirmatory testing after PGT-A?

    Your doctor may recommend prenatal testing, such as CVS or amniocentesis, to confirm the chromosomal status of the fetus, especially if the embryo was mosaic or you have other risk factors.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders. They are used for different purposes and can be done together if needed.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How PGT-A Affects the Number of Embryos Available for Transfer

    When you undergo IVF, the number of embryos you have can drop at several stages. PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is one of those stages. It screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. Because not all embryos will be chromosomally normal, PGT-A can reduce the number of embryos available for transfer. This article explains why that happens, what it means for your decisions, and how to plan for the possibility of needing more than one cycle.

    At a Glance

    • PGT-A tests embryos for chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Not all embryos will be normal, so the number available for transfer may decrease.
    • This reduction is part of the IVF process and can affect your timeline and decisions.
    • Planning for multiple cycles can help manage expectations.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for aneuploidy, which means having an abnormal number of chromosomes. Embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (46) are considered euploid and are more likely to implant and develop normally. Embryos with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid and may fail to implant or result in miscarriage.

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy, but it provides information that can help you and your clinic decide which embryos to transfer.

    How PGT-A Reduces the Number of Usable Embryos

    During IVF, you may produce several embryos. After fertilization, embryos are cultured for a few days. At the blastocyst stage, a few cells are biopsied and sent for PGT-A testing. The results typically categorize embryos as:

    • Euploid: normal chromosome number, suitable for transfer.
    • Aneuploid: abnormal chromosome number, generally not recommended for transfer.
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells, which may have reduced potential.

    Because a significant proportion of embryos can be aneuploid, especially as maternal age increases, the number of embryos that are suitable for transfer may be lower than the total number of embryos you produce. This is often called embryo attrition.

    What This Means for Your Decision-Making

    Knowing that PGT-A can reduce the number of available embryos helps you prepare emotionally and practically. Here are some key points to consider:

    • Expect attrition: It is normal for not all embryos to be normal. Discuss with your clinic what percentage of embryos typically come back as euploid for your age group.
    • Transfer decisions: If you have fewer euploid embryos, you may need to decide how many to transfer in a single cycle. Your clinic will guide you based on your situation.
    • Consider all options: If you have no euploid embryos, you may need to consider another IVF cycle, using donor eggs, or other alternatives. Your clinic can discuss these options with you.

    Planning for Multiple Cycles

    Because PGT-A can reduce the number of transferable embryos, it is wise to plan for the possibility of more than one IVF cycle. Here are some steps to consider:

    1. Discuss your goals: Talk to your clinic about how many embryos you hope to have for transfer and whether you are open to multiple cycles.
    2. Understand your ovarian reserve: Your age and ovarian reserve affect how many eggs you are likely to produce. This can influence the number of embryos you may get.
    3. Budget and time: Multiple cycles involve additional time and cost. Ask your clinic for a breakdown of costs per cycle and any package deals.
    4. Emotional preparation: The uncertainty of embryo numbers can be stressful. Consider counseling or support groups.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    To make informed decisions, ask your clinic the following questions:

    • What is the expected attrition rate from eggs to blastocysts and then to euploid embryos for someone my age?
    • How many embryos do you recommend we aim for before considering transfer?
    • What are the options if we have no euploid embryos?
    • Are there any additional tests or procedures that might help?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-A, take these steps:

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to understand if PGT-A is right for you.
    2. Ask for a detailed explanation of the testing process and what the results mean.
    3. Plan financially and emotionally for the possibility of multiple cycles.
    4. Explore resources on PGT in Thailand and general guides to help you prepare.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool to provide information, not a guarantee. The number of embryos available for transfer can be lower than expected, but this knowledge helps you make the best decisions for your family-building journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A always reduce the number of embryos available?

    Not always, but it can. PGT-A identifies embryos with chromosomal abnormalities, and those are typically not transferred. The reduction depends on factors like maternal age and embryo quality. Some patients may have many euploid embryos, while others may have few or none.

    What happens if I have no euploid embryos after PGT-A?

    If no embryos are euploid, your clinic will discuss options such as another IVF cycle, using donor eggs, or considering mosaic embryos. The decision depends on your individual situation and should be made with your medical team.

    Can PGT-A improve my chances of pregnancy?

    PGT-A can help select embryos that are more likely to implant, but it does not guarantee pregnancy. It may reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities, but other factors also affect success.

    Is PGT-A recommended for everyone?

    No. PGT-A is often recommended for women over 35, those with recurrent miscarriage, or previous failed IVF cycles. However, it is not necessary for everyone. Your clinic can advise based on your medical history.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • No-Result PGT Report: Questions to Discuss with Your Clinic

    Receiving a PGT report with no result can be disappointing and confusing. You may wonder what went wrong, whether the embryo is still usable, and what your options are. This guide explains what a no-result outcome may mean and provides a practical list of questions to discuss with your clinic. It is not medical advice, but a framework to help you have a more informed conversation with your care team.

    At a glance

    • A no-result PGT report means the laboratory could not provide a definitive genetic result for that embryo.
    • Possible reasons include technical issues, insufficient DNA, or biological factors.
    • Your clinic can explain the specific reason and discuss whether re-biopsy, transfer without testing, or other options are appropriate.
    • Ask about the laboratory’s protocols, success rates for re-biopsy, and any additional costs or timelines.

    What does a no-result PGT report mean?

    PGT (preimplantation genetic testing) is performed on embryos created through IVF. The test analyzes a small number of cells taken from the embryo to look for specific genetic conditions. A no-result report means that the laboratory could not obtain a clear genetic result for that embryo. This is not the same as a normal or abnormal result; it is an inconclusive outcome.

    There are several possible reasons for a no-result report. These may include:

    • Insufficient DNA in the sample
    • Technical issues during the testing process
    • DNA degradation or contamination
    • Biological factors related to the embryo itself

    Your clinic and the genetic laboratory can provide more specific information about your case. It is important to remember that a no-result report does not necessarily mean the embryo is abnormal or unusable. It simply means the test did not produce a definitive answer.

    Questions to ask about the no-result report

    When you receive a no-result PGT report, schedule a discussion with your clinic. Here are key questions to ask:

    About the reason for the no-result

    • What was the specific reason for the no-result in our case?
    • Was the issue related to the embryo, the biopsy, or the laboratory process?
    • How common is a no-result outcome in your laboratory?

    About the embryo and next steps

    • Is the embryo still viable for transfer?
    • What are our options: re-biopsy, transfer without testing, or discard?
    • If we consider re-biopsy, what is the success rate for obtaining a result?
    • Are there any risks to the embryo from a second biopsy?

    About the laboratory and testing process

    • Which laboratory performed the test, and what are their quality controls?
    • What is the laboratory’s track record for successful PGT results?
    • Are there alternative testing methods that might be more suitable?

    About costs and logistics

    • Will there be additional costs for re-biopsy or repeat testing?
    • How long will we need to wait for a new result?
    • Are there any implications for our IVF cycle timeline?

    About counselling and support

    • Can we speak with a genetic counsellor to understand the implications?
    • What emotional support resources are available?

    Understanding re-biopsy

    Re-biopsy involves taking another sample from the same embryo for a second attempt at PGT. This is not always possible or recommended. The decision depends on the embryo’s quality, the reason for the no-result, and the clinic’s protocols. Your clinic can explain whether re-biopsy is an option in your case and what the chances of obtaining a result might be.

    It is important to note that re-biopsy may carry some risks, such as damage to the embryo. Your clinic should discuss these risks with you in detail.

    Transfer without testing

    In some cases, you may choose to transfer an embryo without a PGT result. This is a personal decision that should be made with the guidance of your medical team. They can help you understand the potential implications for prenatal testing and the health of the child. It is essential to have a thorough discussion about the benefits and risks before making this choice.

    Questions to ask about transfer without testing

    • What are the potential risks and benefits of transferring an untested embryo?
    • What prenatal testing options would be available if we proceed with transfer?
    • How does this decision affect our chances of pregnancy and live birth?

    Emotional and psychological considerations

    A no-result PGT report can be emotionally challenging. You may feel anxious, disappointed, or uncertain about the future. It is normal to have these feelings. Consider seeking support from a counsellor or a support group for individuals going through fertility treatment. Your clinic may also have resources to help you cope.

    Next steps: a checklist for your discussion

    1. Write down all your questions before the appointment.
    2. Bring a partner or trusted friend for support.
    3. Ask for a clear explanation of the no-result reason.
    4. Discuss all possible options, including re-biopsy and transfer without testing.
    5. Ask about costs, timelines, and any additional procedures.
    6. Request written information about the laboratory and its quality standards.
    7. Consider a second opinion if you feel uncertain.

    Conclusion

    A no-result PGT report is not the end of the road. It is a signal to have a detailed conversation with your clinic about your options. By asking the right questions, you can make an informed decision that aligns with your values and medical situation. Remember, your clinic is there to support you through this process.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a no-result PGT report mean?

    A no-result PGT report means the laboratory could not obtain a definitive genetic result for that embryo. It is not the same as a normal or abnormal result; it is an inconclusive outcome. Possible reasons include insufficient DNA, technical issues, or biological factors. Your clinic can explain the specific reason in your case.

    Can an embryo with a no-result PGT report be transferred?

    In some cases, yes. The decision depends on the embryo's quality, the reason for the no-result, and your clinic's recommendations. You may also consider re-biopsy or transfer without testing. Discuss the risks and benefits with your medical team before making a decision.

    What is re-biopsy and is it safe?

    Re-biopsy is a procedure to take another cell sample from the same embryo for a second PGT attempt. It is not always possible or recommended. There may be risks, such as damage to the embryo. Your clinic can provide more information about the success rates and risks in your specific situation.

    How common is a no-result PGT report?

    The frequency of no-result reports can vary depending on the laboratory, the testing method, and the embryo quality. Your clinic or the genetic laboratory can provide data on their own experience. It is a known possibility in PGT, and your clinic should be able to discuss their rates with you.

    What should I ask my clinic after a no-result PGT report?

    Ask about the specific reason for the no-result, whether the embryo is viable, what options are available (re-biopsy, transfer without testing, discard), the success rates for re-biopsy, any additional costs, and the timeline. Also ask about genetic counselling and emotional support resources.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M Preparation Checklist for a Known Single-Gene Condition

    If you are considering PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) for a known single-gene condition, preparation involves more than just booking an appointment. You will need to gather medical records, understand how the testing works, and ask the right questions to determine if PGT-M is feasible for your situation. This checklist will guide you through the key steps, but remember that every case is unique—your clinic will provide specific instructions based on your genetic results and treatment plan.

    At a Glance

    • Collect genetic reports and family history details.
    • Confirm the genetic diagnosis and the specific gene/mutation.
    • Ask about the need for a probe or test development.
    • Understand the IVF cycle and biopsy process.
    • Discuss timelines, costs, and legal considerations with your clinic.

    Step 1: Gather Your Genetic Records

    Your clinic will need detailed information about the genetic condition. Start by collecting:

    • The genetic test report that identified the condition in you or your partner.
    • Any carrier screening results.
    • Family history details, including affected and unaffected relatives.
    • If available, genetic test results from affected family members.

    These records help the lab understand the specific mutation and design the PGT-M test. If you have not had genetic testing, your clinic can refer you to a genetic counselor or specialist.

    Step 2: Confirm the Genetic Diagnosis

    Before proceeding, ensure that the genetic condition is clearly identified. You should know:

    • The exact gene involved.
    • The specific mutation or variant.
    • The inheritance pattern (autosomal dominant, recessive, X-linked, etc.).

    If this information is unclear, ask your genetic counselor or doctor to explain it. PGT-M requires a precise genetic target to test embryos accurately.

    Step 3: Understand Lab Feasibility

    Not all genetic conditions are equally amenable to PGT-M. The lab will need to develop a customized test, which may require:

    • Blood samples from you and your partner.
    • Sometimes samples from other family members (e.g., an affected child or parent).
    • Time to design and validate the test before your IVF cycle begins.

    Ask your clinic about their laboratory’s experience with your specific condition. They can tell you if a test is feasible and how long it will take to prepare.

    Step 4: Plan Your IVF Cycle

    PGT-M is performed in conjunction with IVF. You will need to undergo ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and fertilization. After embryos develop, a few cells are biopsied and sent for genetic testing. Consider:

    • Your overall health and fertility status.
    • Any previous IVF experience.
    • The number of embryos you hope to test.

    Your clinic will provide a personalized treatment plan, including medication protocols and timing.

    Step 5: Ask Key Questions

    Prepare a list of questions for your clinic. Here are some to consider:

    • How long will it take to develop the PGT-M test for our specific mutation?
    • What samples are needed from us and our family members?
    • What is the success rate for embryo biopsy and testing at your lab?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage?
    • What are the costs for PGT-M testing, and what does that include?
    • Are there any legal or ethical considerations we should be aware of?
    • How will results be communicated, and what support is available?

    Step 6: Consider Logistics and Support

    If you are traveling for treatment, plan for:

    • Time off work and travel arrangements.
    • Accommodation near the clinic.
    • Translation services if needed.
    • Emotional support, such as counseling or support groups.

    PGT-M can be emotionally challenging. It is important to have a support system in place.

    Next Steps

    After you have gathered your records and asked your questions, you can decide whether to proceed. Your clinic will guide you through the next steps, which may include:

    • Genetic counseling sessions.
    • Blood tests and sample collection.
    • IVF cycle scheduling.
    • Embryo transfer planning.

    Remember, PGT-M is a complex process, but with careful preparation, you can make informed decisions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF to identify whether they carry a specific single-gene disorder. It helps families at risk of passing on a known genetic condition to select embryos that are unaffected.

    How long does PGT-M testing take?

    The timeline varies. Developing a customized test for your specific mutation can take several weeks to months. After embryo biopsy, results are typically available within a few days to a couple of weeks. Your clinic will provide a specific timeline.

    Do we need to provide samples from family members?

    Often, yes. The lab may need samples from you and your partner, and sometimes from an affected child or other relatives, to design an accurate test. Your clinic will advise on exactly what is needed.

    Is PGT-M legal in Thailand?

    The legal status of PGT-M can vary and may be subject to regulations. It is essential to confirm with your clinic and relevant authorities about the current legal framework and any restrictions that may apply.

    What are the risks of PGT-M?

    PGT-M involves embryo biopsy, which carries a small risk of damage to the embryo. There is also a small chance of misdiagnosis. Your clinic will explain the risks and limitations in detail.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Interpret PGT-A Results: A Patient’s Guide

    If you are waiting for PGT-A results, you likely have questions about what the findings will mean for your IVF journey. This guide explains the types of results you may receive, how to interpret them, and what they might mean for your next steps. Remember, PGT-A is a screening tool, not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. Your clinic will provide personalized advice based on your results and medical history.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-A Results

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer.
    • Results are typically reported as euploid, aneuploid, or mosaic.
    • Euploid embryos have the expected number of chromosomes and are usually prioritized for transfer.
    • Aneuploid embryos have missing or extra chromosomes and are generally not transferred.
    • Mosaic embryos have a mix of normal and abnormal cells; their transfer may be considered in certain situations.
    • PGT-A does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What Is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell. Having too many or too few chromosomes can lead to implantation failure, miscarriage, or genetic conditions such as Down syndrome.

    PGT-A is optional and not necessary for everyone. Your doctor may recommend it based on your age, medical history, or previous IVF outcomes. It is important to discuss the benefits, limitations, and costs with your clinic.

    Understanding Your PGT-A Results

    PGT-A results are usually reported as one of the following:

    Euploid

    A euploid embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46). This is considered a normal result. Euploid embryos have the highest chance of implanting and developing into a healthy baby, but they do not guarantee a successful pregnancy. Other factors, such as embryo quality and uterine environment, also matter.

    Aneuploid

    An aneuploid embryo has missing or extra chromosomes. For example, trisomy 21 (three copies of chromosome 21) causes Down syndrome. Aneuploid embryos are generally not transferred because they are unlikely to result in a live birth and may cause miscarriage. Your clinic will discuss options, which may include discarding the embryo or, in some cases, using it for research (with your consent).

    Mosaic

    A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells with normal chromosomes and cells with abnormal chromosomes. The percentage of abnormal cells is usually reported. Mosaic embryos may have a lower chance of implantation than euploid embryos, but some can still lead to a healthy baby. The decision to transfer a mosaic embryo is complex and depends on the specific chromosomes involved, the percentage of abnormal cells, and your personal circumstances. Your clinic may recommend genetic counseling to help you decide.

    What Do PGT-A Results Mean for Transfer Decisions?

    Your doctor will use your PGT-A results, along with other factors, to recommend which embryo(s) to transfer. Typically, euploid embryos are prioritized. If you have no euploid embryos, your doctor may discuss the option of transferring a mosaic embryo, but this is not always recommended. Aneuploid embryos are usually not transferred.

    It is important to understand that PGT-A does not test for all genetic conditions. It only screens for chromosomal abnormalities. Other genetic tests, such as PGT-M, are used for specific inherited diseases.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What type of PGT test was performed on my embryos?
    • How are my results reported? What is the exact terminology?
    • What is the percentage of abnormal cells in a mosaic embryo, and which chromosomes are affected?
    • What are the success rates for transferring euploid versus mosaic embryos in my age group?
    • Are there any additional tests I should consider?
    • What are the costs associated with PGT and any follow-up testing?

    Next Steps After Receiving Your Results

    1. Schedule a consultation with your doctor to review your results in detail.
    2. Ask for a written copy of your results and any relevant reports.
    3. Discuss the implications for your transfer plan, including timing and number of embryos to transfer.
    4. If you have mosaic embryos, ask about genetic counseling to understand the risks and options.
    5. Consider your emotional well-being; waiting for results can be stressful. Seek support from your clinic or a counselor if needed.

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A is a powerful tool, but it has limitations. It cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Embryos can be damaged during the biopsy process, although this is rare. Also, PGT-A may not detect all chromosomal abnormalities, and some embryos may be misclassified. The accuracy of the test depends on the laboratory and the technology used.

    Furthermore, PGT-A does not test for single-gene disorders (like cystic fibrosis) or structural rearrangements (like translocations). Those require PGT-M or PGT-SR, respectively. Your clinic can explain which tests are appropriate for your situation.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders that are inherited. PGT-M is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation.

    Can a mosaic embryo result in a healthy baby?

    Yes, some mosaic embryos can lead to a healthy baby, but the chance is generally lower than with a euploid embryo. The outcome depends on the specific chromosomes involved and the percentage of abnormal cells. Your clinic can provide more personalized information.

    What if all my embryos are aneuploid?

    If all embryos are aneuploid, they are typically not transferred. Your doctor will discuss options, which may include a new IVF cycle, using donor eggs or sperm, or considering other family-building options. Genetic counseling can help you explore these choices.

    Is PGT-A mandatory for IVF?

    No, PGT-A is optional. It is not necessary for all patients. Your doctor may recommend it based on your age, medical history, or previous IVF outcomes. Discuss the pros and cons with your clinic to make an informed decision.

    How long does it take to get PGT-A results?

    The time to receive results varies by laboratory and the testing method used. Your clinic will provide an estimated timeline. Typically, results may take several days to a few weeks.

    Related Resources

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional support.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders that are inherited. PGT-M is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation.

    Can a mosaic embryo result in a healthy baby?

    Yes, some mosaic embryos can lead to a healthy baby, but the chance is generally lower than with a euploid embryo. The outcome depends on the specific chromosomes involved and the percentage of abnormal cells. Your clinic can provide more personalized information.

    What if all my embryos are aneuploid?

    If all embryos are aneuploid, they are typically not transferred. Your doctor will discuss options, which may include a new IVF cycle, using donor eggs or sperm, or considering other family-building options. Genetic counseling can help you explore these choices.

    Is PGT-A mandatory for IVF?

    No, PGT-A is optional. It is not necessary for all patients. Your doctor may recommend it based on your age, medical history, or previous IVF outcomes. Discuss the pros and cons with your clinic to make an informed decision.

    How long does it take to get PGT-A results?

    The time to receive results varies by laboratory and the testing method used. Your clinic will provide an estimated timeline. Typically, results may take several days to a few weeks.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Success Rates in Thailand: What Patients Should Know

    PGT-A Success Rate in Thailand: What to Know

    If you are considering preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, you likely want to know: what is the success rate? The short answer is that PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy or live birth, but it can help your doctor select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which may improve the chances of a successful transfer. However, success rates vary widely based on your age, embryo quality, and the clinic’s laboratory standards. This guide explains how to interpret success rates, what factors influence outcomes, and what questions to ask before starting treatment.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-A Success

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) before transfer.
    • Success is measured by live birth rate per transfer, not just pregnancy rate.
    • Your age and embryo quality are the biggest factors affecting success.
    • PGT-A does not guarantee a healthy baby; it may reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal issues.
    • In Thailand, success rates vary by clinic, so ask for their latest data.

    What Is PGT-A and How Does It Work?

    PGT-A is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. A few cells are removed from the embryo (usually on day 5 or 6) and analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities. Embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid) are considered viable for transfer, while those with missing or extra chromosomes (aneuploid) are usually not transferred because they often fail to implant or result in miscarriage.

    PGT-A is not the same as PGT-M (for single-gene disorders) or PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements). PGT-A only checks for chromosomal number abnormalities, not for specific genetic diseases.

    How Is Success Rate Measured?

    When clinics report success rates, they may use different metrics. The most meaningful is the live birth rate per transfer of a tested euploid embryo. Other metrics include:

    • Clinical pregnancy rate – presence of a gestational sac on ultrasound.
    • Ongoing pregnancy rate – pregnancy continuing past a certain gestational age.
    • Miscarriage rate – may be lower after PGT-A because aneuploid embryos are avoided.

    Be cautious when comparing numbers: a clinic may report pregnancy rates per egg retrieval, per embryo transfer, or per patient. Always ask for the exact definition.

    Factors That Influence PGT-A Success

    Maternal Age

    Age is a strong predictor of embryo aneuploidy. Women under 35 tend to have a higher proportion of euploid embryos, while women over 40 tend to have fewer. Therefore, the success rate of PGT-A may be higher in younger women simply because they have more normal embryos to transfer.

    Embryo Quality and Biopsy Timing

    Embryos that reach the blastocyst stage (day 5-6) are more likely to be viable. The biopsy technique and the number of cells removed can affect embryo survival. A skilled embryology team is crucial.

    Laboratory Standards

    The accuracy of PGT-A depends on the laboratory’s technology and quality control. In Thailand, some clinics use next-generation sequencing (NGS), which is considered highly accurate. However, there is always a small risk of a false positive or false negative result.

    Uterine Receptivity

    Even a genetically normal embryo may not implant if the uterine environment is not optimal. Factors like uterine fibroids, endometriosis, or hormonal imbalances can affect success.

    Interpreting Clinic Success Rates in Thailand

    When you look at a clinic’s success rates, consider the following:

    • Sample size – small numbers may not be statistically reliable.
    • Patient demographics – if the clinic treats many older patients, their overall success rate may be lower.
    • Transfer policy – some clinics transfer only one embryo at a time, which may lower pregnancy rate per transfer but reduce multiple births.
    • Time period – rates can change over time; ask for the most recent data.

    Remember that success rates are averages, not predictions for your individual case.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is your live birth rate per transfer of a PGT-A tested euploid embryo?
    • How many PGT-A cycles have you performed in the last year?
    • What genetic testing technology do you use (e.g., NGS)?
    • How do you handle embryos with mosaic results?
    • What is your policy on transferring embryos with uncertain results?
    • Can you provide success rates broken down by my age group?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to assess whether PGT-A is appropriate for you.
    2. Ask for a detailed explanation of the testing process, including risks and limitations.
    3. Request the clinic’s success rates and compare them with national averages if available.
    4. Consider the cost of PGT-A and whether it fits your budget.
    5. Discuss the ethical and emotional aspects of embryo selection with your partner and counselor.

    PGT-A can be a valuable tool, but it is not a guarantee. By understanding the factors that influence success and asking the right questions, you can make a more informed choice about your fertility treatment in Thailand.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No, PGT-A does not guarantee pregnancy or live birth. It helps select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which may reduce the risk of miscarriage and increase the chance of a successful transfer, but other factors like uterine receptivity and embryo quality also play a role.

    What is the success rate of PGT-A in Thailand?

    Success rates vary by clinic and patient age. There is no single national rate. Ask your clinic for their live birth rate per transfer of a PGT-A tested embryo, and compare it with data from other clinics.

    Is PGT-A worth the cost?

    PGT-A may be worth it for women over 35, those with recurrent miscarriage, or previous aneuploidy. It may reduce the number of failed transfers and miscarriages, but it adds cost to IVF. Discuss with your doctor whether it is likely to benefit you.

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic disorders?

    No, PGT-A only screens for chromosomal number abnormalities (aneuploidy). It does not detect single-gene disorders (PGT-M) or structural rearrangements (PGT-SR). If you have a specific genetic concern, ask about other tests.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How PGT-M Works for Single Gene Disorders in Thailand

    Understanding PGT-M

    Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) is a technique used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to identify embryos that do not carry a specific single-gene disorder. It is designed for couples or individuals who have a known genetic condition in their family and wish to reduce the risk of passing it on to their children.

    PGT-M is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, nor is it suitable for everyone. It is a complex process that requires careful planning, genetic counseling, and laboratory expertise. This article explains how PGT-M works, what you can expect, and what to prepare if you are considering it in Thailand.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-M

    • PGT-M is used for single-gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease.
    • It requires IVF because embryos are created in the laboratory and tested before transfer.
    • The process involves genetic testing of embryos to identify those without the specific mutation.
    • Success depends on many factors, including the number of viable embryos and the accuracy of the genetic test.
    • International patients need to plan for medical records, legal considerations, and travel logistics.

    Who Might Consider PGT-M?

    PGT-M may be considered by:

    • Couples where one or both partners carry a known single-gene mutation.
    • Individuals with a family history of a genetic disorder who want to avoid passing it on.
    • Couples who have had a child with a genetic condition and want to reduce the risk in future pregnancies.

    Before proceeding, you should have a confirmed genetic diagnosis and understand the inheritance pattern of the condition. Genetic counseling is essential to discuss the implications and alternatives.

    The PGT-M Process: Step by Step

    1. Genetic Consultation and Testing

    The first step is a genetic consultation with a specialist. You will need to provide detailed medical and family history. The clinic will likely require genetic test results from you and your partner to identify the specific mutation. This may involve blood or saliva samples.

    2. IVF Cycle

    PGT-M is performed in conjunction with IVF. You will undergo ovarian stimulation to produce multiple eggs, which are then retrieved and fertilized with sperm in the laboratory. The resulting embryos are cultured for several days.

    3. Embryo Biopsy

    On day 5 or 6 of development, a few cells are removed from each embryo (trophectoderm biopsy). This is done carefully to minimize damage to the embryo. The biopsy is sent to a genetic laboratory for analysis.

    4. Genetic Testing

    The biopsied cells are tested for the specific single-gene disorder. The laboratory uses techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or next-generation sequencing to detect the mutation. The results typically take a few days to a few weeks.

    5. Embryo Transfer

    Only embryos that are unaffected (not carrying the mutation) are considered for transfer. A healthy embryo is selected and transferred to the uterus. Any remaining unaffected embryos may be frozen for future use.

    What to Prepare as an International Patient

    If you are traveling to Thailand for PGT-M, preparation is key. Here are the main areas to consider:

    Medical Records

    You will need to provide comprehensive medical records, including:

    • Genetic test results confirming the diagnosis.
    • Details of any previous pregnancies or children affected by the condition.
    • Medical history of both partners.
    • Any prior IVF or fertility treatment records.

    Make sure these documents are translated into English if they are in another language.

    Legal and Ethical Considerations

    PGT-M is regulated differently in each country. In Thailand, you should confirm the legal status of PGT-M and any requirements for international patients. This may include consent forms and approval from a medical ethics committee.

    Travel and Accommodation

    Plan for a stay of several weeks, as the IVF cycle and testing take time. Consider accommodation near the clinic, transportation, and support for recovery after egg retrieval.

    Costs

    The cost of PGT-M in Thailand varies depending on the clinic, the complexity of the genetic test, and the number of embryos tested. Ask for a detailed breakdown of fees, including IVF, biopsy, genetic testing, and any additional procedures.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before choosing a clinic, ask these questions:

    • What is your experience with PGT-M for my specific genetic condition?
    • How many embryos are typically biopsied and tested per cycle?
    • What is the turnaround time for genetic results?
    • How do you handle inconclusive or ambiguous results?
    • What are the success rates for PGT-M in your clinic? (Ask for specific data, not general claims.)
    • What support do you offer for international patients, such as translation services or coordination?

    Alternatives and Limitations

    PGT-M is not the only option. Alternatives include:

    • Prenatal diagnosis (e.g., chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy.
    • Using donor eggs or sperm to avoid passing on the genetic condition.
    • Adoption or remaining childless.

    PGT-M has limitations. It does not eliminate the risk of all genetic disorders, only the specific one tested. There is also a small chance of misdiagnosis or no embryos being unaffected. The process can be emotionally and physically demanding.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-M in Thailand, start by:

    1. Consulting with a genetic counselor in your home country to confirm your diagnosis and discuss options.
    2. Researching fertility clinics in Thailand that offer PGT-M.
    3. Contacting clinics to ask about their experience, success rates, and support for international patients.
    4. Preparing your medical records and planning your travel.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, visit our guides section, or check our FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-M and PGT-A?

    PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder, while PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy). They are used for different purposes and can be performed together in some cases.

    How long does the PGT-M process take?

    The entire process, from genetic consultation to embryo transfer, typically takes several weeks to a few months. The genetic testing itself may take a few days to a few weeks, depending on the laboratory.

    Is PGT-M legal in Thailand?

    PGT-M is available in Thailand, but regulations may vary. It is important to confirm the legal status and any requirements with the clinic and relevant authorities before proceeding.

    What are the risks of embryo biopsy?

    Embryo biopsy is generally considered safe, but there is a small risk of damage to the embryo. The procedure is performed by experienced embryologists to minimize this risk.

    Can PGT-M guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT-M reduces the risk of passing on a specific genetic disorder, but it does not guarantee a healthy baby. There are other factors that can affect pregnancy and child health.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-P: Polygenic Risk Testing in IVF

    PGT-P (preimplantation genetic testing for polygenic disorders) is a newer type of genetic screening that estimates the likelihood of an embryo developing certain common conditions influenced by multiple genes, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, or autoimmune disorders. Unlike PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) or PGT-M (single-gene disorder testing), PGT-P does not look for a specific mutation but rather calculates a polygenic risk score based on many genetic variants.

    In Thailand, PGT-P is available at some fertility centers, but it is not universally recommended. It is considered an emerging technology with ongoing debate about its clinical utility. This guide explains what PGT-P is, how it differs from other PGT tests, when it might be considered, and important limitations to discuss with your doctor.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-P

    • PGT-P estimates risk for common polygenic conditions, not single-gene disorders.
    • It is an optional, emerging test—not a standard part of IVF.
    • Results are probabilistic, not diagnostic.
    • Availability and policies vary by clinic in Thailand.
    • Discuss with a genetic counselor to understand benefits and limitations.

    What Is PGT-P?

    PGT-P stands for preimplantation genetic testing for polygenic disorders. It is a technique that analyzes embryos created through IVF to estimate their genetic risk for conditions that are influenced by many genes and environmental factors. These conditions include type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, certain cancers, and autoimmune diseases.

    The test calculates a polygenic risk score (PRS) by looking at thousands of small genetic variations across the genome. Each variation contributes a small amount to the overall risk. The score is compared to a reference population to estimate whether an embryo has a higher or lower relative risk for a particular condition.

    It is important to understand that PGT-P does not diagnose a disease. It only provides a statistical estimate of risk. A high-risk score does not mean the child will definitely develop the condition, and a low-risk score does not guarantee protection.

    How PGT-P Differs from PGT-A and PGT-M

    To understand PGT-P, it helps to know the other common types of PGT:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening): Checks for the correct number of chromosomes. It identifies embryos with extra or missing chromosomes, which often cause implantation failure or miscarriage.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders): Tests for a specific single-gene mutation, such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease, when one or both parents carry the mutation.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements): Detects chromosomal structural changes like translocations or inversions.

    PGT-P is different because it does not look for a specific mutation or chromosomal abnormality. Instead, it assesses the combined effect of many genetic variants to estimate risk for common, complex diseases.

    When Is PGT-P Recommended?

    PGT-P is not a routine test. It may be considered in specific situations, such as:

    • When a couple has a strong family history of a polygenic condition, such as early-onset heart disease or type 2 diabetes.
    • When patients are already undergoing IVF with PGT-A and want additional risk information.
    • When patients are interested in reducing the likelihood of passing on polygenic risk to their children.

    However, professional guidelines vary. Many reproductive medicine societies do not yet endorse PGT-P for routine use due to limited evidence and ethical concerns. It is essential to discuss with your fertility specialist and a genetic counselor whether PGT-P is appropriate for your situation.

    How PGT-P Is Performed

    The process is similar to other PGT tests:

    1. IVF cycle: Eggs are retrieved and fertilized to create embryos.
    2. Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from the embryo, usually on day 5 or 6 (blastocyst stage).
    3. Genetic analysis: The cells are analyzed to generate a polygenic risk score.
    4. Embryo selection: Based on the scores, you and your doctor decide which embryos to transfer.

    It is important to note that PGT-P requires a biopsy, which is an invasive procedure. While the risk is low, there is a small chance of embryo damage. Also, not all embryos may be suitable for biopsy.

    Potential Benefits and Limitations

    Potential Benefits

    • Provides additional information about the risk of common conditions.
    • May help reduce the risk of passing on polygenic diseases.
    • Can be combined with PGT-A to give a more comprehensive genetic picture.

    Limitations and Considerations

    • Not diagnostic: A risk score is not a diagnosis. Many factors, including environment and lifestyle, influence disease development.
    • Limited predictive power: For many conditions, the genetic contribution is small, so the score may not significantly change clinical management.
    • Ethical concerns: There is debate about selecting embryos based on polygenic risk, as it may lead to discrimination or unrealistic expectations.
    • Cost and availability: PGT-P is expensive and may not be covered by insurance. Not all clinics in Thailand offer it.
    • Uncertain long-term outcomes: The technology is relatively new, and long-term health outcomes are not yet fully known.

    PGT-P in Thailand: Availability and Considerations

    In Thailand, PGT-P is offered at some advanced fertility centers, but it is not as widely available as PGT-A or PGT-M. The availability may depend on the clinic’s laboratory capabilities and the expertise of its genetic team.

    If you are considering PGT-P in Thailand, here are some questions to ask your clinic:

    • Do you offer PGT-P? If so, which conditions are included in the panel?
    • What is the cost of PGT-P, and is it separate from other PGT tests?
    • How many embryos are typically needed for a successful PGT-P cycle?
    • What is the accuracy and validation of the risk scores?
    • Do you have a genetic counselor who can explain the results?

    It is also important to consider that PGT-P is not a substitute for prenatal screening or postnatal care. Even with a low-risk score, a child may still develop a condition, and a high-risk score does not mean the condition will occur.

    Alternatives to PGT-P

    If you are concerned about polygenic conditions, there are other options to consider:

    • Preconception carrier screening: Tests parents for single-gene mutations that could be passed on.
    • Prenatal testing: During pregnancy, tests like NIPT or amniocentesis can screen for certain conditions.
    • Lifestyle and medical management: For many polygenic conditions, early detection and lifestyle changes can reduce risk.

    Discuss these options with your healthcare provider to make an informed decision.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-P, consider asking your fertility team:

    • What is the scientific evidence supporting PGT-P for my specific situation?
    • How will the results be used in embryo selection?
    • What are the risks of embryo biopsy?
    • Are there any ethical or legal considerations in Thailand?
    • What is the success rate of IVF with PGT-P in your clinic?

    Next Steps

    If you are exploring PGT-P, here is a simple checklist:

    1. Research and understand the basics of PGT-P.
    2. Consult with a fertility specialist to discuss your medical history.
    3. Ask if PGT-P is available and whether it is recommended for you.
    4. Meet with a genetic counselor to review potential risks and benefits.
    5. Consider the costs and whether you have the resources to proceed.

    Remember, PGT-P is an evolving technology. Stay informed and make decisions based on the best available evidence and professional guidance.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-P and PGT-A?

    PGT-A checks for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), while PGT-P estimates the risk of polygenic conditions based on multiple genetic variants. PGT-A is more established and widely used, whereas PGT-P is newer and less commonly recommended.

    Is PGT-P available in Thailand?

    Yes, some fertility centers in Thailand offer PGT-P, but it is not universally available. You should check with individual clinics to see if they provide this testing and what conditions are included.

    Is PGT-P recommended for everyone undergoing IVF?

    No, PGT-P is not recommended for everyone. It is typically considered only in specific cases, such as a strong family history of polygenic conditions. Most professional guidelines do not endorse routine use due to limited evidence.

    What are the limitations of PGT-P?

    PGT-P provides only a statistical risk estimate, not a diagnosis. It has limited predictive power for many conditions, and there are ethical concerns about selecting embryos based on polygenic risk. The technology is also relatively new, so long-term outcomes are uncertain.

    How much does PGT-P cost in Thailand?

    The cost of PGT-P varies by clinic and is not typically covered by insurance. It is generally more expensive than PGT-A or PGT-M. You should contact clinics directly for current pricing.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How Much Does PGT-A Testing Cost in Thailand? A Guide to Understanding the Price

    If you are exploring IVF with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, one of the first questions you likely have is: “How much does it cost?” The honest answer is that there is no single fixed price. PGT-A costs in Thailand can vary significantly depending on several factors, including the number of embryos tested, the laboratory fees, and the specific package your clinic offers. This guide breaks down the cost components and provides practical questions to ask when comparing quotes.

    At a Glance: Key Cost Factors

    • Number of embryos tested: Most clinics charge per embryo, so the total cost rises with more embryos.
    • Laboratory fees: PGT-A requires specialized lab equipment and expertise, which is reflected in the price.
    • Clinic packages: Some clinics bundle PGT-A with IVF cycles, which may offer savings compared to separate fees.
    • Additional services: Genetic counseling, biopsy procedures, and shipping (if samples are sent abroad) may add to the total.

    Understanding the Cost Components

    PGT-A is a multi-step process that involves embryo biopsy, genetic analysis, and often genetic counseling. Each step has associated costs that contribute to the final price.

    Embryo Biopsy

    Before testing, a few cells are removed from each embryo. This procedure requires skilled embryologists and specialized equipment. The biopsy fee is typically charged per embryo or as part of a package.

    Genetic Analysis

    The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory to analyze the chromosomes. This analysis can be done in-house or at an external lab. The cost depends on the technology used (e.g., next-generation sequencing) and the number of embryos tested.

    Genetic Counseling

    Many clinics include a session with a genetic counselor to help you understand the results and their implications. This may be included in the package or billed separately.

    Why Prices Vary Between Clinics

    Thailand has many fertility clinics, each with its own pricing structure. Some factors that influence price differences include:

    • Location: Clinics in Bangkok may have higher overhead costs than those in other cities.
    • Laboratory accreditation: Labs with international accreditation may charge more for their services.
    • Technology: Clinics using the latest genetic testing platforms may have higher fees.
    • Included services: Some packages include medications, monitoring, or additional tests, which can affect the overall price.

    What to Ask When Comparing Quotes

    When you receive quotes from different clinics, it is essential to ask detailed questions to understand what is included and what is not. Here are some questions to consider:

    • Is the biopsy fee included in the PGT-A price, or is it separate?
    • Are there additional charges for embryo freezing or storage?
    • Does the price include genetic counseling before and after testing?
    • Are there discounts for testing multiple embryos?
    • What is the turnaround time for results, and does that affect the cost?
    • Are there any hidden fees, such as shipping or administrative charges?

    Potential Additional Costs

    Beyond the basic PGT-A fee, you may encounter other expenses. These can include:

    • IVF cycle costs: PGT-A is usually performed in conjunction with IVF, so you will need to factor in the cost of the IVF cycle itself.
    • Medication: Fertility medications are often not included in PGT-A quotes.
    • Travel and accommodation: If you are traveling to Thailand, you will need to budget for flights, hotels, and local transportation.
    • Follow-up treatments: If you need additional IVF cycles or embryo transfers, these will incur separate costs.

    How to Plan Your Budget

    Since exact prices are not available without a clinic consultation, it is wise to plan for a range. Start by researching clinics and requesting detailed quotes. Then, consider the following steps:

    1. Compare packages: Look at what each clinic includes in its PGT-A package and compare the total cost of IVF plus PGT-A.
    2. Ask about payment plans: Some clinics offer installment options or financing.
    3. Check for hidden fees: Ask for a full breakdown of all charges.
    4. Consider the number of embryos: Estimate how many embryos you might have based on your age and previous IVF history, and ask for a per-embryo price.

    Next Steps

    To get a clear picture of PGT-A costs in Thailand, you will need to contact clinics directly. Prepare a list of questions and ask for a written quote. Remember that the cheapest option is not always the best; consider the clinic’s experience, laboratory standards, and success rates (though success rates are not guaranteed).

    For more information on IVF costs in Thailand, visit our IVF cost guide. You can also explore our patient resources for additional support. If you have specific questions, feel free to contact us.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Is PGT-A covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Most international insurance plans do not cover PGT-A, as it is considered an elective procedure. It is best to check with your insurance provider to see if any coverage is available.

    Can I negotiate PGT-A prices with clinics?

    Some clinics may be open to negotiation, especially if you are testing multiple embryos or combining PGT-A with other services. It never hurts to ask.

    Are there any government subsidies for PGT-A in Thailand?

    There are no known government subsidies for PGT-A in Thailand. The cost is typically borne by the patient.

    How long does PGT-A testing take?

    The testing process usually takes about 1-2 weeks after the biopsy, but this can vary by lab. Ask your clinic for their specific turnaround time.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Most international insurance plans do not cover PGT-A, as it is considered an elective procedure. It is best to check with your insurance provider to see if any coverage is available.

    Can I negotiate PGT-A prices with clinics?

    Some clinics may be open to negotiation, especially if you are testing multiple embryos or combining PGT-A with other services. It never hurts to ask.

    Are there any government subsidies for PGT-A in Thailand?

    There are no known government subsidies for PGT-A in Thailand. The cost is typically borne by the patient.

    How long does PGT-A testing take?

    The testing process usually takes about 1-2 weeks after the biopsy, but this can vary by lab. Ask your clinic for their specific turnaround time.

    Continue your research

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