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  • Understanding Mosaic Embryos in PGT-A Results: A Guide for Patients in Thailand

    If you have received PGT-A results that describe an embryo as “mosaic,” you may be wondering what that means for your IVF journey. In simple terms, a mosaic embryo has a mix of cells with normal chromosomes and cells with abnormal chromosomes. This is different from a uniformly normal (euploid) embryo or a uniformly abnormal (aneuploid) embryo. Understanding your results is the first step in making informed decisions, but it is important to remember that every situation is unique and should be discussed with your fertility team.

    At a Glance: Key Points About Mosaic Embryos

    • Mosaic embryos contain both normal and abnormal cells.
    • Mosaicism is reported as a percentage or a level (low, medium, high).
    • Mosaic embryos may have the potential to develop into healthy babies, but outcomes vary.
    • Your clinic will consider the specific mosaic level and which chromosomes are involved.
    • Always ask your clinic for a detailed explanation of your results and your options.

    What Is a Mosaic Embryo?

    During embryo development, cells divide and sometimes errors occur in chromosome distribution. A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells: some with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid) and some with an incorrect number (aneuploid). This is different from a non-mosaic embryo, where all cells have the same chromosomal status.

    Mosaicism can be detected through preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), which analyzes a small sample of cells from the embryo. The test reports the proportion of abnormal cells, often as a percentage. For example, a result might say “20% mosaic” or “low-level mosaic.”

    How Are Mosaic Results Reported?

    PGT-A results typically categorize embryos as:

    • Euploid: all cells appear to have the normal number of chromosomes.
    • Aneuploid: all cells appear to have an abnormal number of chromosomes.
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells.

    Mosaic results may be further described by the level of mosaicism (low, medium, high) and the specific chromosomes involved. Some laboratories report a percentage, such as “30% mosaic.” It is important to ask your clinic for a clear explanation of the terminology they use.

    What Does a Mosaic Result Mean for Transfer?

    The decision to transfer a mosaic embryo is complex and depends on many factors. Some studies suggest that mosaic embryos can result in healthy live births, but the risk of an abnormal pregnancy may be higher than with a euploid embryo. However, the exact risks are not fully known, and outcomes vary.

    Your fertility team will consider:

    • The specific level of mosaicism (low, medium, high).
    • Which chromosomes are affected.
    • Whether the abnormality is likely to be tolerated or cause health issues.
    • Your medical history and previous IVF outcomes.
    • Your personal preferences and values.

    Some clinics may recommend transferring a mosaic embryo if no euploid embryos are available, while others may advise against it. There is no universal rule, so it is essential to have a detailed discussion with your doctor.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About Mosaic Embryos

    When you receive mosaic results, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • What is the exact level of mosaicism in this embryo?
    • Which chromosomes are involved, and what is the potential impact?
    • What is your clinic’s policy on transferring mosaic embryos?
    • Are there any additional tests or consultations recommended?
    • What are the potential risks and benefits of transferring this embryo?
    • What is the likelihood of a healthy live birth with this embryo compared to other options?
    • Are there any follow-up tests during pregnancy that you would recommend?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    After receiving mosaic results, take time to process the information and gather all the facts. Here is a simple checklist:

    1. Request a written copy of your PGT-A results and a detailed explanation.
    2. Schedule a consultation with your fertility specialist to discuss the findings.
    3. Ask about the specific chromosomes involved and the level of mosaicism.
    4. Discuss all available options, including transferring the mosaic embryo, further testing, or considering other embryos.
    5. Consider seeking a second opinion if you have any doubts.
    6. Take time to make a decision that feels right for you and your family.

    Remember, a mosaic result does not automatically mean an embryo is unusable, but it does require careful consideration. Your fertility team is there to guide you through the process.

    Understanding PGT-A Limitations

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a guarantee of a healthy baby. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and the biopsy sample may not perfectly represent the entire embryo. Mosaicism itself can be challenging to interpret, and the technology has limitations. It is important to understand that PGT-A results are one piece of information in your decision-making process.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, you can visit our PGT in Thailand page. For general guides, see our Guides section. If you have specific questions, check our FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is a mosaic embryo?

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of cells with normal chromosomes and cells with abnormal chromosomes. This is different from a uniformly normal (euploid) or uniformly abnormal (aneuploid) embryo.

    How is mosaicism reported in PGT-A results?

    Mosaicism is often reported as a percentage or a level (low, medium, high). The report may also indicate which chromosomes are affected. Your clinic can explain the specific terminology used.

    Can a mosaic embryo lead to a healthy baby?

    Some studies suggest that mosaic embryos can result in healthy live births, but outcomes vary. The risk of an abnormal pregnancy may be higher than with a euploid embryo, but it is not guaranteed. Discuss your specific situation with your doctor.

    Should I transfer a mosaic embryo?

    The decision depends on many factors, including the level of mosaicism, which chromosomes are involved, your medical history, and your preferences. There is no universal answer, so it is important to have a detailed discussion with your fertility team.

    What questions should I ask my clinic about mosaic results?

    Ask about the exact level of mosaicism, which chromosomes are affected, the clinic's transfer policy, potential risks and benefits, and any recommended follow-up tests during pregnancy.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Get a Second Opinion on PGT Results in Thailand

    Receiving PGT results can be complex and emotionally challenging. If you have doubts or want to explore all options, seeking a second opinion is a reasonable step. In Thailand, you can request a review of your PGT results by another geneticist or laboratory. This guide explains how to approach a second opinion, what to prepare, and what questions to ask.

    At a Glance: Key Steps for a Second Opinion

    • Request a copy of your full PGT report and raw data from your current clinic.
    • Choose a qualified geneticist or laboratory with experience in PGT interpretation.
    • Prepare a list of questions about the results, limitations, and alternatives.
    • Understand that a second opinion may confirm, clarify, or differ from the original interpretation.

    Why Seek a Second Opinion on PGT Results?

    PGT results are based on complex genetic analysis, and interpretation can vary. A second opinion may help you:

    • Confirm the accuracy of the original report.
    • Clarify ambiguous or uncertain results.
    • Explore alternative interpretations or additional testing options.
    • Gain peace of mind before making decisions about embryo transfer.

    It is important to note that a second opinion does not guarantee a different outcome, but it can provide additional perspective.

    How to Request Your PGT Data

    To get a second opinion, you will need access to your original PGT data. Contact your current clinic and request:

    • A copy of the full PGT report, including the summary and any detailed findings.
    • Raw data files, such as the genetic sequencing or array results, if available.
    • Information about the laboratory that performed the analysis and the specific PGT platform used.

    Some clinics may have policies about releasing raw data. Ask about the process and any associated fees. If you are working with a coordinator, they can assist with this request.

    Choosing a Geneticist or Laboratory for a Second Opinion

    When selecting a professional to review your PGT results, consider:

    • Qualifications and experience in PGT interpretation, especially for the type of PGT you had (PGT-A, PGT-M, or PGT-SR).
    • Whether they have access to the same or compatible technology to analyze your raw data.
    • Their approach to communicating results and uncertainties.

    You can ask your current clinic for recommendations or search for independent genetic counselors or reproductive geneticists in Thailand. Some international laboratories also offer remote second-opinion services.

    Questions to Ask During a Second Opinion

    Prepare a list of questions to make the most of your consultation:

    • What is your interpretation of my PGT results?
    • Are there any areas of uncertainty or mosaicism that need further consideration?
    • What are the limitations of the testing method used?
    • Are there any additional tests that could provide more information?
    • What are the potential implications for embryo transfer and pregnancy?
    • How does this result compare with typical outcomes for similar cases?

    Take notes and ask for a written summary of the second opinion if possible.

    Understanding PGT Types and Result Interpretation

    PGT includes different types, each with specific purposes:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) checks for abnormal numbers of chromosomes.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders) tests for specific genetic conditions.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements) detects chromosomal structural changes.

    Results may be reported as euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells). Interpretation can be nuanced, and a second opinion may help clarify what a result means for your specific situation.

    What to Do After Receiving a Second Opinion

    After your second opinion, you may have a clearer picture. Consider the following steps:

    • Discuss the findings with your current fertility clinic to see how they align.
    • Ask about the possibility of additional testing, such as re-biopsy or further genetic analysis, if recommended.
    • Take time to process the information and consult with your support network.

    Remember that the final decision about embryo transfer is yours, in consultation with your medical team.

    Next Steps: Checklist

    • Request your full PGT report and raw data from your clinic.
    • Research and select a qualified geneticist or laboratory for a second opinion.
    • Prepare your questions and gather any relevant medical history.
    • Schedule the consultation and clarify any fees or timelines.
    • Review the second opinion and discuss with your primary clinic.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I get a second opinion on PGT results from a different laboratory in Thailand?

    Yes, you can request a second opinion from another qualified geneticist or laboratory. You will need to obtain your raw data from the original clinic and share it with the reviewing professional. Some laboratories may offer remote review services.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome numbers), PGT-M tests for specific monogenic disorders, and PGT-SR detects structural chromosomal rearrangements. Each type has different implications, and a second opinion can help clarify results for your specific test.

    How long does a second opinion on PGT results take?

    The time can vary depending on the complexity of the case and the reviewing professional's workload. It may take a few days to a few weeks. Ask the reviewing geneticist or laboratory for an estimated timeline.

    Will a second opinion change my PGT results?

    A second opinion may confirm the original interpretation or provide a different perspective, but it does not change the underlying genetic data. It can help clarify uncertainties and provide additional information for your decision-making.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Biopsy Timing in Thailand: What to Expect

    If you are considering preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) as part of your IVF journey in Thailand, one of the most common questions is: when does the biopsy actually happen? The answer is usually on day 5 or day 6 after fertilization, when the embryo has reached the blastocyst stage. This timing is important because it allows the embryologist to safely remove a few cells from the trophectoderm, the part that will become the placenta, without harming the inner cell mass that will form the fetus.

    In this guide, we explain the typical timing of PGT-A biopsy, what the process involves, and what you should ask your clinic to feel confident about the embryology lab handling your embryos.

    At a Glance: PGT-A Biopsy Timing

    • Biopsy is usually performed on day 5 or day 6 after fertilization.
    • Embryos must reach the blastocyst stage before biopsy.
    • The embryologist removes 3–5 cells from the trophectoderm.
    • The biopsied cells are sent for genetic analysis, while the embryo is frozen.
    • Results typically take several days to a few weeks, depending on the lab.

    Why Day 5 or Day 6?

    Embryos develop in stages. After fertilization, the embryo divides and grows, reaching the blastocyst stage around day 5 or day 6. At this point, the embryo has two distinct cell types: the inner cell mass (which becomes the fetus) and the trophectoderm (which becomes the placenta). Biopsying at this stage allows the embryologist to remove cells from the trophectoderm, which is less likely to affect the embryo’s development compared to earlier stages.

    Performing the biopsy earlier, such as on day 3, is possible but less common for PGT-A. Day 3 biopsy involves removing a cell from the cleavage-stage embryo, which may be more invasive. Most clinics in Thailand prefer day 5 or day 6 biopsy because it is safer and provides more cells for analysis.

    The PGT-A Biopsy Process in Thailand

    The biopsy procedure is performed in an embryology laboratory by a trained embryologist. Here is a step-by-step overview of what typically happens:

    1. Embryo culture: After fertilization, embryos are cultured in the lab for about 5 to 6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage.
    2. Hatching assistance: The embryologist may use a laser to create a small opening in the zona pellucida, the outer shell of the embryo, to facilitate cell removal.
    3. Cell removal: Using a fine pipette, the embryologist gently aspirates 3–5 cells from the trophectoderm.
    4. Biopsy sample handling: The removed cells are placed in a tube for genetic analysis.
    5. Embryo freezing: After biopsy, the embryo is vitrified (frozen) while awaiting results.
    6. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for PGT-A testing, which checks for chromosomal abnormalities.

    The entire biopsy procedure is delicate and requires precision. The embryologist’s skill and the laboratory’s quality are critical to the safety and accuracy of the process.

    What to Expect After the Biopsy

    After the biopsy, your embryos will be frozen. This is standard practice because the genetic analysis takes time, and the results are needed before a frozen embryo transfer (FET) can be planned. The freezing process, called vitrification, is well-established and widely used in Thailand.

    The time to receive PGT-A results can vary. Some labs may provide results within a few days, while others may take a week or more. Your clinic will give you a timeline based on their specific laboratory arrangements.

    Once the results are available, your doctor will discuss which embryos are chromosomally normal (euploid) and suitable for transfer. It is important to remember that PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby; it is a screening tool that can help reduce the risk of miscarriage and certain chromosomal conditions.

    Questions to Ask About the Embryology Lab

    When choosing a clinic in Thailand for PGT-A, it is essential to ask about the embryology lab’s experience and protocols. Here are some questions to consider:

    • How many PGT-A cycles does the lab perform per year?
    • What is the embryologist’s experience with blastocyst biopsy?
    • Does the lab use laser-assisted hatching for biopsy?
    • How many cells are typically removed, and what is the success rate of obtaining a diagnosis?
    • What is the lab’s policy on embryo re-biopsy if the first sample is inconclusive?
    • How are embryos identified and tracked to avoid mix-ups?
    • What is the turnaround time for PGT-A results?
    • Is the genetics laboratory accredited or certified?

    These questions can help you gauge the quality and reliability of the embryology lab, which is a key factor in the success of PGT-A.

    Factors That Can Affect Biopsy Timing

    While day 5 or day 6 is the standard, the exact timing can vary based on embryo development. Some embryos may reach the blastocyst stage earlier or later. In some cases, an embryo may not be suitable for biopsy on day 5 and may be observed until day 6 or even day 7. However, not all embryos will reach the blastocyst stage, and some may not be biopsied at all.

    Your clinic will monitor embryo development and decide the best time for biopsy. It is important to understand that not every embryo will be suitable for PGT-A, and the number of embryos available for testing can vary.

    Next Steps: Planning Your PGT-A Cycle in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, here is a checklist to help you move forward:

    • Research clinics that offer PGT-A and have experience with blastocyst biopsy.
    • Schedule a consultation to discuss your medical history and whether PGT-A is appropriate for you.
    • Ask about the clinic’s embryology lab and genetics laboratory arrangements.
    • Clarify the costs involved, including biopsy, genetic analysis, and embryo freezing.
    • Understand the legal and regulatory aspects of PGT-A in Thailand, as they can vary.
    • Plan for the timeline, including the biopsy day and the wait for results.

    Remember, PGT-A is not a mandatory step for everyone. Your doctor can help you decide if it is right for your situation.

    Conclusion

    PGT-A biopsy timing in Thailand typically falls on day 5 or day 6 after fertilization, when embryos have reached the blastocyst stage. The process is safe and well-established, but it requires a skilled embryologist and a high-quality lab. By asking the right questions and understanding what to expect, you can approach this step with confidence.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, or visit our guides and FAQ sections for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A biopsy painful for the embryo?

    Embryos do not have a nervous system, so they do not feel pain. The biopsy is performed under a microscope, and the embryologist removes a few cells from the outer layer of the blastocyst. This is a delicate procedure, but it is not painful for the embryo.

    Can PGT-A biopsy damage the embryo?

    There is a small risk that the biopsy could affect the embryo, but it is generally considered safe when performed by an experienced embryologist. The removal of trophectoderm cells is less likely to harm the embryo than biopsy at earlier stages. However, no procedure is without risk, and your clinic should discuss the potential risks with you.

    How long does it take to get PGT-A results in Thailand?

    The turnaround time for PGT-A results can vary depending on the genetics laboratory. Some labs may provide results within a few days, while others may take a week or more. Your clinic will give you a specific timeline based on their arrangements.

    What happens if the biopsy sample is inconclusive?

    In rare cases, the biopsied cells may not yield enough DNA for analysis, leading to an inconclusive result. In such situations, the clinic may offer a re-biopsy of the embryo, but this depends on the embryo's condition and the clinic's policies. It is important to ask about this possibility beforehand.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT-A does not guarantee a healthy baby. It is a screening tool that can identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which may reduce the risk of miscarriage and certain chromosomal conditions. However, it does not test for all genetic disorders, and other factors can affect pregnancy outcomes.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A in Thailand: What to Know Before You Test

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with the usual 46 chromosomes are called euploid; those with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid. Aneuploidy is a common cause of failed implantation and miscarriage.

    PGT-A does not test for every genetic condition. It focuses on chromosomal number, not specific gene mutations. For single-gene disorders, a different test called PGT-M is used.

    How PGT-A Works

    PGT-A is performed in three main steps:

    1. Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from a day-5 or day-6 embryo (blastocyst stage). The biopsy is usually done on the trophectoderm, which becomes the placenta.
    2. Genetic analysis: The cells are sent to a genetics laboratory. Techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) are commonly used to count chromosomes.
    3. Transfer decision: Based on results, a euploid embryo can be selected for transfer. Aneuploid embryos are generally not transferred, though some may be re-tested or discussed with a genetic counselor.

    The biopsy is performed by an embryologist, and the analysis is done in a separate genetics lab. The entire process adds time to an IVF cycle because embryos must be frozen while waiting for results.

    What PGT-A Results Mean

    Results are typically reported as:

    • Euploid: normal chromosome number, suitable for transfer.
    • Aneuploid: abnormal chromosome number, not usually transferred.
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells. Mosaic embryos may have reduced implantation potential, but some can lead to healthy births. Decisions are made on a case-by-case basis.
    • No result: sometimes the biopsy or analysis fails, and no result is obtained.

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of a healthy baby. It reduces the risk of chromosomal abnormalities but does not eliminate all risks.

    Who Might Consider PGT-A

    PGT-A may be considered in several situations:

    • Advanced maternal age (usually over 35)
    • Previous miscarriage or failed IVF cycles
    • Severe male factor infertility
    • Known chromosomal translocation in either partner
    • Previous pregnancy with a chromosomal abnormality

    However, PGT-A is not necessary for everyone. Younger women with no known risks may not benefit significantly. Your doctor can help you weigh the potential advantages and limitations.

    PGT-A in Thailand: What to Consider

    Thailand has many IVF clinics that offer PGT-A. When researching, consider the following:

    • Lab accreditation: Ask if the genetics laboratory is accredited by an international body, such as CAP or ISO.
    • Experience: Inquire about the lab’s volume of PGT-A cases and their experience with embryo biopsy.
    • Turnaround time: Results may take several days to a few weeks. Ask for the expected timeline.
    • Reporting: Ask how results are reported and whether you will receive a detailed report.
    • Counseling: Check if genetic counseling is available to help interpret results.

    Costs for PGT-A in Thailand vary widely. The price typically includes the biopsy, genetic analysis, and sometimes the initial consultation. Always ask for a detailed breakdown and confirm what is included.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before proceeding with PGT-A, ask your clinic:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A?
    • Which genetic laboratory do you use, and is it accredited?
    • How many cells are biopsied, and what is the success rate of getting a result?
    • How long will it take to receive results?
    • How are mosaic embryos handled?
    • What is the total cost, and what does it include?
    • Is genetic counseling available?

    Alternatives to PGT-A

    PGT-A is one option, but not the only one. Alternatives include:

    • IVF without PGT-A: Embryos are selected based on morphology (appearance) alone.
    • Non-invasive PGT (niPGT): A newer approach that analyzes DNA in the culture medium, but it is less established.
    • Prenatal testing: After pregnancy, tests like NIPT or amniocentesis can check for chromosomal abnormalities.

    Discuss these options with your doctor to make an informed choice.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, start by:

    1. Researching clinics and their PGT-A services.
    2. Preparing a list of questions from this guide.
    3. Scheduling a consultation to discuss your specific situation.
    4. Confirming all costs and timelines in writing.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, browse other guides, or check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A the same as PGT-M?

    No. PGT-A screens for chromosomal number abnormalities (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders. They are different tests used for different purposes.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A reduces the risk of chromosomal abnormalities but does not eliminate all risks. It does not test for all genetic conditions, and other factors can affect pregnancy outcome.

    How long does PGT-A take in Thailand?

    The timeline varies by clinic and laboratory. Typically, results may take several days to a few weeks. Ask your clinic for their specific turnaround time.

    What is a mosaic embryo?

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. It may have reduced implantation potential, but some mosaic embryos can lead to healthy births. Decisions are made on a case-by-case basis with genetic counseling.

    Is PGT-A necessary for all IVF patients?

    No. PGT-A is not necessary for everyone. It may be recommended for certain situations, such as advanced maternal age or recurrent miscarriage. Your doctor can help you decide if it is right for you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read PGT Results in Thailand: A Guide for Patients

    Understanding Your PGT Results: A Starting Point

    When you undergo preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in Thailand, the results can feel complex and emotional. In simple terms, PGT looks at embryos created through IVF to check for certain genetic conditions before transfer. The results help you and your medical team decide which embryos to consider for transfer. However, PGT results are not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby—they are one piece of information in your fertility journey.

    This guide explains the main types of PGT results, what they mean, and how to discuss them with your doctor and genetic counselor. Always rely on your clinic’s medical team for personalized interpretation.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT Results

    • PGT-A screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes (euploid vs. aneuploid).
    • PGT-M looks for specific single-gene disorders.
    • PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements of chromosomes.
    • Results may be reported as euploid, aneuploid, or mosaic.
    • Mosaic embryos have a mix of normal and abnormal cells.
    • Your doctor and genetic counselor are the best people to explain what results mean for your situation.

    What Do PGT Results Mean?

    Euploid Results

    An embryo with a euploid result has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in humans) with no detectable abnormalities in the tested chromosomes. This is often considered a positive result, but it does not guarantee implantation or a live birth. Many factors affect whether an embryo will develop, including the embryo’s quality and the health of the uterus.

    Aneuploid Results

    An aneuploid embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes—either missing or extra. For example, trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is a type of aneuploidy. Aneuploid embryos often do not implant or may lead to miscarriage. However, some aneuploidies are compatible with life, and the decision to transfer such an embryo is complex and should be made with thorough genetic counseling.

    Mosaic Results

    A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells with normal chromosomes and cells with abnormal chromosomes. The level of mosaicism (the percentage of abnormal cells) can vary. Mosaic embryos may have reduced implantation potential, but some can develop into healthy babies. The clinical significance of mosaicism is still being studied, and decisions about transferring a mosaic embryo require careful discussion with your medical team.

    Types of PGT and Their Results

    Type of PGT What It Screens For Typical Result Categories
    PGT-A (Aneuploidy) Correct number of chromosomes Euploid, aneuploid, mosaic
    PGT-M (Monogenic) Specific single-gene disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell) Affected, unaffected, carrier (depending on the condition)
    PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangement) Chromosomal structural changes (e.g., translocations) Balanced, unbalanced, normal

    Note: The exact terminology may vary by laboratory. Always ask your clinic for a clear explanation of your specific report.

    How to Read Your PGT Report

    PGT reports can look technical, but they usually include:

    • Embryo identification number
    • Biopsy date and testing method
    • Chromosome analysis results (for PGT-A)
    • Gene analysis results (for PGT-M)
    • Interpretation (e.g., euploid, aneuploid, mosaic)
    • Recommendations for further testing or counseling

    If you see terms like “no result” or “inconclusive,” it means the test did not provide a clear answer. This can happen for technical reasons, and your clinic may suggest re-biopsy or additional testing.

    Questions to Ask Your Doctor and Genetic Counselor

    Before discussing your results, prepare a list of questions. Here are some to consider:

    • What does this result mean for the chance of implantation and live birth?
    • Are there any health risks for the child if this embryo is transferred?
    • What are the options for further testing, such as confirmatory prenatal testing?
    • How does the mosaicism level affect the recommendation?
    • Are there alternative embryos to consider?
    • What is the cost and timeline for any additional testing?

    Your genetic counselor can explain the implications in detail and help you make an informed decision.

    Next Steps After Receiving PGT Results

    1. Schedule a follow-up appointment with your fertility doctor to review the results.
    2. Request a referral to a genetic counselor if you haven’t already spoken with one.
    3. Take time to process the information—don’t rush into decisions.
    4. Discuss your options for embryo transfer, including whether to consider mosaic embryos.
    5. Ask about the need for prenatal testing if you proceed with a transfer.

    Important Limitations of PGT

    PGT is a screening tool, not a guarantee. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and it does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects. Also, PGT is not necessary for everyone. Your doctor may recommend it based on your age, family history, or previous pregnancy losses. Always discuss whether PGT is right for you.

    Where to Find More Information

    For more details about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional support.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between euploid and aneuploid embryos?

    A euploid embryo has the correct number of chromosomes (46), while an aneuploid embryo has an abnormal number—either missing or extra chromosomes. Euploid embryos are generally considered more likely to implant and develop, but they are not a guarantee of pregnancy. Aneuploid embryos may fail to implant or lead to miscarriage, but some can result in a live birth, so decisions are made on a case-by-case basis with genetic counseling.

    What does a mosaic embryo result mean?

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of cells with normal chromosomes and cells with abnormal chromosomes. The level of mosaicism varies. Mosaic embryos may have a lower chance of implantation, but some can develop into healthy babies. The clinical significance is still being studied, so it's important to discuss the specific level and your options with your doctor and genetic counselor.

    Can PGT results guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT is a screening test that checks for certain genetic conditions, but it cannot detect all disorders or guarantee a healthy baby. Many factors affect pregnancy and child health, including embryo quality, uterine environment, and prenatal care. PGT results are one tool to help you make informed decisions, not a promise of outcome.

    What should I do if my PGT result is inconclusive?

    If your PGT result is inconclusive, it means the test did not provide a clear answer. This can happen for technical reasons. Your clinic may recommend re-biopsy, additional testing, or a discussion about the risks and benefits of transferring an embryo with an inconclusive result. Always ask your medical team for guidance.

    Is PGT mandatory for IVF in Thailand?

    No, PGT is not mandatory for all IVF patients. It is an optional test that may be recommended based on factors like maternal age, family history of genetic disorders, or previous miscarriages. Your doctor will discuss whether PGT is appropriate for your situation. You can also ask about the costs and benefits before deciding.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Cost Breakdown in Thailand: What to Expect and What to Ask

    If you are exploring IVF with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, one of the first questions is likely: what does it actually cost? The answer is not a single number. PGT-A pricing is built from several components, and clinics may quote them differently. This guide breaks down the typical cost categories, explains why prices vary, and gives you a checklist of questions to ask so you can compare quotes fairly.

    At a Glance: PGT-A Cost Components

    • Embryo biopsy: The procedure to remove a few cells from the embryo.
    • Genetic analysis: The laboratory testing of those cells for chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Shipping and handling: If the biopsy is sent to an external lab, there may be logistics fees.
    • Add-ons: Optional services like embryo freezing, extended culture, or consultation with a genetic counselor.

    Keep in mind that published prices are rarely final. Your total will depend on your treatment plan, the number of embryos tested, and the clinic’s specific pricing structure.

    Understanding the Main Cost Components

    Embryo Biopsy

    The biopsy is performed by an embryologist who removes a small number of cells from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta) of a day-5 or day-6 blastocyst. This step requires specialized equipment and expertise. The cost may be included in the overall IVF package or charged separately. Ask whether the biopsy fee covers all embryos or is per embryo.

    Genetic Analysis

    This is the laboratory work that analyzes the biopsied cells to check for chromosomal abnormalities. The analysis can be done in-house or at an external genetics lab. The fee may be per embryo or per cycle. Some clinics offer a package for a certain number of embryos, with additional charges for extra embryos. Clarify whether the quoted price includes the analysis of all biopsied embryos or only a set number.

    Shipping and Handling

    If your clinic sends the biopsy samples to a partner laboratory, there may be shipping and handling fees. These can include courier costs, packaging, and possibly customs or import fees if the lab is in another country. Ask if these are itemized in your quote or bundled into the analysis fee.

    Add-Ons and Ancillary Services

    Other services may be recommended or optional, such as:

    • Embryo freezing (cryopreservation) and storage
    • Extended embryo culture to blastocyst stage
    • Genetic counseling before or after testing
    • Repeat biopsy if the first attempt is inconclusive
    • Additional testing like PGT-M or PGT-P, if needed

    These add-ons can significantly affect your total cost. Always ask for a full list of potential extras and their prices.

    Why PGT-A Prices Vary

    Several factors influence the final cost of PGT-A in Thailand:

    • Number of embryos tested: More embryos mean higher analysis fees.
    • Laboratory type: In-house labs may offer different pricing than external labs.
    • Technology used: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is common, but other methods may have different costs.
    • Clinic location: Prices can differ between Bangkok and other cities.
    • Included services: Some quotes include consultation, ultrasound, and medications; others do not.

    Because of this variability, it is essential to request a detailed, itemized quote from each clinic you consider.

    What to Look for in a Transparent Quote

    A transparent quote should clearly list each component and its price. Look for the following:

    • Biopsy fee (per embryo or per cycle)
    • Genetic analysis fee (per embryo or per cycle)
    • Shipping and handling, if applicable
    • Embryo freezing and storage fees
    • Any additional lab or administrative fees
    • Whether the quote is valid for a specific period

    If a clinic gives you a single lump sum, ask for a breakdown. If they say “all inclusive,” ask what exactly is included and what is not.

    Questions to Ask Before You Commit

    To avoid surprises, ask these questions during your consultation:

    1. Is the biopsy fee per embryo or per cycle?
    2. Does the genetic analysis fee cover all biopsied embryos or only a certain number?
    3. Are there any additional charges for shipping or handling?
    4. What happens if a biopsy result is inconclusive? Is there a repeat biopsy fee?
    5. Are embryo freezing and storage included in the quote? For how long?
    6. Are there any discounts for testing multiple embryos?
    7. What is the payment schedule? Are there any refund policies?

    Write down the answers and compare them across clinics.

    Next Steps: Comparing Your Options

    Once you have itemized quotes from a few clinics, you can compare them fairly. Consider not only the price but also the clinic’s experience with PGT-A, the laboratory’s accreditation, and the support you will receive. Remember that the cheapest option may not always be the best fit for your medical situation.

    For more information on IVF costs in Thailand, see our IVF cost guide. To understand the full picture of PGT-A, visit our PGT-A cost page. If you have questions about your specific case, our patient resources can help you prepare. Ready to talk to a coordinator? Contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is typically included in a PGT-A quote in Thailand?

    A PGT-A quote usually includes the embryo biopsy procedure and the genetic analysis of the biopsied cells. Some clinics may also include shipping to an external lab, embryo freezing, or a certain number of embryos tested. Always ask for an itemized breakdown to see exactly what is covered.

    Are there hidden costs with PGT-A in Thailand?

    Potential additional costs include shipping and handling, repeat biopsy if the first attempt is inconclusive, embryo freezing and storage, and genetic counseling. Some clinics may charge extra for testing more than a set number of embryos. Ask for a full list of possible fees before starting treatment.

    How can I compare PGT-A prices between clinics?

    Request an itemized quote from each clinic that lists the biopsy fee, analysis fee, shipping, and any add-ons. Compare the total cost for your specific situation, considering the number of embryos you expect to test. Also consider the clinic's experience and laboratory quality, not just the price.

    Does the number of embryos affect the PGT-A cost?

    Yes, most clinics charge per embryo for the genetic analysis, and sometimes for the biopsy as well. If you have more embryos, the total cost will be higher. Some clinics offer packages for a set number of embryos, with additional fees for extra ones.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M Testing in Thailand: A Guide for Couples at Risk of Genetic Disorders

    If you and your partner carry a gene for a single-gene disorder such as cystic fibrosis, thalassemia, or Huntington’s disease, you may be exploring ways to reduce the chance of passing it on to your child. Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) is one option offered in some IVF clinics in Thailand. This guide explains what PGT-M is, how it fits into an IVF cycle, what it can and cannot tell you, and what to consider when planning treatment in Thailand.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. It looks for specific single-gene disorders that the parents are known to carry. Unlike PGT-A (which screens for chromosomal abnormalities) or PGT-SR (which checks for structural rearrangements like translocations), PGT-M targets a particular inherited condition. The goal is to identify embryos that do not carry the disorder, so that a clinician can transfer one of those embryos into the uterus.

    PGT-M is not a general health screen. It only tests for the specific mutation(s) you and your partner have been identified to carry. It does not guarantee a healthy baby, and it cannot detect all genetic or non-genetic conditions.

    Who might consider PGT-M?

    Couples may consider PGT-M if they:

    • Both carry a recessive disorder (e.g., thalassemia, sickle cell anemia)
    • One partner carries a dominant disorder (e.g., Huntington’s disease)
    • One partner carries an X-linked disorder (e.g., hemophilia)
    • Have had a previous child affected by a single-gene disorder
    • Have a family history of a specific genetic condition

    Before PGT-M, both partners usually undergo genetic counseling and carrier testing to confirm the specific mutation. This step is essential because the test is designed around your unique genetic profile.

    How does PGT-M work in an IVF cycle?

    PGT-M is performed as part of an IVF cycle. Here is a general step-by-step overview:

    1. Genetic counseling and carrier testing: You and your partner meet with a genetic counselor to review your family history and confirm the mutation. This may involve blood or saliva tests.
    2. IVF stimulation and egg retrieval: You undergo ovarian stimulation, and eggs are retrieved in a minor surgical procedure.
    3. Fertilization and embryo culture: Eggs are fertilized with sperm in the lab, and embryos are cultured for several days (usually to blastocyst stage).
    4. Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo. This is usually done on day 5 or 6 of development.
    5. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for PGT-M analysis. The lab uses techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to look for the specific mutation.
    6. Embryo transfer: After results are available (typically within a week or two), a clinician selects an embryo that does not carry the disorder for transfer.

    Not all embryos may be suitable for transfer. Some may carry the disorder, and some may not survive the biopsy or thawing process. The number of embryos available for transfer depends on your age, ovarian response, and other factors.

    What does PGT-M cost in Thailand?

    The cost of PGT-M in Thailand varies widely depending on the clinic, the complexity of the genetic test, and the number of embryos tested. In general, you can expect to pay for:

    • IVF cycle costs (stimulation medications, monitoring, egg retrieval, lab fees)
    • Embryo biopsy fees
    • Genetic analysis fees (often per embryo)
    • Genetic counseling and carrier testing (if not already done)
    • Medications for uterine preparation and transfer

    Because prices are not standardized, it is essential to request a detailed quote from each clinic. Ask what is included and what is not. Some clinics may offer package deals, but be sure to understand what happens if you need additional cycles or if no embryos are suitable for transfer.

    Choosing a clinic in Thailand for PGT-M

    When researching PGT-M in Thailand, consider the following:

    • Accreditation and laboratory standards: Check if the clinic and its associated genetics laboratory have international accreditation (e.g., ISO, CAP).
    • Experience with PGT-M: Ask how many PGT-M cycles the clinic has performed and for which conditions.
    • Genetic counseling: Does the clinic provide genetic counseling before and after testing?
    • Turnaround time: How long does it take to receive results? This may affect your treatment schedule.
    • Communication: Will you receive results in English? Who explains them to you?
    • Support services: Does the clinic offer translation, travel coordination, or psychological support?

    It is also wise to ask about the laboratory that will perform the genetic analysis. Some clinics send biopsies to an external lab, which may affect logistics and costs.

    Questions to ask a clinic about PGT-M

    Before committing to a clinic, consider asking:

    • What is the exact cost of PGT-M, and what does it include?
    • How many embryos will be biopsied, and is there a minimum number?
    • What is the success rate for PGT-M cycles in your clinic? (Ask for their own data, not general statistics.)
    • What happens if no embryos are free of the disorder?
    • Can we have our embryos frozen and tested later?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling as part of the package?
    • What is your policy on embryo disposal or donation if we have unused embryos?

    Limitations and considerations

    PGT-M is a powerful tool, but it has limitations:

    • Not 100% accurate: There is a small risk of misdiagnosis or inconclusive results. Confirmatory testing during pregnancy (e.g., amniocentesis) is often recommended.
    • Embryo loss: Not all embryos will survive the biopsy or freezing process.
    • No guarantee of pregnancy: Even with a healthy embryo, implantation may not occur.
    • Ethical and legal considerations: Some countries have regulations about embryo testing and selection. Thailand has its own legal framework, which you should discuss with your clinic.
    • Emotional and financial burden: The process can be stressful and costly, especially if multiple cycles are needed.

    It is important to have realistic expectations and to discuss all options with your doctor and genetic counselor.

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT-M in Thailand, start by:

    1. Consulting with a genetic counselor to confirm your carrier status and understand your risks.
    2. Researching IVF clinics that offer PGT-M and have experience with your specific condition.
    3. Requesting detailed cost estimates and asking about their laboratory partnerships.
    4. Planning for the time required, including any travel and accommodation.
    5. Preparing questions about embryo handling, results, and follow-up testing.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand overview. You may also find our guides and FAQ sections helpful as you navigate your journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder that the parents are known to carry. PGT-A is often used to improve IVF success rates, whereas PGT-M is used to avoid passing on a particular genetic condition.

    How long does PGT-M testing take in Thailand?

    The genetic analysis itself typically takes about one to two weeks after embryo biopsy. However, the entire IVF cycle, including stimulation, retrieval, and transfer, can take several weeks. Your clinic will provide a timeline based on your individual treatment plan.

    Is PGT-M legal in Thailand?

    Thailand has regulations governing assisted reproductive technology, including genetic testing of embryos. The legal framework is complex and may change. It is essential to consult with your chosen clinic and possibly a legal expert to understand the current rules and any restrictions.

    Can PGT-M guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-M can identify embryos that do not carry the specific disorder tested, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby. There are risks of misdiagnosis, and other genetic or non-genetic conditions may still occur. Confirmatory prenatal testing is often recommended.

    What happens if all embryos have the genetic disorder?

    If no embryos are free of the disorder, the clinic will discuss options with you. These may include using donor eggs or sperm, considering adoption, or deciding not to proceed with transfer. Your clinic and genetic counselor can provide support and guidance.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT in Thailand: A Guide to Genetic Testing with IVF

    What is PGT and why is it used with IVF?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used to examine embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) for specific genetic conditions before a pregnancy is established. The goal is to provide information that may help you and your doctor decide which embryos to consider for transfer. PGT is not a guarantee of a healthy baby or a successful pregnancy, and it is not necessary for every patient. It is an optional step that may be recommended based on your medical history, age, or family genetic risks.

    In Thailand, many IVF clinics offer PGT as part of their services. If you are considering IVF with genetic testing, understanding the types of PGT, the process, and the limitations can help you make an informed decision.

    At a glance: key points about PGT

    • PGT is performed on embryos before transfer to screen for chromosomal abnormalities or specific genetic disorders.
    • There are three main types: PGT-A (aneuploidy), PGT-M (monogenic disorders), and PGT-SR (structural rearrangements).
    • PGT requires IVF, embryo biopsy, and often a genetic laboratory with specialized expertise.
    • Results are not always conclusive, and not all embryos may be suitable for transfer.
    • Costs, legal considerations, and availability vary by clinic and country.

    Types of PGT: PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR

    PGT-A (aneuploidy screening)

    PGT-A checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Aneuploidy—having too many or too few chromosomes—is a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage. PGT-A is often considered for women of advanced maternal age, couples with recurrent pregnancy loss, or those who have had multiple failed IVF cycles. However, it does not detect all genetic abnormalities, and some embryos with abnormal cells may still lead to a healthy birth.

    PGT-M (monogenic disorders)

    PGT-M is used when one or both partners carry a specific single-gene disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. This test looks for the presence of that specific genetic mutation in embryos. PGT-M requires a prior genetic workup of the parents to design a personalized test. It is not available for all genetic conditions, and the accuracy depends on the quality of the family genetic information.

    PGT-SR (structural rearrangements)

    PGT-SR is for individuals who have structural changes in their chromosomes, such as translocations or inversions. These rearrangements can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos, increasing the risk of miscarriage or birth defects. PGT-SR helps identify embryos with a normal or balanced chromosomal arrangement. As with other types, it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy.

    How PGT is performed in Thailand: the process

    The PGT process is integrated into an IVF cycle. Here is a general step-by-step overview, though exact protocols may vary by clinic:

    1. Ovarian stimulation: You take fertility medications to stimulate your ovaries to produce multiple eggs.
    2. Egg retrieval: Eggs are collected through a minor surgical procedure.
    3. Fertilization: Eggs are fertilized with sperm in the laboratory to create embryos.
    4. Embryo culture: Embryos are grown in the lab for several days, typically until the blastocyst stage (day 5 or 6).
    5. Biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo. The biopsy is performed by an embryologist using specialized equipment.
    6. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are sent to a genetic laboratory for testing. The type of test depends on your situation.
    7. Embryo transfer: After results are available, a suitable embryo may be selected for transfer. Unused embryos may be frozen for future use.

    The entire process from stimulation to transfer can take several weeks, but the exact timeline depends on your individual treatment plan and the clinic’s schedule.

    What do PGT results mean?

    PGT results are reported as normal (euploid), abnormal (aneuploid), or inconclusive. A normal result means that the tested cells had the expected number of chromosomes or did not show the specific genetic mutation. An abnormal result indicates a potential issue, but it does not always mean the embryo cannot develop into a healthy baby. Inconclusive results may occur if the biopsy sample was insufficient or the analysis failed.

    It is important to understand that PGT examines only a few cells from the embryo, which may not represent the entire embryo. Also, PGT cannot detect all genetic conditions, and it does not eliminate the risk of birth defects or developmental disorders. Your doctor will interpret the results in the context of your medical history and discuss the options.

    Who might consider PGT?

    PGT may be considered in the following situations, but it is not a one-size-fits-all recommendation:

    • Women over a certain age (often 35 or older, but this varies by clinic and country).
    • Couples with a known genetic disorder in the family.
    • Individuals with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss or implantation failure.
    • Couples with a chromosomal rearrangement.
    • Those who want to reduce the risk of passing on a specific genetic condition.

    However, PGT is not recommended for everyone. For some patients, the added cost and time may not provide significant benefit. Your fertility specialist can help you weigh the pros and cons based on your specific situation.

    Alternatives to PGT

    If you are considering genetic testing, there are alternatives to PGT that you may discuss with your doctor:

    • Prenatal testing: Tests such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis can be done during pregnancy to check for genetic conditions. These tests carry a small risk of miscarriage.
    • Carrier screening: Before IVF, you and your partner can undergo carrier screening to identify if you carry genes for certain disorders. This can help you decide whether PGT is needed.
    • Donor eggs or sperm: Using donor gametes may reduce the risk of passing on a genetic condition, but this is a personal decision with its own considerations.

    Each option has benefits and limitations, and the right choice depends on your medical history, values, and goals.

    Questions to ask your clinic about PGT in Thailand

    When considering PGT in Thailand, it is essential to ask specific questions to understand what is offered and what to expect. Here are some questions to consider:

    • What types of PGT do you offer (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR)?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage?
    • What is the laboratory’s experience with genetic testing?
    • How long does it take to receive results?
    • What are the costs for PGT, and what is included?
    • Are there any legal or regulatory considerations for PGT in Thailand?
    • How are inconclusive results handled?
    • What is the policy on embryo freezing and storage?

    Asking these questions can help you make an informed decision and set realistic expectations.

    Next steps: making your decision

    If you are considering PGT with IVF in Thailand, here is a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to review your medical history and discuss whether PGT is appropriate.
    2. If PGT is recommended, ask for a detailed explanation of the process, risks, and costs.
    3. Consider genetic counseling to understand the implications of testing and results.
    4. Verify the clinic’s laboratory credentials and experience with PGT.
    5. Clarify all costs, including biopsy, genetic analysis, and embryo storage.
    6. Plan for the timeline, including any travel arrangements if you are coming from abroad.

    Remember, PGT is a personal choice. Take the time to gather information and ask questions until you feel comfortable with your decision.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT mandatory for IVF in Thailand?

    No, PGT is not mandatory for IVF in Thailand. It is an optional test that may be recommended based on your medical history, age, or genetic risks. Your doctor will discuss whether PGT is appropriate for you.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders when parents are known carriers. PGT-M requires a prior genetic workup to design a personalized test.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT cannot guarantee a healthy baby. It reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain genetic issues, but it does not detect all conditions, and there is still a chance of birth defects or developmental problems.

    How long does PGT take in Thailand?

    The PGT process adds time to an IVF cycle, typically a few weeks for embryo culture and genetic analysis. The exact timeline varies by clinic and the type of test, so it is best to ask your clinic for a specific schedule.

    Are there any risks associated with PGT?

    The embryo biopsy is a delicate procedure, but it is generally considered safe. There is a small risk of embryo damage, and some embryos may not survive the biopsy or freezing process. Your doctor will explain the risks in detail.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Interpret PGT-A Results in Thailand: A Guide for Patients

    Receiving your PGT-A results can feel overwhelming. This guide explains the common result categories—euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic—and the limitations of the test, so you can have a more informed conversation with your doctor in Thailand.

    At a Glance: PGT-A Result Categories

    • Euploid: Normal chromosome number, often considered transferable.
    • Aneuploid: Abnormal chromosome number, usually not recommended for transfer.
    • Mosaic: Mix of normal and abnormal cells, with varying clinical implications.

    What Is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a screening test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Having too many or too few chromosomes can lead to implantation failure, miscarriage, or genetic conditions like Down syndrome.

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, and it does not test for all genetic disorders. It is one tool among many in fertility treatment.

    Understanding Your PGT-A Report

    Your PGT-A report will typically list each embryo tested and its result. Here are the main categories:

    Euploid

    Euploid embryos have the expected number of chromosomes (46 in humans). These are often prioritized for transfer because they have the highest chance of implanting and developing normally. However, a euploid result does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy child.

    Aneuploid

    Aneuploid embryos have an abnormal number of chromosomes. For example, trisomy 21 (three copies of chromosome 21) causes Down syndrome. Most aneuploid embryos will not implant or will miscarry. Transfer of aneuploid embryos is generally not recommended, but your doctor can discuss any rare exceptions.

    Mosaic

    Mosaic embryos have a mixture of normal and abnormal cells. The percentage of abnormal cells and which chromosomes are affected influence the outcome. Some mosaic embryos can develop into healthy babies, but the risk of miscarriage or genetic issues is higher than with euploid embryos. Your doctor will help you weigh the options.

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It cannot detect all genetic problems, and it does not assess the embryo’s overall quality or potential for implantation. The biopsy samples only a few cells, which may not represent the entire embryo. Additionally, PGT-A cannot predict the health of the child after birth.

    In Thailand, PGT-A is performed in specialized laboratories. The accuracy of the test depends on the laboratory’s techniques and the embryo’s stage at biopsy. Discuss these factors with your clinic.

    How to Discuss Results with Your Doctor

    When you receive your PGT-A report, prepare questions for your doctor. Here are some to consider:

    • What does this result mean for my chances of pregnancy?
    • Are there any additional tests I should consider?
    • What is the recommended next step for each embryo?
    • How does my age or medical history affect the interpretation?

    Your doctor in Thailand will explain the results in the context of your individual situation. Take notes and ask for clarification if anything is unclear.

    Next Steps After PGT-A Results

    After reviewing your results, you and your doctor will decide which embryos to transfer. If you have no euploid embryos, you may consider additional IVF cycles or alternative options. If you have mosaic embryos, you may discuss the risks and benefits of transfer.

    Remember that PGT-A is optional and not suitable for everyone. Your doctor can help you understand if it is right for you.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the laboratory’s experience with PGT-A?
    • How are mosaic embryos classified and reported?
    • What is the policy on transferring mosaic embryos?
    • Are there any additional costs for PGT-A?

    Checklist for Your Next Appointment

    • Bring a copy of your PGT-A report.
    • List your questions in advance.
    • Ask for a clear explanation of each result.
    • Discuss all options, including transfer, further testing, or new cycles.

    For more information on PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a PGT-A result of 'euploid' mean?

    A euploid result means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. It is often considered suitable for transfer, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    Can a mosaic embryo result in a healthy baby?

    Yes, some mosaic embryos can develop into healthy babies, but the risk of miscarriage or genetic issues is higher than with euploid embryos. Your doctor can help you understand the specific risks based on the percentage and type of mosaicism.

    Is PGT-A accurate?

    PGT-A is a screening test with limitations. It samples only a few cells, which may not represent the entire embryo. It cannot detect all genetic conditions. Discuss the accuracy and limitations with your clinic.

    What should I do if all my embryos are aneuploid?

    If all embryos are aneuploid, your doctor may recommend considering another IVF cycle, using donor eggs or sperm, or exploring other options. The best next step depends on your individual situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR in Thailand: Which Genetic Test Is Right for You?

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand, you may have encountered the terms PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR. These are three types of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) that can be performed on embryos created through IVF. Each test serves a different purpose: PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), PGT-M detects specific single-gene disorders, and PGT-SR identifies structural rearrangements of chromosomes. This guide explains the clinical purposes of each test, how they differ, and what to consider when deciding which test—if any—may be appropriate for your situation.

    At a Glance: PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR

    • PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes.
    • PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic Disorders) looks for specific inherited single-gene conditions.
    • PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) detects chromosomal structural changes like translocations.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A is designed to screen embryos for aneuploidy—having an abnormal number of chromosomes. Aneuploidy is a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage. By identifying embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, PGT-A may help reduce the risk of miscarriage and improve the chances of a successful pregnancy, though it does not guarantee success.

    PGT-A is often considered for patients of advanced maternal age, those with a history of recurrent miscarriage, or couples who have experienced repeated IVF failures. However, it is not recommended for everyone; your fertility specialist can help determine if PGT-A is appropriate based on your medical history and circumstances.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is used when one or both partners carry a known genetic mutation for a monogenic disorder—a condition caused by a single gene. Examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington’s disease. PGT-M identifies embryos that have inherited the mutation, allowing the transfer of embryos that are unaffected by the specific condition.

    This test requires prior genetic analysis of the parents to identify the specific mutation. PGT-M is typically recommended for couples with a known genetic risk, and it can be used to avoid passing on a serious inherited condition.

    What Is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR is designed for individuals who carry a structural rearrangement of their chromosomes, such as a translocation or inversion. These rearrangements may not cause health problems in the carrier but can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos, increasing the risk of miscarriage or birth defects. PGT-SR identifies embryos with balanced chromosomal arrangements, which are more likely to result in a healthy pregnancy.

    PGT-SR is often recommended for couples where one partner has a known chromosomal rearrangement, a history of recurrent miscarriages, or previous pregnancies with unbalanced chromosomes.

    Key Differences at a Glance

    Test Purpose Common Indications
    PGT-A Screens for aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome number) Advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, repeated implantation failure
    PGT-M Detects specific single-gene disorders Known genetic mutation in one or both partners
    PGT-SR Identifies structural chromosomal rearrangements Known translocation or inversion, recurrent miscarriage

    How Are the Tests Performed?

    All three types of PGT require IVF to create embryos. After fertilization, embryos are cultured for several days, and a small number of cells are biopsied. The biopsied cells are then analyzed in a genetics laboratory. The process is similar for PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR, but the specific genetic analysis differs:

    • PGT-A uses techniques like next-generation sequencing (NGS) to count chromosomes.
    • PGT-M uses targeted analysis to detect the specific mutation, often requiring a customized test for the family.
    • PGT-SR uses chromosomal analysis to detect structural rearrangements.

    It is important to note that PGT is not a routine part of IVF for all patients. The decision to use PGT should be made in consultation with your fertility specialist and a genetic counselor, who can explain the benefits, limitations, and risks.

    Which PGT Test Is Right for You?

    Choosing the right PGT test depends on your medical history and genetic background. Here are some general considerations:

    • If you have no known genetic conditions but are concerned about chromosomal abnormalities due to age or previous miscarriages, PGT-A may be discussed.
    • If you or your partner carry a known mutation for a single-gene disorder, PGT-M may be recommended.
    • If you or your partner have a chromosomal rearrangement, PGT-SR may be suggested.

    In some cases, more than one test may be used. For example, a couple with a known translocation and advanced maternal age might consider both PGT-SR and PGT-A. Your clinic will guide you based on your specific situation.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    When considering PGT in Thailand, it is helpful to ask your clinic specific questions:

    • What types of PGT do you offer, and which do you recommend for my situation?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage, and what is the success rate for biopsy?
    • How long does the genetic analysis take, and how will results be communicated?
    • Are there additional costs for PGT, and what do they include?
    • Do you have a genetic counselor on staff to discuss results?

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it has limitations. It does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. PGT-A cannot detect all chromosomal abnormalities, and PGT-M and PGT-SR are specific to the conditions tested. Additionally, embryo biopsy carries a small risk of damage, and not all embryos may survive the process. It is also important to understand that PGT is not a substitute for prenatal testing during pregnancy.

    In Thailand, the availability and regulations regarding PGT may vary. It is essential to confirm with your chosen clinic about the specific tests they offer, the laboratory standards, and any legal or ethical considerations.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT as part of your IVF journey in Thailand, here are some practical steps:

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to review your medical history and discuss whether PGT is appropriate.
    2. If PGT-M or PGT-SR is indicated, seek genetic counseling to understand the implications.
    3. Ask your clinic about their experience with PGT and the laboratory they use.
    4. Clarify all costs and timelines before starting treatment.
    5. Make an informed decision based on your personal circumstances and medical advice.

    For more information on PGT in Thailand, you can explore our PGT in Thailand guide, browse our other guides, or check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done at the same time?

    Yes, it is possible to perform PGT-A and PGT-M simultaneously on the same embryo biopsy. This is often done when a couple has a known genetic mutation and also wants to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. However, not all clinics may offer combined testing, so it is important to confirm with your clinic.

    Is PGT mandatory for all IVF patients in Thailand?

    No, PGT is not mandatory for all IVF patients. It is an optional test that may be recommended based on specific medical indications. Your fertility specialist will discuss whether PGT is appropriate for your situation.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-SR detects structural rearrangements such as translocations or inversions. PGT-A is more common and can be used for general screening, whereas PGT-SR is specifically for individuals with known chromosomal structural changes.

    How long does PGT testing take?

    The time required for PGT testing can vary depending on the type of test and the laboratory. Typically, results may be available within a few days to a couple of weeks. Your clinic will provide a timeline based on their specific procedures.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.