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  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: Understanding the Differences

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand, you may have come across terms like PGT-A and PGT-M. Both are types of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) performed on embryos before transfer. But they answer different questions. PGT-A checks for chromosomal abnormalities, while PGT-M looks for specific genetic conditions. This article explains the differences, who might consider each test, and what to discuss with your clinic.

    At a glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder that one or both parents carry.
    • Both tests require IVF and embryo biopsy.
    • Results can help guide which embryos to transfer, but they do not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, or preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Many aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. Some may lead to conditions like Down syndrome.

    PGT-A is often considered for people who have experienced recurrent miscarriage, previous failed IVF cycles, or advanced maternal age. However, it is not recommended for everyone. Some clinics may suggest PGT-A to improve embryo selection, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M, or preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders, looks for a specific genetic condition caused by a single gene mutation. Examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. This test is used when one or both parents are known carriers of a genetic disorder and want to reduce the risk of passing it on.

    PGT-M requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation. The test is highly personalized and may take longer to develop than PGT-A.

    Key differences between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    What it screens for Chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) Specific single-gene disorders
    Who may consider it People with recurrent miscarriage, repeated IVF failure, or advanced maternal age Couples who are carriers of a known genetic condition
    Requires prior genetic testing of parents? No Yes, to identify the specific mutation
    Result interpretation Embryo is classified as euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic Embryo is classified as affected, unaffected, or inconclusive
    Typical timeline Results may be available within days to weeks May take longer due to test development

    What is PGT-SR?

    You may also hear about PGT-SR, which stands for preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements. This test is used when one parent has a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation, that can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos. PGT-SR is similar to PGT-A in that it looks at chromosomes, but it focuses on specific structural changes.

    PGT-SR is less common than PGT-A or PGT-M. Your clinic can explain if it is relevant to your situation.

    How are the tests performed?

    Both PGT-A and PGT-M involve the same general steps:

    1. IVF is performed to create embryos.
    2. On day 5 or 6, a few cells are removed from each embryo (biopsy).
    3. The cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis.
    4. Results are reported to your clinic, and you discuss which embryos to transfer.

    The biopsy is a delicate procedure, but it is performed by experienced embryologists. The removal of cells does not guarantee that the embryo will be unaffected.

    Costs and timelines in Thailand

    The cost of PGT in Thailand varies depending on the clinic, the number of embryos tested, and the type of test. PGT-M is often more expensive than PGT-A because it requires developing a personalized test. You should ask your clinic for a detailed breakdown of costs, including biopsy, genetic analysis, and any additional fees.

    Timelines also vary. PGT-A results may be available within a few weeks, while PGT-M may take longer. Your clinic can give you an estimate based on your specific case.

    How to decide which test is right for you

    Deciding whether to use PGT-A, PGT-M, or no genetic testing at all is a personal choice. Here are some steps to help you decide:

    1. Review your medical history and any genetic risks with your doctor.
    2. If you have a known genetic condition in your family, consider genetic counseling.
    3. Ask your clinic about the availability and accuracy of each test.
    4. Discuss the financial implications and whether the test is covered by any package.
    5. Consider the emotional and ethical aspects of embryo testing.

    Remember, PGT is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a tool to help you make informed decisions.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • What is the difference in cost between PGT-A and PGT-M at your clinic?
    • How many embryos are typically needed for testing?
    • What is the turnaround time for results?
    • How are mosaic embryos reported and what are the options?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling as part of the process?
    • What are the limitations of the test?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, start by gathering information from reputable sources and consulting with a fertility specialist. You can also explore our PGT in Thailand guide for an overview, and check our guides for more detailed topics. For common questions, visit our FAQ page.

    Ultimately, the decision to use PGT-A or PGT-M should be made in partnership with your medical team, based on your unique circumstances.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done at the same time?

    Yes, it is possible to perform both PGT-A and PGT-M on the same embryo biopsy. This is sometimes called combined testing. However, not all clinics offer this, and it may increase the cost. You should ask your clinic if combined testing is available and what it involves.

    Is PGT-A necessary for all IVF patients?

    No, PGT-A is not necessary for everyone. It may be recommended for certain situations, such as advanced maternal age or recurrent miscarriage, but it is not a routine requirement. Your doctor can help you weigh the potential benefits and limitations based on your individual history.

    What are the risks of embryo biopsy?

    Embryo biopsy is a delicate procedure, but it is generally considered safe. There is a small risk of damaging the embryo, but experienced embryologists minimize this. The long-term effects on the child are not fully known, so it is important to discuss any concerns with your clinic.

    How long does it take to get PGT results in Thailand?

    The timeline can vary. PGT-A results may be available within a few days to a couple of weeks, while PGT-M may take longer because a personalized test needs to be developed. Your clinic can provide a more specific estimate based on your case.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Interpret PGT-A Results: Euploid, Aneuploid, and Mosaic Embryos Explained

    If you have recently received PGT-A results, you may be looking at terms like euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic and wondering what they mean for your embryo transfer. This guide explains the three main result categories in plain English, what each may indicate about an embryo, and how to approach your next steps with your clinical team.

    At a glance: PGT-A result categories

    • Euploid: The embryo appears to have the expected number of chromosomes (46 in most cases).
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has missing or extra chromosomes, which often prevents implantation or leads to miscarriage.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mix of cells with normal and abnormal chromosome counts.

    Your clinician and a genetic counselor can help you understand what your specific results mean in your context.

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a screening test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Chromosomes are structures that carry your genes. Having too many or too few chromosomes can affect whether an embryo implants, develops, or results in a healthy pregnancy.

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is one piece of information that can help you and your doctor decide which embryo to transfer.

    The three main result categories

    Euploid

    An embryo is called euploid when the cells tested show the expected number of chromosomes. For a typical embryo, that is 46 chromosomes. Euploid embryos are generally considered to have the best chance of implanting and developing into a healthy pregnancy, but they are not a guarantee. Other factors, such as the embryo’s quality, the uterine environment, and your overall health, also play a role.

    Aneuploid

    An embryo is called aneuploid when the cells tested show missing or extra chromosomes. For example, an embryo might have 45 or 47 chromosomes. Aneuploid embryos often fail to implant or result in miscarriage. If they do implant, they may lead to conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or other chromosomal disorders. Most clinics do not recommend transferring aneuploid embryos, but you should discuss your specific situation with your doctor.

    Mosaic

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of cells: some with the normal number of chromosomes and some with an abnormal number. The percentage of abnormal cells can vary. Mosaic embryos are sometimes classified as low-level or high-level mosaicism, depending on the proportion of abnormal cells. The meaning of mosaicism is still being studied, and outcomes can vary. Some mosaic embryos may develop into healthy babies, while others may not. Your clinic may offer genetic counseling to help you understand the potential risks and benefits of transferring a mosaic embryo.

    How to read your PGT-A report

    Your PGT-A report will typically list each embryo and its result. You may see terms like:

    • Euploid (or normal)
    • Aneuploid (or abnormal)
    • Mosaic (with a percentage, e.g., 20% mosaic)
    • No result (inconclusive)

    It is important to remember that PGT-A tests a few cells from the embryo, not every cell. This means the result may not perfectly reflect the entire embryo. Also, the test itself has limitations, and false positives or false negatives are possible.

    What do these results mean for transfer decisions?

    Your doctor will consider your PGT-A results along with other factors, such as:

    • Your age and medical history
    • The number of embryos you have
    • The quality of the embryos
    • Your previous pregnancy history
    • Your personal preferences and values

    In general, euploid embryos are prioritized for transfer. Aneuploid embryos are usually not transferred, but there may be exceptions in certain cases. Mosaic embryos are a gray area; some clinics may offer transfer if no euploid embryos are available, but this decision is made on a case-by-case basis.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    When you receive your PGT-A results, consider asking your doctor or genetic counselor:

    • What does this result mean for my specific embryo?
    • How reliable is this result?
    • What are the chances of implantation and live birth with this embryo?
    • Are there any additional tests I should consider?
    • What are the risks and benefits of transferring a mosaic embryo?
    • How does my age affect the interpretation of these results?

    Next steps: a checklist

    1. Schedule a follow-up appointment with your doctor to review your results.
    2. Ask for a genetic counselor to explain the results in detail.
    3. Discuss all your embryo options, including transfer, further testing, or discarding.
    4. Take time to consider your options and ask for written information if needed.
    5. Make a decision that aligns with your values and medical advice.

    Remember, PGT-A is a screening tool, not a guarantee. Your clinical team is there to help you interpret the results in the context of your unique situation.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also explore our other guides or visit our FAQ page for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic embryos?

    Euploid embryos have the expected number of chromosomes (46 in most cases). Aneuploid embryos have missing or extra chromosomes. Mosaic embryos have a mix of cells with normal and abnormal chromosome counts.

    Can a mosaic embryo result in a healthy baby?

    Some mosaic embryos may develop into healthy babies, but outcomes vary. The percentage of abnormal cells and the specific chromosomes involved can influence the outcome. Your doctor or genetic counselor can provide more personalized information.

    Is PGT-A 100% accurate?

    No, PGT-A is a screening test and has limitations. It tests only a few cells from the embryo, so it may not reflect the entire embryo. False positives and false negatives are possible.

    Should I transfer an aneuploid embryo?

    Most clinics do not recommend transferring aneuploid embryos because they often fail to implant or result in miscarriage. However, there may be rare exceptions. Discuss your specific situation with your doctor.

    What does 'no result' mean on a PGT-A report?

    A 'no result' or inconclusive result means the test could not determine the chromosome status of the embryo. This can happen for technical reasons. Your clinic may offer retesting or discuss other options.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT IVF Success Rates in Thailand: What the Numbers Really Mean

    When you’re researching IVF in Thailand, you’ll often see success rates quoted alongside preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). But what do these numbers really mean? PGT can help identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes or without a specific genetic condition, potentially improving the chances of a successful pregnancy. However, success rates are not a guarantee, and they depend on many factors, including your age, the reason for testing, and the clinic’s laboratory standards. This guide explains how PGT relates to IVF success in Thailand, what to look for in clinic data, and the questions to ask before you commit.

    At a Glance: PGT and IVF Success

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities, which are more common with older maternal age.
    • PGT-M and PGT-SR are used for specific genetic conditions or chromosomal rearrangements.
    • Success rates vary widely by patient profile; no clinic can guarantee a live birth.
    • Ask clinics for their own data, broken down by age and testing type.

    What Is PGT and How Does It Affect IVF Success?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is performed on embryos created through IVF before transfer. There are three main types:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with an abnormal number (aneuploid) often fail to implant or miscarry.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders) looks for specific single-gene conditions, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia, when one or both parents carry a known mutation.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements) is used when a parent has a chromosomal rearrangement, like a translocation, which can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos.

    By selecting embryos that are likely to be chromosomally normal or free of a specific condition, PGT may reduce the risk of miscarriage and increase the chance of a successful pregnancy per transfer. However, it does not guarantee a live birth, and not all patients need PGT.

    Factors That Influence PGT IVF Success Rates

    Success rates with PGT are not a single number. They depend on several key factors:

    • Maternal age: The proportion of chromosomally normal embryos declines with age. Younger women typically have more normal embryos, which can improve the odds per transfer.
    • Reason for PGT: PGT-A for general screening may have different outcomes than PGT-M for a specific genetic condition, where the goal is to avoid a particular disease.
    • Embryo quality and development: Embryos that reach the blastocyst stage (day 5-6) and are graded well are more likely to be viable.
    • Laboratory standards: The accuracy of PGT depends on the biopsy technique, genetic laboratory, and embryo culture conditions. Ask about the clinic’s experience and quality controls.
    • Number of embryos available: Not all embryos will survive the biopsy and freezing process, and some may be abnormal. A larger cohort gives more options.

    How to Interpret Clinic Success Rates

    When comparing IVF clinics in Thailand, you’ll see success rates reported in different ways. Some may report pregnancy rates per embryo transfer, while others use live birth rates. For PGT, the most meaningful metric is often the live birth rate per transfer of a tested embryo, but this can be misleading if the clinic only transfers embryos after extensive screening.

    Here are some questions to ask when reviewing clinic data:

    • What is your live birth rate per transfer for patients in my age group?
    • How many PGT cycles have you performed, and what is your experience with my specific type of testing?
    • What is your embryo survival rate after biopsy and freezing?
    • Do you report outcomes separately for PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?
    • What is your cancellation rate (cycles that do not reach transfer)?

    Remember that success rates are retrospective and may not reflect your individual situation. A clinic with a high success rate may have a selective patient population.

    PGT in Thailand: What to Consider

    Thailand has become a popular destination for IVF and PGT due to its advanced medical facilities and relatively lower costs compared to Western countries. However, there is no official national registry that publishes standardized success rates for all clinics. This means you must rely on clinic-reported data, which may not be independently verified.

    When choosing a clinic, consider:

    • Accreditation: Look for international accreditations, such as from the Joint Commission International (JCI), which indicate adherence to quality standards.
    • Laboratory quality: Ask about the genetic laboratory used for PGT. Is it on-site or outsourced? What are their quality controls?
    • Doctor’s experience: How many PGT cycles has your doctor performed? What is their approach to embryo transfer?
    • Patient support: Do they offer counseling to help you understand the implications of PGT results?

    Limitations and Alternatives to PGT

    PGT is not a guarantee of a healthy baby. It has limitations:

    • PGT-A cannot detect all chromosomal abnormalities, and some embryos may be mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells).
    • PGT-M and PGT-SR require prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation or rearrangement.
    • There is a small risk of embryo damage during biopsy, though this is rare in experienced labs.
    • PGT does not eliminate the risk of birth defects or genetic conditions that are not tested.

    Alternatives to PGT include:

    • IVF without PGT: For younger women or those without known genetic risks, transferring embryos without testing may be appropriate.
    • Prenatal testing: After pregnancy, tests like amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling can diagnose certain conditions.
    • Donor embryos or gametes: If PGT is not an option, using donor eggs or sperm may reduce the risk of genetic disorders.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT in Thailand, prepare a list of questions for your consultation:

    • What is your success rate for PGT cycles in my age group?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage?
    • What is your policy on mosaic embryos?
    • How long does it take to get PGT results?
    • What are the costs for PGT, and are there any additional fees for genetic counseling?
    • Do you have a genetic counselor on staff?

    Next Steps: Making Your Decision

    Choosing to undergo PGT with IVF is a personal decision. Here’s a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Gather your medical history and any genetic test results.
    2. Research clinics in Thailand that offer PGT and compare their reported outcomes.
    3. Schedule consultations with at least two clinics to compare approaches.
    4. Ask for a breakdown of costs, including PGT, medications, and any additional procedures.
    5. Consider the emotional and financial implications of a cycle that may not result in a transfer.
    6. Discuss your options with a genetic counselor to understand the implications of PGT results.

    Remember, success rates are just one piece of the puzzle. The right clinic for you is one that offers transparent data, experienced staff, and a supportive environment.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), which are more common with advanced maternal age. PGT-M is used to detect specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia, when parents are known carriers. Both are performed on embryos before transfer, but they answer different questions.

    Does PGT guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No, PGT does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It can reduce the risk of miscarriage and certain genetic conditions, but many other factors affect implantation and live birth, including embryo quality, uterine health, and overall medical history.

    How do I know if I need PGT?

    PGT is typically recommended for women over 35, couples with a known genetic condition, or those with recurrent pregnancy loss or implantation failure. However, it is not necessary for everyone. Your doctor can help you decide based on your specific situation and family-building goals.

    Are PGT success rates in Thailand different from other countries?

    Success rates depend more on the patient's age and the clinic's laboratory standards than on the country itself. Thailand has many clinics with advanced technology, but there is no national registry, so you should ask each clinic for its own data and verify its credentials.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read a PGT-A Laboratory Report Before Embryo Transfer

    If you have undergone preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), your laboratory report is a key document that summarizes the chromosome status of each embryo. Reading it clearly can help you have more informed conversations with your fertility team. This guide explains the common sections of a PGT-A report, what terms like euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, and no-result mean, and what questions to ask before embryo transfer.

    At a Glance: Key Points

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer.
    • Results are typically reported as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or no-result.
    • Your report includes embryo identifiers, biopsy date, and chromosome findings.
    • Always discuss results with your clinic; they can explain what they mean for your specific situation.

    What Is PGT-A and Why Is It Done?

    PGT-A is a test performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF). It checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with the expected number of chromosomes are called euploid; those with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid. Mosaic embryos have a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby, but it can provide information that helps you and your clinic decide which embryo to transfer.

    Understanding the Structure of a PGT-A Report

    Most PGT-A reports include the following sections:

    • Patient and cycle information: Your name, date of birth, and cycle number.
    • Embryo identification: Each embryo is labeled with a unique ID or number.
    • Biopsy details: Date of biopsy and number of cells tested.
    • Chromosome results: For each embryo, the report lists the chromosome status (euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or no-result).
    • Interpretation: Some reports include a brief explanation of what the result means.

    Not all reports look the same. Your clinic can help you locate each section.

    Key Terms on Your Report

    Euploid

    Euploid means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. This is often considered a favorable result, but it does not guarantee implantation or a live birth. Other factors, such as embryo quality and uterine environment, also matter.

    Aneuploid

    Aneuploid means the embryo has missing or extra chromosomes. These embryos are generally not recommended for transfer, but your clinic can explain the specific implications.

    Mosaic

    Mosaic embryos have a mixture of normal and abnormal cells. The report may show a percentage of mosaicism. Some clinics consider transferring mosaic embryos in certain situations, but this decision is complex and should be discussed with your medical team.

    No-Result

    Sometimes the test fails to produce a result, often due to insufficient DNA or technical issues. Your clinic may recommend re-biopsy or additional testing, depending on your situation.

    How to Interpret Chromosome Numbers

    Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. PGT-A checks for the correct number in each embryo. The report may list specific chromosomes that are abnormal, such as trisomy 21 (three copies of chromosome 21) or monosomy X (one X chromosome). Your clinic can explain what these findings mean for embryo transfer.

    What to Ask Your Clinic About Your Report

    • What does this result mean for my chance of implantation?
    • Is this embryo considered transferable?
    • If the result is mosaic, what percentage of cells are abnormal?
    • Are there any additional tests recommended?
    • How does this result affect my overall treatment plan?

    Next Steps: Before Embryo Transfer

    1. Review your report with your fertility specialist.
    2. Ask about the quality of the embryo and any other factors that may affect transfer.
    3. Discuss the timing of your transfer cycle.
    4. Confirm any additional procedures, such as assisted hatching, if recommended.
    5. Make a plan for follow-up testing after transfer, if applicable.

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy. Embryos can still have abnormalities that PGT-A does not identify. Also, the test itself has limitations, such as the possibility of a no-result or the risk of biopsy affecting the embryo, though this is rare.

    Conclusion

    Reading a PGT-A report can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. Your fertility team is there to explain the results and help you make an informed decision. Use this guide to prepare questions and understand the basics before your next appointment.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does euploid mean on a PGT-A report?

    Euploid means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. It is often considered a favorable result, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred?

    Some clinics may consider transferring mosaic embryos in certain situations, but this decision is complex and should be discussed with your medical team.

    What should I do if my PGT-A report shows no result?

    If your report shows no result, your clinic may recommend re-biopsy or additional testing. Discuss your options with your fertility specialist.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No, PGT-A is a screening test and does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or live birth. It provides information about chromosome status but cannot detect all genetic conditions.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Egg Donation in Thailand: Process and Considerations for International Patients

    Egg donation in Thailand involves a structured medical and legal process that international patients should understand before starting treatment. This guide explains the general steps, from donor selection to embryo transfer, and highlights what you need to confirm with your chosen clinic and legal advisor.

    At a Glance: Key Steps in Egg Donation

    • Initial consultation and legal review
    • Selection of donor (anonymous or known)
    • Donor screening and legal agreements
    • IVF cycle with donor eggs
    • Optional PGT-A testing of embryos
    • Embryo transfer and follow-up

    Understanding Egg Donation in Thailand

    Egg donation involves using eggs from a donor to create embryos, which are then transferred to the intended mother or a gestational surrogate. In Thailand, the process is regulated, and international patients must navigate both medical and legal aspects. It is essential to work with a reputable clinic that can guide you through the requirements.

    Initial Steps: Consultation and Legal Review

    Before starting, you will have a consultation with a fertility specialist to review your medical history and discuss whether egg donation is appropriate. Simultaneously, you should seek legal advice to understand the Thai regulations regarding donor anonymity, parental rights, and any requirements for international patients. Legal frameworks can change, so up-to-date advice is crucial.

    Choosing a Donor: Anonymous vs. Known

    In Thailand, you may have the option of using an anonymous donor from a clinic’s egg bank or a known donor, such as a friend or relative. Each option has different implications:

    • Anonymous donor: The donor’s identity is not disclosed to you. This is often the simplest path, but you may have limited information about the donor’s background.
    • Known donor: You know the donor, which can provide more medical and genetic information. However, this requires additional legal agreements to clarify parental rights and the donor’s role.

    Your clinic can explain the availability of donors and the screening process for each type.

    Donor Screening and Legal Agreements

    All egg donors undergo medical and genetic screening to reduce the risk of inherited conditions. This typically includes infectious disease testing, genetic carrier screening, and a review of medical history. For known donors, a legal contract is essential to outline the donor’s relinquishment of parental rights and the intended parents’ responsibilities. Your clinic and legal advisor will guide you through these documents.

    The IVF Cycle with Donor Eggs

    Once a donor is selected, the IVF process involves several steps:

    1. Donor stimulation: The donor takes medication to produce multiple eggs. This is monitored by the clinic.
    2. Egg retrieval: Eggs are collected in a minor surgical procedure.
    3. Fertilization: The eggs are fertilized with sperm from the intended father or a sperm donor.
    4. Embryo culture: Embryos are grown in the lab for several days.
    5. Optional PGT-A: Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) can screen embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer.
    6. Embryo transfer: A selected embryo is placed into the uterus of the intended mother or surrogate.

    The timeline for these steps can vary, and your clinic will provide a specific schedule.

    Role of PGT-A on Donor Embryos

    PGT-A is a test that checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. While donor eggs are often from younger women, chromosomal abnormalities can still occur. PGT-A may help select embryos with the best chance of implantation, but it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. Discuss with your clinic whether PGT-A is recommended for your situation.

    Travel and Timeline Considerations

    As an international patient, you will need to plan your travel to Thailand. The IVF cycle typically requires a stay of several weeks, but the exact duration depends on your treatment plan. You may need to travel for the initial consultation, the egg retrieval (if you are the donor), and the embryo transfer. Your clinic can provide a timeline, but you should also consider time for legal procedures and any required quarantine or visa arrangements.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the screening process for egg donors?
    • Are anonymous and known donors available?
    • What legal documents are required for international patients?
    • What is the estimated timeline for the entire process?
    • Is PGT-A recommended, and what are the costs?
    • What support is available for international patients?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Research clinics and their donor programs.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your medical history.
    3. Seek legal advice on Thai regulations.
    4. Confirm the donor selection process and screening.
    5. Plan your travel and accommodation.
    6. Review all costs and timelines with your clinic.

    Egg donation in Thailand offers a path to parenthood for many international patients. By understanding the process and asking the right questions, you can make informed decisions. Always confirm the latest legal and medical requirements with your clinic and legal advisor.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can international patients use egg donation in Thailand?

    Yes, international patients can use egg donation in Thailand, but they must comply with Thai regulations and clinic policies. It is important to consult with the clinic and a legal advisor to understand any specific requirements.

    What is the difference between anonymous and known egg donors?

    Anonymous donors are not identified to the intended parents, while known donors are personally known to them. Known donors require additional legal agreements to clarify parental rights.

    Is PGT-A testing necessary for donor eggs?

    PGT-A is optional and not always necessary. It can help select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy. Discuss with your clinic whether it is recommended for your case.

    How long do I need to stay in Thailand for egg donation treatment?

    The required stay varies depending on your treatment plan. Typically, you may need to be in Thailand for several weeks, but your clinic will provide a specific timeline based on your cycle.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Testing Costs in Thailand: What to Expect

    If you are considering IVF with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, one of the first questions you likely have is: What does it cost and what does the price include? While exact figures vary by clinic and individual treatment plan, understanding the typical cost components can help you compare quotes meaningfully and avoid surprises.

    PGT-A is an optional add-on to IVF that screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. The total cost is usually separate from the base IVF cycle fee and can be broken down into several parts. This guide explains the common components, what to ask clinics, and how to plan your budget.

    At a Glance: Key Cost Components

    • Biopsy fee: The embryology lab procedure to remove a few cells from each embryo.
    • Genetic analysis fee: The laboratory test that analyzes the biopsied cells.
    • Embryo freezing (vitrification): If you freeze embryos while waiting for results or before transfer.
    • Shipping and handling: If the biopsy samples are sent to an external genetics lab.
    • Consultation and counseling: Genetic counseling before and after testing.
    • Medication and monitoring: Additional IVF medications or monitoring if the cycle is modified.

    What Is Typically Included in a PGT-A Quote?

    When you receive a quote for PGT-A, it may include some or all of the following:

    • The biopsy procedure performed by the embryology team.
    • The genetic analysis of a specified number of embryos (often up to 8 or 10).
    • A written report of results.
    • Genetic counseling to explain the results.

    However, clinics may quote a base price that covers only the biopsy and analysis, with additional fees for embryo freezing, shipping, or extra embryos beyond a certain number. Always ask for a detailed breakdown.

    Potential Additional Fees to Consider

    Beyond the core biopsy and analysis, you may encounter these extra costs:

    • Embryo freezing and storage: If you freeze embryos for future use, there is usually an annual storage fee.
    • Shipping to an external lab: Some clinics send biopsies to a genetics laboratory in another country, which adds shipping and handling charges.
    • Extra embryos: If you have more embryos than the quoted number, each additional embryo may incur an extra analysis fee.
    • Repeat testing: In rare cases, a biopsy may fail or produce inconclusive results, and a repeat test may be needed.
    • Medication adjustments: If your IVF cycle requires additional medications or monitoring due to the testing plan.

    Why Prices Vary Between Clinics

    Several factors influence the total cost of PGT-A in Thailand:

    • Laboratory type: In-house genetics labs may offer lower prices than external labs.
    • Technology used: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is common, but some labs may use different platforms.
    • Number of embryos tested: Many clinics offer a package for a set number of embryos, with per-embryo fees beyond that.
    • Included services: Some quotes include genetic counseling, while others charge separately.
    • Clinic location and reputation: Clinics in major cities or with specialized expertise may have higher fees.

    How to Compare Quotes Effectively

    When comparing PGT-A costs between clinics, ask these questions:

    • What exactly is included in the quoted price? (Biopsy, analysis, report, counseling?)
    • How many embryos does the base price cover?
    • What is the fee for each additional embryo?
    • Are there separate charges for embryo freezing, storage, or shipping?
    • Is the genetic analysis done in-house or at an external lab? If external, what are the shipping costs?
    • What happens if a biopsy fails or results are inconclusive? Is there a retest fee?
    • Are there any discounts for combined IVF and PGT-A packages?
    • What is the payment schedule and are there refund policies?

    Budget Planning Tips

    To plan your budget effectively:

    • Request a written itemized quote from each clinic.
    • Ask about package deals that bundle IVF and PGT-A.
    • Consider the number of embryos you are likely to have based on your age and previous cycles.
    • Factor in potential additional fees for freezing and storage.
    • Check whether your home country offers any tax deductions or insurance coverage for fertility treatments.

    Next Steps: Questions to Ask Before You Commit

    Before you decide on a clinic, schedule a consultation and ask:

    • What is the total estimated cost for my specific situation?
    • What is the success rate for PGT-A in your lab? (Ask for their own data, not general statistics.)
    • How long will it take to receive results?
    • What support is available for international patients, such as translation services or coordination?

    Taking the time to compare quotes and understand inclusions can help you make an informed decision that fits your budget and needs.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A testing included in the standard IVF cost in Thailand?

    No, PGT-A is typically an optional add-on and is charged separately from the base IVF cycle fee. Always confirm with your clinic what is included in your IVF quote and what is extra.

    What factors affect the cost of PGT-A in Thailand?

    The cost can vary based on the number of embryos tested, whether the genetic analysis is done in-house or at an external lab, the technology used, and whether additional services like embryo freezing or genetic counseling are included.

    Are there any hidden fees I should ask about?

    Yes, ask about fees for embryo freezing and storage, shipping to an external lab, additional embryos beyond the quoted number, and any charges for repeat testing if a biopsy fails.

    Can I negotiate the price of PGT-A with a clinic?

    Some clinics may offer package deals or discounts, especially if you combine IVF and PGT-A. It is always worth asking about available packages or payment plans.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Can PGT-A Improve IVF Success Rates for Women Over 40?

    Understanding PGT-A and IVF at Advanced Maternal Age

    If you are over 40 and considering IVF, you may have heard about PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy). This test screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes before transfer. Because chromosomal abnormalities increase with age, PGT-A may help identify embryos that are more likely to implant and develop normally. However, it is important to understand that PGT-A does not improve the quality of your eggs or create embryos. It only helps select among the embryos you already have.

    In this guide, we explain how PGT-A works, what it can and cannot do, and how it may affect your IVF journey. We also provide questions to ask your clinic and a checklist for your next steps.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-A

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy).
    • It may help reduce the risk of miscarriage and failed transfers by selecting euploid embryos, but outcomes vary.
    • It does not increase the number of embryos you can produce.
    • It is not a guarantee of pregnancy or live birth.
    • Discuss with your clinic whether PGT-A is right for your situation.

    What Is PGT-A and How Does It Work?

    PGT-A is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. After fertilization, embryos are cultured in the laboratory for several days, typically until they reach the blastocyst stage. A few cells are then removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) and analyzed for chromosomal number. Embryos with the correct number of chromosomes are called euploid; those with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid.

    Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. By selecting a euploid embryo for transfer, PGT-A may reduce the chance of a failed transfer or miscarriage, especially for women over 40, where the rate of aneuploidy is higher. However, the overall impact on live birth rates is still being studied.

    Age-Related Chromosomal Risks

    As women age, the likelihood of producing eggs with chromosomal abnormalities increases. This is a natural biological process. The risk of aneuploidy rises significantly after age 35 and continues to increase into the 40s. This means that for women over 40, a higher proportion of embryos may be aneuploid. PGT-A can help identify which embryos are euploid, allowing for a more informed transfer decision.

    However, it is important to note that even a euploid embryo may not implant or lead to a live birth. Other factors, such as uterine health and embryo quality, also play a role.

    How PGT-A May Affect IVF Outcomes

    For women over 40, the potential benefits of PGT-A include:

    • Reduced miscarriage risk: By transferring a euploid embryo, the chance of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities may be lower.
    • Fewer failed transfers: Selecting a euploid embryo may reduce the number of transfer cycles needed to achieve pregnancy.
    • Better embryo selection: PGT-A provides information that can help you and your doctor choose the embryo with the highest potential for a successful pregnancy.

    However, PGT-A does not improve the overall success rate of IVF in terms of live birth per cycle started, because it does not increase the number of embryos available. It may improve the efficiency of each transfer.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of success. Some limitations include:

    • Embryo mosaicism: Some embryos have a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A may not always detect this, and the clinical significance is still being studied.
    • Testing errors: Although rare, there is a small chance of a false result.
    • No embryo creation: If you have no euploid embryos after testing, you may have no embryo to transfer.
    • Cost and time: PGT-A adds cost and time to the IVF process, as embryos must be frozen while testing is completed.

    It is also important to understand that PGT-A does not test for all genetic disorders. It only checks for chromosomal number abnormalities, not single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. For those, other tests like PGT-M or PGT-SR may be used.

    Alternatives to PGT-A

    If you are over 40, you may also consider other options:

    • IVF without PGT-A: Some clinics may recommend transferring embryos without testing, especially if you have a limited number of embryos.
    • Donor eggs: Using donor eggs can increase the chance of a euploid embryo, as donor eggs are typically from younger women.
    • Other types of PGT: PGT-M for single-gene disorders and PGT-SR for structural rearrangements are available for specific genetic situations.

    Your doctor can help you weigh the pros and cons based on your specific situation.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-A, consider asking your clinic:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A for women over 40?
    • How many embryos typically reach the blastocyst stage for women in my age group?
    • What is the cost of PGT-A, and are there additional fees for biopsy, freezing, or shipping?
    • How long does the testing take, and how does it affect the timing of my transfer?
    • What is your policy on mosaic embryos?
    • What are the success rates for euploid embryo transfers in my age group?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to assess your ovarian reserve and overall health.
    2. Discuss whether PGT-A is appropriate for you, considering your age, embryo count, and budget.
    3. Ask about the laboratory’s accreditation and experience with PGT-A.
    4. Understand the costs involved and whether your insurance covers any part.
    5. Consider the emotional and physical aspects of the IVF process, including the possibility of no euploid embryos.

    PGT-A can be a valuable tool for women over 40, but it is not a magic solution. It provides information that can help you make more informed decisions about which embryos to transfer, potentially reducing the heartbreak of failed transfers and miscarriages. However, it does not change the fundamental challenge of age-related fertility decline. Work closely with your clinic to understand your options and make the best choice for your family-building journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No, PGT-A does not guarantee pregnancy or live birth. It only screens for chromosomal abnormalities, and even a euploid embryo may not implant or develop normally. Other factors such as uterine health and embryo quality also matter.

    Can PGT-A improve the chance of having a healthy baby?

    PGT-A may reduce the risk of miscarriage and failed transfers by selecting euploid embryos, which could increase the chance of a live birth per transfer. However, it does not improve the quality of your eggs or increase the number of embryos you produce.

    Is PGT-A recommended for all women over 40?

    PGT-A is often considered for women over 40 because of the higher risk of chromosomal abnormalities. However, it is not mandatory and may not be suitable for everyone. Your clinic can help you decide based on your individual circumstances, such as the number of embryos you have and your budget.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for chromosomal number abnormalities (aneuploidy). PGT-M is used to detect specific single-gene disorders, and PGT-SR is used to detect structural rearrangements of chromosomes. They are different tests for different purposes.

    What happens if no euploid embryos are available after PGT-A?

    If no euploid embryos are available, you may have no embryo to transfer. In that case, you might consider using donor eggs, trying another IVF cycle, or discussing other options with your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-SR: What’s the Difference for Donor Egg Embryos?

    If you are using donor eggs and considering genetic testing of embryos, you may come across two common terms: PGT-A and PGT-SR. Both are types of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), but they look for different things. PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements of chromosomes, such as inversions or translocations. This article explains the difference, how each applies to donor egg cycles, and what to discuss with your clinic.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs. PGT-SR

    • PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) counts chromosomes to detect extra or missing chromosomes.
    • PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) looks for changes in chromosome structure, like deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations.
    • PGT-A is often considered for embryos from donor eggs, especially if the donor is older or if you want to reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with an abnormal chromosome number.
    • PGT-SR is usually recommended when one or both genetic parents (including the egg donor) are known carriers of a balanced structural rearrangement.
    • Neither test guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy baby; they are screening tools that provide information to help guide embryo selection.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, also called preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), is a test that checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with an abnormal number of chromosomes—such as an extra copy of chromosome 21 (which causes Down syndrome) or a missing chromosome—is said to be aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage, and some can lead to conditions like trisomy 18 or Turner syndrome.

    PGT-A is performed on a small number of cells taken from a blastocyst (a day-5 or day-6 embryo) before transfer. The test can identify embryos that are likely to have a normal chromosome count (euploid) versus those that are aneuploid. By selecting a euploid embryo for transfer, the goal is to improve the chances of implantation and reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities.

    Why Consider PGT-A with Donor Eggs?

    When using donor eggs, the age of the egg donor is a key factor. Younger donors (typically under 35) have a higher proportion of chromosomally normal eggs, but the risk of aneuploidy increases with maternal age. Even with a young donor, some embryos may still be aneuploid. PGT-A can help identify which embryos are most likely to be viable, potentially reducing the number of transfer cycles needed.

    However, PGT-A is not mandatory for all donor egg cycles. Some clinics may recommend it based on the donor’s age, the number of embryos available, or your personal history. It is important to discuss the potential benefits and limitations with your fertility specialist.

    What Is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR is a test designed for couples or donors who carry a structural rearrangement of chromosomes. Structural rearrangements include:

    • Translocations: A piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. This can be balanced (no genetic material is lost or gained) or unbalanced (extra or missing genetic material).
    • Inversions: A chromosome segment breaks off, flips, and reattaches in the reverse orientation.
    • Deletions and duplications: A part of a chromosome is missing or duplicated.

    Carriers of balanced rearrangements often have no health problems themselves, but they have a higher risk of producing embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, or a child with disabilities. PGT-SR identifies embryos that have a normal or balanced chromosome structure, so that only those are considered for transfer.

    When Is PGT-SR Relevant for Donor Eggs?

    PGT-SR is relevant when the egg donor is a known carrier of a structural rearrangement. In such cases, the donor’s eggs may carry the rearrangement, and embryos created with those eggs could be affected. If the donor has not been tested for chromosomal rearrangements, PGT-SR is not typically performed. It is also important to note that PGT-SR is different from PGT-M, which tests for specific single-gene disorders (like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia).

    If you are using donor eggs, your clinic will usually have information about the donor’s genetic screening results. If the donor is a carrier of a balanced translocation or inversion, PGT-SR may be recommended. However, this is a specific situation, and most donor egg cycles do not involve PGT-SR unless there is a known indication.

    Key Differences Between PGT-A and PGT-SR

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-SR
    What it detects Abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) Structural changes in chromosomes (e.g., translocations, inversions)
    Main purpose Screen for embryos with the correct chromosome count Identify embryos with normal or balanced chromosome structure
    Who might need it Anyone, but often considered for older egg donors or when many embryos are available Only when a genetic parent (including donor) is a known carrier of a structural rearrangement
    How it works Counts chromosomes in a biopsy sample Analyzes chromosome structure, often using similar biopsy techniques
    Limitations Does not detect all genetic abnormalities; may have false positives/negatives; does not guarantee a healthy baby Only relevant for specific structural issues; does not screen for aneuploidy or single-gene disorders

    Is PGT-A Recommended for Donor Egg Cycles?

    There is no universal recommendation for PGT-A in donor egg cycles. Some clinics offer PGT-A as an option, while others may not recommend it routinely, especially if the donor is young and the embryo quality is good. The decision depends on several factors:

    • Donor age: Older donors have a higher risk of aneuploidy, so PGT-A may be more beneficial.
    • Number of embryos: If you have many embryos, PGT-A can help prioritize which to transfer first.
    • Previous pregnancy losses: If you have experienced recurrent miscarriages, PGT-A might provide additional information.
    • Personal preference: Some patients want as much information as possible before transfer.

    It is essential to have a detailed discussion with your fertility team about the potential benefits, risks, and costs of PGT-A in your specific situation. They can help you weigh the evidence and make an informed choice.

    Limitations of PGT-A and PGT-SR

    Both tests have limitations that you should understand:

    • Not diagnostic: PGT is a screening test, not a guarantee. A normal result does not ensure a healthy baby, and an abnormal result does not always mean the embryo cannot result in a live birth.
    • Mosaicism: Embryos may have a mix of normal and abnormal cells (mosaicism). PGT-A may report a mosaic result, which is challenging to interpret.
    • Technical errors: There is a small risk of false results due to the biopsy or laboratory process.
    • Embryo damage: The biopsy procedure carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, although this is rare.
    • Not for all genetic conditions: PGT-A does not screen for single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements; PGT-SR only looks for structural issues.

    It is also important to note that PGT does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects entirely. Many other factors contribute to a successful pregnancy.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-A or PGT-SR, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • What is the age of the egg donor, and does that affect the recommendation for PGT-A?
    • Has the donor been tested for chromosomal rearrangements? If so, what were the results?
    • How many embryos are expected, and how might that influence the decision?
    • What is the accuracy of the PGT test you use, and how are mosaic results handled?
    • What are the costs of PGT-A and PGT-SR, and are they included in any package?
    • How long does testing take, and how does that affect the timing of a frozen embryo transfer?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy procedure?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT with donor eggs, here is a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Review the donor’s genetic screening results with your clinic.
    2. Discuss whether PGT-A is recommended based on donor age and embryo count.
    3. Ask if PGT-SR is needed if the donor is a known carrier of a structural rearrangement.
    4. Understand the limitations and what a normal result does and does not mean.
    5. Make an informed decision that aligns with your values and medical history.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A necessary when using donor eggs?

    PGT-A is not always necessary. It may be recommended based on the donor's age, the number of embryos available, or your medical history. Discuss with your clinic to determine if it is beneficial for your situation.

    Can PGT-SR be done on embryos from donor eggs?

    Yes, PGT-SR can be performed if the egg donor is a known carrier of a structural chromosomal rearrangement. It is not typically done unless there is a specific indication.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for abnormal chromosome numbers, while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders. They are different tests and are used for different purposes.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A is a screening test that reduces the risk of transferring an embryo with an abnormal chromosome count, but it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby. Other genetic and non-genetic factors also play a role.

    What are the risks of embryo biopsy for PGT?

    Embryo biopsy is generally safe, but there is a small risk of damaging the embryo. The procedure is performed by experienced embryologists to minimize this risk.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-SR for Male Factor Infertility: Key Differences

    Understanding PGT-A and PGT-SR

    When you are exploring fertility treatment and male factor infertility is part of the picture, you may come across two types of preimplantation genetic testing: PGT-A and PGT-SR. Both are performed on embryos created through IVF before a transfer is considered. However, they look for different things and are used in different situations.

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) looks for specific structural changes in chromosomes, such as inversions or translocations, that a parent may carry. Understanding the difference can help you ask the right questions and make informed decisions with your fertility team.

    At a Glance

    • PGT-A checks for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-SR checks for balanced or unbalanced structural rearrangements.
    • Male factor infertility may increase the chance of sperm carrying chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Neither test guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • Your clinic can advise whether one or both tests are relevant for your situation.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A is a test that looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A can identify embryos that have the expected number of chromosomes, which may be prioritized for transfer.

    PGT-A is often recommended for women of advanced maternal age, but it can also be considered when there is a history of recurrent miscarriage or repeated implantation failure. In the context of male factor infertility, sperm with abnormal shape or movement may carry a higher rate of chromosomal abnormalities, which can contribute to aneuploidy in embryos.

    What Is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR is designed for couples where one or both partners carry a structural rearrangement of their chromosomes. Structural rearrangements include translocations (when a piece of one chromosome attaches to another) and inversions (when a segment of a chromosome is reversed). These rearrangements may not affect the health of the carrier, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may cause miscarriage or a child with disabilities.

    PGT-SR tests embryos to identify those with a balanced set of chromosomes, meaning they have the same arrangement as the carrier parent or a completely normal arrangement. This can help reduce the risk of miscarriage and the chance of passing on an unbalanced rearrangement.

    How Male Factor Infertility Relates to Chromosomal Abnormalities

    Male factor infertility is often related to sperm count, motility, or morphology. However, some men with infertility may also have chromosomal abnormalities, such as a translocation or an extra sex chromosome. Even without a diagnosed rearrangement, sperm with poor parameters may have a higher rate of chromosomal abnormalities, including aneuploidy.

    If a man carries a structural rearrangement, PGT-SR may be relevant. If there is no known rearrangement, PGT-A might be considered to screen for aneuploidy. Your fertility specialist can help determine which test, if any, is appropriate based on your medical history and diagnostic testing.

    Key Differences Between PGT-A and PGT-SR

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-SR
    What it screens for Number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) Structural changes (translocations, inversions)
    Who might consider it Couples with advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, or male factor with suspected aneuploidy Couples where a parent carries a structural rearrangement
    How it works Analyzes all chromosomes for copy number Analyzes specific chromosomal regions for balanced/unbalanced arrangement
    What it can tell you Whether an embryo has the expected number of chromosomes Whether an embryo has a balanced or unbalanced structural arrangement
    Limitations Cannot detect all genetic conditions; may have false positives/negatives Cannot detect all genetic conditions; may not identify all rearrangements

    When Might PGT-A or PGT-SR Be Recommended?

    Your fertility team may suggest PGT-A if you have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss, previous aneuploidy, or if the female partner is of advanced maternal age. In male factor infertility, PGT-A might be considered if sperm analysis shows high DNA fragmentation or if there is a history of chromosomal abnormalities in the male partner.

    PGT-SR is typically recommended when a blood test (karyotype) has identified a structural rearrangement in either partner. If you have not had a karyotype test, your doctor may suggest one if there is a history of multiple miscarriages or a family history of chromosomal rearrangements.

    What PGT Cannot Do

    It is important to understand that PGT-A and PGT-SR are screening tests, not guarantees. They cannot ensure a pregnancy will occur, nor can they guarantee a healthy baby. Embryos that appear normal by these tests may still fail to implant or may have other genetic or developmental issues. Additionally, PGT does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage entirely.

    These tests also have technical limitations. For example, they require a biopsy of a few cells from the embryo, which may not represent the entire embryo (mosaicism). There is also a small risk that the biopsy could damage the embryo, though this is rare. Your clinic can explain the specific limitations and accuracy of the testing platform they use.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • Based on our history, is PGT-A or PGT-SR recommended for us?
    • What is the difference in cost between PGT-A and PGT-SR?
    • How many embryos are typically needed for testing to be worthwhile?
    • What is the accuracy of the testing method you use?
    • How will the results be reported, and who will explain them to us?
    • Are there any additional tests we should consider, such as sperm DNA fragmentation testing?

    Next Steps

    1. Review your medical history with your fertility specialist, including any previous pregnancy outcomes.
    2. Ask about genetic carrier screening and karyotype testing for both partners.
    3. Discuss whether PGT-A, PGT-SR, or both are appropriate for your situation.
    4. Understand the process, timeline, and costs involved.
    5. Make an informed decision based on your personal goals and medical advice.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect structural rearrangements like translocations?

    PGT-A is designed to detect aneuploidy (extra or missing chromosomes). It may not reliably detect balanced structural rearrangements, which is what PGT-SR is designed for. If a parent carries a translocation, PGT-SR is typically recommended.

    Is PGT-SR only for women?

    No, PGT-SR can be used when either partner carries a structural rearrangement. Male factor infertility may be linked to such rearrangements, so PGT-SR can be relevant for couples where the male partner is a carrier.

    Does male factor infertility always require PGT?

    No. PGT is not automatically required for male factor infertility. Your doctor will assess your specific situation, including sperm parameters, genetic testing results, and medical history, to determine if PGT-A or PGT-SR is beneficial.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR in terms of cost?

    Costs can vary between clinics and depend on the number of embryos tested. PGT-SR may be more expensive because it requires more detailed analysis. You should ask your clinic for a detailed cost breakdown.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-SR for Repeated Implantation Failure: What’s the Difference?

    If you have experienced repeated implantation failure (RIF), you may be exploring genetic testing options for embryos. Two tests often discussed are PGT-A and PGT-SR. Both are forms of preimplantation genetic testing, but they look for different types of chromosomal issues. This article explains the difference, how they might be used in RIF, and what to keep in mind.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements of chromosomes, such as translocations.
    • Both tests require IVF and a biopsy of the embryo.
    • Neither test guarantees pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a test that looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A aims to identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which may improve the chances of implantation.

    What is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is used when one or both parents carry a structural chromosomal rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation or inversion. These rearrangements do not usually affect the parent’s health, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may cause implantation failure or miscarriage. PGT-SR identifies embryos with a normal or balanced chromosomal structure.

    Key differences between PGT-A and PGT-SR

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-SR
    What it screens for Abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) Structural rearrangements (e.g., translocations, inversions)
    Who might consider it People with RIF, advanced maternal age, or previous miscarriages Couples where one partner has a known structural rearrangement
    How it works Biopsied cells are analyzed for chromosome count Biopsied cells are analyzed for chromosome structure
    Goal Select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes Select embryos with normal or balanced chromosome structure

    How PGT-A might be used in RIF

    In RIF, the cause is often unknown. PGT-A may be offered to check whether chromosomal abnormalities in embryos are contributing to implantation failure. If most embryos are aneuploid, transferring a euploid embryo might improve the chance of implantation. However, PGT-A does not address other potential causes of RIF, such as uterine factors, immune issues, or embryo-endometrium interaction.

    How PGT-SR might be used in RIF

    PGT-SR is typically considered only if a parent is known to carry a structural rearrangement. If you have RIF and a family history of translocations or repeated miscarriages, your doctor may recommend karyotyping (a blood test) for you and your partner. If a rearrangement is found, PGT-SR can help select embryos with a normal or balanced structure.

    Limitations of PGT-A and PGT-SR

    • Not a guarantee: Even a genetically normal embryo may not implant or lead to a live birth.
    • Biopsy risks: Embryo biopsy is invasive and requires skilled laboratory expertise.
    • Mosaicism: PGT-A may not always detect mosaicism (a mix of normal and abnormal cells).
    • Cost and time: Genetic testing adds to the cost of IVF and may delay embryo transfer.
    • Not for everyone: These tests are not necessary for all patients and may not be recommended in every case.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • What is your experience with PGT-A and PGT-SR?
    • What is the biopsy technique, and how many cells are taken?
    • How are results reported, and what do they mean for my embryos?
    • What are the costs for the test and the IVF cycle?
    • How long will it take to get results?
    • What are the alternatives if I do not want genetic testing?

    Next steps

    1. Discuss your history of RIF with your fertility specialist.
    2. Ask whether genetic testing is appropriate for your situation.
    3. Consider genetic counseling to understand the implications.
    4. Review the costs and logistics with your clinic.
    5. Make an informed decision based on your personal circumstances.

    For more information, see our PGT in Thailand guide, explore our guides, or check the FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A help with repeated implantation failure?

    PGT-A may help identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes, which could be a cause of implantation failure. However, it does not address other potential causes, and a normal result does not guarantee pregnancy.

    Is PGT-SR only for people with known chromosomal rearrangements?

    Yes, PGT-SR is typically recommended when one or both parents carry a structural rearrangement, such as a translocation. If you have RIF and suspect a rearrangement, your doctor may suggest karyotyping first.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements. Both require IVF and embryo biopsy, but they look for different types of chromosomal issues.

    Are PGT-A and PGT-SR guaranteed to result in a baby?

    No. Genetic testing can help select embryos with a higher chance of implantation, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a live birth. Other factors also affect success.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.