Thailand PGT CMS

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  • How Many Embryos Are Typically Biopsied for PGT in Thailand?

    The number of embryos biopsied for preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in Thailand varies significantly from one patient to another. There is no standard or guaranteed number because the process depends on multiple biological and clinical factors. This article explains the key factors that influence how many embryos reach the biopsy stage, what patients can typically expect, and important questions to ask your clinic.

    Key Factors That Determine the Number of Embryos Biopsied

    Number of Eggs Retrieved

    The starting point is the number of eggs collected during the egg retrieval procedure. This number depends on the patient’s age, ovarian reserve, and response to ovarian stimulation medications. A higher number of mature eggs generally leads to more embryos available for biopsy, but not all eggs will fertilize or develop normally.

    Fertilization Rate

    After egg retrieval, the eggs are fertilized with sperm (via IVF or ICSI). The fertilization rate is typically around 70-80% in optimal conditions, but it can be lower depending on egg and sperm quality. Only fertilized eggs (zygotes) will continue to develop into embryos.

    Embryo Development to Biopsy Stage

    For PGT, embryos are usually biopsied at the blastocyst stage, which occurs around day 5 or 6 after fertilization. Not all fertilized eggs will reach this stage. The rate of blastocyst formation varies, but on average, about 40-50% of fertilized eggs may become blastocysts. Embryos that arrest or stop developing before the blastocyst stage cannot be biopsied.

    Embryo Quality and Grading

    Embryologists grade embryos based on their morphology (appearance). Only embryos that meet certain quality criteria are considered suitable for biopsy. Poor-quality embryos may not be biopsied because they have a lower chance of leading to a successful pregnancy, and some clinics may have policies on which embryos are eligible for testing.

    Clinic Policies and Laboratory Practices

    Different clinics in Thailand may have varying policies regarding the minimum number of embryos required for PGT, the stage at which biopsy is performed, and whether they biopsy all available embryos or only those that meet specific criteria. Some clinics may recommend PGT only if there are a certain number of embryos, while others may proceed with fewer. It is essential to discuss your clinic’s specific approach.

    Typical Range of Embryos Biopsied

    While there is no fixed number, many patients who undergo PGT in Thailand may have between 2 and 8 embryos biopsied per cycle. However, some patients may have fewer (1 or none) if embryo development is poor, while others may have more if they produce a high number of eggs and embryos. The number is highly individual.

    What Happens After Biopsy?

    After biopsy, the cells are sent to a genetic testing laboratory. The results typically take 1-2 weeks. Not all biopsied embryos will be genetically normal. The proportion of normal embryos depends on the patient’s age and other factors. For example, younger patients tend to have a higher percentage of normal embryos. Your clinic will discuss the results and help you decide which embryos to transfer.

    Important Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is your clinic’s average number of embryos biopsied per cycle for patients with my age and diagnosis?
    • At what stage do you perform the biopsy (day 5, day 6, or both)?
    • Do you biopsy all available blastocysts, or only those that meet certain quality criteria?
    • What is your lab’s success rate for embryo survival after biopsy?
    • How long does it take to receive PGT results?
    • What are the costs associated with biopsy and testing per embryo?

    Uncertainties and Limitations

    It is important to understand that the number of embryos biopsied cannot be predicted with certainty before the cycle begins. Even with a good number of eggs, embryo development can be unpredictable. Additionally, PGT itself has limitations, including the risk of inconclusive results, mosaicism, and the fact that it cannot guarantee a healthy baby. Discuss these aspects with your fertility specialist.

    Related Reading

    For more information, explore our FAQ section and guides on PGT and IVF in Thailand. If you have further questions, contact us for personalized assistance.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is there a minimum number of embryos required for PGT in Thailand?

    Some clinics may have a minimum number of embryos they recommend for PGT, but this varies. It is best to ask your clinic directly about their policy.

    Can all embryos be biopsied for PGT?

    Only embryos that reach the blastocyst stage (day 5-6) and have sufficient quality are typically biopsied. Not all fertilized eggs will reach this stage.

    Does the number of embryos biopsied affect the success rate of PGT?

    Having more embryos to biopsy increases the chance of finding at least one genetically normal embryo, but success also depends on embryo quality and other factors.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How PGT-M Works for Inherited Disorders in Thailand

    What Is PGT-M?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic Disorders (PGT-M) is a technique used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to identify embryos that carry a specific inherited genetic condition. It is designed for couples who know they are at risk of passing on a single-gene disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, or thalassemia. PGT-M does not guarantee a healthy pregnancy or live birth, and it is not suitable for all patients. The process requires careful planning, specialized laboratory expertise, and a clear understanding of the limitations.

    Step 1: Genetic Counseling and Family History Review

    Before starting PGT-M, both partners undergo genetic counseling to confirm the diagnosis, identify the specific genetic mutation, and understand the inheritance pattern. The counselor will review family history and may recommend carrier testing for the partner if not already done. This step is essential to determine whether PGT-M is appropriate and to set realistic expectations. In Thailand, genetic counseling is offered at major IVF centers, often in collaboration with geneticists.

    Step 2: Probe Development – The Custom Test

    PGT-M requires a personalized genetic test, called a probe, that is designed to detect the specific mutation in the family. This is the most time-consuming part of the process. The laboratory needs DNA samples from the couple and, ideally, from an affected family member (such as a child or parent) to build a genetic map around the mutation. The probe uses markers (short tandem repeats or single nucleotide polymorphisms) that are linked to the disease gene. Developing the probe can take several weeks to months, depending on the complexity of the mutation and the laboratory’s workload.

    In Thailand, several IVF laboratories have the capability to design custom probes for PGT-M. These labs typically use next-generation sequencing (NGS) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. The probe development is performed in-house or in collaboration with international genetic testing facilities. Patients should confirm with their clinic whether probe development is done locally or sent abroad, as this affects timelines and costs.

    Step 3: IVF and Embryo Biopsy

    Once the probe is ready, the couple undergoes a standard IVF cycle to produce embryos. After fertilization, embryos are cultured in the laboratory for 5 to 6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage. At this point, a small number of cells (typically 5 to 10) are removed from the trophectoderm (the outer layer that will become the placenta) in a procedure called embryo biopsy. The biopsy is performed by an experienced embryologist using a laser to create a small opening in the embryo’s outer shell (zona pellucida) and gently aspirating the cells. The embryo is then frozen (vitrified) while the genetic analysis is performed.

    Thai IVF clinics generally follow international standards for embryo biopsy. The procedure is delicate and requires skilled embryologists to minimize damage to the embryo. The biopsied cells are sent to the genetics laboratory for analysis.

    Step 4: Genetic Analysis

    The biopsied cells are analyzed using the custom probe to determine whether each embryo carries the mutation. The analysis typically involves amplifying the DNA from the few cells and testing for the specific genetic markers. Results are usually available within 1 to 2 weeks. The laboratory will classify embryos as:

    • Unaffected (mutation-free): Embryos that do not carry the disease-causing mutation.
    • Affected: Embryos that carry the mutation.
    • Inconclusive: Embryos where the result is unclear due to technical issues or insufficient DNA.

    It is important to note that PGT-M only tests for the specific mutation requested. It does not screen for other genetic conditions or chromosomal abnormalities unless combined with PGT-A (aneuploidy testing). Some Thai labs offer combined PGT-A and PGT-M, but this should be discussed with the clinic.

    Step 5: Embryo Selection and Transfer

    Based on the genetic results, the couple and their doctor select one or more unaffected embryos for transfer. The frozen embryo is thawed and transferred into the uterus in a subsequent cycle. Any remaining unaffected embryos can be frozen for future use. Affected or inconclusive embryos are typically not transferred, though some couples may choose to transfer inconclusive embryos after further counseling.

    Embryo selection does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a healthy child. Other factors such as maternal age, uterine health, and embryo quality also play a role.

    Laboratory Capabilities in Thailand

    Thailand has several IVF centers with genetics laboratories capable of performing PGT-M. These labs are often equipped with NGS platforms and PCR machines. However, the availability of custom probe development varies. Some clinics have in-house geneticists who design probes, while others outsource to specialized labs in Thailand or abroad. Patients should ask their clinic:

    • Does the lab develop probes in-house or use an external partner?
    • What is the estimated timeline for probe development and analysis?
    • Is the lab accredited by international bodies (e.g., ISO 15189)?
    • Can PGT-M be combined with PGT-A in a single biopsy?

    It is also worth noting that Thai regulations may affect the availability of PGT-M for certain conditions. Patients should confirm with their clinic whether the specific disorder is eligible for testing under current guidelines.

    Limitations and Considerations

    • Not all mutations can be tested: PGT-M works best for well-characterized single-gene disorders. For rare or complex mutations, probe development may not be possible.
    • Risk of misdiagnosis: Although rare, errors can occur due to contamination, allele dropout, or recombination. Confirmatory prenatal testing (e.g., amniocentesis) is recommended after pregnancy.
    • No guarantee of success: PGT-M does not improve the chance of IVF success. It only reduces the risk of passing on the specific genetic condition.
    • Emotional and financial cost: The process is time-consuming and expensive. Probe development alone can cost several thousand dollars, and the overall IVF-PGT cycle adds significant expense.

    Alternatives to PGT-M

    For some couples, alternatives may include:

    • Prenatal diagnosis: Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis during pregnancy to test for the condition, with the option of termination if affected.
    • Donor gametes: Using donor eggs or sperm from a person who does not carry the mutation.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A): If the concern is chromosomal abnormalities rather than a single-gene disorder.

    Each option has its own ethical, emotional, and medical considerations. Genetic counseling can help couples weigh the choices.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the success rate for PGT-M at your clinic? (Note: success rates vary and should be interpreted cautiously.)
    • How many PGT-M cycles have you performed for my specific condition?
    • What is the timeline from probe development to embryo transfer?
    • What happens if the probe development fails or results are inconclusive?
    • Do you offer combined PGT-A and PGT-M?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any guarantees?

    For more information, see our PGT in Thailand overview, patient guides, and frequently asked questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does PGT-M take in Thailand?

    The entire process from probe development to embryo transfer can take several months. Probe development alone may take 4 to 8 weeks, followed by an IVF cycle (about 2 weeks), embryo biopsy, and genetic analysis (1 to 2 weeks). Timelines vary by clinic and the complexity of the mutation.

    Can PGT-M test for any genetic disorder?

    PGT-M is designed for single-gene disorders with a known mutation. It is not suitable for complex conditions caused by multiple genes or environmental factors. The feasibility depends on the specific mutation and the laboratory's ability to design a reliable probe.

    Is PGT-M legal in Thailand?

    PGT-M is available in Thailand for medical purposes, but regulations may restrict testing for non-medical traits (e.g., gender selection) or certain conditions. Patients should confirm with their clinic regarding legal and ethical guidelines.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M?

    Success rates depend on many factors, including maternal age, embryo quality, and laboratory accuracy. PGT-M does not increase the chance of pregnancy; it only reduces the risk of passing on the specific genetic condition. Clinics may report their own data, but no universal rate applies.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Thai vs US PGT Labs: Technology, Methods, and What to Consider

    Understanding PGT Technology Options

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) helps identify genetic abnormalities in embryos created through IVF. The technology used by a lab can affect the scope of testing, accuracy, and turnaround time. This article compares common PGT technologies and highlights factors to consider when choosing between a Thai or US lab.

    Common PGT Technologies

    Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)

    NGS is a method used for PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) and can also be applied to PGT-M (monogenic disorders) and PGT-SR (structural rearrangements). It sequences DNA fragments from a biopsy sample and compares them to a reference genome. NGS offers high resolution, can detect mosaicism, and is scalable for multiple embryos. Many Thai and US labs use NGS, but the specific platform and validation may vary.

    Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)

    aCGH is a method that compares patient DNA to a reference sample using fluorescent labels. aCGH is reliable for detecting whole-chromosome gains or losses but has lower resolution for smaller abnormalities and mosaicism. Some labs still use aCGH, especially for PGT-A.

    Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Array

    SNP arrays analyze thousands of genetic markers across the genome. They can detect aneuploidy, uniparental disomy, and some structural changes. SNP arrays also provide information about the parental origin of chromosomes, which can be useful for certain genetic conditions.

    Turnaround Times

    Turnaround time for PGT results depends on the technology, lab workflow, and whether the test is performed locally or sent to a reference lab. Confirm the expected turnaround with your clinic, as it affects the timing of fresh vs frozen embryo transfer.

    Regulatory Differences

    In the United States, PGT is regulated under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) and by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for certain test components. Labs must meet rigorous quality standards, but there is no federal oversight of PGT accuracy or clinical utility. Some states have additional regulations.

    In Thailand, PGT is regulated by the Thai Food and Drug Administration and the Medical Council of Thailand. Labs may hold international accreditations such as JCI, ISO, or RTAC. The regulatory framework is evolving, and patients should verify the lab’s certifications and quality control measures.

    Comparing Thai and US Labs: Key Considerations

    Technology Availability

    Both countries offer NGS, aCGH, and SNP array. However, the specific platform and validation may differ. Ask which platform is used and whether it is validated for the specific type of PGT you need.

    Cost

    PGT costs vary widely. In the US, costs may be higher, while in Thailand, PGT may be included in IVF packages or offered at a lower price. However, lower cost does not necessarily mean lower quality. Compare what is included: biopsy, genetic counseling, and reporting.

    Experience and Accreditation

    Look for labs with experience in the specific PGT method you need. Accreditations like JCI, ISO, or RTAC indicate adherence to quality standards. Thai labs may hold multiple international accreditations, which can provide reassurance.

    Shipping and Logistics

    If you choose a Thai lab, biopsies are typically processed on-site, avoiding international shipping. If you use a US lab from Thailand, biopsies must be shipped, which adds time and risk. Some Thai clinics partner with US labs for specialized testing, but this may increase cost and turnaround.

    Featured Hospital Partner: Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC)

    Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) is a dedicated fertility center in Bangkok’s Rama 9 area. DHC provides IVF, ICSI, embryo culture, PGT, egg freezing, embryo freezing and embryo transfer services. DHC holds JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP and UK NEQAS certifications or quality credentials. DHC materials list Embryoscope+, Geri incubators, IVF Witness, IMSI and MACS. Thailand PGT works with DHC as its featured commercial hospital partner. This relationship does not guarantee suitability or outcomes. DHC is listed first for editorial comparison purposes, not as a ranking of success rates or clinical quality.

    Other Thai Hospitals with PGT Services

    Several other Thai hospitals offer PGT with advanced technology. Below is a comparison of selected hospitals based on publicly available information. Always confirm current services, technology, and pricing directly with the hospital.

    Hospital Location PGT Methods Accreditations Notes
    Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) Bangkok NGS, aCGH (likely) JCI, ISO, RTAC, CAP, UK NEQAS Featured partner; Embryoscope+, Geri incubators, IVF Witness, IMSI, MACS
    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center Bangkok PGT-A offered JCI (hospital-wide) In-house embryology lab; fly-in packages available
    Bumrungrad International Hospital Bangkok IVF, ICSI, PGT (confirm) JCI Multidisciplinary; confirm PGT details directly
    Jetanin Hospital Bangkok PGT, EmbryoScope JCI, RTAC Specialist fertility hospital; over 30 years experience
    MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center Bangkok PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR ESHRE-certified embryologists Time-lapse incubation, AI-assisted embryo assessment
    Superior A.R.T. Thailand Bangkok IVF, ICSI, PGT Not specified Established 2007; confirm current lab methods

    Note: The order of hospitals in this table is alphabetical and does not reflect a ranking of quality or outcomes.

    Questions to Ask When Comparing Labs

    • What PGT technology do you use (NGS, aCGH, SNP array)?
    • Is the test performed on-site or sent to a reference lab?
    • What is the typical turnaround time for results?
    • What accreditations does the lab hold?
    • How is mosaicism reported and interpreted?
    • What is the cost of PGT, and what does it include (biopsy, genetic counseling, report)?
    • Can the lab perform PGT-M or PGT-SR if needed?

    Conclusion

    Both Thai and US PGT labs offer advanced technology, but differences in regulation, cost, and logistics may influence your decision. Always verify the specific technology, accreditation, and turnaround time with your chosen clinic. Read our partner disclosure for details on commercial relationships.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the main difference between NGS and aCGH for PGT?

    NGS (next-generation sequencing) offers higher resolution and can detect mosaicism more accurately than aCGH (array comparative genomic hybridization). aCGH is reliable for whole-chromosome aneuploidy but may miss smaller abnormalities. NGS is now the preferred method for PGT-A in most labs.

    Are Thai PGT labs as advanced as US labs?

    Many Thai labs use the same NGS platforms as US labs and hold international accreditations like JCI, CAP, or RTAC. However, regulatory oversight differs. Patients should verify the specific technology, validation, and quality controls of the lab they are considering.

    How long does PGT take in Thailand vs the US?

    Turnaround time is similar, typically 7–14 days. Thai labs often process biopsies on-site, avoiding shipping delays. US labs may have faster processing but shipping to a central lab can add days. Confirm with your clinic.

    Is PGT cheaper in Thailand than in the US?

    Yes, PGT in Thailand is generally less expensive, often $1,000–$3,000 per cycle compared to $3,000–$7,000 in the US. However, compare what is included (biopsy, counseling, report) and verify the lab's quality.

    Can Thai labs perform PGT-M for single gene disorders?

    Yes, some Thai labs offer PGT-M. Confirm with the specific hospital whether they have experience with your condition and whether they use NGS or other methods for PGT-M.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How Much Does PGT-A Add to the Cost of IVF in Thailand?

    Understanding PGT-A and Its Role in IVF

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a screening technique used during IVF to check embryos for chromosomal abnormalities. While it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child, it can help select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, potentially reducing the risk of miscarriage and failed implantation. In Thailand, many fertility clinics offer PGT-A as an add-on to standard IVF cycles. The cost can vary significantly depending on the clinic, the number of embryos tested, and whether you choose an inclusive package or a la carte pricing.

    Typical Cost Components of PGT-A

    When budgeting for PGT-A, it is important to understand the different fees involved. These may include:

    • Embryo Biopsy Fee: The procedure to remove a few cells from each embryo. This is usually performed on day 5 or 6 of embryo development (blastocyst stage).
    • Genetic Testing Fee: The actual analysis of the biopsied cells. This is often charged per embryo or per sample.
    • Shipping and Handling: If the biopsy samples are sent to an external genetics laboratory, there may be courier and handling charges.
    • Storage Fees: Embryos may need to be frozen and stored while awaiting test results. Some clinics include initial storage in the package; others charge separately.
    • Consultation and Coordination: Some clinics charge an administrative fee for coordinating the PGT process with the genetics lab.

    Package vs. A La Carte Pricing

    Clinics in Thailand may offer PGT-A as part of an all-inclusive IVF package or as a separate add-on. Understanding the difference can help you compare costs more effectively.

    Inclusive Packages

    Some clinics bundle PGT-A with the IVF cycle, often including the biopsy, genetic testing for a set number of embryos (e.g., up to 8 embryos), and initial storage. These packages can provide cost certainty but may not be cost-effective if you have fewer embryos to test.

    A La Carte Pricing

    Other clinics charge separately for each component. This can be more flexible, allowing you to pay only for the services you need. However, the total cost may be higher if you need to test many embryos or require additional services like extended storage.

    Questions to Ask When Comparing Quotes

    To avoid unexpected costs, ask each clinic the following questions:

    • What is the biopsy fee per embryo? Is it included in the IVF cycle cost?
    • What is the genetic testing fee per embryo? Is there a minimum or maximum number of embryos?
    • Are shipping and handling fees included? If not, what is the estimated cost?
    • How long is initial embryo storage included? What are the ongoing storage fees?
    • Are there any additional administrative or coordination fees?
    • What happens if no embryos are suitable for biopsy? Is there a refund or credit?
    • Do you offer a package that covers multiple IVF cycles with PGT-A?

    Factors That Influence Total Cost

    Several factors can affect the final price you pay for PGT-A in Thailand:

    • Number of Embryos Tested: Most clinics charge per embryo, so the more embryos you have, the higher the total cost.
    • Clinic Location and Reputation: Clinics in Bangkok or major cities may have higher overheads, which can be reflected in pricing.
    • Genetics Laboratory: Some clinics have in-house labs, while others outsource to international labs. Outsourcing may add shipping costs and longer turnaround times.
    • Technology Used: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is the most common method for PGT-A and may be priced differently than older techniques.
    • Additional Services: Some clinics offer genetic counseling or repeat testing if results are inconclusive, which may incur extra fees.

    Hidden Fees to Watch For

    When reviewing quotes, be aware of potential hidden fees:

    • Biopsy Cancellation Fee: If embryos do not develop to the blastocyst stage, some clinics still charge a biopsy preparation fee.
    • Repeat Testing Fee: If a sample fails to amplify or results are unclear, re-biopsy and retesting may be charged.
    • Embryo Disposal Fee: If you choose to discard abnormal embryos, there may be a fee for disposal.
    • Legal or Administrative Fees: Some clinics charge for preparing consent forms or coordinating with international patients.

    Comparing Costs Across Clinics

    Because exact prices vary and change frequently, it is essential to request a detailed written quote from each clinic you consider. Ask for a breakdown of all fees, including any that are non-refundable. Keep in mind that the cheapest option may not always be the best value—consider the clinic’s experience, success rates, and the quality of the genetics laboratory.

    Additional Considerations for International Patients

    If you are traveling to Thailand for IVF with PGT-A, factor in these potential costs:

    • Travel and Accommodation: You may need to stay in Thailand for at least 2-3 weeks for the IVF cycle and embryo biopsy.
    • Medication Costs: Fertility medications are often not included in package prices and can be a significant expense.
    • Currency Exchange: Fluctuations in exchange rates can affect the final cost in your home currency.
    • Insurance: Check whether your health insurance covers any part of IVF or PGT-A; most do not.

    Conclusion

    Adding PGT-A to an IVF cycle in Thailand involves several cost components, from biopsy and genetic testing to shipping and storage. By understanding these fees and asking the right questions, you can make an informed comparison between inclusive packages and a la carte pricing. Always request a detailed, written quote and confirm what is included before making a decision. For more information on IVF costs in Thailand, visit our IVF cost guide. For additional resources, see our patient resources or contact us for personalized assistance.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A included in most IVF packages in Thailand?

    Some clinics offer inclusive packages that cover PGT-A for a set number of embryos, while others charge it as an add-on. Always check the package details and ask what is included.

    How is PGT-A pricing typically structured?

    PGT-A is often priced per embryo tested, with separate fees for biopsy, genetic analysis, shipping, and storage. Some clinics offer a flat fee for up to a certain number of embryos.

    Are there any hidden costs with PGT-A in Thailand?

    Possible hidden costs include biopsy cancellation fees, repeat testing fees, embryo disposal fees, and administrative charges. Request a full breakdown from the clinic.

    Does the number of embryos affect the total PGT-A cost?

    Yes, since testing is usually per embryo, more embryos mean higher costs. Some clinics offer discounts for testing multiple embryos.

    Can I get a refund if no embryos are suitable for biopsy?

    Policies vary. Some clinics may refund the genetic testing fee but not the biopsy fee. Confirm the refund policy before proceeding.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M for Single Gene Disorders in Thailand: A Patient Guide

    What Is PGT-M?

    Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) is a technique used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to identify embryos that carry a specific single-gene disorder. It is designed for couples or individuals who have a known genetic condition and wish to reduce the chance of passing it to their children. PGT-M is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or live birth, and it is not suitable for everyone. The decision to use PGT-M should be made in consultation with a genetic counselor and fertility specialist.

    How PGT-M Differs from PGT-A and PGT-SR

    PGT-M is one of three main types of preimplantation genetic testing:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy testing) screens embryos for abnormal numbers of chromosomes (e.g., extra or missing chromosomes). It is often used to improve implantation rates and reduce miscarriage risk, especially in older women.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement testing) detects embryos with unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions, which can cause infertility or miscarriage.
    • PGT-M specifically looks for a single gene mutation that causes a specific inherited disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It requires prior knowledge of the exact mutation in the family.

    Each test has different indications, limitations, and success rates. Your clinic will help determine which test, if any, is appropriate for your situation.

    The PGT-M Process in Thailand

    1. Genetic Counseling and Testing

    Before starting IVF with PGT-M, you and your partner (if applicable) will undergo genetic counseling and testing to confirm the specific mutation. This may involve blood or saliva samples from affected family members. The results are used to design a personalized test for your embryos.

    2. Probe Development

    A crucial step in PGT-M is creating a genetic probe—a custom laboratory tool that can identify the mutation in embryonic cells. This process, called probe development or assay design, typically takes several weeks. The probe is made using DNA from the family (e.g., from the parents and an affected child or other relatives). In Thailand, experienced genetic laboratories can develop probes for a wide range of single-gene disorders. The time required and cost of probe development vary by clinic and the complexity of the mutation. You should ask your clinic for an estimate of the timeline and fees.

    3. IVF and Embryo Biopsy

    Once the probe is ready, you undergo a standard IVF cycle to retrieve eggs and create embryos. On day 5 or 6 of development, a few cells are gently removed from each embryo (biopsy). These cells are sent to the genetics lab for analysis.

    4. Genetic Analysis

    The lab uses the custom probe to test the biopsied cells for the mutation. Results typically take a few days to a week. Embryos are classified as unaffected (no mutation), affected (carrying the mutation), or inconclusive. Only unaffected embryos are considered for transfer.

    5. Embryo Transfer and Follow-Up

    One or more unaffected embryos are transferred to the uterus. Any remaining unaffected embryos may be frozen for future use. After pregnancy is confirmed, prenatal diagnostic testing (e.g., chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) is recommended to confirm the PGT-M result, as embryo testing is not 100% accurate.

    What Conditions Can Be Tested?

    Thailand’s genetic laboratories can develop probes for many single-gene disorders, including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked conditions. Common examples include cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, beta-thalassemia, and Huntington’s disease. However, not all disorders are testable; the mutation must be known and the family must provide sufficient DNA samples. Your clinic can advise on whether your specific condition is eligible for PGT-M.

    Costs and Timeline

    The cost of PGT-M in Thailand includes several components: probe development, IVF cycle, embryo biopsy, genetic testing, and embryo transfer. Probe development is a one-time fee that can range from a few hundred to several thousand US dollars, depending on the complexity. The total cost for a full PGT-M cycle is typically higher than standard IVF. Exact prices vary widely between clinics and are subject to change. You should request a detailed cost breakdown from your chosen clinic.

    The timeline from initial consultation to embryo transfer can take several months. Probe development alone may take 4–8 weeks. IVF stimulation and egg retrieval add another 2–3 weeks, followed by biopsy and testing (1–2 weeks). Planning ahead is essential.

    Alternatives to PGT-M

    PGT-M is not the only option for couples at risk of passing on a genetic disorder. Alternatives include:

    • Prenatal diagnosis (e.g., CVS or amniocentesis) during pregnancy, with the option to terminate an affected pregnancy.
    • Donor gametes (egg or sperm) from a donor without the genetic condition.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing using polar body biopsy (less common).
    • Natural conception with no testing, accepting the risk.

    Each option has medical, ethical, and emotional implications. Genetic counseling can help you weigh the choices.

    Limitations and Risks

    • Not 100% accurate: There is a small chance of misdiagnosis due to technical errors or biological factors (e.g., mosaicism). Confirmatory prenatal testing is strongly advised.
    • No guarantee of pregnancy: PGT-M does not improve the chance of implantation or live birth; it only selects against a specific mutation.
    • Embryo loss: Some embryos may be affected or inconclusive, reducing the number available for transfer.
    • Time and cost: The process is lengthy and expensive, and not all clinics offer PGT-M.
    • Ethical considerations: Some individuals or cultures may have concerns about embryo selection.

    Choosing a Clinic in Thailand

    When considering PGT-M in Thailand, look for a clinic with:

    • Experience in PGT-M and a dedicated genetics laboratory.
    • Clear communication about probe development timelines and costs.
    • Genetic counseling services.
    • Transparent success rates (though these are not directly comparable).

    You can find more information on our PGT in Thailand page, guides, and FAQ.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does probe development take for PGT-M?

    Probe development typically takes several weeks, often 4–8 weeks, depending on the complexity of the mutation and the laboratory's workload. Your clinic can provide a specific timeline.

    Can PGT-M test for any single gene disorder?

    PGT-M can test for many single-gene disorders, but the specific mutation must be known and the family must provide adequate DNA samples. Some rare or complex mutations may not be testable. Consult your clinic for eligibility.

    Is PGT-M covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Insurance coverage for PGT-M varies. Most international patients pay out-of-pocket. Check with your insurance provider and clinic for details.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M?

    Success rates depend on many factors, including maternal age, embryo quality, and the specific genetic condition. PGT-M does not guarantee a live birth. Ask your clinic for their most recent data.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Is PGT and How Does It Work in Thailand IVF?

    What Is Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used during an IVF cycle to examine embryos for genetic or chromosomal conditions before they are transferred to the uterus. The goal is to help select embryos that are more likely to result in a healthy pregnancy. PGT is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy child, and it is not suitable or necessary for everyone.

    Types of PGT

    There are three main types of PGT, each designed for a different purpose:

    PGT-A (Aneuploidy Testing)

    PGT-A checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Aneuploid embryos often fail to implant or may lead to miscarriage. PGT-A can identify which embryos have the correct number (euploid) and which do not. This can help reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities and may improve the chance of a live birth per transfer, especially for women of advanced maternal age.

    PGT-M (Monogenic Disorders)

    PGT-M is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation for a specific inherited disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It tests embryos for that specific mutation to identify which embryos are unaffected. PGT-M requires a custom test to be developed for each family, which takes time and additional cost.

    PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangements)

    PGT-SR is for individuals who carry a balanced chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation or inversion. While the carrier may be healthy, their embryos can have unbalanced chromosomes, leading to implantation failure, miscarriage, or a child with disabilities. PGT-SR identifies embryos with balanced or normal chromosomes.

    How Does PGT Work in an IVF Cycle?

    The PGT process involves several steps that are integrated into a standard IVF cycle:

    1. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval: The woman takes medication to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. Eggs are collected in a minor surgical procedure.
    2. Fertilization: Eggs are fertilized with sperm in the laboratory to create embryos.
    3. Embryo culture: Embryos are grown in the lab for about 5–6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage. At this stage, the embryo has two distinct cell types: the inner cell mass (which becomes the fetus) and the trophectoderm (which becomes the placenta).
    4. Biopsy: A skilled embryologist uses a laser to make a small hole in the outer shell of the embryo (zona pellucida) and gently removes a few cells from the trophectoderm. The biopsy is performed on day 5 or 6. The embryo is then frozen (vitrified) while the cells are sent for genetic analysis.
    5. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are analyzed in a genetics laboratory. For PGT-A, techniques like next-generation sequencing (NGS) are commonly used to count chromosomes. For PGT-M and PGT-SR, more specialized methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) may be used.
    6. Results and embryo selection: Results typically take 1–2 weeks. The report will classify each embryo as euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells). For PGT-M, embryos are classified as unaffected, affected, or carrier (if applicable). Based on these results, the doctor and patient select one or more embryos for transfer in a subsequent frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle.

    Understanding PGT Results

    PGT results are not always straightforward. Here are key terms:

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. These embryos have the highest chance of implantation and live birth, but they are not guaranteed to result in a pregnancy or a healthy child.
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has missing or extra chromosomes. These embryos are unlikely to implant or will likely miscarry. They are generally not transferred.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has both normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance of mosaicism is still being studied. Some mosaic embryos may still result in a healthy baby, but the risk of abnormalities is higher. Decisions about transferring mosaic embryos should be made with genetic counseling.
    • Inconclusive: Sometimes the biopsy sample does not yield enough DNA for analysis, or the result is unclear. In such cases, the embryo may be re-biopsied or discarded depending on clinic policy.

    Who Might Consider PGT?

    PGT is not for everyone. Common reasons to consider PGT include:

    • Advanced maternal age (typically 35 or older)
    • Recurrent pregnancy loss
    • Repeated IVF failure
    • Known chromosomal translocation or inversion in either parent
    • Known genetic disorder in the family
    • Severe male factor infertility
    • Previous child with a chromosomal or genetic condition

    However, PGT has limitations and risks. It adds cost to an IVF cycle, requires embryo freezing, and involves a biopsy that, while generally safe, carries a small risk of embryo damage. PGT cannot detect all genetic conditions, and a normal PGT result does not guarantee a healthy baby. Some abnormalities may arise after implantation or be due to factors not tested.

    Alternatives to PGT

    For some patients, alternatives may be more appropriate:

    • No testing: Many couples choose to transfer embryos without PGT, relying on embryo morphology (appearance) and maternal age to select embryos.
    • Prenatal testing: After pregnancy is achieved, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis can diagnose chromosomal or genetic conditions in the fetus.
    • Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT): A blood test from the mother can screen for common chromosomal abnormalities, but it is a screening test, not diagnostic.
    • Donor eggs or sperm: Using gametes from a screened donor can reduce the risk of inherited genetic conditions.

    What to Discuss with Your Clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT as part of IVF in Thailand, here are important questions to ask your clinic:

    • What types of PGT do you offer (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR)?
    • What is the experience of your embryology team with embryo biopsy?
    • Which genetic laboratory performs the analysis, and what accreditation do they have?
    • How long does it take to receive results?
    • What is the policy on mosaic embryos?
    • What are the costs for PGT, and what is included?
    • What is the success rate for PGT-tested embryos at your clinic? (Note: success rates vary and depend on many factors; ask for their most recent data.)
    • Do you offer genetic counseling before and after testing?

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it is not a magic solution. Understanding its benefits, limitations, and alternatives will help you make an informed decision in partnership with your fertility team.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for a specific inherited genetic disorder when one or both parents carry a known mutation. PGT-SR is used when a parent has a balanced chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation, to identify embryos with normal or balanced chromosomes.

    Is PGT necessary for all IVF patients?

    No. PGT is not necessary for everyone. It is typically recommended for patients with advanced maternal age, recurrent pregnancy loss, repeated IVF failure, known genetic disorders, or chromosomal rearrangements. Many patients achieve successful pregnancies without PGT.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain chromosomal or genetic abnormalities, but it cannot detect all possible conditions. A normal PGT result does not guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a child without health issues.

    How long does PGT take in an IVF cycle?

    After embryo biopsy on day 5 or 6, genetic analysis typically takes 1–2 weeks. Embryos are frozen while waiting for results. The transfer occurs in a subsequent frozen embryo transfer cycle.

    What are the risks of embryo biopsy?

    The biopsy removes a few cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta). While generally safe, there is a small risk of embryo damage or reduced viability. The long-term effects on the child are considered minimal, but ongoing research continues.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How Does PGT Work in Thailand? A Step-by-Step Guide for International Patients

    What Is PGT and Why Is It Used?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a technique used alongside in vitro fertilization (IVF) to screen embryos for genetic abnormalities before transfer to the uterus. It helps identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (PGT-A), specific single-gene disorders (PGT-M), or structural rearrangements (PGT-SR). PGT is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or live birth, and it is not suitable for every patient. Your fertility specialist will help determine if PGT is appropriate based on your medical history and family planning goals.

    Step 1: IVF Cycle and Embryo Development

    The PGT process begins with a standard IVF cycle. You will undergo ovarian stimulation to produce multiple eggs, which are then retrieved and fertilized with sperm in the laboratory. The resulting embryos are cultured for 5–6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage. At this point, the embryo has two distinct cell types: the inner cell mass (which becomes the fetus) and the trophectoderm (which becomes the placenta). Only embryos that develop to the blastocyst stage are suitable for biopsy.

    Step 2: Embryo Biopsy

    On day 5 or 6 of development, a skilled embryologist performs a biopsy. Using a laser and a fine pipette, the embryologist removes 3–5 cells from the trophectoderm. This is done carefully to minimize any impact on the embryo’s viability. The biopsied cells are then sent for genetic analysis. The embryo itself is frozen (vitrified) while awaiting results.

    Step 3: Genetic Analysis

    The biopsied cells undergo genetic testing in a specialized laboratory. The type of analysis depends on the indication:

    • PGT-A (Aneuploidy Testing): Screens for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with an abnormal number (aneuploid) are less likely to implant or may lead to miscarriage.
    • PGT-M (Monogenic Testing): Detects specific single-gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or thalassemia. This requires prior knowledge of the genetic mutation in the family.
    • PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangement Testing): Identifies embryos with balanced or unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions.

    Thailand follows international standards for genetic testing, and laboratories use validated techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) for PGT-A and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or NGS for PGT-M and PGT-SR. The analysis typically takes 1–2 weeks, depending on the complexity.

    Step 4: Result Interpretation

    Results are reported as:

    • Euploid: Normal chromosome number (for PGT-A) or unaffected (for PGT-M/SR). These embryos are prioritized for transfer.
    • Aneuploid: Abnormal chromosome number. These embryos are generally not transferred.
    • Mosaic: A mix of normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance of mosaicism is still being studied, and transfer decisions are made on a case-by-case basis.
    • Inconclusive: The biopsy sample did not yield sufficient DNA for analysis. Re-biopsy may be possible in some cases.

    It is important to discuss results with your genetic counselor or fertility specialist to understand the implications for your specific situation.

    Step 5: Frozen Embryo Transfer

    Once results are available, a euploid or unaffected embryo is selected for transfer. The embryo is thawed and transferred into the uterus in a subsequent menstrual cycle. The timing of the transfer is coordinated with your natural cycle or a hormone replacement protocol.

    Alternatives and Limitations

    PGT is not the only option. Alternatives include:

    • Prenatal testing (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy.
    • Donor eggs or sperm to avoid inherited genetic conditions.
    • Natural conception with genetic counseling.

    Limitations of PGT include:

    • Not all embryos reach the blastocyst stage for biopsy.
    • PGT cannot detect all genetic disorders or guarantee a healthy baby.
    • There is a small risk of embryo damage during biopsy.
    • Mosaic results can be difficult to interpret.

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child. Discuss all options thoroughly with your medical team.

    What International Patients Should Know

    Thailand has a well-established reputation for fertility care, with many clinics offering PGT services that adhere to international standards. As an international patient, you will need to plan for travel, accommodation, and time in Thailand. The entire process—from initial consultation to embryo transfer—can take several weeks to months, depending on your cycle and testing requirements.

    Key considerations include:

    • Medical records: Bring all relevant medical history, genetic reports, and prior fertility treatments.
    • Legal aspects: Confirm the legal status of PGT for your specific indication (e.g., sex selection may be restricted).
    • Costs: Obtain a detailed cost breakdown from your clinic, including IVF, biopsy, genetic testing, and embryo storage.
    • Support: Consider working with a patient coordinator who can assist with logistics and communication.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand overview, browse our guides, or check the FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does the PGT process take in Thailand?

    The entire process from IVF stimulation to embryo transfer typically takes 6–8 weeks, but this can vary depending on your cycle, the type of PGT, and laboratory timelines. Confirm with your clinic for an individualized timeline.

    Is PGT legal in Thailand?

    PGT is available in Thailand for medical indications such as preventing genetic disorders. However, regulations may vary, and some uses (like sex selection for non-medical reasons) may be restricted. Always verify current laws with your clinic or legal advisor.

    Can I choose the sex of my embryo with PGT in Thailand?

    Sex selection is generally not permitted for non-medical reasons in Thailand. PGT may be used to avoid sex-linked genetic disorders. Discuss your specific situation with your clinic.

    What is the success rate of PGT in Thailand?

    Success rates depend on many factors including maternal age, embryo quality, and the specific genetic condition. There are no guaranteed outcomes. Ask your clinic for their most recent data relevant to your case.

    Do I need to stay in Thailand for the entire PGT cycle?

    You will need to be in Thailand for egg retrieval and embryo transfer. The genetic analysis takes 1–2 weeks, during which you may return home if you wish, but discuss logistics with your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Happens During a PGT Biopsy in Thailand? A Step-by-Step Guide

    Understanding PGT Biopsy in Thailand

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) is a procedure used during IVF to screen embryos for genetic abnormalities before transfer. The biopsy is a critical step where a few cells are removed from the embryo for analysis. For international patients considering PGT in Thailand, understanding the biopsy process can help ease anxiety and prepare for the journey.

    This guide explains the step-by-step process of a trophectoderm biopsy on day 5 or 6 blastocysts, addresses common concerns about embryo safety, and outlines what you need to confirm with your treating clinic.

    What Is a Trophectoderm Biopsy?

    A trophectoderm biopsy is performed on embryos that have developed to the blastocyst stage, typically by day 5 or 6 after fertilization. At this stage, the embryo has differentiated into two cell types:

    • Inner cell mass (ICM): Develops into the fetus.
    • Trophectoderm (TE): Forms the placenta and other supporting tissues.

    During the biopsy, a few cells are gently removed from the trophectoderm layer. This approach is preferred because it does not disturb the inner cell mass, which will become the baby. The removed cells are then sent for genetic analysis.

    Step-by-Step Process of PGT Biopsy in Thailand

    1. Embryo Development to Blastocyst

    After egg retrieval and fertilization, embryos are cultured in the laboratory for 5–6 days. Only embryos that reach the blastocyst stage are considered for biopsy. The embryologist assesses the quality and expansion of each blastocyst.

    2. Preparation for Biopsy

    On the day of biopsy, the blastocyst is held in place using a specialized holding pipette. A laser or a thin glass needle is used to create a small opening in the outer shell of the embryo (the zona pellucida). This step is called hatching or zona drilling.

    3. Cell Removal

    Through the opening, the embryologist gently aspirates 5–10 trophectoderm cells using a biopsy pipette. The cells are carefully separated from the embryo, often with the aid of a laser to ensure a clean cut. The entire process takes only a few minutes.

    4. Embryo Vitrification

    After biopsy, the embryo is immediately frozen (vitrified) to preserve its viability. Vitrification is a rapid freezing technique that prevents ice crystal formation, which can damage cells. The embryo remains frozen while the genetic analysis is performed.

    5. Genetic Analysis

    The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for testing. Depending on the type of PGT, the analysis may screen for:

    • PGT-A: Aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes).
    • PGT-M: Monogenic disorders (single-gene diseases).
    • PGT-SR: Structural rearrangements (e.g., translocations).

    Results typically take 1–2 weeks, though this can vary by clinic and laboratory.

    6. Embryo Transfer

    Once results are available, a frozen embryo transfer (FET) is scheduled in a subsequent menstrual cycle. Only genetically normal (euploid) embryos are selected for transfer.

    Is the Biopsy Safe for the Embryo?

    Embryo safety is a top concern for patients. Trophectoderm biopsy is considered safe when performed by experienced embryologists. Key safety points include:

    • Cell selection: Only trophectoderm cells are removed, leaving the inner cell mass intact.
    • Minimal cell loss: The number of cells taken is small relative to the total cell count of a blastocyst (typically 100–200 cells).
    • Vitrification: Freezing after biopsy has been shown to have high survival rates.

    However, no medical procedure is without risk. Some studies suggest a slight reduction in implantation rates after biopsy, but the evidence is not conclusive. Discuss the risks and benefits with your fertility specialist.

    What to Expect as an International Patient in Thailand

    Travel and Timeline Planning

    PGT adds time to the IVF cycle. A typical timeline might include:

    • Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval: 10–14 days in Thailand.
    • Embryo culture and biopsy: 5–6 days after retrieval.
    • Genetic testing: 1–2 weeks (you may return home during this period).
    • Frozen embryo transfer: Requires a separate trip of about 1–2 weeks.

    Confirm the exact timeline with your clinic, as it can vary based on your treatment plan and the laboratory’s workload.

    Clinic Selection

    When choosing a clinic in Thailand for PGT, consider:

    • Embryology expertise: Ask about the embryologists’ experience with trophectoderm biopsy.
    • Genetic laboratory: Some clinics have in-house labs; others send samples to partner labs. Inquire about accreditation and turnaround times.
    • Success rates: Request clinic-specific data for PGT cycles, but remember that success rates depend on many factors.

    Legal and Regulatory Considerations

    Thailand has regulations governing PGT. For example, PGT for sex selection is not permitted. Confirm with your clinic which genetic tests are legally available and what documentation is required.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    To prepare for your PGT biopsy in Thailand, ask your clinic:

    • What is the embryologist’s experience with trophectoderm biopsy?
    • How many cells are typically removed, and what is the embryo survival rate after biopsy and vitrification?
    • Which genetic tests are offered, and what is the turnaround time for results?
    • What is the cost of PGT, and does it include the biopsy, genetic analysis, and vitrification?
    • What is the policy on embryo freezing and storage?

    Conclusion

    The PGT biopsy in Thailand is a precise, minimally invasive procedure performed on day 5 or 6 blastocysts. By understanding the steps and asking the right questions, you can approach the process with confidence. Always consult with your treating clinic for personalized advice and confirm all details before making travel arrangements.

    Frequently asked questions

    How many cells are removed during a PGT biopsy?

    Typically, 5–10 trophectoderm cells are removed from a day 5 or 6 blastocyst. The exact number may vary by clinic and embryo quality.

    Does the biopsy hurt the embryo?

    The biopsy is performed under a microscope using specialized tools. The embryo does not have pain receptors, so it does not feel pain. The procedure is designed to minimize stress on the embryo.

    How long does the biopsy take?

    The actual biopsy procedure usually takes only a few minutes per embryo. However, the entire process including preparation and vitrification may take longer.

    Can the embryo be damaged during biopsy?

    When performed by an experienced embryologist, the risk of damage is low. The trophectoderm cells are taken from the outer layer, leaving the inner cell mass intact. Vitrification after biopsy has high survival rates.

    Do I need to stay in Thailand during genetic testing?

    No, you can return home while the genetic analysis is performed. Results typically take 1–2 weeks. You will need to return for a frozen embryo transfer in a subsequent cycle.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Choose Between PGT-A and PGT-M for IVF in Thailand

    What Are PGT-A and PGT-M?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) before transfer to the uterus. Two common types are PGT-A and PGT-M.

    • PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) screens embryos for abnormal numbers of chromosomes (aneuploidy). It helps identify embryos with the correct chromosome count (euploid), which may have a higher chance of implantation and lower risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal errors.
    • PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic Disorders) detects specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation.

    A third type, PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements), identifies embryos with balanced or unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations. This article focuses on PGT-A and PGT-M, as they are the most commonly discussed.

    Key Differences in Purpose and Technique

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screen for chromosome number abnormalities Detect specific single-gene disorders
    Who needs it Often recommended for advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, repeated implantation failure, or severe male factor infertility; also used for any patient wanting to reduce aneuploidy risk Couples known to carry a genetic mutation for a serious inherited condition
    Technique Biopsy of 5–10 cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta) on day 5/6; analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) Same biopsy method; then uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other mutation-specific methods to test for the known mutation
    Result Euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic (mixed cell lines) Affected, unaffected (carrier or non-carrier), or inconclusive
    Limitations Cannot detect all genetic disorders; mosaicism can complicate interpretation; does not guarantee pregnancy or live birth Requires prior knowledge of the specific mutation; test must be custom-developed for each family; may have technical limitations

    When Are Both PGT-A and PGT-M Needed?

    In some cases, a couple may benefit from both tests. For example:

    • A woman of advanced maternal age who also carries a BRCA1 mutation may want PGT-A to reduce aneuploidy risk and PGT-M to select embryos without the mutation.
    • A couple with a history of recurrent miscarriage and a known single-gene disorder may use PGT-A to identify chromosomally normal embryos and PGT-M to avoid the inherited condition.

    When both tests are performed, the embryo biopsy is the same, but the genetic analysis includes both aneuploidy screening and mutation detection. This is often called combined PGT or PGT-A+PGT-M.

    Example Scenarios

    Scenario 1: Advanced Maternal Age

    A 40-year-old woman with no known genetic disorders may choose PGT-A to select euploid embryos, potentially improving implantation rates and reducing miscarriage risk. PGT-M is not needed.

    Scenario 2: Known Genetic Mutation

    A couple where both partners are carriers of cystic fibrosis may opt for PGT-M to identify embryos that are unaffected. If the female partner is under 35 with no fertility issues, PGT-A may not be necessary, though some clinics offer it as an optional add-on.

    Scenario 3: Both Indications

    A 38-year-old woman who carries a mutation for Huntington’s disease may choose both PGT-A and PGT-M to maximize the chance of a healthy pregnancy.

    How to Decide: Questions to Discuss With Your Doctor

    Choosing between PGT-A and PGT-M—or deciding to use both—requires careful counseling. Consider asking your fertility specialist and genetic counselor:

    • What is my risk of having an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality or a specific genetic disorder?
    • Does my age, medical history, or family history suggest a benefit from PGT-A?
    • Have I or my partner been tested for carrier status of common genetic conditions?
    • What are the success rates and limitations of each test at the clinic I am considering?
    • How will the results affect embryo transfer decisions?
    • What are the costs and timelines for each test?

    Remember that PGT does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a screening tool that can reduce certain risks but cannot eliminate all possibilities of genetic or chromosomal conditions.

    Alternatives and Additional Considerations

    For patients who do not wish to undergo PGT, alternatives include:

    • Prenatal testing (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy to diagnose chromosomal or genetic conditions.
    • Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for common aneuploidies, though it is a screening test, not diagnostic.
    • Donor eggs or sperm to avoid passing on genetic disorders.
    • Natural conception with or without carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis.

    Each option has its own benefits, risks, and limitations. A genetic counselor can help you weigh these choices based on your personal values and medical situation.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering IVF with PGT in Thailand, start by consulting a fertility clinic that offers comprehensive genetic testing services. Ask about their experience with PGT-A and PGT-M, the laboratory they use, and the counseling support available. For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand overview, guides, and FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic disorders?

    No, PGT-A only screens for abnormal numbers of chromosomes. It does not detect single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. For specific genetic conditions, PGT-M or PGT-SR is required.

    Is PGT-M always necessary if I am a carrier of a genetic mutation?

    Not necessarily. If the condition is recessive and your partner is not a carrier, the risk of an affected child is low. However, if both partners are carriers, or if you have an autosomal dominant condition, PGT-M may be recommended. Discuss your specific situation with a genetic counselor.

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, many clinics offer combined PGT (PGT-A+PGT-M) using the same embryo biopsy. This allows screening for both chromosomal abnormalities and a specific genetic mutation.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain chromosomal or genetic abnormalities, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, live birth, or a child free from all health conditions. Some abnormalities may not be detectable, and there is always a small risk of misdiagnosis.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M for Single Gene Disorders in Thailand: Process and Cost

    What Is PGT-M?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders (PGT-M) is a technique used during IVF to identify embryos that carry a specific single gene disorder. It is designed for couples where one or both partners are known carriers of a genetic condition, such as cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, or thalassemia. PGT-M allows embryologists to biopsy embryos and test them for the specific mutation before transfer, with the goal of selecting embryos that are unaffected.

    It is important to understand that PGT-M does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child. It is a screening tool that reduces the risk of passing on a known genetic condition, but it cannot detect all possible genetic abnormalities or ensure embryo viability.

    PGT-M vs. Other PGT Types

    PGT-M is distinct from PGT-A (aneuploidy testing) and PGT-SR (structural rearrangement testing). PGT-A screens for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, while PGT-SR detects chromosomal structural changes. PGT-M focuses specifically on single gene mutations. Some clinics may offer combined testing, but this should be discussed with your provider.

    The Process of PGT-M in Thailand

    1. Pre-Testing and Genetic Counseling

    Before starting PGT-M, you must have a confirmed genetic diagnosis. This typically requires genetic reports from a certified laboratory showing the specific mutation(s) in the carrier(s). Many clinics require a genetic counseling session to discuss inheritance patterns, testing limitations, and implications for the child.

    2. Probe Development

    PGT-M requires a customized genetic probe for your family’s mutation. This is a laboratory process where markers linked to the mutation are identified. Probe development can take several weeks to months, depending on the complexity of the mutation and the laboratory’s workload. Some clinics may have pre-validated probes for common mutations, which can shorten the timeline.

    You will need to provide blood samples from both partners and, if available, from an affected child or other family members. The probe is then validated before it can be used on embryos.

    3. IVF Cycle and Embryo Biopsy

    Once the probe is ready, you proceed with an IVF cycle. Ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and fertilization are performed as usual. Embryos are cultured to the blastocyst stage (day 5 or 6), and a few cells are biopsied from the trophectoderm (future placenta). The biopsy is then sent to the genetics laboratory for analysis.

    4. Genetic Analysis and Embryo Selection

    The laboratory uses the custom probe to test each embryo for the mutation. Results typically take 1–2 weeks. Embryos are classified as unaffected (free of the mutation), affected (carrying the mutation), or inconclusive. Only unaffected embryos are considered for transfer.

    5. Embryo Transfer and Follow-Up

    A frozen embryo transfer (FET) is usually performed in a subsequent cycle. After transfer, prenatal diagnosis (e.g., chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) is recommended to confirm the genetic status of the pregnancy, as PGT-M is highly accurate but not 100%.

    Timeline Overview

    The entire process from initial consultation to embryo transfer can take 4–8 months or longer. Key steps include:

    • Genetic counseling and report review: 1–2 weeks
    • Probe development: 4–12 weeks (or longer for rare mutations)
    • IVF cycle (stimulation to biopsy): 4–6 weeks
    • Genetic analysis: 1–2 weeks
    • Frozen embryo transfer: 4–8 weeks after analysis

    These are general estimates; actual timelines vary by clinic and individual circumstances.

    Cost Considerations

    The cost of PGT-M in Thailand varies widely depending on the clinic, the complexity of the probe, and the number of embryos tested. Typical cost components include:

    • Genetic counseling and report review fees
    • Probe development fee (often a one-time cost per mutation)
    • IVF cycle costs (medications, monitoring, egg retrieval, lab fees)
    • Embryo biopsy fee
    • PGT-M analysis fee per embryo
    • Embryo freezing and storage fees
    • Frozen embryo transfer cycle costs

    Some clinics offer package prices that include multiple cycles or a set number of embryos. It is essential to request a detailed cost breakdown from your chosen clinic. Prices are typically quoted in Thai baht or US dollars, and payment plans may be available.

    Because exact figures are time-sensitive and clinic-specific, we recommend contacting clinics directly for current pricing.

    Required Documents and Preparations

    To begin the PGT-M process, you will need:

    • Genetic test reports confirming the mutation(s) in the carrier(s)
    • Medical records related to your fertility and general health
    • Blood samples from both partners (and possibly affected family members) for probe development
    • Passports and visas for travel to Thailand (if applicable)

    Confirm with your clinic whether they require original documents or certified translations.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the estimated timeline for probe development and the full cycle?
    • What is the cost of probe development, and is it refundable if the cycle is canceled?
    • How many embryos are typically needed for a reasonable chance of an unaffected embryo?
    • What is the accuracy rate of PGT-M for our specific mutation?
    • Do you offer combined PGT-A and PGT-M testing? What are the pros and cons?
    • What happens if no unaffected embryos are available?
    • What prenatal testing do you recommend after a PGT-M pregnancy?

    Limitations and Risks

    PGT-M is not foolproof. Risks include:

    • No embryos may be unaffected, especially if the carrier is homozygous or if few embryos are produced.
    • Inconclusive results may occur, requiring additional testing or discarding the embryo.
    • Mosaicism (mixed cell lines) can complicate interpretation.
    • Biopsy may damage the embryo, though the risk is low with experienced labs.
    • PGT-M does not test for all genetic disorders; only the specific mutation is analyzed.

    It is crucial to have realistic expectations and discuss all options with your genetic counselor and fertility specialist.

    Alternatives to PGT-M

    If PGT-M is not suitable or available, alternatives include:

    • Prenatal diagnosis (CVS or amniocentesis) during a natural pregnancy, with the option to terminate if affected.
    • Donor gametes (egg or sperm) from a non-carrier.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing using polar body biopsy (less common).
    • Adoption or remaining child-free.

    Each option has its own ethical, emotional, and practical considerations.

    Further Reading

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand overview, patient guides, and frequently asked questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does PGT-M probe development take in Thailand?

    Probe development typically takes 4 to 12 weeks, but can be longer for rare or complex mutations. Some clinics have pre-validated probes for common mutations, which can reduce the time. Confirm the estimated timeline with your chosen clinic.

    What genetic reports are needed for PGT-M?

    You need a confirmed genetic diagnosis from a certified laboratory showing the specific mutation(s) in the carrier(s). Reports should include the gene name, mutation details, and inheritance pattern. Some clinics also require reports from affected family members for probe validation.

    Is PGT-M covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Insurance coverage for PGT-M is rare and varies by policy. Most patients pay out-of-pocket. Check with your insurance provider and clinic for any possible reimbursement or package deals.

    Can PGT-M be combined with PGT-A?

    Yes, many clinics offer combined PGT-A and PGT-M testing on the same biopsy. This screens for both chromosomal abnormalities and the specific single gene disorder. Discuss the additional cost and potential benefits with your clinic.

    What happens if all embryos are affected?

    If no unaffected embryos are available, options include using donor gametes, considering prenatal diagnosis in a future natural pregnancy, or exploring adoption. Your clinic and genetic counselor can help you explore alternatives.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.