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  • Egg Donation in Thailand: Process and Considerations for International Patients

    Egg donation in Thailand involves a structured medical and legal process that international patients should understand before starting treatment. This guide explains the general steps, from donor selection to embryo transfer, and highlights what you need to confirm with your chosen clinic and legal advisor.

    At a Glance: Key Steps in Egg Donation

    • Initial consultation and legal review
    • Selection of donor (anonymous or known)
    • Donor screening and legal agreements
    • IVF cycle with donor eggs
    • Optional PGT-A testing of embryos
    • Embryo transfer and follow-up

    Understanding Egg Donation in Thailand

    Egg donation involves using eggs from a donor to create embryos, which are then transferred to the intended mother or a gestational surrogate. In Thailand, the process is regulated, and international patients must navigate both medical and legal aspects. It is essential to work with a reputable clinic that can guide you through the requirements.

    Initial Steps: Consultation and Legal Review

    Before starting, you will have a consultation with a fertility specialist to review your medical history and discuss whether egg donation is appropriate. Simultaneously, you should seek legal advice to understand the Thai regulations regarding donor anonymity, parental rights, and any requirements for international patients. Legal frameworks can change, so up-to-date advice is crucial.

    Choosing a Donor: Anonymous vs. Known

    In Thailand, you may have the option of using an anonymous donor from a clinic’s egg bank or a known donor, such as a friend or relative. Each option has different implications:

    • Anonymous donor: The donor’s identity is not disclosed to you. This is often the simplest path, but you may have limited information about the donor’s background.
    • Known donor: You know the donor, which can provide more medical and genetic information. However, this requires additional legal agreements to clarify parental rights and the donor’s role.

    Your clinic can explain the availability of donors and the screening process for each type.

    Donor Screening and Legal Agreements

    All egg donors undergo medical and genetic screening to reduce the risk of inherited conditions. This typically includes infectious disease testing, genetic carrier screening, and a review of medical history. For known donors, a legal contract is essential to outline the donor’s relinquishment of parental rights and the intended parents’ responsibilities. Your clinic and legal advisor will guide you through these documents.

    The IVF Cycle with Donor Eggs

    Once a donor is selected, the IVF process involves several steps:

    1. Donor stimulation: The donor takes medication to produce multiple eggs. This is monitored by the clinic.
    2. Egg retrieval: Eggs are collected in a minor surgical procedure.
    3. Fertilization: The eggs are fertilized with sperm from the intended father or a sperm donor.
    4. Embryo culture: Embryos are grown in the lab for several days.
    5. Optional PGT-A: Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) can screen embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer.
    6. Embryo transfer: A selected embryo is placed into the uterus of the intended mother or surrogate.

    The timeline for these steps can vary, and your clinic will provide a specific schedule.

    Role of PGT-A on Donor Embryos

    PGT-A is a test that checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. While donor eggs are often from younger women, chromosomal abnormalities can still occur. PGT-A may help select embryos with the best chance of implantation, but it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. Discuss with your clinic whether PGT-A is recommended for your situation.

    Travel and Timeline Considerations

    As an international patient, you will need to plan your travel to Thailand. The IVF cycle typically requires a stay of several weeks, but the exact duration depends on your treatment plan. You may need to travel for the initial consultation, the egg retrieval (if you are the donor), and the embryo transfer. Your clinic can provide a timeline, but you should also consider time for legal procedures and any required quarantine or visa arrangements.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the screening process for egg donors?
    • Are anonymous and known donors available?
    • What legal documents are required for international patients?
    • What is the estimated timeline for the entire process?
    • Is PGT-A recommended, and what are the costs?
    • What support is available for international patients?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Research clinics and their donor programs.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your medical history.
    3. Seek legal advice on Thai regulations.
    4. Confirm the donor selection process and screening.
    5. Plan your travel and accommodation.
    6. Review all costs and timelines with your clinic.

    Egg donation in Thailand offers a path to parenthood for many international patients. By understanding the process and asking the right questions, you can make informed decisions. Always confirm the latest legal and medical requirements with your clinic and legal advisor.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can international patients use egg donation in Thailand?

    Yes, international patients can use egg donation in Thailand, but they must comply with Thai regulations and clinic policies. It is important to consult with the clinic and a legal advisor to understand any specific requirements.

    What is the difference between anonymous and known egg donors?

    Anonymous donors are not identified to the intended parents, while known donors are personally known to them. Known donors require additional legal agreements to clarify parental rights.

    Is PGT-A testing necessary for donor eggs?

    PGT-A is optional and not always necessary. It can help select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy. Discuss with your clinic whether it is recommended for your case.

    How long do I need to stay in Thailand for egg donation treatment?

    The required stay varies depending on your treatment plan. Typically, you may need to be in Thailand for several weeks, but your clinic will provide a specific timeline based on your cycle.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Testing Costs in Thailand: What to Expect

    If you are considering IVF with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, one of the first questions you likely have is: What does it cost and what does the price include? While exact figures vary by clinic and individual treatment plan, understanding the typical cost components can help you compare quotes meaningfully and avoid surprises.

    PGT-A is an optional add-on to IVF that screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. The total cost is usually separate from the base IVF cycle fee and can be broken down into several parts. This guide explains the common components, what to ask clinics, and how to plan your budget.

    At a Glance: Key Cost Components

    • Biopsy fee: The embryology lab procedure to remove a few cells from each embryo.
    • Genetic analysis fee: The laboratory test that analyzes the biopsied cells.
    • Embryo freezing (vitrification): If you freeze embryos while waiting for results or before transfer.
    • Shipping and handling: If the biopsy samples are sent to an external genetics lab.
    • Consultation and counseling: Genetic counseling before and after testing.
    • Medication and monitoring: Additional IVF medications or monitoring if the cycle is modified.

    What Is Typically Included in a PGT-A Quote?

    When you receive a quote for PGT-A, it may include some or all of the following:

    • The biopsy procedure performed by the embryology team.
    • The genetic analysis of a specified number of embryos (often up to 8 or 10).
    • A written report of results.
    • Genetic counseling to explain the results.

    However, clinics may quote a base price that covers only the biopsy and analysis, with additional fees for embryo freezing, shipping, or extra embryos beyond a certain number. Always ask for a detailed breakdown.

    Potential Additional Fees to Consider

    Beyond the core biopsy and analysis, you may encounter these extra costs:

    • Embryo freezing and storage: If you freeze embryos for future use, there is usually an annual storage fee.
    • Shipping to an external lab: Some clinics send biopsies to a genetics laboratory in another country, which adds shipping and handling charges.
    • Extra embryos: If you have more embryos than the quoted number, each additional embryo may incur an extra analysis fee.
    • Repeat testing: In rare cases, a biopsy may fail or produce inconclusive results, and a repeat test may be needed.
    • Medication adjustments: If your IVF cycle requires additional medications or monitoring due to the testing plan.

    Why Prices Vary Between Clinics

    Several factors influence the total cost of PGT-A in Thailand:

    • Laboratory type: In-house genetics labs may offer lower prices than external labs.
    • Technology used: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is common, but some labs may use different platforms.
    • Number of embryos tested: Many clinics offer a package for a set number of embryos, with per-embryo fees beyond that.
    • Included services: Some quotes include genetic counseling, while others charge separately.
    • Clinic location and reputation: Clinics in major cities or with specialized expertise may have higher fees.

    How to Compare Quotes Effectively

    When comparing PGT-A costs between clinics, ask these questions:

    • What exactly is included in the quoted price? (Biopsy, analysis, report, counseling?)
    • How many embryos does the base price cover?
    • What is the fee for each additional embryo?
    • Are there separate charges for embryo freezing, storage, or shipping?
    • Is the genetic analysis done in-house or at an external lab? If external, what are the shipping costs?
    • What happens if a biopsy fails or results are inconclusive? Is there a retest fee?
    • Are there any discounts for combined IVF and PGT-A packages?
    • What is the payment schedule and are there refund policies?

    Budget Planning Tips

    To plan your budget effectively:

    • Request a written itemized quote from each clinic.
    • Ask about package deals that bundle IVF and PGT-A.
    • Consider the number of embryos you are likely to have based on your age and previous cycles.
    • Factor in potential additional fees for freezing and storage.
    • Check whether your home country offers any tax deductions or insurance coverage for fertility treatments.

    Next Steps: Questions to Ask Before You Commit

    Before you decide on a clinic, schedule a consultation and ask:

    • What is the total estimated cost for my specific situation?
    • What is the success rate for PGT-A in your lab? (Ask for their own data, not general statistics.)
    • How long will it take to receive results?
    • What support is available for international patients, such as translation services or coordination?

    Taking the time to compare quotes and understand inclusions can help you make an informed decision that fits your budget and needs.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A testing included in the standard IVF cost in Thailand?

    No, PGT-A is typically an optional add-on and is charged separately from the base IVF cycle fee. Always confirm with your clinic what is included in your IVF quote and what is extra.

    What factors affect the cost of PGT-A in Thailand?

    The cost can vary based on the number of embryos tested, whether the genetic analysis is done in-house or at an external lab, the technology used, and whether additional services like embryo freezing or genetic counseling are included.

    Are there any hidden fees I should ask about?

    Yes, ask about fees for embryo freezing and storage, shipping to an external lab, additional embryos beyond the quoted number, and any charges for repeat testing if a biopsy fails.

    Can I negotiate the price of PGT-A with a clinic?

    Some clinics may offer package deals or discounts, especially if you combine IVF and PGT-A. It is always worth asking about available packages or payment plans.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Can PGT-A Improve IVF Success Rates for Women Over 40?

    Understanding PGT-A and IVF at Advanced Maternal Age

    If you are over 40 and considering IVF, you may have heard about PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy). This test screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes before transfer. Because chromosomal abnormalities increase with age, PGT-A may help identify embryos that are more likely to implant and develop normally. However, it is important to understand that PGT-A does not improve the quality of your eggs or create embryos. It only helps select among the embryos you already have.

    In this guide, we explain how PGT-A works, what it can and cannot do, and how it may affect your IVF journey. We also provide questions to ask your clinic and a checklist for your next steps.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-A

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy).
    • It may help reduce the risk of miscarriage and failed transfers by selecting euploid embryos, but outcomes vary.
    • It does not increase the number of embryos you can produce.
    • It is not a guarantee of pregnancy or live birth.
    • Discuss with your clinic whether PGT-A is right for your situation.

    What Is PGT-A and How Does It Work?

    PGT-A is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. After fertilization, embryos are cultured in the laboratory for several days, typically until they reach the blastocyst stage. A few cells are then removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) and analyzed for chromosomal number. Embryos with the correct number of chromosomes are called euploid; those with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid.

    Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. By selecting a euploid embryo for transfer, PGT-A may reduce the chance of a failed transfer or miscarriage, especially for women over 40, where the rate of aneuploidy is higher. However, the overall impact on live birth rates is still being studied.

    Age-Related Chromosomal Risks

    As women age, the likelihood of producing eggs with chromosomal abnormalities increases. This is a natural biological process. The risk of aneuploidy rises significantly after age 35 and continues to increase into the 40s. This means that for women over 40, a higher proportion of embryos may be aneuploid. PGT-A can help identify which embryos are euploid, allowing for a more informed transfer decision.

    However, it is important to note that even a euploid embryo may not implant or lead to a live birth. Other factors, such as uterine health and embryo quality, also play a role.

    How PGT-A May Affect IVF Outcomes

    For women over 40, the potential benefits of PGT-A include:

    • Reduced miscarriage risk: By transferring a euploid embryo, the chance of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities may be lower.
    • Fewer failed transfers: Selecting a euploid embryo may reduce the number of transfer cycles needed to achieve pregnancy.
    • Better embryo selection: PGT-A provides information that can help you and your doctor choose the embryo with the highest potential for a successful pregnancy.

    However, PGT-A does not improve the overall success rate of IVF in terms of live birth per cycle started, because it does not increase the number of embryos available. It may improve the efficiency of each transfer.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of success. Some limitations include:

    • Embryo mosaicism: Some embryos have a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A may not always detect this, and the clinical significance is still being studied.
    • Testing errors: Although rare, there is a small chance of a false result.
    • No embryo creation: If you have no euploid embryos after testing, you may have no embryo to transfer.
    • Cost and time: PGT-A adds cost and time to the IVF process, as embryos must be frozen while testing is completed.

    It is also important to understand that PGT-A does not test for all genetic disorders. It only checks for chromosomal number abnormalities, not single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. For those, other tests like PGT-M or PGT-SR may be used.

    Alternatives to PGT-A

    If you are over 40, you may also consider other options:

    • IVF without PGT-A: Some clinics may recommend transferring embryos without testing, especially if you have a limited number of embryos.
    • Donor eggs: Using donor eggs can increase the chance of a euploid embryo, as donor eggs are typically from younger women.
    • Other types of PGT: PGT-M for single-gene disorders and PGT-SR for structural rearrangements are available for specific genetic situations.

    Your doctor can help you weigh the pros and cons based on your specific situation.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-A, consider asking your clinic:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A for women over 40?
    • How many embryos typically reach the blastocyst stage for women in my age group?
    • What is the cost of PGT-A, and are there additional fees for biopsy, freezing, or shipping?
    • How long does the testing take, and how does it affect the timing of my transfer?
    • What is your policy on mosaic embryos?
    • What are the success rates for euploid embryo transfers in my age group?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to assess your ovarian reserve and overall health.
    2. Discuss whether PGT-A is appropriate for you, considering your age, embryo count, and budget.
    3. Ask about the laboratory’s accreditation and experience with PGT-A.
    4. Understand the costs involved and whether your insurance covers any part.
    5. Consider the emotional and physical aspects of the IVF process, including the possibility of no euploid embryos.

    PGT-A can be a valuable tool for women over 40, but it is not a magic solution. It provides information that can help you make more informed decisions about which embryos to transfer, potentially reducing the heartbreak of failed transfers and miscarriages. However, it does not change the fundamental challenge of age-related fertility decline. Work closely with your clinic to understand your options and make the best choice for your family-building journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No, PGT-A does not guarantee pregnancy or live birth. It only screens for chromosomal abnormalities, and even a euploid embryo may not implant or develop normally. Other factors such as uterine health and embryo quality also matter.

    Can PGT-A improve the chance of having a healthy baby?

    PGT-A may reduce the risk of miscarriage and failed transfers by selecting euploid embryos, which could increase the chance of a live birth per transfer. However, it does not improve the quality of your eggs or increase the number of embryos you produce.

    Is PGT-A recommended for all women over 40?

    PGT-A is often considered for women over 40 because of the higher risk of chromosomal abnormalities. However, it is not mandatory and may not be suitable for everyone. Your clinic can help you decide based on your individual circumstances, such as the number of embryos you have and your budget.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for chromosomal number abnormalities (aneuploidy). PGT-M is used to detect specific single-gene disorders, and PGT-SR is used to detect structural rearrangements of chromosomes. They are different tests for different purposes.

    What happens if no euploid embryos are available after PGT-A?

    If no euploid embryos are available, you may have no embryo to transfer. In that case, you might consider using donor eggs, trying another IVF cycle, or discussing other options with your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Ethical Considerations of PGT-P for Polygenic Risk Scoring

    PGT-P (preimplantation genetic testing for polygenic risk scoring) is a relatively new addition to the range of genetic tests available during IVF. Unlike PGT-A (which screens for chromosomal abnormalities) or PGT-M (which targets specific single-gene disorders), PGT-P aims to estimate the likelihood that an embryo might develop certain common conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, or some cancers, based on a combination of many genetic variants. While the technology is intriguing, it also brings a host of ethical considerations that you should understand before deciding whether to pursue it. This guide offers a balanced overview of the controversy, the limitations, and the questions you may want to discuss with your clinic.

    At a glance: key ethical points

    • PGT-P provides a risk score, not a diagnosis. It cannot tell you whether an embryo will definitely develop a condition.
    • The predictive value of polygenic risk scores is limited and varies by condition and population.
    • There are concerns about potential discrimination, both in insurance and in family dynamics.
    • Genetic counseling is essential to help you interpret results and make informed decisions.
    • Regulations and availability of PGT-P vary by country and clinic; you should confirm what is offered and under what conditions.

    What is PGT-P and how does it differ from other PGT tests?

    PGT-P is designed to assess the cumulative effect of many genetic variants that each have a small influence on the risk of developing a common, complex condition. This is different from PGT-A, which looks at the number of chromosomes in the embryo to identify aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes), and PGT-M, which targets a specific mutation known to cause a monogenic disorder. PGT-P uses a polygenic risk score (PRS), which is calculated by comparing the embryo’s genetic profile to data from large studies that have linked certain variants to a condition.

    It is important to note that PGT-P is not a diagnostic test. A high PRS does not mean the embryo will develop the condition, and a low PRS does not guarantee that it will not. The score is a probabilistic estimate, and many environmental and lifestyle factors also play a role in the development of these conditions.

    The controversy: limited predictive value

    One of the main ethical concerns about PGT-P is its limited predictive value. For many conditions, the genetic variants identified so far explain only a small fraction of the heritability. This means that a PRS may not be very accurate in predicting an individual embryo’s future health. The predictive power also varies across different ethnic populations, as most genetic studies have been conducted in people of European ancestry. This can lead to less accurate scores for embryos from other backgrounds, raising questions about equity and fairness.

    Furthermore, the clinical utility of PGT-P is still debated. Even if a score is somewhat predictive, it is unclear whether selecting embryos based on these scores will lead to healthier children. Some experts argue that the potential benefits are small and may not justify the costs and risks of the procedure, which include the possibility of discarding embryos that might have been healthy.

    Potential for discrimination and psychological impact

    Another ethical dimension is the potential for discrimination. If polygenic risk scores become widely used, there is a risk that individuals with high scores for certain conditions could face discrimination in insurance, employment, or even within their own families. While many countries have laws against genetic discrimination, these laws may not cover all situations or may not be consistent globally. It is important to consider how your genetic information might be used and protected.

    There is also the psychological impact on parents and children. Knowing that an embryo has a higher risk for a condition might cause anxiety or lead to decisions based on fear rather than evidence. Conversely, a low score might create a false sense of security, leading to neglect of important lifestyle factors. The child, when grown, might feel that their life choices were predetermined by their parents’ selection, which could affect their sense of autonomy.

    The need for genetic counseling

    Given the complexity and ethical implications, genetic counseling is crucial when considering PGT-P. A genetic counselor can help you understand what the test can and cannot tell you, interpret the results in the context of your family history and personal values, and discuss the potential risks and benefits. They can also help you think through the emotional and ethical aspects, such as how you would handle uncertain results or whether you would be comfortable making decisions based on probabilistic information.

    Before undergoing PGT-P, you should have a thorough consultation with a qualified genetic counselor who is independent of the IVF clinic, if possible, to ensure that you receive unbiased information. The counselor can also help you explore alternative options, such as not testing, or using the information for lifestyle modifications rather than embryo selection.

    Regulatory and availability considerations

    The availability and regulation of PGT-P vary widely. Some countries have restrictions on the use of PGT for non-medical traits or for conditions that are not considered serious. Others may allow it under certain conditions. It is essential to check the legal status of PGT-P in the country where you are considering treatment, and to ask your clinic about their policies and the evidence they rely on.

    You should also ask about the laboratory’s quality standards and how they validate their polygenic risk scores. Not all tests are created equal, and the accuracy can depend on the specific algorithms and reference data used. A reputable clinic will be transparent about these details.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • What specific conditions does your PGT-P test screen for, and what is the evidence for the predictive value of these scores?
    • How is the polygenic risk score calculated, and what reference populations were used?
    • What is the cost of PGT-P, and is it covered by any insurance?
    • How will you handle embryos with high or low scores? Are there options for re-testing or additional counseling?
    • What are the legal and ethical guidelines in your country regarding PGT-P?
    • Can I speak with a genetic counselor who is not affiliated with your clinic?

    Next steps: making an informed decision

    If you are considering PGT-P, take the time to gather information and reflect on your values. Here is a short checklist to guide you:

    1. Research the conditions you are concerned about and the current state of polygenic risk scoring for those conditions.
    2. Consult with a genetic counselor to discuss your personal risk factors and the implications of testing.
    3. Ask your clinic for detailed information about their PGT-P protocol, including validation and limitations.
    4. Consider the ethical and emotional aspects: how would you use the information? Would it change your decisions?
    5. Discuss with your partner and family to ensure you are aligned in your approach.

    Remember, PGT-P is an optional test, and you are not obligated to use it. The decision should be based on your own circumstances and values, not on pressure from any external source.

    Conclusion

    PGT-P is a promising but controversial technology. While it may offer some insights into the genetic predispositions of embryos, its limited predictive value, potential for discrimination, and the need for careful counseling make it a complex choice. By staying informed and asking the right questions, you can make a decision that aligns with your ethical principles and your hopes for your family.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-P the same as PGT-A or PGT-M?

    No. PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities, PGT-M targets specific single-gene disorders, and PGT-P estimates the risk of common polygenic conditions. They are different tests with different purposes.

    Can PGT-P guarantee that my child will not develop a certain disease?

    No. PGT-P provides a risk score, not a diagnosis. It cannot guarantee that a child will or will not develop a condition, as many environmental and lifestyle factors also play a role.

    Are there laws against genetic discrimination based on PGT-P results?

    Laws vary by country. Some have protections against genetic discrimination in insurance and employment, but these may not cover all situations. It is important to check the laws in your jurisdiction and discuss privacy concerns with your clinic.

    Do I need genetic counseling before considering PGT-P?

    Yes, genetic counseling is strongly recommended. A counselor can help you understand the test's limitations, interpret results, and explore the ethical and emotional implications, ensuring you make an informed decision.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-SR for Balanced Translocation Carriers: What to Ask and Consider

    Understanding PGT-SR and Balanced Translocations

    If you or your partner carry a balanced translocation, you may have been told that PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) could help during IVF. This test is designed to identify embryos that have a normal or balanced set of chromosomes, avoiding those with an unbalanced rearrangement that could lead to miscarriage or a child with health problems.

    PGT-SR is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is one option to consider, and it requires careful discussion with your fertility team and a genetic counselor.

    At a Glance

    • PGT-SR is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF.
    • It aims to detect embryos with unbalanced chromosome rearrangements.
    • It does not test for all genetic conditions or guarantee a live birth.
    • Your clinic will need to confirm the exact testing platform and its limitations.

    What Is a Balanced Translocation?

    A balanced translocation is a chromosomal rearrangement where pieces of chromosomes have swapped places, but the total amount of genetic material is normal. Carriers usually have no health problems themselves, but they may produce eggs or sperm with unbalanced chromosomes, which can lead to miscarriage or a child with disabilities.

    PGT-SR is specifically designed for this situation, but it is not the only option. Some carriers may consider prenatal testing after natural conception, or they may choose not to test at all. The right choice depends on your personal, medical, and ethical considerations.

    How PGT-SR Works

    PGT-SR is performed as part of an IVF cycle. After eggs are fertilized, embryos are cultured for several days. A few cells are then biopsied from each embryo and sent for genetic analysis. The test looks for the specific translocation you carry, aiming to identify embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome pattern.

    The process involves several steps, and your clinic will guide you through each one. It is important to understand that the test is not 100% accurate, and there is a small risk of misdiagnosis. Your clinic should explain the laboratory methods they use and the quality controls in place.

    What PGT-SR Can and Cannot Tell You

    PGT-SR can identify embryos that appear to have a normal or balanced chromosome set for the translocation in question. However, it cannot guarantee that an embryo is completely free of all genetic or chromosomal issues. It also does not test for single-gene disorders or other chromosomal abnormalities unrelated to the translocation.

    Furthermore, PGT-SR does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a live birth. Embryo quality, uterine factors, and other medical issues also play a role. The test is a screening tool, not a cure.

    Alternatives to PGT-SR

    If you are a balanced translocation carrier, you may have other options:

    • Natural conception with prenatal testing: You could conceive naturally and undergo chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis during pregnancy to check the baby’s chromosomes.
    • IVF without PGT-SR: You could have IVF and transfer embryos without genetic testing, accepting the risk of an unbalanced embryo.
    • Using donor eggs or sperm: Some carriers choose to use a donor to avoid passing on the translocation.
    • Not testing: You may decide not to pursue any testing and accept the natural risks.

    Each option has its own benefits and drawbacks. A genetic counselor can help you weigh them based on your specific translocation and personal values.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-SR, consider asking your fertility clinic and genetic counselor the following questions:

    • What specific testing method will be used for PGT-SR, and what are its accuracy and limitations?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage in cases like mine?
    • What is the expected turnaround time for results, and how does that affect the IVF cycle?
    • Are there any additional tests recommended, such as PGT-A for other chromosomes?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any financial risks if no embryos are suitable for transfer?
    • What is the policy on transferring embryos with uncertain results?
    • How will the embryos be frozen and stored if needed?

    These questions can help you understand what to expect and make an informed decision.

    Next Steps and Considerations

    If you are considering PGT-SR, here is a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Confirm your translocation diagnosis with a genetic counselor.
    2. Discuss your reproductive options, including PGT-SR, prenatal testing, and alternatives.
    3. Choose an IVF clinic with experience in PGT-SR and ask about their laboratory protocols.
    4. Understand the costs, timelines, and potential outcomes before starting.
    5. Consider the emotional and ethical aspects of embryo testing.

    Remember, PGT-SR is a personal choice. Take the time you need to gather information and support.

    Learn More

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-SR the same as PGT-A?

    No. PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) screens embryos for any abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-SR is specifically designed to detect unbalanced rearrangements caused by a known structural rearrangement like a balanced translocation. Some clinics may combine both tests, but they are different.

    Can PGT-SR guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-SR can reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with an unbalanced translocation, but it cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a baby without health issues. Other genetic conditions and factors are not covered by this test.

    What happens if no embryos are suitable for transfer after PGT-SR?

    If no embryos have a normal or balanced result, you may need to consider another IVF cycle, use donor gametes, or explore other family-building options. Your clinic will discuss the possibilities based on your individual situation.

    Does PGT-SR require IVF?

    Yes, PGT-SR is performed on embryos created through IVF. It cannot be done with natural conception. If you prefer not to use IVF, prenatal testing is an alternative to consider.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-SR for Repeated Implantation Failure: What’s the Difference?

    If you have experienced repeated implantation failure (RIF), you may be exploring genetic testing options for embryos. Two tests often discussed are PGT-A and PGT-SR. Both are forms of preimplantation genetic testing, but they look for different types of chromosomal issues. This article explains the difference, how they might be used in RIF, and what to keep in mind.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements of chromosomes, such as translocations.
    • Both tests require IVF and a biopsy of the embryo.
    • Neither test guarantees pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a test that looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A aims to identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which may improve the chances of implantation.

    What is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is used when one or both parents carry a structural chromosomal rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation or inversion. These rearrangements do not usually affect the parent’s health, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may cause implantation failure or miscarriage. PGT-SR identifies embryos with a normal or balanced chromosomal structure.

    Key differences between PGT-A and PGT-SR

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-SR
    What it screens for Abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) Structural rearrangements (e.g., translocations, inversions)
    Who might consider it People with RIF, advanced maternal age, or previous miscarriages Couples where one partner has a known structural rearrangement
    How it works Biopsied cells are analyzed for chromosome count Biopsied cells are analyzed for chromosome structure
    Goal Select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes Select embryos with normal or balanced chromosome structure

    How PGT-A might be used in RIF

    In RIF, the cause is often unknown. PGT-A may be offered to check whether chromosomal abnormalities in embryos are contributing to implantation failure. If most embryos are aneuploid, transferring a euploid embryo might improve the chance of implantation. However, PGT-A does not address other potential causes of RIF, such as uterine factors, immune issues, or embryo-endometrium interaction.

    How PGT-SR might be used in RIF

    PGT-SR is typically considered only if a parent is known to carry a structural rearrangement. If you have RIF and a family history of translocations or repeated miscarriages, your doctor may recommend karyotyping (a blood test) for you and your partner. If a rearrangement is found, PGT-SR can help select embryos with a normal or balanced structure.

    Limitations of PGT-A and PGT-SR

    • Not a guarantee: Even a genetically normal embryo may not implant or lead to a live birth.
    • Biopsy risks: Embryo biopsy is invasive and requires skilled laboratory expertise.
    • Mosaicism: PGT-A may not always detect mosaicism (a mix of normal and abnormal cells).
    • Cost and time: Genetic testing adds to the cost of IVF and may delay embryo transfer.
    • Not for everyone: These tests are not necessary for all patients and may not be recommended in every case.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • What is your experience with PGT-A and PGT-SR?
    • What is the biopsy technique, and how many cells are taken?
    • How are results reported, and what do they mean for my embryos?
    • What are the costs for the test and the IVF cycle?
    • How long will it take to get results?
    • What are the alternatives if I do not want genetic testing?

    Next steps

    1. Discuss your history of RIF with your fertility specialist.
    2. Ask whether genetic testing is appropriate for your situation.
    3. Consider genetic counseling to understand the implications.
    4. Review the costs and logistics with your clinic.
    5. Make an informed decision based on your personal circumstances.

    For more information, see our PGT in Thailand guide, explore our guides, or check the FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A help with repeated implantation failure?

    PGT-A may help identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes, which could be a cause of implantation failure. However, it does not address other potential causes, and a normal result does not guarantee pregnancy.

    Is PGT-SR only for people with known chromosomal rearrangements?

    Yes, PGT-SR is typically recommended when one or both parents carry a structural rearrangement, such as a translocation. If you have RIF and suspect a rearrangement, your doctor may suggest karyotyping first.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements. Both require IVF and embryo biopsy, but they look for different types of chromosomal issues.

    Are PGT-A and PGT-SR guaranteed to result in a baby?

    No. Genetic testing can help select embryos with a higher chance of implantation, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a live birth. Other factors also affect success.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT Results: What a Normal Result Means

    Waiting for preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) results can be a time of uncertainty. You may wonder what the report will show, how to interpret the terms, and what a “normal” result really means for your embryo. This guide explains the typical structure of a PGT report, defines common terms, and offers questions to ask your clinic so you can approach the results with more confidence.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT Results

    • PGT results are reported per embryo, not per cycle.
    • Terms like “euploid,” “aneuploid,” and “mosaic” describe the genetic status of an embryo.
    • A “normal” result means no chromosomal abnormalities were detected by the test, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • PGT is a screening tool, not a diagnostic test, and it has limitations.
    • Your clinic will explain the results in the context of your specific situation.

    What Is PGT and Why Is It Done?

    PGT is a test performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) before transfer to the uterus. It is used to identify embryos that may have certain genetic or chromosomal issues. There are three main types:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening): Checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with the correct number are called “euploid,” while those with missing or extra chromosomes are “aneuploid.”
    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders): Looks for specific inherited single-gene conditions, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements): Detects chromosomal structural changes, such as translocations, that may affect embryo development.

    PGT is not for everyone. It is often recommended for certain situations, such as advanced maternal age, recurrent pregnancy loss, or a known genetic condition in the family. Your clinic will advise whether PGT is appropriate for you.

    How Are PGT Results Reported?

    PGT results are typically provided in a laboratory report that lists each embryo tested and its result. The report may include:

    • Embryo identification number
    • Type of PGT performed (e.g., PGT-A)
    • Result category (e.g., euploid, aneuploid, mosaic)
    • Additional notes or recommendations

    Results are usually given as one of the following:

    • Euploid (normal): The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (for PGT-A) or does not carry the specific genetic variant tested (for PGT-M/SR).
    • Aneuploid (abnormal): The embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. This is a newer category, and its implications are still being studied.
    • Inconclusive: The test did not yield a clear result, possibly due to technical issues or insufficient DNA.

    It is important to note that PGT results are not always black and white. For example, a “normal” result in PGT-A means no chromosomal abnormalities were detected, but it does not rule out all genetic conditions or guarantee a successful pregnancy.

    What Does a “Normal” Result Mean?

    A normal PGT result is reassuring, but it is not a guarantee. Here’s what it does and does not mean:

    • It means: The embryo appears to have the correct number of chromosomes (for PGT-A) or does not carry the specific genetic condition tested (for PGT-M/SR).
    • It does not mean: The embryo is guaranteed to implant, result in a live birth, or be free of all health issues. PGT cannot detect all genetic or chromosomal abnormalities, and it does not assess the embryo’s overall viability.

    In other words, a normal PGT result is a positive sign, but it is just one piece of information. Other factors, such as embryo quality, uterine environment, and overall health, also play a role.

    Understanding Mosaic Results

    Mosaic embryos have both normal and abnormal cells. The percentage of abnormal cells can vary, and the clinical significance is still being researched. Some clinics may consider transferring a mosaic embryo if no euploid embryos are available, but this decision is made on a case-by-case basis. It is essential to discuss the specific mosaic level and its potential implications with your clinic.

    Limitations of PGT

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it has limitations:

    • Not diagnostic: PGT is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It cannot detect all genetic conditions or chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Technical limitations: The test may fail to amplify DNA or produce inconclusive results.
    • Embryo biopsy risks: The biopsy procedure, though generally safe, may have a small risk of damaging the embryo.
    • Not a guarantee: Even a normal embryo may not lead to a pregnancy due to other factors.

    Understanding these limitations can help you interpret your results with realistic expectations.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About PGT Results

    When you receive your PGT report, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • What does this result mean for my specific embryo?
    • How reliable is the test for the condition we were screening for?
    • If the result is mosaic, what is the percentage of abnormal cells, and what are the potential outcomes?
    • Are there any additional tests or follow-up steps recommended?
    • How does this result affect the decision to transfer the embryo?

    These questions can help you make an informed decision about next steps.

    Next Steps After Receiving PGT Results

    After you receive your PGT results, your clinic will discuss the options with you. These may include:

    • Transferring a euploid embryo
    • Discussing the possibility of transferring a mosaic embryo (if applicable)
    • Considering additional testing or consultation with a genetic counselor
    • Deciding whether to freeze or discard embryos based on results

    Take your time to process the information and ask for clarification if needed. Your clinic is there to support you.

    Conclusion

    PGT results can be complex, but understanding the basics can reduce anxiety and help you make informed decisions. Remember that a normal result is a positive sign, but it is not a guarantee. Always discuss your results with your clinic and ask questions to ensure you fully understand what they mean for your journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders. PGT-SR checks for structural changes in chromosomes, such as translocations.

    Does a normal PGT result guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. A normal PGT result means no chromosomal abnormalities were detected, but it does not guarantee pregnancy, live birth, or the absence of all health issues. PGT cannot detect all genetic conditions.

    What is a mosaic embryo?

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance is still being studied, and the decision to transfer a mosaic embryo is made on a case-by-case basis.

    What should I do if my PGT result is inconclusive?

    An inconclusive result means the test did not yield a clear answer. Your clinic may recommend repeating the test, or you may consider other options. Discuss the next steps with your clinic.

    Can PGT detect all genetic disorders?

    No. PGT is a screening test that can detect specific chromosomal abnormalities or single-gene disorders, but it cannot detect all genetic conditions or birth defects.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What PGT-A Can and Cannot Tell You: Understanding Its Limitations

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a screening test used during IVF to check embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It helps embryologists select embryos that are more likely to implant and develop normally. However, PGT-A is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or baby, and it has important limitations that you should understand before deciding whether to use it.

    At a Glance: Key Limitations of PGT-A

    • PGT-A cannot detect all genetic disorders, only chromosomal number abnormalities.
    • It cannot identify structural chromosome rearrangements (that’s PGT-SR).
    • It cannot detect single-gene disorders (that’s PGT-M).
    • Mosaicism results may be uncertain and require confirmatory testing.
    • PGT-A does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects.
    • It cannot predict the health of a future child.

    What PGT-A Can Detect

    PGT-A screens for aneuploidy, which means having too many or too few chromosomes. This is a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage. By identifying embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid), PGT-A can help reduce the risk of miscarriage and improve the chances of a successful pregnancy in certain situations.

    What PGT-A Cannot Detect

    Single-Gene Disorders

    PGT-A does not test for specific genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. For those, you would need PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders), which is a different test that looks for specific gene mutations.

    Structural Chromosome Abnormalities

    PGT-A does not detect balanced translocations or other structural rearrangements of chromosomes. If you or your partner have a known chromosomal rearrangement, PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) is the appropriate test.

    Mosaicism

    Mosaicism occurs when an embryo has both normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A may report an embryo as mosaic, meaning it has a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The clinical significance of mosaicism is not fully understood, and the accuracy of the result depends on the biopsy sample. A mosaic embryo may still lead to a healthy baby, but it carries a higher risk of abnormalities. Confirmatory testing, such as prenatal diagnosis (amniocentesis or CVS), is often recommended if a mosaic embryo is transferred.

    Epigenetic and Multifactorial Conditions

    PGT-A does not assess epigenetic changes (how genes are expressed) or complex conditions like autism, diabetes, or heart disease, which are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

    Why PGT-A Results Are Not Absolute

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It provides information about the chromosomes in the cells biopsied from the embryo, but it cannot guarantee that the embryo is completely normal. The biopsy samples only a few cells from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta), which may not represent the entire embryo. Additionally, technical limitations can lead to false positives or false negatives.

    The Need for Confirmatory Testing

    If you become pregnant after transferring a PGT-A tested embryo, your doctor may recommend prenatal testing, such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis, to confirm the chromosomal status of the fetus. This is especially important if the embryo was mosaic or if you have other risk factors.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What type of genetic testing does your lab use for PGT-A?
    • How does your clinic report mosaicism, and what is your policy on transferring mosaic embryos?
    • What is the accuracy rate of PGT-A at your lab?
    • Do you recommend confirmatory testing after a PGT-A pregnancy?
    • What are the costs and timelines for PGT-A?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    Before deciding on PGT-A, discuss with your fertility specialist:

    • Your medical history and reasons for considering PGT-A.
    • The limitations and potential benefits in your specific situation.
    • Alternative options, such as not testing or using other screening methods.
    • The emotional and financial implications.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool to help you make informed choices, but it is not a guarantee. Take your time, ask questions, and consider genetic counseling if needed.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, visit our guides, or check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic abnormalities?

    No, PGT-A only screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). It does not detect single-gene disorders, structural rearrangements, or complex conditions influenced by multiple genes and environment.

    What is mosaicism in PGT-A results?

    Mosaicism means an embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A may report an embryo as mosaic, but the clinical significance is uncertain. Confirmatory testing is often recommended if a mosaic embryo is transferred.

    Is PGT-A a guarantee of a healthy baby?

    No, PGT-A is a screening test that reduces the risk of miscarriage and chromosomal abnormalities, but it cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy or baby. It does not detect all genetic conditions or birth defects.

    Do I need confirmatory testing after PGT-A?

    Your doctor may recommend prenatal testing, such as CVS or amniocentesis, to confirm the chromosomal status of the fetus, especially if the embryo was mosaic or you have other risk factors.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders. They are used for different purposes and can be done together if needed.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How PGT-A Affects the Number of Embryos Available for Transfer

    When you undergo IVF, the number of embryos you have can drop at several stages. PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is one of those stages. It screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. Because not all embryos will be chromosomally normal, PGT-A can reduce the number of embryos available for transfer. This article explains why that happens, what it means for your decisions, and how to plan for the possibility of needing more than one cycle.

    At a Glance

    • PGT-A tests embryos for chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Not all embryos will be normal, so the number available for transfer may decrease.
    • This reduction is part of the IVF process and can affect your timeline and decisions.
    • Planning for multiple cycles can help manage expectations.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for aneuploidy, which means having an abnormal number of chromosomes. Embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (46) are considered euploid and are more likely to implant and develop normally. Embryos with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid and may fail to implant or result in miscarriage.

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy, but it provides information that can help you and your clinic decide which embryos to transfer.

    How PGT-A Reduces the Number of Usable Embryos

    During IVF, you may produce several embryos. After fertilization, embryos are cultured for a few days. At the blastocyst stage, a few cells are biopsied and sent for PGT-A testing. The results typically categorize embryos as:

    • Euploid: normal chromosome number, suitable for transfer.
    • Aneuploid: abnormal chromosome number, generally not recommended for transfer.
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells, which may have reduced potential.

    Because a significant proportion of embryos can be aneuploid, especially as maternal age increases, the number of embryos that are suitable for transfer may be lower than the total number of embryos you produce. This is often called embryo attrition.

    What This Means for Your Decision-Making

    Knowing that PGT-A can reduce the number of available embryos helps you prepare emotionally and practically. Here are some key points to consider:

    • Expect attrition: It is normal for not all embryos to be normal. Discuss with your clinic what percentage of embryos typically come back as euploid for your age group.
    • Transfer decisions: If you have fewer euploid embryos, you may need to decide how many to transfer in a single cycle. Your clinic will guide you based on your situation.
    • Consider all options: If you have no euploid embryos, you may need to consider another IVF cycle, using donor eggs, or other alternatives. Your clinic can discuss these options with you.

    Planning for Multiple Cycles

    Because PGT-A can reduce the number of transferable embryos, it is wise to plan for the possibility of more than one IVF cycle. Here are some steps to consider:

    1. Discuss your goals: Talk to your clinic about how many embryos you hope to have for transfer and whether you are open to multiple cycles.
    2. Understand your ovarian reserve: Your age and ovarian reserve affect how many eggs you are likely to produce. This can influence the number of embryos you may get.
    3. Budget and time: Multiple cycles involve additional time and cost. Ask your clinic for a breakdown of costs per cycle and any package deals.
    4. Emotional preparation: The uncertainty of embryo numbers can be stressful. Consider counseling or support groups.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    To make informed decisions, ask your clinic the following questions:

    • What is the expected attrition rate from eggs to blastocysts and then to euploid embryos for someone my age?
    • How many embryos do you recommend we aim for before considering transfer?
    • What are the options if we have no euploid embryos?
    • Are there any additional tests or procedures that might help?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-A, take these steps:

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to understand if PGT-A is right for you.
    2. Ask for a detailed explanation of the testing process and what the results mean.
    3. Plan financially and emotionally for the possibility of multiple cycles.
    4. Explore resources on PGT in Thailand and general guides to help you prepare.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool to provide information, not a guarantee. The number of embryos available for transfer can be lower than expected, but this knowledge helps you make the best decisions for your family-building journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A always reduce the number of embryos available?

    Not always, but it can. PGT-A identifies embryos with chromosomal abnormalities, and those are typically not transferred. The reduction depends on factors like maternal age and embryo quality. Some patients may have many euploid embryos, while others may have few or none.

    What happens if I have no euploid embryos after PGT-A?

    If no embryos are euploid, your clinic will discuss options such as another IVF cycle, using donor eggs, or considering mosaic embryos. The decision depends on your individual situation and should be made with your medical team.

    Can PGT-A improve my chances of pregnancy?

    PGT-A can help select embryos that are more likely to implant, but it does not guarantee pregnancy. It may reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities, but other factors also affect success.

    Is PGT-A recommended for everyone?

    No. PGT-A is often recommended for women over 35, those with recurrent miscarriage, or previous failed IVF cycles. However, it is not necessary for everyone. Your clinic can advise based on your medical history.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR: What’s the Difference?

    If you are exploring IVF and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), you may have come across terms like PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR. These are three distinct types of genetic testing that can be performed on embryos before transfer. Understanding what each test does—and what it does not do—can help you ask better questions and make more informed decisions with your fertility team.

    In simple terms: PGT-A checks for the correct number of chromosomes, PGT-M looks for a specific single-gene disorder, and PGT-SR checks for structural changes in chromosomes. Each test serves a different purpose and is used in different clinical situations. This guide explains the basics, the limitations, and the questions you may want to ask your clinic.

    At a Glance: The Three PGT Types

    • PGT-A (Aneuploidy Screening): Counts chromosomes to identify embryos with an abnormal number (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-M (Monogenic Disorders): Tests for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease.
    • PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangements): Detects unbalanced chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, previously known as preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), is designed to detect an abnormal number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is said to be aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage, though some can lead to conditions like Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

    PGT-A is often considered for patients who want to reduce the risk of miscarriage or who have had repeated implantation failure. It may also be used in cases of advanced maternal age, where the likelihood of aneuploidy is higher. However, PGT-A does not guarantee a successful pregnancy, and it cannot detect all genetic abnormalities.

    How PGT-A Works

    During an IVF cycle, embryos are cultured for several days until they reach the blastocyst stage. A small number of cells are then removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) and sent for genetic analysis. The embryo is frozen while the results are pending. Only embryos with the expected number of chromosomes are considered for transfer.

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A is not a test for every genetic condition. It does not screen for single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. Additionally, because the test is performed on a few cells, there is a small chance that the results may not perfectly reflect the entire embryo (a phenomenon called mosaicism). Your clinic can explain how they interpret mosaic results.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M, formerly known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation for a specific single-gene disorder. This test identifies embryos that have inherited the mutation, allowing the transfer of embryos that are unaffected.

    PGT-M is typically offered to couples who have a family history of a genetic condition, such as cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, or Huntington’s disease. It requires prior knowledge of the exact genetic mutation, which is usually confirmed through carrier screening or genetic testing of the parents.

    How PGT-M Works

    Before starting an IVF cycle, the clinic may need to develop a personalized test for the specific mutation. This often involves a “work-up” phase where DNA samples from the parents and sometimes other family members are analyzed. Once the test is ready, embryos are biopsied and tested for the presence of the mutation. Only embryos without the mutation are considered for transfer.

    Limitations of PGT-M

    PGT-M is highly specific to the tested mutation. It does not screen for other genetic conditions or chromosomal abnormalities unless combined with PGT-A. The process can be time-consuming and may require additional planning. It is also not available for every genetic condition, so you should confirm with your clinic whether your specific situation can be tested.

    What Is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR is used when one or both parents have a structural rearrangement of their chromosomes, such as a translocation or inversion. These rearrangements may not cause health problems in the parent, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may result in miscarriage, stillbirth, or a child with disabilities.

    PGT-SR identifies embryos with balanced chromosomes, meaning they have the correct amount of genetic material. This test is often recommended for couples who have experienced recurrent miscarriages or who have a known chromosomal rearrangement.

    How PGT-SR Works

    Like PGT-A, PGT-SR involves embryo biopsy and genetic analysis. The laboratory looks for specific structural abnormalities in the chromosomes. The process may be combined with PGT-A to also check for aneuploidy, as structural rearrangements can increase the risk of aneuploidy.

    Limitations of PGT-SR

    PGT-SR does not correct the rearrangement; it only helps select embryos that are balanced. It also does not detect all types of chromosomal abnormalities. As with other PGT types, there is a small risk of misdiagnosis, and the test cannot guarantee a healthy baby.

    Comparing PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M PGT-SR
    What it screens for Abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) Specific single-gene disorder Structural chromosome rearrangements
    Typical reason for testing Advanced maternal age, repeated implantation failure, recurrent miscarriage Known genetic mutation in one or both parents Known chromosomal rearrangement in a parent
    Requires prior genetic information No Yes, the specific mutation must be known Yes, the rearrangement must be identified
    Can be combined with other PGT Yes, often combined with PGT-M or PGT-SR Yes, often combined with PGT-A Yes, often combined with PGT-A
    Does it guarantee a healthy baby? No No No

    Which Test Is Right for You?

    The choice of PGT type depends on your medical history, genetic background, and the reason for undergoing IVF. There is no one-size-fits-all answer. Your fertility specialist and a genetic counselor can help you determine whether PGT is appropriate and which type(s) may be beneficial.

    For example, if you are over 35 and concerned about aneuploidy, PGT-A might be discussed. If you and your partner are carriers of a recessive disorder, PGT-M may be offered. If you have a translocation, PGT-SR could be recommended. In some cases, a combination of tests may be used.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What type of PGT do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    • What is the process for embryo biopsy, and how many cells are removed?
    • How long does it take to get results, and will my embryos be frozen in the meantime?
    • What are the risks and limitations of the recommended test?
    • How does your laboratory handle mosaicism or inconclusive results?
    • What are the costs involved, and are they included in the IVF package?

    Alternatives and Additional Considerations

    PGT is not the only way to assess embryo health. Some patients may choose not to undergo PGT and instead rely on embryo morphology (appearance) for selection. Others may consider prenatal testing during pregnancy, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, to confirm genetic status.

    It is also important to note that PGT does not eliminate all risks. Even with PGT, there is a small chance of misdiagnosis, and not all genetic conditions can be tested. Furthermore, PGT does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a live birth.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT, start by gathering your medical records and any genetic test results. Consult with a fertility specialist who can explain the options in the context of your specific situation. A genetic counselor can also provide valuable insight into the implications of testing.

    When researching clinics, ask about their experience with PGT, their laboratory protocols, and how they communicate results. You may also want to explore our PGT in Thailand page for an overview of what to consider when seeking treatment abroad.

    For more general information, visit our guides section, or check the FAQ for common questions about fertility treatment.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR be done at the same time?

    Yes, it is possible to combine PGT-A with PGT-M or PGT-SR in a single biopsy. This allows the laboratory to check for aneuploidy as well as the specific genetic condition or structural rearrangement. However, not all clinics offer combined testing, and the feasibility may depend on the laboratory's protocols and the amount of DNA available from the biopsy.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with a specific genetic abnormality, but it cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. There are many factors that affect pregnancy outcomes, and PGT does not screen for all possible genetic or developmental issues.

    Is PGT mandatory for all IVF patients?

    No, PGT is not mandatory. It is an optional test that may be recommended based on your medical history, age, or genetic background. Some patients choose not to undergo PGT, and the decision should be made in consultation with your fertility specialist and genetic counselor.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder. PGT-A is often used to improve the chances of implantation and reduce miscarriage risk, whereas PGT-M is used when parents carry a known genetic mutation.

    How long does PGT take?

    The time required for PGT can vary. After embryo biopsy, results may take several days to a few weeks, depending on the laboratory and the type of test. During this time, embryos are typically frozen. Your clinic can provide a more specific timeline based on their procedures.

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    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.