Thailand PGT CMS

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  • Thailand PGT IVF Results Turnaround Time: What to Expect and What to Ask

    Most patients receive PGT results from Thai laboratories within one to three weeks after the embryo biopsy is performed. However, this is a general range, not a guarantee. The actual turnaround time depends on the specific laboratory, the type of PGT test ordered, whether the biopsy sample needs to be shipped to another facility, and how the clinic schedules reporting. Some cases may take longer if additional testing or re-biopsy is required. Because no two clinics operate identically, the most reliable timeline will come directly from your treating clinic.

    At a glance

    • Typical wait: 1–3 weeks after biopsy, but this varies.
    • Factors: lab location, test type, shipping, clinic workflow.
    • Shipping within Thailand or abroad can add days.
    • Your clinic should give you a specific estimate for your case.
    • Ask about communication methods and expected reporting format.

    What happens between biopsy and results?

    Understanding the steps can help you anticipate the timeline. After your embryos reach a certain stage, an embryologist removes a few cells (biopsy). Those cells are then prepared for genetic testing. The testing may be done in the same clinic’s laboratory or sent to a separate genetics lab. Once the lab completes the analysis, it sends a report back to your clinic. Your doctor then reviews the results with you. Each step—biopsy, sample preparation, shipping (if needed), analysis, and reporting—adds time.

    Typical turnaround times by test type

    PGT is an umbrella term for several tests. The most common are PGT-A (for aneuploidy), PGT-M (for monogenic disorders), and PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements). Turnaround times can differ because some tests require more complex analysis or additional validation. The table below gives general ranges, but your clinic’s actual timeline may be shorter or longer.

    Test type Typical turnaround (after biopsy)
    PGT-A 1–2 weeks
    PGT-M 2–3 weeks (sometimes longer)
    PGT-SR 2–3 weeks

    These ranges are not fixed. Some labs may report faster, while others may take longer. Always confirm with your clinic.

    What can make PGT results take longer?

    • Shipping: If the biopsy sample must be sent to a lab in another city or country, transport time and customs clearance can add days.
    • Lab workload: Busy periods or staffing shortages can delay analysis.
    • Test complexity: PGT-M often requires a custom probe, which may need to be designed and validated before testing.
    • Sample quality: If the biopsy sample is insufficient or degraded, the lab may need to request a re-biopsy, which restarts the clock.
    • Clinic reporting schedule: Some clinics batch results and report them on specific days, adding a few days.

    How will I receive my PGT results?

    Most clinics provide results during a scheduled consultation, either in person or via a video call. You may also receive a written report. Ask your clinic how they typically share results and whether you will have a chance to discuss them with a doctor or genetic counselor. Understanding the format ahead of time can reduce anxiety while you wait.

    Questions to ask your clinic about PGT turnaround time

    • What is your average turnaround time for the specific PGT test I need?
    • Is the testing done in-house or sent to an external lab? If external, where is it located?
    • How long does shipping usually take, and who handles it?
    • What is the process if the sample needs to be re-biopsied?
    • How and when will I be notified of the results?
    • Are there any additional costs associated with shipping or repeat testing?
    • Can you provide a written timeline for my case?

    Planning around the wait

    While you wait for PGT results, you may need to plan for medication, travel, or work commitments. Ask your clinic whether you need to stay in Thailand during the waiting period or if you can return home and receive results remotely. If you are traveling from abroad, clarify visa and re-entry requirements with the appropriate authorities. Also consider how you will handle the emotional aspect of waiting—many patients find it helpful to have a support system in place.

    Next steps

    1. Ask your clinic for a personalized timeline based on your treatment plan.
    2. Confirm whether testing is in-house or outsourced, and where.
    3. Clarify how results will be communicated and by whom.
    4. Plan your travel and accommodation with flexibility in case of delays.
    5. Reach out to your clinic if you have not heard back within the estimated timeframe.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also browse our FAQ and guides, or contact us with further questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long do PGT results take in Thailand?

    Most patients receive results within one to three weeks after the embryo biopsy. However, this is a general range. The exact time depends on the laboratory, the type of PGT test, whether the sample is shipped elsewhere, and your clinic’s reporting process. Your clinic can give you a more specific estimate.

    Does PGT-A take less time than PGT-M?

    Often, yes. PGT-A typically takes one to two weeks, while PGT-M may take two to three weeks or longer because it sometimes requires a custom probe. These are general ranges, and individual labs may differ.

    Can I get PGT results faster if I pay more?

    Some laboratories offer expedited processing for an additional fee, but this is not universal. You would need to ask your clinic whether faster turnaround is available and what it would cost. We cannot confirm specific services or prices.

    What if my PGT results are delayed?

    Delays can happen due to shipping, lab workload, or sample quality issues. If you have not received results within the estimated timeframe, contact your clinic for an update. They can explain the reason for the delay and give you a revised timeline.

    Do I need to stay in Thailand while waiting for PGT results?

    This depends on your treatment plan and your clinic’s policy. Some patients are able to return home and receive results remotely, while others may need to stay for monitoring. Discuss travel plans with your clinic and check visa requirements with the relevant authorities.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Thailand PGT IVF After a Failed Transfer: Review, Testing and Next-Cycle Planning

    A failed PGT embryo transfer means the embryo did not implant and grow into a pregnancy. It does not mean the process is over, and it does not mean you did anything wrong. The most useful next step is a structured review with your treating clinic: they look back at the cycle, check whether any treatable factor was missed, and decide whether a repeat transfer, further testing, or a change in plan makes sense. This guide explains that review process, the questions worth asking, and how to plan a subsequent attempt in Thailand without overpromising what any single test or cycle can tell you.

    At a glance

    • A failed transfer is common and is not automatically a sign that PGT or IVF cannot work for you.
    • The first step is a review appointment, not an immediate repeat transfer.
    • Clinics may consider uterine, hormonal, embryo and lifestyle factors, but no single test explains every failure.
    • Some tests are done in a specific part of the cycle, which affects travel timing.
    • Ask your clinic what they would change before a repeat transfer, and what they would keep the same.
    • Costs, documents and legal requirements vary by clinic and should be confirmed directly.

    What a failed PGT transfer does and does not tell you

    PGT (preimplantation genetic testing) screens embryos for certain chromosomal or genetic issues before transfer. It can reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with a specific abnormality, but it cannot guarantee implantation. A transfer can fail even when the embryo was reported as suitable for transfer.

    That is why a failed transfer is usually treated as information to review rather than a final result. The review looks at the whole picture: how the lining responded, how the transfer itself went, what medication support was used, and what is known about the embryo. In many cases, no single cause is identified, and the plan moves forward with adjustments rather than a definitive explanation.

    The review appointment: what your clinic may look at

    A review is typically a conversation plus a look at your records. You can ask for a written summary so you can compare notes if you seek a second opinion. Topics that may come up include:

    • Embryo details: how the embryo was graded, whether it was tested, and what the testing report said.
    • Uterine environment: whether the lining thickness and pattern were considered adequate, and whether any structural issue was previously noted.
    • Hormonal support: whether progesterone and estrogen support were judged sufficient, and how they were monitored.
    • Transfer technique: whether the transfer was straightforward or difficult, and whether any adjustment is planned.
    • Timing: whether the transfer was done at what the clinic considered the right point in the cycle.
    • General health factors: thyroid function, blood sugar, vitamin levels, weight, smoking, and other issues that can affect implantation.

    Not every clinic reviews every item in the same way. Ask which of these they consider relevant to your case and why.

    Tests that may be considered before another transfer

    There is no single test that explains all failed transfers. Depending on your history, a clinic may suggest one or more of the following. Each has limits, and some are done only at a specific time in the cycle.

    Test or assessment What it looks at Timing note
    Uterine cavity assessment Shape of the cavity, polyps, fibroids, adhesions or septum Often scheduled in a specific part of the cycle
    Endometrial thickness and pattern How the lining responds to medication Monitored during a cycle
    Hormone blood tests Thyroid, prolactin, progesterone timing and related markers Timing depends on the test
    Endometrial receptivity testing Whether the transfer window may be shifted for you Requires a mock cycle at the clinic
    Chronic endometritis testing Inflammation of the uterine lining Sampling is done in a specific cycle phase
    Thrombophilia or immune screening Clotting or immune factors in selected cases Not routine for everyone
    Sperm DNA fragmentation Sperm quality factors Can be done before a next cycle

    Ask your clinic which tests they recommend for your situation, what the results can and cannot change, and whether the test must be done in Thailand or can be arranged locally.

    Planning a repeat transfer in Thailand: a step-by-step timeline

    Exact timelines depend on your protocol, your cycle, and your clinic. The sequence below is a general planning framework, not a medical schedule.

    1. Review appointment. Discuss the failed cycle, ask what was learned, and agree on whether any testing is needed before another transfer.
    2. Testing phase. Complete any agreed tests. Some require a specific cycle day, so confirm dates before booking travel.
    3. Treatment plan. Decide whether the next transfer uses a natural, modified natural, or medicated cycle, and whether any medication changes are planned.
    4. Preparation cycle. If a mock cycle or endometrial preparation is needed, this may add time before the actual transfer cycle.
    5. Transfer cycle. Monitoring appointments lead up to the transfer. Ask how many visits are expected and whether any can be done locally.
    6. Post-transfer support and test. Follow the clinic’s instructions for medication and the pregnancy test date.
    7. Review again if needed. If the transfer does not work, repeat the review process rather than repeating the same plan without discussion.

    Travel and logistics to confirm with your clinic

    Because testing and transfer timing are cycle-dependent, travel planning should follow the medical plan, not the other way around. Items to confirm directly with your clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authority include:

    • How many days you need to be in Thailand for monitoring, the transfer, and any post-transfer check.
    • Whether any monitoring can be done in your home country and shared with the clinic.
    • What documents the clinic requires before starting a cycle.
    • What visa or entry rules apply to you, based on your nationality and length of stay.
    • What the clinic’s cancellation, rescheduling and refund policies are.
    • What costs are included in a repeat transfer quote and what is billed separately.

    Do not rely on general online summaries for visa or legal rules. Confirm them with the clinic and the relevant embassy or authority for your situation.

    Questions to ask before committing to a next cycle

    • What do you think contributed to this transfer not working, and what remains uncertain?
    • Which tests, if any, would change your recommendation, and which would not?
    • Would you change the medication protocol, the transfer timing, or the transfer technique?
    • How many embryos do we have available, and what is the plan if the next transfer does not work?
    • What are the realistic chances of success for a repeat transfer in my situation, and how do you define success?
    • What would you do differently if this were your own treatment plan?
    • What costs, travel days and waiting times should I plan for?

    Emotional and practical preparation

    A failed transfer can be emotionally heavy, and planning another cycle while still recovering is difficult. It can help to:

    • Ask for a written summary of the review so you can read it when you are less overwhelmed.
    • Decide in advance how many cycles you are prepared to consider, and under what conditions you would pause.
    • Ask whether the clinic offers counselling or a referral for support.
    • Consider a second opinion if the review does not give you a clear plan or if you feel your questions were not answered.

    None of this guarantees an outcome. It is about making the next decision with better information and clearer expectations.

    Next-step checklist

    1. Book a review appointment and request your cycle records.
    2. Ask which tests are recommended, why, and when they must be done.
    3. Confirm the proposed protocol and what will change from the last cycle.
    4. Map travel dates only after the clinic confirms the cycle plan.
    5. Confirm costs, documents and legal requirements directly with the clinic and relevant authority.
    6. Decide your personal limits before starting another cycle.

    For background on PGT and IVF in Thailand, see PGT in Thailand, IVF in Thailand, treatment process, and information for international patients.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a failed PGT transfer mean the embryo was abnormal?

    Not necessarily. PGT screens for specific issues, but implantation depends on many factors, including the uterine environment, hormone support and transfer timing. A failed transfer does not automatically mean the embryo was abnormal, and your clinic can explain what is known about your specific embryo.

    How soon can I try another transfer after a failed one?

    Timing depends on your protocol, your cycle and whether any tests are needed first. Some clinics proceed after a withdrawal bleed, while others recommend a rest cycle or a mock cycle for testing. Ask your clinic for a plan based on your situation rather than a general rule.

    Should I do more testing before a repeat transfer?

    That depends on your history and what your clinic considers relevant. Some tests, such as uterine cavity assessment or endometrial receptivity testing, may be suggested in selected cases. Ask what each test could change in your plan, because not every test leads to a different treatment decision.

    Can I do monitoring in my home country and travel to Thailand only for the transfer?

    Some clinics allow part of the monitoring to be done locally, but this depends on the clinic and the protocol. Ask your clinic which appointments must be in person and how they prefer to receive local monitoring results.

    What should I ask if I want a second opinion?

    Ask for your full cycle records, including embryo reports, medication protocols, monitoring notes and transfer details. A second clinic can review these and explain whether they would change anything. Keep in mind that a second opinion is a review, not a guarantee of a different outcome.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Thailand PGT IVF for Older Patients: Age, Expectations and Questions to Ask

    If you are over 40 and considering PGT IVF in Thailand, the most useful starting point is this: PGT can give you information about the chromosomal status of embryos, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a healthy child. Age is one of the strongest factors influencing how many eggs are retrieved, how many become embryos and how many of those embryos are chromosomally normal (euploid). PGT does not change those underlying probabilities. It can help you and your clinician decide which embryos to consider transferring, and it can reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with a known chromosomal abnormality. The rest of this guide explains the tests, the limits, and the questions worth asking before you commit to a plan.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes; it is not a treatment for infertility and does not improve embryo quality.
    • PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in a family; PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements.
    • Euploidy rates generally decline with age, but individual results vary widely and cannot be predicted from age alone.
    • PGT is optional in most situations. It is a decision to make with a qualified clinician, not a default requirement.
    • Costs, legal rules, travel requirements and clinic-specific protocols in Thailand should be confirmed directly with the treating clinic and relevant authorities.

    What PGT actually tests

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is done on a small number of cells removed from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage. There are three main categories:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy): checks for an abnormal number of chromosomes, such as an extra or missing copy. This is the type most often discussed with older patients.
    • PGT-M (monogenic): looks for a specific gene variant linked to a known inherited condition in the family.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement): looks at chromosomes when a parent carries a balanced structural rearrangement, such as a translocation.

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test for a future child. It reports the chromosomal status of the cells sampled. Because embryos can show mosaicism — a mix of normal and abnormal cells — results are not always a simple yes or no. Some clinics report mosaic results and discuss them case by case. A result described as “abnormal” does not always mean the embryo could never produce a healthy pregnancy, and a “normal” result does not guarantee one.

    How age affects euploidy and IVF outcomes

    Age influences two separate things: how many eggs you produce, and the proportion of those eggs that are chromosomally normal. Both tend to decline with age, which is why older patients often see fewer embryos available for testing and fewer euploid embryos after testing.

    It is common to see broad patterns quoted, such as euploidy rates falling from one age band to the next. Those patterns come from large datasets and describe averages, not individuals. Two patients of the same age can have very different results. Factors such as ovarian reserve, prior IVF history, sperm quality, laboratory conditions and chance all play a role.

    Because of this, a clinic cannot promise you a specific number of euploid embryos, a specific success rate or a specific timeline. Be cautious of any source that offers a guaranteed figure for your age. A more realistic conversation is about ranges, uncertainty and what happens if testing leaves you with no embryos to transfer.

    Why PGT is not automatically the right choice

    PGT-A is sometimes presented as a way to improve success. The evidence is more nuanced. In some groups, PGT-A may help select embryos and reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with a known chromosomal abnormality. In other situations, it may reduce the number of embryos available for transfer without clearly improving the chance of a live birth. It also adds cost, laboratory steps and waiting time.

    PGT is not a treatment for low ovarian reserve, poor egg quality or recurrent implantation failure. It does not create embryos and it does not repair them. If you have very few embryos, testing may leave you with none to transfer, and some patients choose to transfer untested embryos instead. That is a legitimate option and worth discussing openly.

    Alternatives and complements to PGT

    Depending on your history, your clinician may discuss options such as:

    • Transferring untested embryos, with or without additional ultrasound or blood monitoring.
    • Using donor eggs or donor embryos, which changes the age-related equation but raises separate medical, legal and ethical questions.
    • Further fertility assessment, such as ovarian reserve testing or a review of previous cycles.
    • Genetic counseling, especially if there is a known inherited condition or a history of recurrent loss.
    • Prenatal testing after a pregnancy is established, which looks at the pregnancy rather than the embryo.

    None of these is universally better. The right path depends on your medical history, your values and what a clinic can offer you.

    What to expect during a PGT cycle in Thailand

    The general sequence is similar in most clinics, though details vary:

    1. Consultation and assessment: review of history, blood tests and ultrasound, and a discussion of whether PGT is appropriate for you.
    2. Ovarian stimulation: medication to encourage multiple eggs to mature, with monitoring visits.
    3. Egg retrieval and fertilization: eggs are collected and combined with sperm in the laboratory.
    4. Embryo culture: embryos are grown for several days, often to the blastocyst stage.
    5. Biopsy and testing: a few cells are removed and sent for genetic analysis. Some clinics send samples to a partner laboratory.
    6. Results and transfer planning: you discuss which embryos, if any, are suitable for transfer, and whether to transfer, freeze or consider another cycle.

    Timelines vary. Testing itself can take days to weeks depending on the laboratory and the test. Travel planning should account for monitoring, retrieval, possible waiting for results and a transfer that may happen in a later cycle.

    Questions to ask a clinic before you decide

    Bring these to your consultation and ask for clear, written answers where possible:

    • Which type of PGT are you recommending for my situation, and why?
    • What are the limitations of the test you use, including mosaicism and inconclusive results?
    • What happens if no embryos are suitable for transfer after testing?
    • How do you counsel patients about age-related euploidy without giving guarantees?
    • Who performs the biopsy and where is the genetic analysis done?
    • What are the total costs, including testing, storage, medication, monitoring and any follow-up?
    • What are the legal and consent requirements in Thailand for my situation, and what documents will I need?
    • What support is available if I need to travel, and how are results communicated to me?
    • Can I speak with a genetic counselor or a specialist in reproductive genetics?

    Practical next steps

    • Gather your medical records, including any previous IVF cycles, genetic tests and relevant family history.
    • Ask your current clinician whether PGT is likely to change your management, and why.
    • Request a written cost estimate and a written summary of what is and is not included.
    • Confirm visa, travel and any legal requirements with the relevant authorities and the clinic, as rules can change.
    • Consider speaking with a genetic counselor before testing, especially if there is a known inherited condition.
    • Plan for uncertainty: discuss in advance what you would do if testing leaves you with no transferable embryos.

    For more background, see our PGT in Thailand overview and the related guides. If you have a specific question, the FAQ section may help.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT improve the chance of pregnancy for older patients?

    PGT-A can help identify embryos with a normal number of chromosomes, which may inform which embryo to transfer. However, it does not improve the underlying quality of embryos or guarantee a pregnancy. For some patients, testing may reduce the number of embryos available. Whether PGT is likely to help depends on your individual situation, and this is best discussed with a qualified clinician.

    Can I predict my euploidy rate based on my age?

    No. Age is one factor among many. Euploidy rates tend to decline with age on average, but individual results vary widely and cannot be predicted from age alone. A clinic should discuss ranges and uncertainty rather than promise a specific number.

    Is PGT required for IVF in Thailand?

    PGT is generally optional and is not required for all patients. Recommendations depend on your medical history, the reason for treatment and clinic policy. Legal and consent requirements can change, so confirm current rules with the treating clinic and relevant authorities.

    What happens if PGT shows no normal embryos?

    This is a possible outcome, especially for older patients or those with few embryos. Clinics should discuss this scenario before testing begins. Options may include transferring an untested embryo, considering another cycle, or exploring other paths such as donor eggs, depending on your circumstances and local rules.

    Should I have genetic counseling before PGT?

    Genetic counseling can help you understand what PGT can and cannot tell you, especially if you have a known inherited condition or a history of recurrent pregnancy loss. Ask your clinic whether counseling is available and whether it is included in your care.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Thailand PGT IVF Success Factors: What Influences Your PGT Outcomes

    If you are considering preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) as part of IVF in Thailand, you may be wondering what actually influences whether the cycle leads to a transfer and, potentially, a pregnancy. The honest answer is that no single factor guarantees an outcome. Instead, PGT IVF results are shaped by a mix of biological, technical, and personal variables. This guide explains those variables in plain English so you can ask better questions and plan with realistic expectations.

    At a glance

    • PGT is a laboratory add-on to IVF that screens embryos for certain genetic or chromosomal issues before transfer.
    • It does not guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a healthy child.
    • Key variables include maternal age, embryo quality, clinic and laboratory standards, and the specific reason PGT is being considered.
    • Thailand has many IVF clinics, but standards, protocols, and pricing structures can vary. You will need to confirm details directly with each clinic.
    • Your own medical history and prior IVF experience matter as much as any general statistic.

    What PGT can and cannot tell you

    PGT is an umbrella term for several tests. PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in your family. PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. Each test has a different purpose and a different set of limitations.

    What PGT can do is give your care team more information about an embryo before transfer. What it cannot do is guarantee that an embryo will implant, that a pregnancy will continue, or that a child will be free of all health issues. Some embryos may be classified as mosaic, meaning the result is not fully clear. In those cases, your clinic may discuss whether transfer is an option and what the uncertainty means for you.

    PGT is not automatically necessary for every IVF patient. Whether it is appropriate depends on your age, your medical history, your prior IVF outcomes, and the reason you are considering testing. A clinic should explain why it is recommending PGT and what alternatives exist.

    Clinical factors that can influence PGT IVF outcomes

    Several clinical variables are commonly discussed when patients ask about PGT outcomes in Thailand. These are not predictions, but they are the areas your clinic will likely review with you.

    Maternal age and egg quality

    Age is one of the most frequently discussed factors in IVF and PGT. As women get older, the proportion of eggs with chromosomal variations tends to increase. This can affect how many embryos are available for testing and how many are classified as suitable for transfer. However, age is not a fixed verdict. Some younger patients have fewer usable embryos, and some older patients have successful outcomes. Your clinic can review your specific situation.

    Embryo development and quality

    Not every fertilized egg develops into a blastocyst, the stage at which PGT is often performed. The number of embryos that reach biopsy and testing can vary widely. Embryo quality before testing, and the grading system your clinic uses, can influence how many embryos are available for transfer after results are known.

    Reason for PGT

    Why you are considering PGT matters. Someone with a known inherited condition may be using PGT-M to reduce the chance of passing that condition on. Someone with recurrent pregnancy loss may be using PGT-A for different reasons. The expected value of testing depends on the question you are trying to answer.

    Uterine and hormonal factors

    Embryo testing does not address the uterine environment or hormonal readiness for transfer. Factors such as uterine health, lining thickness, and transfer timing can still affect whether an embryo implants. Your clinic will typically assess these separately from PGT results.

    Prior IVF history

    If you have had previous IVF cycles, your response to stimulation, fertilization rates, and embryo development can inform how your clinic plans the next cycle. Prior history is often more useful than general statistics for your individual planning.

    Laboratory and clinic variables in Thailand

    PGT is a laboratory procedure, and the quality of the laboratory matters. In Thailand, as in any country, clinics vary in their experience, equipment, and protocols. When comparing clinics, you may want to ask about:

    • Who performs the embryo biopsy and how many biopsies they perform regularly.
    • Whether PGT is performed in-house or sent to an external genetics laboratory.
    • How the clinic reports results, including whether it reports mosaicism and how it explains uncertain results.
    • What the clinic’s protocol is for embryos that are not tested or that have inconclusive results.
    • How the clinic handles frozen embryo transfers and whether testing affects transfer timing.

    These are questions you can ask directly. The answers will help you understand how a clinic approaches PGT in practice, not just in marketing materials.

    Personal and practical factors

    Beyond clinical variables, practical factors can affect your experience and your decisions.

    • Travel and timing: IVF with PGT often requires multiple visits or a longer stay. How this fits with your work and family life can influence which clinic you choose.
    • Cost structure: PGT is usually an additional cost on top of standard IVF. Pricing models vary, and you should ask for a written breakdown of what is included and what is not.
    • Emotional readiness: Waiting for PGT results and deciding what to do with uncertain or mosaic results can be stressful. Some patients find it helpful to plan how they will handle different scenarios before the cycle begins.
    • Support system: Having someone to talk to during the process can make a difference, especially if results are not what you hoped for.

    How to think about success rates

    You may see success rates quoted by clinics or online. It is important to understand what those numbers mean. Success can be defined in different ways: positive pregnancy test, clinical pregnancy, live birth, or cumulative success over multiple cycles. A rate that applies to a general population may not apply to you.

    Rather than focusing on a single number, ask your clinic how they define success, what data they can share about patients with a similar profile to yours, and what the range of outcomes has been. Be cautious of any clinic that guarantees a specific result.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    When you contact a clinic, these questions can help you compare options and understand their approach to PGT:

    1. Based on my history, why are you recommending PGT, and what alternatives should I consider?
    2. What type of PGT are you recommending, and what will it tell us?
    3. How do you handle mosaic or inconclusive results?
    4. What is your protocol for embryo biopsy and who performs it?
    5. Do you perform PGT in-house or through an external lab?
    6. What are the costs involved, and what does the quoted price include?
    7. How many visits will I need, and what is the expected timeline?
    8. What support do you offer if results are not what we hoped for?

    Next steps

    If you are weighing PGT IVF in Thailand, start by clarifying your own goals and medical history. Gather your records, including any prior IVF cycles and genetic testing. Then reach out to clinics with specific questions. You can also read more about PGT in Thailand and browse our guides for related topics. If you have general questions, our FAQ section may help.

    Remember that PGT is a tool, not a guarantee. The best decisions come from understanding your own situation and asking clinics to explain their reasoning in plain language.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT improve my chances of having a baby?

    PGT can provide more information about an embryo before transfer, but it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a live birth. Whether it improves your chances depends on your individual situation, including your age, the reason for testing, and the number of embryos available. Your clinic can discuss what PGT may or may not do for you.

    What is the most important factor for PGT IVF success in Thailand?

    There is no single most important factor. Maternal age, embryo quality, the reason for PGT, and the standards of the clinic and laboratory all play a role. Personal factors such as your overall health and prior IVF history also matter. A clinic can help you understand which factors are most relevant in your case.

    Can I choose the gender of my embryo with PGT in Thailand?

    PGT can sometimes reveal the sex chromosomes of an embryo, but whether gender selection is permitted or offered depends on the clinic and on Thai regulations. You should ask the clinic directly about their policy and any legal requirements. This guide does not provide legal advice.

    How long does it take to get PGT results in Thailand?

    Timelines vary by clinic and by the type of PGT being performed. Some clinics may give preliminary results within a few days, while others may take longer. You should ask your chosen clinic for their typical timeline and how it fits with your transfer plan.

    What happens if my embryos are mosaic or inconclusive?

    Mosaic or inconclusive results mean the test did not give a clear answer. Some clinics may offer transfer of mosaic embryos with additional counseling, while others may recommend against it. The decision depends on your clinic's protocol and your preferences. Ask your clinic how they handle these situations before you start treatment.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Thailand PGT IVF Second Opinion and Records Transfer: A Practical Guide

    Getting a second opinion about PGT (preimplantation genetic testing) in Thailand usually means two things: transferring your existing IVF and genetics records to another clinic, and asking a clinician to review your case and explain how they would approach it. A good second opinion does not automatically mean switching clinics. It can confirm your current plan, clarify confusing results, or show you a different set of options. This guide covers how to assemble records, request a review, and compare recommendations in a structured way.

    At a glance

    • Start by collecting your full cycle history, not just the most recent report.
    • Ask what format the clinic accepts and whether translation is needed.
    • Request a written summary of the review, not only a verbal opinion.
    • Compare recommendations using the same criteria across clinics.
    • Confirm costs, timelines, and legal or shipping questions directly with the clinic and relevant authority.

    Why patients seek a PGT second opinion

    People look for a second opinion for many reasons. Some want to understand why a previous cycle did not lead to the expected result. Others have received a PGT report they find hard to interpret, or they want to know whether a different laboratory approach or testing strategy might suit their situation. Some are considering a move to Thailand and want to compare how clinics there would handle their case.

    A second opinion is not a promise of a different outcome. It is a structured way to hear another clinician’s reasoning, ask questions, and decide whether your current plan still feels right for you.

    What counts as your IVF and PGT records

    Clinics vary in what they ask for, but a complete record set usually includes the items below. If you are unsure whether something is relevant, include it and let the reviewing clinician decide.

    • Fertility history: initial consultations, diagnoses, and any prior treatments.
    • Cycle summaries: stimulation protocols, monitoring notes, trigger timing, and egg retrieval reports.
    • Laboratory reports: fertilization, embryo development, and any embryo grading or biopsy details.
    • PGT reports: the genetic testing report itself, including the type of test performed and the result for each embryo.
    • Genetic counseling notes: any discussion of inherited conditions, carrier status, or family history.
    • Imaging and blood tests: ultrasound reports, hormone results, and any other relevant investigations.
    • Medication history: what was used, at what stage, and any noted reactions.
    • Transfer history: whether embryos were transferred, frozen, or stored, and any outcomes recorded.

    If you have embryos or genetic material stored at another clinic, ask that clinic what is needed to release or transfer them. Storage, shipping, and consent rules differ by clinic and country, so confirm the process directly rather than assuming it is automatic.

    How to assemble and transfer records

    1. Request your records in writing. Ask your current clinic for a full copy, including laboratory and genetics reports, not only the doctor’s summary letter.
    2. Ask for the format the receiving clinic prefers. Some accept scanned PDFs by secure email or patient portal; others want certified copies or original reports.
    3. Check whether translation is needed. If your records are not in English or Thai, ask the receiving clinic whether a certified translation is required and who can provide it.
    4. Keep a personal master copy. Store everything in one folder, ideally with a simple index so you can find each report quickly.
    5. Confirm consent and privacy steps. You may need to sign a release form authorizing your current clinic to share records with the new one.
    6. Send records before booking a review. Many clinics will not give a meaningful opinion without the full set.

    If you are transferring embryos or stored samples rather than just documents, treat it as a separate process. Ask both clinics about shipping, storage consent, and any legal or customs requirements, and confirm these with the relevant authority where needed.

    Requesting a PGT case review in Thailand

    A case review is usually a consultation, sometimes remote, in which a clinician reads your records and explains how they would interpret your situation. To get the most from it:

    • Ask in advance what the review includes and whether a written summary is provided.
    • Confirm who will review your case: a reproductive endocrinologist, a genetic counselor, an embryologist, or a team.
    • Ask whether the review is a one-off opinion or part of a continuing relationship.
    • Clarify the cost of the review and whether it is separate from treatment costs.
    • Ask what additional tests, if any, the clinician would want before giving a firm view.

    Be cautious of any review that promises a specific outcome or pushes you to decide immediately. A useful second opinion should explain reasoning, acknowledge uncertainty, and leave the decision with you.

    Comparing recommendations across clinics

    When you have more than one opinion, compare them using the same criteria. This table is a template you can fill in yourself; it does not contain clinic-specific figures.

    Criteria What to note
    Interpretation of prior cycles How each clinician explains what happened and what it may mean
    PGT approach Which test type they suggest and why, and how they describe its limitations
    Additional testing Any further investigations recommended before treatment
    Treatment plan Proposed steps, sequence, and how they would monitor progress
    Uncertainty Whether the clinician names what is unknown or unpredictable
    Communication How questions are answered, and whether you receive written notes
    Costs What is included, what is extra, and how pricing is structured
    Logistics Travel, timelines, and coordination if you are overseas

    Look for consistency in the reasoning, not just agreement in conclusions. Two clinicians may recommend different paths for valid reasons. What matters is whether each recommendation is explained clearly and fits your priorities.

    Questions to ask a clinic

    • What records do you need before you can review my case?
    • Do you accept scanned copies, or do you need originals or certified translations?
    • Who will review my case, and will I receive a written summary?
    • How do you interpret my previous PGT results, and what are the limits of that interpretation?
    • What would you do differently, and why?
    • What is not known about my situation?
    • What are the costs of the review and any proposed treatment, and what is not included?
    • If I am overseas, how would coordination and follow-up work?
    • What are the next steps if I decide to proceed, and what if I decide not to?

    Practical and legal points to confirm

    Rules about embryo storage, transfer, shipping, and genetic testing can change and may differ depending on where you are and where the clinic is. This guide cannot tell you what applies to you. Confirm directly with:

    • The treating clinic, about its own requirements and processes.
    • The clinic currently storing your samples, about release and shipping.
    • The relevant embassy, customs, or health authority, about any import, export, or legal conditions.

    Keep copies of every consent form and correspondence. If something is unclear, ask for it in writing before you commit to a step.

    Next-step checklist

    1. List the clinics you are considering and note what each requires for a review.
    2. Request your full records from your current clinic.
    3. Organize records into a single indexed folder.
    4. Ask about translation, certification, and consent forms.
    5. Book a review only after confirming what it includes and its cost.
    6. Prepare your questions in advance and take notes.
    7. Compare recommendations using the same criteria.
    8. Confirm logistics, costs, and legal points directly before deciding.

    For more context on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also explore patient resources, check the FAQ, or contact us if you have questions about preparing your records.

    Frequently asked questions

    Do I need to switch clinics to get a second opinion?

    No. A second opinion is a review of your records and situation by another clinician. You can use it to confirm your current plan, clarify confusing results, or explore alternatives. Whether you switch is your decision, and a good review should not pressure you either way.

    What records should I send for a PGT case review in Thailand?

    Clinics vary, but a complete set usually includes your fertility history, cycle summaries, laboratory and embryo reports, PGT reports, genetic counseling notes, imaging and blood test results, medication history, and transfer history. Ask the receiving clinic for its specific list, and include anything you are unsure about so the clinician can decide.

    Can I transfer embryos or stored samples to a clinic in Thailand?

    This depends on the clinics involved and on legal, customs, and consent requirements that can change. Ask both clinics about release, shipping, and storage, and confirm any import, export, or legal conditions with the relevant authority. This guide cannot tell you what applies to your situation.

    How do I compare two different recommendations?

    Use the same criteria for each: how they interpret your prior cycles, their PGT approach and its limits, any additional testing, the proposed plan, how they handle uncertainty, communication style, costs, and logistics. Look for clear reasoning rather than simple agreement, and ask follow-up questions where something is unclear.

    Will a second opinion guarantee a different outcome?

    No. A second opinion can clarify options and reasoning, but it cannot guarantee embryos, pregnancy, or any clinical result. Be cautious of any review that promises a specific outcome or urges an immediate decision.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Mosaic Embryo Transfer Decisions in Thailand: A Patient Guide to PGT Results

    If you have received a PGT result describing an embryo as “mosaic,” you are likely facing a decision that feels both technical and personal. A mosaic result means the laboratory found a mix of cells with different chromosome patterns in the same embryo. It is not the same as a fully normal or fully abnormal result. In Thailand, as elsewhere, mosaic reporting and transfer policies vary between clinics and laboratories. This guide explains what mosaic results can mean, why counseling matters, and how to prepare questions before deciding whether to transfer.

    At a glance

    • Mosaic means an embryo has a mixture of cells with different chromosome findings.
    • Mosaicism exists on a spectrum; “low-level” and “high-level” are laboratory descriptions, not guarantees about outcome.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR are different tests with different purposes and limitations.
    • Reporting thresholds and transfer policies vary by laboratory and clinic.
    • Counseling should cover uncertainty, alternatives, and what is known versus unknown.
    • No test can guarantee an embryo will implant, develop normally, or result in a healthy child.

    What “mosaic” means in a PGT report

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) involves taking a small sample of cells from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage, and analyzing them. The result is based on that sample, not on every cell in the embryo. When the laboratory reports mosaicism, it means the sample contained cells with different chromosome results. For example, some cells may appear to have a normal number of chromosomes while others show an extra or missing chromosome.

    Mosaicism can occur naturally in early embryo development. It can also reflect technical factors in the biopsy or analysis. Because the sample is small, the reported percentage is an estimate of the proportion of cells with the variant, not a precise measurement of the whole embryo.

    Low-level versus high-level mosaicism

    Laboratories may describe mosaicism as low-level or high-level based on the estimated percentage of affected cells. These categories are not standardized across all laboratories. A result labeled “low-level” at one lab might be reported differently at another. The clinical significance of any mosaic result depends on multiple factors, including which chromosome is involved, the percentage reported, and the clinic’s experience.

    It is important not to interpret a low-level mosaic result as a guarantee of a healthy outcome, nor a high-level result as a guarantee of a poor one. The evidence continues to evolve, and uncertainty remains.

    PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR: different tests, different questions

    PGT is an umbrella term. The type of test matters for interpreting a mosaic result.

    • PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes (aneuploidy screening). Mosaic results are most commonly discussed in the context of PGT-A.
    • PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in the family. It is not a general chromosome screening test.
    • PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations, that may affect reproduction.

    Each test has limitations. None can detect every possible genetic or chromosomal issue. None can guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child. PGT is a tool for information, not a promise.

    Why mosaic reporting varies

    Mosaic reporting is not uniform. Laboratories use different thresholds to classify an embryo as normal, mosaic, or abnormal. Some may report a percentage range; others may use categories. The biopsy technique, the number of cells analyzed, and the analysis platform can all influence the result.

    In Thailand, as in other countries, there is no single national standard that all clinics follow for mosaic reporting. This means the same embryo might receive a different description at a different laboratory. When you receive a mosaic result, ask your clinic to explain how their laboratory defines and reports mosaicism.

    What a mosaic result does and does not tell you

    A mosaic result tells you that the tested sample contained a mix of cells with different chromosome findings. It does not tell you:

    • Whether the embryo will implant.
    • Whether a pregnancy would continue normally.
    • Whether a child would be affected by a chromosome condition.
    • How the untested cells in the embryo are arranged.

    Some mosaic embryos have resulted in healthy births. Others have not implanted or have been associated with pregnancy loss. The outcome depends on many factors, including the specific chromosome involved and the proportion of mosaic cells. Because of this uncertainty, decisions about mosaic embryo transfer are often described as trade-offs rather than clear right or wrong choices.

    Counseling questions after a mosaic result

    Good counseling is essential. It should help you understand your specific result, the limits of the evidence, and your options. Consider asking your clinic or a genetic counselor:

    • What exactly does my report say, and how does your laboratory define mosaicism?
    • Which chromosome is involved, and what is known about mosaicism for that chromosome?
    • What percentage of cells was reported as mosaic, and how was that estimated?
    • What are the possible outcomes if we transfer this embryo?
    • What are the alternatives, such as transferring a different embryo, another cycle, or choosing not to transfer?
    • What additional testing or monitoring would you recommend during pregnancy if we transfer?
    • Can we speak with a genetic counselor or review the original laboratory report together?

    Take notes. Ask for the information in writing if possible. It is reasonable to request time to consider your options.

    Transfer trade-offs: what to weigh

    Deciding whether to transfer a mosaic embryo involves weighing several factors. There is no single correct answer for everyone.

    • Uncertainty: The outcome cannot be predicted with certainty. Some patients are comfortable with this uncertainty; others prefer to avoid it.
    • Alternatives: Do you have other embryos available? Are you willing to undergo another stimulation cycle? What are the emotional, physical, and financial implications?
    • Chromosome involved: Some chromosomes are associated with different levels of risk than others. Ask your clinic to explain what is known about your specific result.
    • Monitoring: If you transfer, what prenatal testing or monitoring is available and acceptable to you?
    • Values and priorities: What matters most to you in this decision? How do you weigh the possibility of a healthy birth against the possibility of loss or a child with a chromosome condition?

    Some clinics may offer transfer of mosaic embryos with additional counseling and monitoring. Others may have policies that differ. Ask your clinic about their approach and the reasoning behind it.

    Questions to ask your clinic before deciding

    Use this checklist to guide your conversation:

    1. Can you explain my PGT report in plain language?
    2. What is the laboratory’s definition of low-level and high-level mosaicism?
    3. What is known about outcomes for mosaicism involving this specific chromosome?
    4. What are the alternatives to transferring this embryo?
    5. What monitoring or prenatal testing would you recommend if we transfer?
    6. What support is available if the transfer does not result in a live birth?
    7. Are there any costs or logistical steps we should plan for?

    You may also want to ask for a referral to a genetic counselor who can review the result independently.

    Next steps

    After receiving a mosaic result, take these steps:

    • Request a copy of the full laboratory report.
    • Schedule a counseling session with your clinic or a genetic counselor.
    • Write down your questions and bring them to the appointment.
    • Ask about the clinic’s experience with mosaic embryo transfers.
    • Consider the alternatives and what they would mean for you.
    • Take time to make a decision that aligns with your values.

    For more general information about PGT and embryo transfer in Thailand, you can explore our PGT in Thailand and embryo transfer in Thailand guides. You can also browse our guides and FAQ for additional context.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a mosaic embryo result mean?

    A mosaic result means the laboratory found a mix of cells with different chromosome patterns in the small sample taken from the embryo. It is not a diagnosis of a specific condition, and it cannot predict whether the embryo will implant or result in a healthy birth. The significance depends on factors such as the chromosome involved and the percentage of mosaic cells reported.

    Is low-level mosaicism safe for transfer?

    There is no universal answer. Some clinics may offer transfer of low-level mosaic embryos with additional counseling and monitoring, while others may have different policies. The evidence is evolving, and outcomes are not guaranteed. Discuss your specific result with your treating clinic and consider speaking with a genetic counselor.

    How is mosaicism reported in Thai PGT laboratories?

    Reporting practices vary. Laboratories may use different thresholds to classify an embryo as normal, mosaic, or abnormal, and there is no single national standard. Ask your clinic to explain how their laboratory defines and reports mosaicism, and request a copy of the full report.

    What questions should I ask after a mosaic PGT result?

    Ask which chromosome is involved, what percentage of cells was reported as mosaic, how the laboratory defines mosaicism, what the possible outcomes are, what alternatives exist, and what monitoring would be recommended if you transfer. It is also reasonable to ask for a referral to a genetic counselor.

    Can a mosaic embryo result in a healthy baby?

    Some mosaic embryos have resulted in healthy births, but outcomes cannot be predicted. A mosaic result does not guarantee a healthy baby, nor does it guarantee a poor outcome. The decision to transfer involves weighing uncertainty, alternatives, and your personal values with guidance from your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Questions to Ask a Thailand PGT IVF Clinic: A Consultation Checklist

    Before choosing a clinic in Thailand for IVF with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), prepare a written list of questions. A good consultation should give you clear, specific answers about laboratory methods, cost structure, timelines, and how the team will communicate with you. This checklist covers the main areas to probe, so you can compare clinics on substance rather than marketing. Use it as a working document: add your own questions, note the answers, and follow up on anything vague.

    At a Glance

    • Ask about lab accreditation, PGT methods, and who performs the biopsy and analysis.
    • Request a written cost breakdown that separates medical, laboratory, medication, and administrative fees.
    • Clarify timelines for stimulation, biopsy, genetic testing, and embryo transfer.
    • Confirm how results and updates will be shared, and in what language.
    • Ask what happens if a cycle is cancelled or no embryo is suitable for transfer.

    Laboratory and PGT-Specific Questions

    The laboratory is central to PGT. Ask directly about the following:

    • Which PGT methods does the clinic offer (for example, PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR), and how does it decide which is appropriate?
    • Is the genetic testing performed in-house or sent to an external laboratory? If external, which one, and how are samples transported?
    • What accreditation or quality certifications does the laboratory hold? Ask for the specific names and issuing bodies.
    • Who performs the embryo biopsy, and what is their experience level?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on mosaic embryos? Does it transfer them, and under what circumstances?
    • How does the clinic handle inconclusive or failed test results?
    • What is the clinic’s typical embryo freezing and thawing protocol for biopsied embryos?

    If a clinic cannot answer these questions clearly, that is useful information. You are entitled to ask for details in writing.

    Pricing and Payment Questions

    Costs in Thailand vary by clinic, treatment plan, and medication needs. Rather than asking for a single “package price,” ask for a written breakdown of components. Questions to include:

    • What is included in the quoted price, and what is billed separately?
    • How are medication costs estimated, and do they vary by protocol or response?
    • Are there additional fees for genetic testing per embryo, biopsy, freezing, storage, or future transfers?
    • What is the payment schedule, and which currencies and payment methods are accepted?
    • What is the refund or credit policy if the cycle is cancelled, or if no embryos are available for transfer?
    • Does the clinic provide a written estimate before treatment begins?

    Ask for all figures in writing. Verbal estimates are difficult to compare and may not reflect your actual protocol.

    Timelines and Logistics

    PGT adds steps to an IVF cycle, so timelines matter for planning travel and time off work. Ask:

    • How long does the full process take, from initial consultation to embryo transfer?
    • How many days should I plan to stay in Thailand for monitoring, retrieval, and transfer?
    • Can any monitoring be done in my home country, and how are results shared with the clinic?
    • How long does genetic testing take, and does that affect the transfer schedule?
    • What is the clinic’s typical wait time for a first appointment?
    • How far in advance should I book treatment, and what are the busiest periods?

    Timelines can shift based on your response to medication and laboratory workload. Ask how the clinic communicates delays.

    Communication and Support

    Clear communication is especially important when you are travelling for care. Ask:

    • Who is my main point of contact, and how quickly do they typically respond?
    • What languages are spoken by the clinical and coordination teams?
    • Are consultations available by video or phone before I travel?
    • How will I receive test results and treatment updates?
    • Is there a patient portal or secure messaging system?
    • What support is available for arranging accommodation, transport, or interpreters?

    If you need a specific language or accessibility support, confirm it early rather than assuming it will be available.

    Medical Eligibility and Risk Questions

    Only a treating clinician can assess your individual situation. Still, you can ask how the clinic approaches decision-making:

    • What medical information do you need from me before recommending a plan?
    • What are the known risks of PGT and IVF in my situation?
    • What are the limits of PGT? For example, what can it not detect?
    • How do you counsel patients about uncertain or inconclusive results?
    • What alternatives to PGT should I consider?

    Be cautious of any clinic that guarantees a pregnancy, a live birth, or a specific number of embryos. Responsible providers discuss ranges and uncertainties.

    Clinic Vetting: Documents and Legal Questions

    Regulations and required documents can change. Ask the clinic to confirm current requirements in writing, and verify anything legal with the relevant authority. Questions to ask:

    • What identification, consent, or medical documents do I need to provide, and in what format?
    • Are there any legal restrictions on PGT or IVF that apply to my situation?
    • How does the clinic handle consent for embryo storage, testing, and disposal?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on confidentiality and medical records?
    • Can you provide names of accrediting bodies or patient support resources?

    Do not rely on a clinic’s summary as legal advice. If your situation involves legal questions, consult a qualified professional.

    How to Compare Clinics

    Use a simple table to organise answers. Below is a template you can fill in during or after each consultation.

    Topic Question Clinic A Clinic B
    Laboratory Which PGT methods are offered?
    Laboratory Is testing in-house or external?
    Pricing What is included in the quote?
    Pricing What is the refund policy?
    Timeline Total time from start to transfer?
    Communication Main contact and response time?
    Legal Required documents?

    Comparing written answers side by side helps you see which clinic is transparent and which is vague.

    Next Steps

    1. Write your top five questions in priority order.
    2. Request a video consultation with each shortlisted clinic.
    3. Ask for written answers to pricing and laboratory questions.
    4. Check the clinic’s accreditation claims independently where possible.
    5. Review our hospital directory and patient resources for more guidance.
    6. If you need help interpreting your options, contact us.
    7. Read our FAQ for general information about PGT and IVF in Thailand.

    Taking time to ask thorough questions can help you feel more informed and confident about your choice. No clinic can guarantee outcomes, but a clinic that answers clearly and honestly is a better partner for your care.

    Frequently asked questions

    What should I ask about the laboratory at a Thailand PGT clinic?

    Ask which PGT methods are offered, whether testing is done in-house or sent to an external laboratory, what accreditations the laboratory holds, who performs the embryo biopsy, and how the clinic handles inconclusive results. Request written details so you can compare clinics accurately.

    How can I compare costs between PGT clinics in Thailand?

    Ask each clinic for a written breakdown that separates medical fees, laboratory charges, medication costs, and administrative fees. Clarify what is included in any package and what is billed separately, and ask about refund or credit policies if a cycle is cancelled or no embryos are available for transfer.

    What timeline questions should I ask before travelling for PGT IVF?

    Ask how long the full process takes from consultation to transfer, how many days you need to stay in Thailand, whether monitoring can be done in your home country, how long genetic testing takes, and how the clinic communicates schedule changes.

    How do I know if a clinic is communicating clearly?

    A clear clinic will give you a named contact, respond to questions in a reasonable time, provide written answers to pricing and laboratory questions, and explain uncertainties rather than making guarantees. If answers are vague or evasive, consider that a warning sign.

    Can a clinic guarantee a successful pregnancy with PGT?

    No. PGT can provide information about embryos, but it cannot guarantee pregnancy, live birth, or a healthy child. Be cautious of any provider that promises specific outcomes. Responsible clinics discuss ranges, risks, and uncertainties.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT and IVF Success Rates in Thailand: What Testing Can and Cannot Change

    PGT does not guarantee a live birth, and it does not improve the quality of any single embryo. What it can do is give you and your clinician more information about which embryos are most likely to be chromosomally normal, so that the embryo chosen for transfer is selected on evidence rather than appearance alone. Whether that changes your personal chance of a live birth depends on your age, your reason for testing, how many embryos you have, and how your clinic reports its results. This guide explains the moving parts so you can ask better questions in Thailand.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes; it does not repair them.
    • PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in a family.
    • PGT-SR looks at chromosome rearrangements such as translocations.
    • Testing may reduce the chance of transferring an embryo that is chromosomally abnormal, but it cannot promise pregnancy, live birth or a healthy child.
    • Age remains one of the strongest influences on both embryo chromosome status and live birth odds.
    • Success-rate figures are only comparable when the definitions behind them match.

    What PGT actually does

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is carried out on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo during IVF, usually at the blastocyst stage. The sample is analysed in a genetics laboratory, and the result is used to help decide which embryo(s) to consider for transfer.

    There are three main categories:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) — checks for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It is the type most often discussed in relation to IVF success rates.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disease) — looks for a specific gene variant linked to a known inherited condition in the family.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement) — looks at chromosome rearrangements, such as a translocation, that may affect embryo viability.

    Each type answers a different question. PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnosis of the embryo’s future. PGT-M and PGT-SR are more targeted and are usually considered when there is a specific family or genetic history.

    What PGT can and cannot change about live birth odds

    It helps to separate two ideas that are often mixed together.

    What PGT can change: the information available at the moment of transfer. If several embryos are available, testing may help identify those with a normal chromosome complement, so the transfer decision is based on more than embryo appearance or development speed.

    What PGT cannot change: the underlying biology of your eggs, sperm or embryos. Testing does not make an abnormal embryo normal, does not increase the number of usable embryos, and does not remove the many other reasons why an embryo may not implant or a pregnancy may not continue. It also cannot guarantee that a transferred embryo will lead to a live birth.

    This is why two patients with the same PGT result can have very different outcomes. The test is one input among many.

    How age interacts with PGT outcomes

    Age affects IVF in two connected ways. First, it influences how many eggs are available and how many become usable embryos. Second, it influences the proportion of those embryos that are chromosomally normal. Because PGT-A reports on chromosome status, its results tend to reflect these age-related patterns.

    In practical terms, this means:

    • Younger patients often have more embryos to test, which can make selection more meaningful.
    • Older patients may have fewer embryos, so there may be less to choose between — and sometimes no embryo suitable for transfer after testing.
    • A normal PGT-A result does not cancel out the effect of age on other factors, such as uterine environment or overall health.

    PGT is therefore not a way to “reset” age-related odds. It is a way to gather information within the limits of the embryos you have.

    How Thai clinics report success rates

    Success-rate figures are only useful if you know what is being counted. When you see a number described as a “PGT success rate” or “live birth rate”, ask which of the following it refers to:

    • The denominator — is it per cycle started, per egg retrieval, per embryo transfer, or per patient?
    • The numerator — is it a positive pregnancy test, a clinical pregnancy, an ongoing pregnancy, or a live birth?
    • The population — does it include all patients, or only a selected group such as younger patients or those with many embryos?
    • The testing strategy — were all embryos tested, or only some? Was a fresh or frozen transfer used?
    • The time period — rates can shift as laboratory methods and patient mix change.

    Two clinics can quote very different numbers while both being accurate, simply because they are measuring different things. A high figure based on a narrow, favourable group is not directly comparable with a lower figure based on all comers.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    These questions are designed to help you compare like with like, and to understand what a clinic’s numbers actually describe.

    1. For patients similar to me — same age range, same reason for treatment — what outcomes do you typically see?
    2. How do you define and calculate your live birth rate? Per transfer, per retrieval, or per patient?
    3. Do your published or quoted figures include PGT and non-PGT cycles separately?
    4. What proportion of your PGT cycles result in no embryo available for transfer?
    5. Which PGT types do you offer, and who performs the genetic analysis?
    6. What are the limitations of PGT in my situation, and what would you recommend if I chose not to test?
    7. What are the costs of testing, and are they separate from the IVF cycle costs?
    8. What is your policy on counselling before and after PGT?

    Ask for the answers in writing where possible. A clinic that is comfortable explaining its definitions is usually easier to work with.

    Alternatives and limitations to consider

    PGT is one option, not the only one. Depending on your situation, you and your clinician may also discuss:

    • Transfer without PGT — using embryo development and morphology to guide selection.
    • Different transfer strategies — for example, fresh versus frozen embryo transfer.
    • Further diagnostic testing — such as carrier screening for you or your partner, which may change which PGT type is relevant.
    • Donor eggs or sperm — where these are legal and available, and where they fit your circumstances.

    Limitations to keep in mind:

    • PGT-A is a screening test and can occasionally give an unclear or inconclusive result.
    • Mosaic results — where some cells are normal and others are not — require careful interpretation and specialist advice.
    • Testing adds cost, time and laboratory steps to an IVF cycle.
    • No test can guarantee a healthy child or a successful pregnancy.

    Planning your next steps

    If you are weighing PGT as part of IVF in Thailand, a practical sequence looks like this:

    1. Clarify your reason for considering PGT — age, recurrent loss, family history, or something else.
    2. Ask whether PGT-A, PGT-M or PGT-SR is relevant to that reason.
    3. Request outcome data that matches your age range and situation, with clear definitions.
    4. Ask what happens if no embryo is suitable for transfer after testing.
    5. Confirm the full cost picture, including genetic counselling and any additional laboratory fees.
    6. Check how results and counselling will be communicated to you, especially if you are travelling from abroad.
    7. Take time to decide. PGT is a choice, not a requirement.

    For more context, see our guides on IVF success rates in Thailand, PGT in Thailand, and our patient guides. If you have a specific question, our FAQ may help.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT improve IVF success rates?

    PGT can help select embryos with a normal chromosome complement for transfer, which may be useful in some situations. However, it does not guarantee pregnancy or a live birth, and it does not change the underlying quality of your embryos. Whether it improves your personal odds depends on your age, the number of embryos available, and your reason for testing. Discuss the expected benefit with your clinician.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for abnormal chromosome number. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in a family. PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements such as translocations. Each answers a different question, and the right one for you depends on your history and test results.

    How should I interpret success rates quoted by clinics in Thailand?

    Ask what the number measures: per cycle, per retrieval, per transfer, or per patient; whether it counts pregnancy or live birth; and which patients are included. Rates based on selected groups are not directly comparable with rates based on all patients. Request definitions in writing so you can compare fairly.

    Can PGT tell me whether my embryo will lead to a healthy baby?

    No. PGT provides information about chromosome number or a specific genetic variant, but it cannot predict all aspects of embryo development, pregnancy outcome or child health. It is one part of a broader clinical picture, and counselling can help you understand its limits.

    What happens if no embryo is suitable for transfer after PGT?

    This is a possible outcome, especially when few embryos are available. Ask your clinic in advance how they handle this situation, what alternatives exist, and what support or counselling is offered. Knowing the plan beforehand can help you prepare.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A IVF in Thailand: A Guide to Chromosome Screening, Indications, and Embryo Transfer Decisions

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test that checks embryos created through IVF for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It is not a treatment that improves embryo quality, and it does not guarantee a pregnancy. Instead, it provides information that you and your clinician can use when deciding which embryo(s) to transfer. In Thailand, PGT-A is offered at some fertility clinics, but availability, laboratory arrangements, and eligibility criteria vary. This guide explains the general process, common indications, and the questions worth asking before you commit.

    At a glance

    • What it is: A test on a few cells taken from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage.
    • What it looks for: Extra or missing whole chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • What it does not do: It does not fix embryo chromosomes, guarantee implantation, or rule out all genetic conditions.
    • Who may be offered it: Often discussed for older patients, recurrent miscarriage, repeated implantation failure, or after severe male factor infertility — but indications are individual.
    • Key decision point: Whether the information would change which embryo is transferred or whether you would consider transferring an embryo with a detected abnormality.

    What PGT-A actually tests

    Human embryos often have the wrong number of chromosomes. This is called aneuploidy. Most aneuploid embryos do not implant, or they may lead to miscarriage. A small number can result in a live birth with a chromosome condition such as Down syndrome, but many others stop developing before birth.

    PGT-A counts chromosomes. It does not read individual genes, so it cannot detect single-gene disorders like cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease. It also does not detect structural chromosome rearrangements such as translocations. Those require different tests: PGT-M for monogenic (single-gene) conditions and PGT-SR for structural rearrangements. If you have a known genetic condition in the family, your clinic may recommend PGT-M instead of, or in addition to, PGT-A.

    Common indications for PGT-A

    PGT-A is not routinely recommended for every IVF patient. Guidelines from professional bodies generally suggest it may be considered in specific situations, and the decision should be made with a qualified clinician who knows your history. Commonly discussed indications include:

    • Advanced maternal age: The chance of aneuploidy increases with age, so some clinics discuss PGT-A more often with older patients.
    • Recurrent pregnancy loss: If you have had multiple miscarriages, PGT-A may be one option to explore, though it does not explain all causes.
    • Repeated implantation failure: When several good-quality embryos have not led to pregnancy, some clinicians consider PGT-A.
    • Severe male factor infertility: Some evidence suggests a higher risk of chromosome abnormalities in embryos in these cases.
    • Previous pregnancy or child with a chromosome condition: PGT-A may be discussed, though the specific condition matters.
    • Patient preference after counselling: Some patients want as much information as possible before transfer, even without a specific indication.

    In Thailand, as elsewhere, not every clinic offers PGT-A, and some may have their own criteria. It is reasonable to ask why PGT-A is being recommended in your case and what the alternatives are.

    The PGT-A process in Thailand: step by step

    The exact sequence can vary by clinic, but the general pathway looks like this:

    1. IVF stimulation and egg retrieval: You undergo standard IVF, including medication to stimulate the ovaries and a procedure to collect eggs.
    2. Fertilisation and embryo culture: Eggs are fertilised in the laboratory and grown for several days, usually until the blastocyst stage (day 5 or 6).
    3. Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from the outer layer of the blastocyst (the trophectoderm), which will become the placenta. This is done by an embryologist. The embryo itself is not usually harmed, though biopsy carries a small risk and not all embryos survive the process.
    4. Sample preparation and testing: The biopsied cells are prepared and analysed, either at the clinic’s laboratory or at a partner genetics laboratory. The method may be next-generation sequencing (NGS) or another technique.
    5. Embryo freezing: In most cases, embryos are frozen after biopsy while waiting for results. This allows time for the test and for your uterus to be ready for transfer in a later cycle.
    6. Results and counselling: A genetic counsellor or your doctor explains the results. Embryos are usually classified as euploid (normal chromosome number), aneuploid (abnormal), or sometimes mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells).
    7. Embryo transfer decision: If you have euploid embryos, one may be selected for transfer. If all embryos are aneuploid, transfer may not be recommended, and you may need to consider another cycle or other options.

    Timelines vary. Some clinics can return results within a few days; others may take longer depending on laboratory logistics. Ask your clinic for a realistic estimate.

    How results guide embryo transfer decisions

    The main purpose of PGT-A is to help choose which embryo to transfer. If you have several embryos, PGT-A may identify those with a normal chromosome number, which could improve the chance of a successful pregnancy per transfer. However, it does not guarantee success, and some euploid embryos still do not implant.

    If results show only aneuploid embryos, your clinician may advise against transferring them, as they are unlikely to lead to a healthy birth. Some clinics may discuss transferring mosaic embryos, but this is a complex area with ongoing debate. Mosaic results mean the biopsy found a mixture of normal and abnormal cells; the embryo may still be able to develop normally, but the evidence is not clear-cut. Your clinic should explain the uncertainties and help you weigh the options.

    It is also possible that PGT-A leaves you with no embryos to transfer. This is an important risk to consider before starting, both emotionally and financially.

    Limitations and alternatives

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic one. It can produce false results, and it does not detect all genetic problems. It also does not improve the quality of your embryos; it only provides information. Some studies suggest PGT-A may not improve live birth rates for all patients, and it may reduce the number of embryos available for transfer.

    Alternatives include:

    • Transferring embryos without PGT-A: Many healthy babies are born from untested embryos.
    • Ultrasound and maternal blood screening during pregnancy: These can check for some chromosome conditions after pregnancy is established.
    • Diagnostic tests during pregnancy: Such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, which are more invasive but can confirm a diagnosis.
    • PGT-M or PGT-SR: If you have a known single-gene disorder or structural rearrangement, these may be more appropriate.

    Discuss the pros and cons with a genetic counsellor or your fertility doctor. They can help you understand how PGT-A might apply to your specific situation.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    Before choosing a clinic for PGT-A, consider asking:

    • Is PGT-A offered at this clinic, and which laboratory performs the testing?
    • What are the clinic’s criteria for recommending PGT-A? Do I meet them?
    • What is the biopsy timing and technique? Who performs it?
    • How are results reported, and what support is available to interpret them?
    • What happens if all embryos are aneuploid or mosaic?
    • What are the additional costs for biopsy, testing, and freezing?
    • How long does it take to get results?
    • What are the clinic’s success rates for PGT-A cycles, and how do they compare with untested cycles?

    Be cautious of any clinic that guarantees a baby or quotes success rates without context. No treatment can promise a live birth.

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, start by gathering information and asking direct questions. You may wish to:

    • Review your medical history with a fertility specialist to see if PGT-A is relevant for you.
    • Ask for a written summary of the process, costs, and possible outcomes.
    • Consider speaking with a genetic counsellor, either at the clinic or independently.
    • Explore our PGT in Thailand page for more context, browse our guides, and check the FAQ for common questions.

    PGT-A is a personal decision. Take your time, ask for evidence, and choose a clinic that respects your questions and your autonomy.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A required for IVF in Thailand?

    No. PGT-A is an optional test, not a required part of IVF. Whether it is offered or recommended depends on your medical history and the clinic's practice. Some patients choose IVF without PGT-A.

    Does PGT-A improve the chance of having a baby?

    PGT-A can help select embryos with a normal chromosome number for transfer, which may improve the chance per transfer in some situations. However, it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby, and it may not improve live birth rates for all patients. Discuss the evidence with your clinician.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for extra or missing whole chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder, such as cystic fibrosis. PGT-SR tests for structural chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations. Your clinic can advise which, if any, is appropriate for you.

    What happens if PGT-A shows all embryos are abnormal?

    If all embryos are aneuploid, transfer is usually not recommended because they are unlikely to lead to a healthy birth. Your clinician will discuss options, which may include another IVF cycle, using donor eggs or sperm, or choosing not to pursue further treatment. This is a difficult situation, and counselling support is important.

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic problems?

    No. PGT-A only looks at chromosome number. It does not detect single-gene disorders, structural rearrangements, or many other genetic conditions. It also cannot predict all aspects of a child's health.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT IVF in Thailand: A Plain-English Guide to Genetic Testing Before Transfer

    PGT (preimplantation genetic testing) is a laboratory step that can be added to an IVF cycle. After eggs are fertilised and embryos begin to develop, a small number of cells may be removed from each embryo and tested for specific chromosome or gene findings. In Thailand, as elsewhere, PGT is optional rather than automatic: it is a decision made with your treating clinician, based on your history, your reasons for testing and what the result could realistically change. PGT cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a healthy child, and it is not necessary or suitable for everyone.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number (for example, extra or missing chromosomes).
    • PGT-M looks for a known single-gene condition that runs in a family.
    • PGT-SR relates to known structural chromosome rearrangements, such as a translocation.
    • Testing happens in the laboratory after fertilisation, before any embryo transfer.
    • Results are probabilities and risk information, not promises.
    • Availability, eligibility, cost and timelines vary by clinic and must be confirmed directly.

    What PGT is, and what it is not

    PGT is a screening or diagnostic laboratory technique performed on embryos created through IVF. It is not a treatment for infertility, and it does not improve the quality of an embryo. Instead, it provides additional information that you and your clinician may use when deciding which embryo(s) to consider transferring, or whether to consider other options.

    It is important to separate three ideas that are sometimes blurred together:

    • What the test looks at: chromosome number, a specific gene change, or a structural chromosome arrangement.
    • What the result means: a laboratory finding that carries a certain level of uncertainty.
    • What happens next: a clinical decision that depends on your full situation, not on the test result alone.

    PGT is not a guarantee of success, and it does not replace other forms of prenatal testing or genetic counselling. Some patients choose IVF without PGT; others choose PGT for specific reasons. Both paths can be reasonable.

    The three main types of PGT

    The umbrella term “PGT” covers different tests with different purposes. The table below summarises the broad differences. Your clinic will explain which, if any, applies to you.

    Type What it looks at Typical reason it is discussed Key limitation
    PGT-A Chromosome number (aneuploidy screening) Age-related risk, recurrent implantation failure or recurrent pregnancy loss, or when a clinic offers it as an option It does not read the whole genetic code, and it cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy
    PGT-M A known single-gene condition in the family When a specific inherited condition is known and a lab can build a test for it Requires prior genetic information and lab setup; not all conditions are equally straightforward
    PGT-SR Structural chromosome rearrangements (for example, translocations) When a parent carries a known structural rearrangement Interpretation can be complex; results need specialist explanation

    Some clinics may also discuss other laboratory techniques, such as mitochondrial DNA testing or polygenic risk scoring. These are not the same as PGT-A, PGT-M or PGT-SR, and their clinical role is still debated. Ask your clinic to explain exactly what is being offered and what evidence supports it.

    How PGT fits into an IVF cycle in Thailand

    The exact sequence varies by clinic, but the general shape of a PGT cycle is similar in most settings. The steps below are a planning framework, not a protocol. Your clinic will give you its own instructions.

    1. Initial consultation and testing. You discuss your history, reasons for considering PGT, and whether it is appropriate. You may be asked to provide prior genetic test results or family information.
    2. Ovarian stimulation and monitoring. Medication is used to encourage multiple eggs to mature, with monitoring scans and blood tests. Your clinic decides the protocol.
    3. Egg retrieval and fertilisation. Eggs are collected and combined with sperm in the laboratory to create embryos.
    4. Embryo development. Embryos are observed for several days. Not all fertilised eggs develop into embryos suitable for testing or transfer.
    5. Biopsy. If PGT is planned, a few cells are removed from each embryo at a suitable stage. This is a laboratory procedure.
    6. Testing and reporting. The sampled cells are analysed. The time needed depends on the test and the laboratory.
    7. Results discussion. You and your clinician review the findings, including any uncertainty, and discuss options.
    8. Transfer or storage. Depending on results and your preferences, an embryo may be transferred, frozen for later, or not used. Some embryos may be reported as “no result” or “inconclusive,” which requires a further conversation.

    Because PGT adds laboratory steps, it can extend the overall timeline and add cost. The exact amounts and waiting times are clinic-specific and should be confirmed in writing before you commit.

    Who might consider PGT — and who might not

    PGT is a personal decision. There is no single rule that applies to everyone. The following categories are commonly discussed, but they are conversation starters, not eligibility criteria.

    • Known inherited condition in the family: PGT-M may be discussed when a specific gene change is known.
    • Known structural chromosome rearrangement: PGT-SR may be discussed when a parent carries a translocation or similar finding.
    • History of recurrent pregnancy loss or repeated implantation failure: PGT-A may be offered as one option, though evidence and guidelines vary.
    • Advanced maternal age: Some clinics discuss PGT-A because chromosome number errors become more common with age, but it is not a guarantee of a better outcome.
    • Previous pregnancy or child with a chromosome condition: A clinician may discuss PGT-A or other testing.
    • No specific risk factors: Some patients choose PGT for personal reasons; others choose not to. Both choices can be valid.

    PGT is generally not a first-line recommendation for every IVF patient. It may be less useful, or not useful, when there is no clear question the test can answer. A genetic counsellor or your treating clinician can help you weigh the potential benefits and limitations.

    Understanding PGT results and their limits

    PGT results are laboratory findings, not diagnoses of a future child. They can be reported in different ways, and the meaning depends on the test and the laboratory.

    • “Normal” or “euploid” (PGT-A): The tested cells showed the expected number of chromosomes. This reduces, but does not eliminate, the chance of a chromosome condition. It cannot rule out all genetic conditions, and it does not guarantee a pregnancy.
    • “Abnormal” or “aneuploid” (PGT-A): The tested cells showed an extra or missing chromosome. This information may influence which embryo is considered for transfer, but it is not a prediction of a child’s health or abilities.
    • “Mosaic”: The tested cells showed a mix of normal and abnormal findings. Mosaic results are complex, and their interpretation is an active area of discussion. Ask your clinic what a mosaic result would mean in your case.
    • “No result” or “inconclusive”: The test did not produce a clear answer. This can happen for technical reasons. Your clinic will explain the options, which may include re-testing, transferring without a result, or not using the embryo.
    • PGT-M and PGT-SR results: These are usually reported in relation to the specific condition or rearrangement being tested. They require careful explanation by a specialist.

    No test is perfect. PGT can produce false results in rare cases, and it cannot detect every possible genetic or health issue. For this reason, many clinics still recommend standard prenatal screening or diagnostic testing during pregnancy, such as ultrasound, blood tests, or chorionic villus sampling/amniocentesis, depending on your situation.

    Alternatives and complementary options

    PGT is one option among several. Depending on your situation, you might also discuss:

    • IVF without PGT: Transferring embryos based on standard laboratory assessment.
    • Donor eggs or donor sperm: Which may change the genetic questions being considered.
    • Prenatal screening and diagnosis: Tests during pregnancy that can provide information about the fetus.
    • Genetic counselling: A conversation with a specialist to understand risks, inheritance patterns and testing options.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing for a specific condition (PGT-M) using a previously established lab protocol: Sometimes a lab needs time to prepare a custom test.

    These options are not mutually exclusive. Your clinician can help you understand how they might fit together.

    Practical questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    Because PGT services, laboratory arrangements and pricing vary, it helps to ask direct questions. You can use the list below as a starting point.

    • Which type of PGT are you recommending for my situation, and why?
    • What is the evidence that this test will change my care or outcome?
    • Who performs the biopsy and the laboratory analysis? Is any part sent to another laboratory?
    • What are the possible results, including “no result” or “mosaic,” and what would each mean for my options?
    • What are the total costs, including consultation, medication, laboratory, biopsy, testing, storage and transfer? Are there separate fees for genetic counselling?
    • How long does testing take, and how does it affect the overall timeline?
    • What happens to embryos that are not transferred or not used?
    • What are the legal and regulatory requirements in Thailand for my situation, and what documents should I prepare?
    • Do you recommend prenatal testing during pregnancy even after PGT?
    • Can I speak with a genetic counsellor before deciding?

    Ask for written information where possible, and take time to consider your options. It is reasonable to seek a second opinion.

    Next-step checklist

    • Clarify your personal reasons for considering PGT.
    • Gather any prior genetic test results or family history information.
    • Ask your clinic which PGT type, if any, is relevant to you.
    • Request a clear cost breakdown and timeline in writing.
    • Ask about the laboratory’s experience and quality processes.
    • Discuss the limits of testing and what a result can and cannot tell you.
    • Consider genetic counselling before making a decision.
    • Confirm legal, travel and documentation requirements with the clinic and relevant authorities.

    PGT can be a useful tool in some situations, but it is not a guarantee and not a universal requirement. The most important step is an honest conversation with a qualified clinician who knows your history and can explain what testing might realistically offer you.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT the same as IVF?

    No. IVF is the process of creating embryos outside the body. PGT is an optional laboratory test that can be performed on those embryos before transfer. You can have IVF without PGT.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about specific chromosome or gene findings, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a child without any health condition. It does not replace prenatal testing, and no test is perfect.

    Who is PGT suitable for?

    PGT may be discussed for several reasons, such as a known inherited condition in the family, a known structural chromosome rearrangement, a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, or advanced maternal age. It is not automatically recommended for everyone, and suitability is a clinical decision made with your treating clinician.

    What does a “mosaic” PGT result mean?

    A mosaic result means the tested cells showed a mix of normal and abnormal findings. The interpretation is complex and depends on the specific situation. Your clinic or a genetic counsellor should explain what it could mean for your options.

    Can I have PGT in Thailand if I am an international patient?

    Many international patients travel to Thailand for IVF, and some clinics offer PGT. Availability, eligibility, legal requirements, documentation and costs vary by clinic and by your individual situation. You should confirm these details directly with the clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authorities before making travel plans.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.