Thailand PGT CMS

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  • How to Interpret PGT-A Results from a Thai Lab

    What Is PGT-A and Why Is It Used?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a screening technique used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to analyze embryos for chromosomal abnormalities. The goal is to identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid) before transfer, potentially improving the chances of implantation and reducing the risk of miscarriage or genetic disorders. PGT-A does not test for all genetic conditions; it focuses on chromosome number changes.

    Understanding PGT-A Result Categories

    Thai laboratories typically report PGT-A results in three main categories:

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in humans). These embryos are considered chromosomally normal and are generally prioritized for transfer.
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has missing or extra chromosomes (e.g., trisomy 21, monosomy X). These embryos are unlikely to result in a healthy pregnancy and are usually not recommended for transfer.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mixture of euploid and aneuploid cells. The degree of mosaicism (low, medium, high) can affect transfer recommendations. Some low-level mosaic embryos may be considered for transfer if no euploid embryos are available, after genetic counseling.

    How Thai Labs Report PGT-A Results

    Thai labs typically provide a report that includes:

    • Embryo identification number
    • Biopsy date and testing method (e.g., next-generation sequencing)
    • Chromosomal analysis for each chromosome pair
    • Result classification: euploid, aneuploid, or mosaic (with percentage if applicable)
    • Sex chromosome status (if requested)

    Reports may also include a comment on embryo quality and recommendations. It is important to note that reporting formats can vary between laboratories. Always request a copy of the full report and discuss it with your fertility specialist.

    What to Ask Your Doctor About Transferability

    When reviewing your PGT-A results, consider asking your doctor these questions:

    • Which embryos are euploid and recommended for transfer?
    • If mosaic embryos are present, what is the level of mosaicism and what are the potential risks and outcomes?
    • Are there any aneuploid embryos that might be considered for transfer under exceptional circumstances?
    • How does the lab’s classification system affect transfer decisions?
    • What additional testing (e.g., PGT-M for single gene disorders) might be needed?

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A is a screening tool, not a diagnostic test. It has limitations:

    • It cannot detect all genetic disorders, such as single-gene mutations or structural rearrangements.
    • Mosaicism may be underestimated or overestimated due to biopsy sampling.
    • Euploid embryos do not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby; other factors (e.g., uterine environment, embryo quality) also matter.
    • There is a small risk of misdiagnosis or no result from the biopsy.

    Next Steps After Receiving Results

    After reviewing your PGT-A results with your doctor, you may consider:

    • Discussing transfer options for euploid embryos
    • Exploring additional genetic counseling if mosaic or aneuploid results are present
    • Considering further testing (e.g., PGT-M) if a specific genetic condition is a concern
    • Reviewing your IVF cycle plan and timing for frozen embryo transfer

    For more information, see our PGT in Thailand overview, patient guides, and frequently asked questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does euploid mean in PGT-A results?

    Euploid means the embryo has the correct number of chromosomes (46 in humans). These embryos are considered chromosomally normal and are typically prioritized for transfer.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred?

    In some cases, low-level mosaic embryos may be considered for transfer if no euploid embryos are available. This decision should be made after thorough genetic counseling and discussion of potential risks with your doctor.

    How accurate are PGT-A results from Thai labs?

    Thai labs generally use validated technologies like next-generation sequencing, but no test is 100% accurate. There is a small risk of misdiagnosis or no result. Discuss the lab's quality controls and success rates with your clinic.

    Do I need PGT-A for all embryos?

    PGT-A is optional and not recommended for all patients. It is often considered for women of advanced maternal age, those with recurrent pregnancy loss, or previous aneuploidy. Your doctor can help determine if it is appropriate for you.

    What questions should I ask about my PGT-A report?

    Ask your doctor to explain each result category, the level of mosaicism if present, and how the lab's classification affects transfer recommendations. Also inquire about the need for additional testing or genetic counseling.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How Long Does It Take to Get PGT Results from a Thai Lab?

    Understanding PGT Results Timing in Thailand

    If you are planning IVF with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in Thailand, one of the most common questions is how long it takes to receive results. The short answer is that PGT results typically take between 2 and 4 weeks from the day of embryo biopsy. However, the exact timeline can vary based on several factors, including the type of PGT, the lab’s workflow, and whether the biopsy is performed on day 5 or day 6 embryos.

    This article provides a general overview of the PGT timeline in Thailand, explains what influences the turnaround time, and offers practical questions to ask your clinic so you can plan your treatment and travel accordingly.

    At a Glance: PGT Timeline Factors

    • Biopsy day: Day 5 or day 6 embryo biopsy affects when the sample is sent to the lab.
    • Genetic testing method: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is the most common and takes about 7–14 days for analysis.
    • Lab schedule: Some labs run batches weekly, which can add a few days of waiting.
    • Transport time: If the biopsy is sent to an external lab, shipping may add 1–2 days.
    • Reporting and counseling: After results are ready, the clinic needs time to review and schedule a consultation.

    Step-by-Step PGT Timeline

    1. Embryo Biopsy (Day 5 or Day 6)

    After egg retrieval and fertilization, embryos are cultured to the blastocyst stage (typically day 5 or day 6). A few cells are removed from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta) for genetic analysis. The biopsy itself takes only a few minutes, but the timing of the biopsy determines when the sample is sent to the lab.

    2. Sample Preparation and Shipping (1–2 Days)

    Once biopsied, the cells are placed in a special medium and sent to the genetics laboratory. If the lab is on-site at the clinic, this step is immediate. If the lab is off-site, the sample may be shipped overnight. Some clinics use a courier service to ensure the sample arrives within 24 hours.

    3. Genetic Analysis (7–14 Days)

    The actual genetic testing takes the longest. Most Thai labs use next-generation sequencing (NGS) for PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) and PGT-M (monogenic disorders). The analysis involves amplifying the DNA, sequencing, and interpreting the results. This process typically takes 7 to 14 days, depending on the lab’s workload and the complexity of the test.

    4. Result Review and Reporting (1–3 Days)

    After the lab completes the analysis, the results are sent to the clinic’s genetic counselor or doctor. The medical team reviews the findings and prepares a report. This step usually takes 1 to 3 days.

    5. Patient Consultation (Scheduled Appointment)

    Finally, the clinic schedules a consultation to discuss the results with you. This may be done in person or via video call. The timing of this appointment depends on your availability and the clinic’s schedule.

    Factors That Can Affect the Timeline

    • Type of PGT: PGT-A (for chromosome number) is generally faster than PGT-M (for single gene disorders), which may require additional validation or family studies.
    • Lab batching: Some genetics labs run tests in batches rather than continuously. If your sample arrives just after a batch run, you may wait a few extra days for the next batch.
    • Embryo development: If embryos reach the blastocyst stage on day 6 instead of day 5, the biopsy is delayed by one day, pushing the entire timeline back.
    • Clinic communication: How quickly the clinic schedules your result consultation can vary. Some clinics offer rapid reporting, while others may take a few days to arrange an appointment.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About PGT Timing

    To get a more accurate timeline for your specific situation, consider asking your clinic these questions:

    • What is the typical turnaround time for PGT results from your lab?
    • Do you use an on-site lab or send samples to an external facility?
    • How often does the lab run genetic analyses (e.g., daily, weekly)?
    • Will the biopsy be performed on day 5 or day 6 embryos?
    • How will I receive the results (phone call, email, in-person consultation)?
    • Can the results be discussed via video call if I have returned home?

    Planning Your Travel Around PGT Results

    Since PGT results take 2–4 weeks, many international patients choose to return home after the embryo biopsy and receive results remotely. However, if you plan to have a frozen embryo transfer (FET) in the same cycle, you may need to stay in Thailand for the entire duration. Discuss with your clinic whether you can travel after biopsy and return for a subsequent cycle.

    Keep in mind that the timeline can vary, so it’s wise to allow some flexibility in your travel plans. Some clinics offer a preliminary result within a few days, but this is not standard and should not be relied upon for decision-making.

    Next Steps Checklist

    • Confirm with your clinic the expected PGT result timeline before starting the cycle.
    • Ask about the lab’s batching schedule and whether results are available on weekends.
    • Plan for a 2–4 week wait after biopsy before results are discussed.
    • Arrange for a remote consultation if you plan to leave Thailand before results are ready.
    • Check if your clinic provides a written report that you can share with your local doctor.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT results be available in less than 2 weeks?

    In some cases, results may be available in 10–14 days if the lab runs tests continuously and the biopsy is performed early. However, 2–4 weeks is the typical range, and faster turnaround is not guaranteed.

    Does the type of PGT affect the waiting time?

    Yes. PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) is usually faster than PGT-M (monogenic disorders) because PGT-M may require additional steps like developing a custom probe or running family studies.

    Will I need to stay in Thailand while waiting for PGT results?

    Not necessarily. Many patients return home after the biopsy and receive results via video consultation. However, if you plan a fresh transfer or immediate FET, you may need to remain in Thailand. Confirm with your clinic.

    How are PGT results delivered?

    Most clinics schedule a consultation with a doctor or genetic counselor to explain the results. Some also provide a written report. Ask your clinic about their specific process.

    What happens if the lab is delayed?

    Delays can occur due to high workload, technical issues, or batching schedules. Your clinic should keep you informed. If you have a tight timeline, discuss contingency plans with your doctor.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How Embryo Mosaicism Affects PGT Results in Thailand

    What Is Embryo Mosaicism?

    Embryo mosaicism occurs when an embryo contains two or more cell populations with different genetic compositions. For example, some cells may have a normal chromosome count (euploid), while others have an abnormal count (aneuploid). This is different from a uniformly euploid or uniformly aneuploid embryo. Mosaicism can involve whole chromosomes or segments, and the proportion of abnormal cells can vary widely.

    In preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), mosaicism is detected when the genetic analysis of a biopsy sample (typically 5–10 cells from the trophectoderm) shows intermediate chromosome copy numbers that do not clearly classify as euploid or aneuploid. The reported level of mosaicism (e.g., low, medium, high) depends on the percentage of abnormal cells estimated by the laboratory.

    How Do Thai Labs Report Mosaicism?

    Thailand has several IVF laboratories that offer PGT-A using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Most Thai labs follow international guidelines, such as those from the Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis International Society (PGDIS) or the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), to classify mosaicism. However, reporting practices can vary between clinics.

    Typically, results are reported as:

    • Euploid: No chromosomal abnormalities detected within the sensitivity of the test.
    • Aneuploid: Uniformly abnormal chromosome count.
    • Mosaic: A mix of normal and abnormal cells, often with a percentage range (e.g., 20–40% abnormal). Some labs further categorize mosaicism as low (20–30%), medium (30–50%), or high (>50%).

    It is important to ask your specific clinic how they define and report mosaicism, as thresholds and terminology may differ. Some labs may also report segmental mosaicism (involving only part of a chromosome).

    What Does Mosaicism Mean for PGT Results?

    A mosaic result adds complexity to embryo selection. Unlike a clear euploid or aneuploid result, a mosaic embryo has an uncertain prognosis. Key points include:

    • Not a guarantee of abnormality: A mosaic embryo may still implant and develop into a healthy baby. The abnormal cells may be confined to the placenta or may not affect the fetus.
    • Risk of true fetal mosaicism: There is a small chance that the abnormal cell line is present in the fetus, which could lead to a genetic condition. The risk is generally considered higher with higher levels of mosaicism.
    • Lower implantation potential: Some studies suggest mosaic embryos have a slightly lower implantation rate compared to euploid embryos, but many have resulted in healthy live births.

    Because of this uncertainty, PGT results for mosaic embryos are often reported as “inconclusive” or “intermediate,” and genetic counseling is strongly recommended before transfer.

    Transfer Considerations for Mosaic Embryos

    Deciding whether to transfer a mosaic embryo involves balancing the chance of a healthy pregnancy against the risk of genetic abnormality. Factors to consider include:

    • Level and type of mosaicism: Low-level mosaicism for certain chromosomes may carry lower risk than high-level or complex mosaicism.
    • Availability of euploid embryos: If there are euploid embryos available, they are typically prioritized. Mosaic embryos are often considered only when no euploid embryos exist.
    • Patient age and reproductive history: Older patients or those with few embryos may be more willing to consider mosaic transfer.
    • Genetic counseling: A qualified genetic counselor can help interpret the specific mosaic finding and discuss potential outcomes, including the option of prenatal diagnosis (e.g., chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) if pregnancy occurs.

    In Thailand, the decision to transfer a mosaic embryo is made jointly by the patient and the treating physician, often after counseling. Some clinics may have specific policies regarding mosaic embryo transfer, so it is essential to discuss this with your clinic beforehand.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About Mosaicism

    To make an informed decision, consider asking your Thai IVF clinic the following questions:

    • How does your lab define and report mosaicism? What thresholds do you use?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling for mosaic results?
    • What is your clinic’s policy on transferring mosaic embryos?
    • Can you provide data on outcomes of mosaic embryo transfers at your clinic?
    • What follow-up testing (e.g., prenatal diagnosis) is recommended if a mosaic embryo is transferred and results in pregnancy?

    Next Steps

    If you have received a mosaic embryo result, take the following steps:

    1. Request a detailed report from your clinic, including the specific chromosome involved and the estimated percentage of mosaicism.
    2. Schedule a consultation with a genetic counselor who can explain the risks and options.
    3. Discuss with your fertility specialist whether transfer of the mosaic embryo is appropriate given your individual circumstances.
    4. Consider the possibility of additional testing, such as re-biopsy or further genetic analysis, if available and recommended.

    Remember that PGT-A is a screening tool, not a diagnostic test. Mosaic results require careful interpretation and should not be the sole factor in decision-making.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can a mosaic embryo result in a healthy baby?

    Yes, many mosaic embryos have resulted in healthy live births. The abnormal cells may be confined to the placenta or may not affect fetal development. However, the risk of a genetic condition is higher than with a euploid embryo, and genetic counseling is recommended.

    How is mosaicism detected in PGT-A?

    Mosaicism is detected when next-generation sequencing (NGS) of a biopsy sample shows intermediate chromosome copy numbers that do not clearly indicate euploidy or aneuploidy. The estimated percentage of abnormal cells is reported.

    Should I transfer a mosaic embryo if I have euploid embryos?

    Generally, euploid embryos are prioritized for transfer because they have a higher chance of implantation and lower risk of genetic abnormality. Mosaic embryos are typically considered only when no euploid embryos are available.

    Do all Thai IVF clinics report mosaicism the same way?

    No, reporting practices can vary. Some clinics may use different thresholds or terminology. It is important to ask your specific clinic how they define and report mosaicism.

    What prenatal testing is recommended after transferring a mosaic embryo?

    If a mosaic embryo transfer results in pregnancy, prenatal diagnostic tests such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis may be recommended to check for fetal mosaicism. Discuss this with your doctor.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How Long Does It Take to Get PGT Results in Thailand?

    Understanding the PGT Timeline in Thailand

    When undergoing preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) as part of an IVF cycle in Thailand, one of the most common questions is how long it takes to receive results. The timeline involves several steps: embryo biopsy, shipping to a genetics laboratory, testing, and reporting. While exact durations vary by clinic and laboratory, understanding the general process helps you plan your treatment journey.

    At a Glance: Key Steps in the PGT Process

    • Embryo Biopsy: Performed on day 5 or 6 of embryo development (blastocyst stage).
    • Sample Preparation and Shipping: Biopsied cells are prepared and sent to a genetics lab, which may be on-site or off-site.
    • Genetic Testing: The lab performs the specific PGT method (PGT-A, PGT-M, or PGT-SR).
    • Result Reporting: The lab issues a report to your clinic, which then communicates the results to you.

    Step 1: Embryo Biopsy

    Embryo biopsy is typically performed on day 5 or 6 after fertilization, when the embryo has reached the blastocyst stage. A few cells are carefully removed from the trophectoderm (the outer layer that will become the placenta). This step is done at your IVF clinic in Thailand and usually takes a few hours. The biopsied cells are then placed in a special medium for transport.

    Step 2: Shipping to the Genetics Laboratory

    After biopsy, the cell samples must be shipped to a genetics laboratory for testing. Some clinics have an in-house lab, which can shorten the timeline. Others send samples to a partner laboratory, which may be located in Thailand or abroad. Shipping typically takes 1–3 days, depending on the location and courier service. Samples are shipped in temperature-controlled containers to maintain viability.

    Step 3: Genetic Testing

    The testing phase is the longest part of the process. The duration depends on the type of PGT:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening): Tests for chromosomal abnormalities. Results may be available within 7–14 days.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders): Tests for specific genetic conditions. This requires a customized test and may take 4–8 weeks or longer, depending on the complexity.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements): Tests for chromosomal structural changes. Timeline is similar to PGT-A, often 7–14 days.

    These timeframes are estimates; confirm with your clinic and laboratory for their specific turnaround times.

    Step 4: Result Reporting

    Once testing is complete, the genetics laboratory issues a report to your IVF clinic. The clinic then reviews the results and schedules a consultation to discuss them with you. This step usually takes a few days to a week. In some cases, results may be available sooner if the clinic has a direct electronic link with the lab.

    Factors That Influence the Timeline

    • Laboratory location: On-site labs are faster than off-site or international labs.
    • Type of PGT: PGT-M requires custom test development, adding weeks to the timeline.
    • Number of embryos: Testing more embryos may take slightly longer, but labs often batch process.
    • Clinic and lab protocols: Each clinic and lab has its own standard operating procedures.
    • Shipping and customs: International shipping may be subject to customs clearance, adding delays.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • Do you have an on-site genetics laboratory, or do you send samples to an external lab?
    • What is the typical turnaround time for PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR results?
    • How will I receive the results (phone, email, in-person consultation)?
    • Are there any factors that could delay results (e.g., holidays, shipping issues)?
    • Can I choose to freeze embryos and wait for results before a frozen embryo transfer (FET)?

    Next Steps After Receiving Results

    Once you have your PGT results, your clinic will help you interpret them and plan the next steps. If you have viable embryos, you may proceed with a frozen embryo transfer (FET) in a subsequent cycle. If no viable embryos are available, your doctor will discuss alternative options, such as a new IVF cycle or using donor gametes.

    Important Considerations

    PGT is a screening tool, not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or live birth. It can reduce the risk of transferring embryos with certain genetic abnormalities, but it does not eliminate all risks. Discuss the limitations and benefits with your fertility specialist to make an informed decision.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, other fertility guides, and frequently asked questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does PGT-A testing take in Thailand?

    PGT-A testing typically takes 7–14 days after the biopsy sample reaches the genetics laboratory. However, the total timeline from biopsy to result reporting may be longer due to shipping and clinic processing. Confirm exact turnaround times with your clinic.

    Does PGT-M take longer than PGT-A?

    Yes, PGT-M usually takes longer because it requires developing a customized test for the specific genetic condition. This can add several weeks to the timeline, often 4–8 weeks or more. Discuss the expected timeline with your clinic and genetics lab.

    Can I get PGT results faster if the lab is on-site?

    An on-site genetics laboratory can reduce the time needed for shipping and sample handling, potentially shortening the overall timeline. However, the testing duration itself depends on the type of PGT and the lab's protocols. Ask your clinic if they have an in-house lab.

    What happens if PGT results are delayed?

    Delays can occur due to shipping issues, laboratory backlogs, or the need for repeat testing. Your clinic should keep you informed of any delays. In most cases, embryos are frozen and stored until results are available, so a delay does not affect embryo viability.

    Do I need to stay in Thailand while waiting for PGT results?

    Not necessarily. Many patients return home after the embryo biopsy and receive results remotely. However, if you plan to proceed with a frozen embryo transfer immediately after results, you may need to return to Thailand. Discuss your travel plans with your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How Long Does PGT Take in Thailand? A Timeline for IVF Patients

    Understanding the PGT Timeline in Thailand

    When planning IVF with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in Thailand, one of the most common questions is how long the entire process takes. The answer depends on several factors, including the type of PGT, the laboratory’s workflow, and shipping logistics. This guide provides a general overview of the timeline so you can plan your travel and schedule accordingly. Remember that each clinic and lab may have slightly different procedures, so always confirm specific timelines with your treating clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Steps in the PGT Timeline

    • Embryo Biopsy: Performed on day 5 or 6 after egg retrieval, when embryos reach the blastocyst stage.
    • Biopsy Shipping: Biopsied cells are prepared and shipped to a genetics laboratory, which may take 1–2 days.
    • Genetic Testing: The lab performs DNA amplification and analysis. Turnaround time varies by test type (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR).
    • Results Reporting: Results are sent to your clinic, which then shares them with you. This can take additional 1–2 days for review.
    • Total Time: From biopsy to final results, the process typically spans 2–4 weeks, but this can vary.

    Step 1: Embryo Biopsy (Day 5–6)

    After egg retrieval and fertilization, embryos are cultured in the lab until they reach the blastocyst stage, usually on day 5 or 6. At this point, a few cells are gently removed from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta) for genetic testing. The biopsy itself takes only a few minutes, but the embryo must be of sufficient quality to undergo the procedure. Your clinic will schedule the biopsy based on embryo development.

    Step 2: Shipping Biopsied Cells to the Genetics Lab

    Once the biopsy is complete, the cell samples are placed in a special medium and shipped to a genetics laboratory. If the lab is located within Thailand, shipping may take just 1 day. If samples are sent to an international lab (common for specialized tests like PGT-M), shipping can take 2–3 days depending on courier services and customs clearance. Some clinics have on-site genetics labs, which can reduce shipping time to zero.

    Step 3: Genetic Testing (Variable Duration)

    The actual testing time depends on the type of PGT:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening): Typically the fastest, with results in 7–14 days.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders): Requires a customized probe or test development, which can take several weeks to months before the cycle even starts. After biopsy, results may take 2–4 weeks.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements): Similar timeline to PGT-A, often 10–14 days.

    These are general estimates; actual turnaround times depend on the lab’s workload and the complexity of the test. Some labs offer expedited services for an additional fee.

    Step 4: Receiving and Reviewing Results

    After the genetics lab completes the analysis, results are sent to your clinic. The clinic’s embryologist and genetic counselor will review the report and prepare a summary for you. This step usually takes 1–2 days. You will then have a consultation with your doctor to discuss which embryos are suitable for transfer.

    Factors That Can Affect the Timeline

    • Lab location and logistics: International shipping adds time and potential delays (e.g., customs, holidays).
    • Type of PGT: PGT-M requires pre-cycle probe development, extending the overall timeline by weeks or months.
    • Embryo development: Not all embryos reach blastocyst stage on day 5; some may be biopsied on day 6 or 7, shifting the schedule.
    • Lab capacity: Busy periods may slow down testing.
    • Clinic protocols: Some clinics batch biopsies or send samples on specific days, adding waiting time.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    To get a personalized timeline, ask your clinic the following:

    • Which genetics laboratory do you work with, and where is it located?
    • What is the typical turnaround time for the specific PGT test I need?
    • Do you offer expedited testing, and what is the cost?
    • How are biopsy samples shipped, and how long does shipping usually take?
    • When will I receive the results, and how will they be communicated?

    Planning Your Travel and Stay

    Since the PGT process takes several weeks after egg retrieval, many international patients plan to stay in Thailand for at least 3–4 weeks to cover the biopsy and initial waiting period. However, you may be able to return home after the biopsy and receive results remotely. Discuss with your clinic whether a follow-up visit is needed for embryo transfer, which typically occurs in a subsequent menstrual cycle after results are available.

    Next Steps

    • Confirm the PGT timeline with your chosen clinic during your initial consultation.
    • Ask about the possibility of remote result disclosure and virtual consultations.
    • Plan your travel itinerary with buffer days to accommodate any delays.
    • Check with the genetics lab about any additional requirements for sample shipping.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does PGT-A take in Thailand?

    PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) typically takes 7–14 days from the time the biopsy sample reaches the genetics lab. Including shipping and result reporting, the total time from biopsy to receiving results is usually 2–3 weeks.

    Does PGT-M take longer than PGT-A?

    Yes, PGT-M (for monogenic disorders) often requires a customized test development before the cycle, which can take several weeks to months. After biopsy, the testing itself may take 2–4 weeks, so the overall timeline is longer.

    Can I leave Thailand while waiting for PGT results?

    Many patients choose to return home after the biopsy and receive results remotely. However, you should confirm with your clinic whether a follow-up visit is needed for embryo transfer, which is usually scheduled in a later cycle.

    What factors can delay PGT results?

    Delays can occur due to shipping issues (e.g., customs, holidays), lab workload, or the need for repeat biopsy if the initial sample is insufficient. Your clinic can provide the most accurate estimate based on current conditions.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT Results Timeline from a Thai Lab: What to Expect

    Understanding the PGT Process and Timeline

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is performed on embryos created through IVF to screen for genetic abnormalities. The timeline from embryo biopsy to receiving results involves several steps, each with its own duration. While exact turnaround times vary by lab, a general understanding helps patients plan their cycle and travel.

    At a Glance: Key Steps in PGT

    • Embryo Biopsy: Cells are removed from the embryo on day 5 or 6 of development.
    • Sample Preparation and Shipping: Biopsied cells are prepared and sent to the genetic testing laboratory.
    • Genetic Analysis: The lab performs DNA amplification and analysis (e.g., next-generation sequencing).
    • Result Reporting: Results are sent to the IVF clinic, which then communicates them to you.

    Typical Timeline for PGT Results

    The entire process from biopsy to results generally takes between 7 to 14 days. However, this can vary based on the lab’s workload, the type of PGT (PGT-A for aneuploidy, PGT-M for monogenic disorders, PGT-SR for structural rearrangements), and logistical factors. Below is a general breakdown:

    Step Approximate Duration Notes
    Embryo biopsy Day 5–6 of embryo development Performed at the IVF clinic
    Sample shipping to lab 1–2 days Domestic or international courier
    DNA amplification and analysis 5–10 days Depends on lab protocol and test type
    Result reporting to clinic 1–2 days Electronic report
    Clinic communication to patient 1–2 days May include consultation

    Total: Approximately 7–14 days from biopsy to patient notification.

    Factors That Can Affect the Timeline

    Type of PGT

    PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) is typically faster than PGT-M or PGT-SR, which require additional steps such as developing a customized probe or analyzing specific gene mutations.

    Lab Workload and Scheduling

    Genetic testing labs may have varying workloads. Some labs run batches on specific days, which can introduce delays. Confirm with your clinic whether the lab processes samples continuously or in batches.

    Shipping and Logistics

    If the lab is located outside Thailand, international shipping and customs clearance can add time. Even domestic shipping may be affected by courier schedules.

    Sample Quality

    Rarely, a biopsy sample may have insufficient cells or poor DNA quality, requiring a repeat biopsy or additional analysis, which extends the timeline.

    Clinic Communication

    Some clinics wait until all results are ready before notifying patients, while others provide results as they become available. Ask your clinic about their policy.

    Planning Your IVF Cycle and Travel

    Since PGT results are needed before a frozen embryo transfer (FET), the timeline affects your overall cycle planning. Typically, after egg retrieval and fertilization, embryos are cultured to day 5–6 for biopsy. The results arrive about 1–2 weeks later. If you are traveling to Thailand for treatment, consider the following:

    • Duration of stay: You may need to stay for the initial IVF phase (egg retrieval, fertilization, biopsy) and then return for FET after results are available. Alternatively, some patients remain in Thailand during the waiting period.
    • Embryo freezing: After biopsy, embryos are vitrified (frozen) and stored until results are ready. This is standard practice.
    • FET scheduling: Once results are received, you can plan the FET cycle, which typically involves hormonal preparation over 2–4 weeks before transfer.

    Discuss with your clinic the expected timeline and whether you can receive results remotely or need to be present for consultation.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • Which genetic testing lab do you work with, and where is it located?
    • What is the typical turnaround time for PGT results from that lab?
    • Do you batch samples, or are they processed individually?
    • How will I receive the results (phone, email, portal)?
    • Can I have a consultation to discuss results remotely?
    • What happens if the sample is insufficient or results are delayed?

    Next Steps

    • Confirm the PGT timeline with your chosen IVF clinic in Thailand.
    • Plan your travel and accommodation to accommodate the waiting period.
    • Discuss embryo storage and shipping options if you plan to transfer embryos to another location.
    • Ensure you have a clear understanding of costs associated with PGT and any potential additional charges for rush processing or repeat biopsies.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does PGT-A take in Thailand?

    PGT-A typically takes about 7–10 days from biopsy to results, but this can vary by lab. Confirm the exact timeline with your clinic.

    Can I get PGT results faster if I pay extra?

    Some labs offer expedited processing for an additional fee. Ask your clinic if this option is available and how much time it saves.

    What happens if my embryo biopsy sample is insufficient?

    If the sample has too few cells or poor DNA, the lab may request a repeat biopsy from the same embryo (if possible) or the result may be inconclusive. This can add several days to the timeline.

    Do I need to stay in Thailand while waiting for PGT results?

    Not necessarily. Many patients return home after the biopsy and receive results remotely. However, you will need to return for the frozen embryo transfer, which is typically scheduled after results are available.

    How long after PGT results can I have the embryo transfer?

    The transfer is usually scheduled during a subsequent menstrual cycle, after hormonal preparation of the uterine lining. This can take 2–4 weeks from the start of the cycle.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Can PGT Detect Mitochondrial Disorders in Thailand?

    Understanding PGT and Mitochondrial Disorders

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a technique used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to screen embryos for genetic abnormalities. However, its ability to detect mitochondrial disorders—caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)—is limited. This is due to the unique biology of mitochondria, including heteroplasmy (the presence of both normal and mutated mtDNA within a cell) and the random distribution of mitochondria during cell division.

    In Thailand, PGT is available at several fertility centers, but patients with mitochondrial disease concerns should understand what PGT can and cannot do, and what alternative options exist.

    At a Glance: Key Points

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) does not detect mtDNA mutations.
    • PGT-M can be designed for specific nuclear gene mutations but has limited accuracy for mtDNA disorders.
    • Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) is not legally available in Thailand.
    • Genetic counseling and pre-conception carrier screening are important first steps.

    Types of PGT and Their Relevance to Mitochondrial Disorders

    PGT-A (Aneuploidy Screening)

    PGT-A checks embryos for extra or missing chromosomes. It does not analyze mtDNA and cannot detect mitochondrial mutations.

    PGT-M (Monogenic Disorders)

    PGT-M is designed for single-gene disorders. For mitochondrial disorders caused by nuclear DNA mutations (e.g., some forms of Leigh syndrome), PGT-M can be effective. However, for mtDNA mutations, PGT-M is less reliable due to heteroplasmy and the difficulty of quantifying mutation load in a single cell biopsy.

    PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangements)

    PGT-SR detects chromosomal structural changes. It is not relevant for mtDNA disorders.

    Limitations of PGT for mtDNA Disorders

    • Heteroplasmy variability: The proportion of mutated mtDNA can differ between cells of the same embryo, and a biopsy of a few cells may not represent the whole embryo.
    • Threshold effect: Symptoms often appear only when mutation load exceeds a certain threshold, which is difficult to predict from embryo testing.
    • Mosaicism: mtDNA mutations can be unevenly distributed, leading to false negatives or positives.
    • Technical challenges: Accurate quantification of mtDNA heteroplasmy from a trophectoderm biopsy is not yet standardized.

    Alternative Options for Patients with Mitochondrial Disease Concerns

    Pre-conception Carrier Screening

    Both partners can undergo genetic testing to identify carrier status for nuclear gene mutations that cause mitochondrial disorders. This helps assess recurrence risk.

    Prenatal Diagnosis

    During pregnancy, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis can test fetal cells for mtDNA mutations. However, these procedures carry a small risk of miscarriage and may not fully predict postnatal severity.

    Donor Egg or Embryo

    Using an egg or embryo from a donor with healthy mitochondria can eliminate the risk of passing on mtDNA mutations. This is a widely available option in Thailand.

    Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy (MRT)

    MRT, also known as “three-parent IVF,” involves replacing faulty mitochondria in the egg with healthy mitochondria from a donor. This technique is not currently permitted in Thailand. Patients interested in MRT would need to explore legal options in other countries.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • Does your lab offer PGT-M for mitochondrial disorders? If so, what is the protocol for mtDNA mutation detection?
    • How do you handle heteroplasmy assessment in embryo biopsies?
    • What are the limitations of PGT for my specific mitochondrial mutation?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling for mitochondrial disorders?
    • What alternative options (e.g., donor egg) are available?

    Next Steps

    1. Consult with a genetic counselor to understand your specific mutation and inheritance pattern.
    2. Discuss with your fertility clinic whether PGT-M is feasible for your case.
    3. Consider pre-conception carrier screening for both partners.
    4. Explore donor options if PGT is not suitable.

    For more information, see our PGT in Thailand guide, other guides, and FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect mitochondrial disorders?

    No, PGT-A screens for chromosomal aneuploidies and does not analyze mitochondrial DNA. It cannot detect mtDNA mutations.

    Is PGT-M reliable for mitochondrial DNA mutations?

    PGT-M has limited reliability for mtDNA mutations due to heteroplasmy and technical challenges. It may be more effective for nuclear gene mutations causing mitochondrial disorders.

    What is the alternative if PGT cannot detect my mitochondrial disorder?

    Options include pre-conception carrier screening, prenatal diagnosis, or using a donor egg or embryo. Mitochondrial replacement therapy is not available in Thailand.

    Does Thailand allow mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT)?

    No, MRT is not currently permitted in Thailand. Patients interested in this option would need to seek treatment in countries where it is legal.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A for Mosaic Embryos in Thailand: Retesting Options and Lab Practices

    Understanding Mosaic Embryos and PGT-A

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities. A mosaic embryo contains a mix of normal and abnormal cells. The degree of mosaicism (low, medium, high) influences how the embryo is classified and whether it may be considered for transfer.

    If you have a mosaic embryo from a previous cycle, you may wonder whether Thai clinics can retest it or offer alternative options. This article explains how Thai labs typically handle mosaic embryos and what steps you can take.

    How Thai Labs Classify Mosaic Embryos

    Thai IVF laboratories generally follow international guidelines for mosaicism classification. Mosaic embryos are often categorized as:

    • Low-level mosaicism (20-40% abnormal cells)
    • Medium-level mosaicism (40-60% abnormal cells)
    • High-level mosaicism (60-80% abnormal cells)

    Classification may vary by lab, so it is important to ask your clinic about their specific criteria. Some labs may also use terms like “aneuploid” or “euploid” with a mosaic comment.

    Retesting Options for Mosaic Embryos

    Retesting a mosaic embryo is possible in some cases, but it depends on the embryo’s quality and the lab’s protocols. Options may include:

    • Thaw and re-biopsy: The embryo is thawed, a new cell sample is taken, and PGT-A is repeated. This carries risks of damage to the embryo.
    • Transfer without retesting: Some clinics may offer transfer of low-level mosaic embryos after counseling, as they can sometimes result in healthy pregnancies.
    • Additional testing: Some labs may offer extended culture or other techniques to clarify mosaicism, but availability varies.

    Not all Thai clinics offer retesting for mosaic embryos. Confirm directly with the clinic whether they perform re-biopsy and what their success rates are for thawed embryos.

    Questions to Ask Your Thai Clinic

    Before deciding on retesting or transfer, consider asking the following questions:

    • What is your lab’s classification system for mosaic embryos?
    • Do you offer re-biopsy and retesting for mosaic embryos? If so, what is the survival rate after thaw?
    • What are your criteria for considering a mosaic embryo for transfer?
    • Do you provide genetic counseling to discuss the risks and outcomes of mosaic embryo transfer?
    • Can you coordinate with my previous clinic to obtain the original biopsy sample or results?

    Alternatives to Retesting

    If retesting is not possible or not recommended, alternatives may include:

    • Starting a new cycle: Creating new embryos and testing them with PGT-A may yield euploid embryos for transfer.
    • Using donor embryos: Some patients opt for donated embryos that have been tested and confirmed euploid.
    • Transferring the mosaic embryo: After thorough counseling, some patients choose to transfer a low-level mosaic embryo, understanding the potential risks.

    Each option has its own considerations. Discuss with your fertility specialist and genetic counselor to determine the best path for your situation.

    Key Takeaways

    • Thai labs classify mosaic embryos based on the percentage of abnormal cells, but criteria may differ.
    • Retesting via re-biopsy is possible in some clinics but carries risks and is not universally offered.
    • Transfer of low-level mosaic embryos may be an option after genetic counseling.
    • Always confirm specific lab protocols, success rates, and costs directly with the clinic.

    For more general information on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide and other guides. For common questions, visit our FAQ page.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can a mosaic embryo be retested in Thailand?

    Some Thai clinics may offer retesting of mosaic embryos through thawing and re-biopsy, but this is not standard practice. The embryo must survive the thaw, and the lab must have protocols for re-biopsy. Confirm directly with the clinic whether they offer this service and what the associated risks are.

    What is the success rate of transferring a mosaic embryo?

    Success rates for mosaic embryo transfer vary widely and depend on the level of mosaicism, the embryo's quality, and the patient's age. Some low-level mosaic embryos can result in healthy live births, but there is an increased risk of miscarriage or chromosomal abnormalities. Genetic counseling is essential before making a decision.

    Do Thai clinics accept mosaic embryos from overseas?

    Many Thai clinics accept embryos shipped from overseas, including mosaic embryos. However, they will need to review the embryo's genetic report and may have specific criteria for acceptance. Contact the clinic to discuss logistics, legal requirements, and shipping procedures.

    Is PGT-A mandatory for all IVF cycles in Thailand?

    No, PGT-A is optional and not required for all IVF cycles. It is typically recommended for patients of advanced maternal age, those with recurrent pregnancy loss, or those with a history of chromosomal abnormalities. Discuss with your doctor whether PGT-A is appropriate for your situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How Long Does It Take to Get PGT Results from a Thai Lab?

    Understanding PGT and Its Timeline

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a procedure used to screen embryos for genetic abnormalities before transfer. The timeline for receiving results from a Thai laboratory is a common concern for patients planning their IVF cycle, especially those traveling from abroad. While the general turnaround is often quoted as 7–14 days, the actual duration can vary based on several factors. This article explains the process, how it affects your transfer options, and what you need to confirm with your clinic.

    Factors That Influence PGT Result Timing

    Type of PGT Test

    Different PGT tests require different processing times. PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) typically takes less time than PGT-M (monogenic disorders) or PGT-SR (structural rearrangements), which may involve more complex analysis. Confirm with your clinic which test you need and its estimated turnaround.

    Lab Schedule and Workflow

    Thai labs may have specific batch processing days. For example, biopsies may be collected on certain days of the week, and results may be released on fixed schedules. Ask your clinic about the lab’s weekly routine and how it aligns with your cycle.

    Number of Embryos Tested

    Testing multiple embryos can sometimes extend the timeline, though many labs process batches simultaneously. Your clinic can give you a more personalized estimate based on your expected number of embryos.

    Shipping and Logistics (if applicable)

    If your clinic sends biopsies to an external lab, additional shipping time may be needed. Confirm whether the lab is on-site or off-site, and factor in any courier delays.

    Impact on Fresh vs. Frozen Transfer Decision

    One of the most important planning decisions is whether to attempt a fresh embryo transfer or freeze all embryos for a later frozen embryo transfer (FET). PGT results directly influence this choice.

    Fresh Transfer

    A fresh transfer typically occurs on day 5 or 6 after egg retrieval. Since PGT results take at least 7 days, they are not available in time for a fresh transfer. Therefore, if you plan to transfer a genetically tested embryo, you must opt for a frozen transfer in a subsequent cycle.

    Frozen Transfer (FET)

    With a frozen transfer, embryos are biopsied and vitrified (frozen) while awaiting results. Once results are received, only euploid (normal) embryos are selected for transfer in a later cycle. This approach allows for PGT but requires additional time—typically one to two months between retrieval and transfer, depending on your clinic’s schedule and your personal timeline.

    Planning Your Cycle Timeline as an International Patient

    If you are traveling to Thailand for IVF with PGT, careful planning is essential. Here are key steps and questions to discuss with your clinic:

    • Initial consultation: Discuss your medical history, PGT options, and estimated timelines.
    • Cycle start: Plan your travel dates around your menstrual cycle and medication schedule.
    • Egg retrieval and biopsy: Coordinate your stay to cover the retrieval and any required follow-up.
    • Waiting period for results: You may return home while waiting for PGT results, but confirm how results will be communicated (email, portal, phone).
    • Frozen transfer preparation: If FET is needed, plan a second trip or discuss remote monitoring options with your clinic.

    Questions to Confirm with Your Clinic

    Because timelines can vary, always verify the following directly with your treating clinic:

    • What is the estimated turnaround time for my specific PGT test?
    • Does the lab process biopsies daily or on specific days?
    • Will results be available within 10 days, or could it take longer?
    • How will I receive the results, and who will explain them?
    • What is the recommended interval between retrieval and FET?
    • Are there any additional costs for expedited processing?

    Summary

    PGT results from Thai labs generally take 7–14 days, but the exact timing depends on the test type, lab schedule, and logistics. Because results are not available for a fresh transfer, most patients will need a frozen embryo transfer. Planning your travel and cycle timeline with your clinic’s guidance is crucial for a smooth experience. Always confirm specific timelines and procedures with your chosen clinic, as individual circumstances can vary.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I get PGT results in time for a fresh transfer?

    No, PGT results typically take 7–14 days, so they are not available for a day-5 or day-6 fresh transfer. You will need to freeze all embryos and plan a frozen embryo transfer (FET) in a subsequent cycle.

    How long does PGT-A take in Thailand?

    PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) often has a shorter turnaround than PGT-M or PGT-SR, but exact timing varies by lab. Most clinics estimate 7–10 days, but confirm with your specific lab.

    Do I have to stay in Thailand while waiting for PGT results?

    Not necessarily. Many patients return home after egg retrieval and biopsy, and receive results remotely. However, confirm with your clinic how results will be communicated and whether any follow-up is needed in person.

    What happens if PGT results are delayed?

    Delays can occur due to lab workload, technical issues, or shipping. Your clinic should inform you of any delays and adjust your FET schedule accordingly. Always ask about contingency plans.

    How long between egg retrieval and frozen transfer with PGT?

    Typically 1–2 months, depending on your menstrual cycle, clinic schedule, and how quickly results are available. Your clinic will provide a personalized timeline.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How Are PGT Results Reported by Thai Labs? A Guide for Patients

    Introduction

    After undergoing preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) as part of your IVF cycle in Thailand, you will receive a laboratory report detailing the genetic status of each biopsied embryo. Understanding how these results are reported and what they mean is crucial for making informed decisions with your fertility team. This guide explains the typical format of PGT reports from Thai laboratories, how to interpret common terms like euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic, and what to consider when discussing your results with your doctor.

    Types of PGT and What They Test

    Thai laboratories offer three main types of PGT:

    • PGT-A (Aneuploidy): Screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes (23 pairs). Aneuploidy (extra or missing chromosomes) is a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage.
    • PGT-M (Monogenic): Tests for specific single-gene disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, thalassemia) when one or both parents carry a known mutation.
    • PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangement): Detects unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements (e.g., translocations, inversions) that can lead to abnormal embryos.

    Some labs offer combined testing (e.g., PGT-A + PGT-M) from a single biopsy.

    Typical Report Format

    While each laboratory may have its own template, most PGT reports from Thai clinics include the following sections:

    • Patient and Cycle Information: Your name, date of birth, cycle number, and date of biopsy.
    • Embryo Identification: Each biopsied embryo is assigned a unique ID or number, often linked to its developmental stage (e.g., day 5 or day 6 blastocyst).
    • Testing Method: The technology used (e.g., next-generation sequencing, NGS; or array comparative genomic hybridization, aCGH). NGS is now the most common method in Thailand.
    • Results per Embryo: A table or list showing each embryo’s genetic status. For PGT-A, this includes the chromosome copy number (e.g., 46,XX or 46,XY for normal) and any abnormalities detected. For PGT-M, the report indicates whether the embryo carries the mutation, is unaffected, or is a carrier (if applicable). For PGT-SR, it shows whether the embryo has a balanced or unbalanced rearrangement.
    • Interpretation: A summary classifying each embryo as euploid, aneuploid, or mosaic (for PGT-A). For PGT-M/SR, terms like “affected,” “unaffected,” or “carrier” may be used.
    • Quality Metrics: Some reports include DNA amplification success, contamination checks, and confidence scores.
    • Recommendations: The lab may suggest genetic counseling or further testing (e.g., confirmatory prenatal diagnosis if pregnancy occurs).

    Interpreting PGT-A Results: Euploid, Aneuploid, Mosaic

    PGT-A results fall into three main categories:

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46,XX or 46,XY). These embryos have the highest chance of implantation and developing into a healthy baby, but they are not guaranteed to result in a live birth.
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has extra or missing chromosomes (e.g., trisomy 21, monosomy X). These embryos are unlikely to implant or will likely miscarry; they are generally not recommended for transfer.
    • Mosaic: The embryo contains a mixture of euploid and aneuploid cells. Mosaicism is reported as a percentage (e.g., 20% mosaic). The clinical significance depends on the level and type of mosaicism. Some mosaic embryos may still result in a healthy baby, but the risk of abnormalities is higher. Discuss with your doctor whether a mosaic embryo is suitable for transfer.

    Note: PGT-A cannot detect all genetic conditions (e.g., microdeletions, uniparental disomy) and has a small error rate (typically <5%).

    Interpreting PGT-M and PGT-SR Results

    For PGT-M, the report will indicate whether the embryo inherited the mutation(s) tested. Results may be:

    • Unaffected: The embryo does not carry the mutation.
    • Carrier: The embryo carries one copy of a recessive mutation but is not expected to develop the disease.
    • Affected: The embryo carries the mutation(s) and is expected to develop the disorder.

    For PGT-SR, the report will state whether the embryo has a balanced (normal or carrier) or unbalanced (abnormal) chromosomal rearrangement. Balanced carriers are generally healthy but may have fertility issues later.

    Turnaround Time

    The time from embryo biopsy to receiving results varies by laboratory and testing complexity. For PGT-A, results are typically available within 1–2 weeks. PGT-M and PGT-SR may take longer (2–4 weeks) because they require custom probe development or family studies. Your clinic will provide an estimated timeline. Note that turnaround times can be affected by sample transport, lab workload, and the need for repeat testing.

    Discussing Results with Your Doctor

    Once you receive your PGT report, schedule a consultation with your fertility specialist and/or genetic counselor. Key points to discuss:

    • Which embryos are suitable for transfer: Euploid embryos are prioritized. For mosaic or carrier embryos, your doctor will explain the risks and success rates based on your specific situation.
    • Number of embryos available: PGT can reduce the number of transferable embryos, especially for older patients or those with genetic conditions. Discuss your options if few or no euploid embryos are available.
    • Limitations of testing: PGT is a screening tool, not a diagnostic test. It cannot guarantee a healthy baby or prevent all genetic disorders. Confirmatory prenatal testing (e.g., chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) is recommended if pregnancy occurs.
    • Next steps: Your doctor will advise on whether to proceed with a frozen embryo transfer (FET) in a subsequent cycle, or if additional testing (e.g., re-biopsy for inconclusive results) is needed.

    Alternatives and Limitations

    PGT is not suitable for everyone. Alternatives include:

    • No testing: Transferring embryos based on morphology alone.
    • Prenatal diagnosis: Testing during pregnancy (e.g., NIPT, amniocentesis).
    • Donor gametes: Using donor eggs or sperm to avoid genetic risks.

    Limitations of PGT include:

    • Not all embryos can be biopsied (e.g., poor-quality blastocysts).
    • Mosaicism can lead to false-positive or false-negative results.
    • PGT does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before proceeding with PGT, consider asking your Thai clinic:

    • Which laboratory will perform the testing? Is it accredited (e.g., ISO 15189)?
    • What is the typical turnaround time for results?
    • How are mosaic results reported and managed?
    • What is the policy for inconclusive or failed results?
    • Are genetic counseling services available?

    Conclusion

    PGT results from Thai laboratories are reported in a detailed, standardized format that helps you and your doctor make informed decisions about embryo transfer. Understanding terms like euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic, as well as the limitations of testing, is essential. Always discuss your results with a qualified professional who can interpret them in the context of your medical history and treatment plan.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a euploid embryo mean?

    A euploid embryo has the correct number of chromosomes (46,XX or 46,XY). It has the highest chance of implantation and developing into a healthy baby, but it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or live birth.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred?

    In some cases, mosaic embryos may be considered for transfer if no euploid embryos are available. The decision depends on the level and type of mosaicism, and should be made after thorough genetic counseling with your doctor.

    How long does it take to get PGT results in Thailand?

    Turnaround time varies by lab and test type. PGT-A results typically take 1–2 weeks, while PGT-M and PGT-SR may take 2–4 weeks. Your clinic will provide an estimated timeline.

    Is PGT 100% accurate?

    No, PGT has a small error rate (typically <5%) due to factors like mosaicism or technical limitations. Confirmatory prenatal testing is recommended if pregnancy occurs.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.