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  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand: A Practical Guide for Patients

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a test performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF). It checks for the correct number of chromosomes, which can help identify embryos that may have a higher chance of implanting and developing. PGT-A is sometimes called preimplantation genetic screening (PGS).

    In Thailand, PGT-A is offered by many fertility clinics as part of advanced IVF services. However, it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby, and it is not necessary for everyone. Understanding what PGT-A can and cannot do is essential before deciding if it is right for you.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-A

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy).
    • It requires IVF and embryo biopsy, usually at the blastocyst stage.
    • Results take several days to weeks, depending on the lab.
    • PGT-A can reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal issues but does not eliminate all risks.
    • Costs vary widely; confirm with your clinic.
    • Not all patients need PGT-A; your doctor can advise based on your history.

    How PGT-A Works

    PGT-A is performed during an IVF cycle. After eggs are retrieved and fertilized, embryos are cultured for about five to six days until they reach the blastocyst stage. A few cells are then removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) in a process called biopsy. These cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis.

    The lab uses techniques like next-generation sequencing (NGS) to count the chromosomes. Embryos with the expected number of chromosomes are called euploid; those with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid. Only euploid embryos are typically considered for transfer, though some clinics may transfer mosaic embryos under certain conditions.

    Because the biopsy is performed on the outer cells that will become the placenta, the test is not 100% accurate. There is a small risk of misdiagnosis, and not all chromosomal abnormalities are detectable.

    Why Consider PGT-A?

    PGT-A may be recommended for patients who have a higher risk of chromosomal abnormalities, such as:

    • Women over 35 years old
    • Couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage
    • Previous failed IVF cycles
    • Severe male factor infertility
    • Known chromosomal translocation in either partner

    However, PGT-A is not for everyone. Younger women with a good prognosis may not benefit significantly, as many embryos are already normal. Your fertility specialist can help you weigh the potential benefits and risks based on your individual situation.

    PGT-A vs. PGT-M and PGT-SR

    PGT-A is often confused with other types of preimplantation genetic testing. It is important to understand the differences:

    • PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (wrong number of chromosomes).
    • PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia, when one or both parents carry a known mutation.
    • PGT-SR tests for structural rearrangements, like translocations, that can lead to unbalanced chromosomes.

    Some clinics offer combined testing, but not all embryos will be suitable for all tests. Discuss with your clinic which test is appropriate for your case.

    PGT-A in Thailand: What to Expect

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, here is a general overview of the process:

    1. Consultation: Meet with a fertility specialist to review your medical history and determine if PGT-A is appropriate.
    2. IVF cycle: Undergo ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and fertilization in the lab.
    3. Embryo culture: Embryos are grown to the blastocyst stage (day 5-6).
    4. Biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo.
    5. Genetic analysis: The cells are sent to a lab for PGT-A testing.
    6. Results and transfer: Once results are available, you and your doctor decide which embryo(s) to transfer.

    The entire process adds time to your IVF cycle, as testing may take several days to weeks. Your clinic will provide a timeline based on their laboratory arrangements.

    Costs of PGT-A in Thailand

    The cost of PGT-A in Thailand varies depending on the clinic, the number of embryos tested, and whether additional tests are included. Typically, you can expect to pay for the IVF cycle, the biopsy procedure, and the genetic analysis separately. Some clinics offer package deals that include PGT-A.

    Because prices are not standardized, it is essential to request a detailed quote from your clinic. Ask what is included in the price, such as the number of embryos tested, the genetic analysis method, and any additional consultations.

    Note that PGT-A is not covered by most insurance plans, so you should plan for out-of-pocket expenses.

    Choosing a Clinic for PGT-A in Thailand

    When researching PGT-A in Thailand, consider the following factors:

    • Experience: How many PGT-A cycles has the clinic performed?
    • Laboratory: Does the clinic have an in-house genetics lab or use an external accredited lab?
    • Success rates: While success rates are not a guarantee, they can give you an idea of the clinic’s overall performance. Ask for their latest data.
    • Accreditation: Check if the clinic is accredited by relevant Thai or international bodies.
    • Communication: Ensure the clinic can communicate clearly in English or your preferred language.

    It is also wise to ask about the embryology team’s experience with biopsy and the genetic lab’s quality controls.

    Accuracy and Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A is highly accurate but not perfect. The test can miss some abnormalities or produce false positives. There is also a small risk that the biopsy damages the embryo, though this is rare when performed by experienced embryologists.

    Additionally, PGT-A does not test for all genetic disorders. It only screens for chromosomal number abnormalities. If you are concerned about specific genetic conditions, you may need PGT-M or other tests.

    Finally, PGT-A cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy. Even a euploid embryo may fail to implant or miscarry due to other factors. Your doctor can explain the limitations in the context of your case.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before proceeding with PGT-A in Thailand, consider asking these questions:

    • What is the total cost of PGT-A, and what does it include?
    • How many embryos will be tested, and is there an additional fee for more?
    • What is the turnaround time for results?
    • How many embryos are typically biopsied per cycle?
    • What is the clinic’s experience with PGT-A?
    • How are mosaic embryos handled?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy?
    • Is genetic counseling available?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, start by researching clinics and scheduling consultations. Bring your medical records and a list of questions. Take your time to compare options and ensure you feel comfortable with the clinic’s approach.

    Remember that PGT-A is a personal choice. Discuss the potential benefits and limitations with your doctor to make an informed decision that aligns with your goals.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGS?

    PGT-A and PGS are essentially the same test. PGS (preimplantation genetic screening) is an older term, while PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is the current terminology recommended by medical societies. Both refer to screening embryos for chromosomal number abnormalities.

    How long does PGT-A testing take in Thailand?

    The time for PGT-A results can vary depending on the laboratory and the testing method. Typically, it may take from a few days to a couple of weeks. Your clinic will provide a specific timeline based on their arrangements.

    Is PGT-A covered by insurance in Thailand?

    PGT-A is generally not covered by standard insurance plans, as it is considered an elective procedure. You should check with your insurance provider and your clinic about payment options and potential coverage.

    Can PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT-A cannot guarantee a healthy baby. It reduces the risk of transferring embryos with chromosomal abnormalities, but other factors can affect implantation and pregnancy outcomes. It is not a guarantee of success.

    What is a mosaic embryo?

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A can sometimes detect mosaicism. The clinical significance is not fully understood, and decisions about transferring mosaic embryos are made on a case-by-case basis with genetic counseling.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Mosaicism in Thailand: A Guide for Patients

    What Is PGT-A Mosaicism?

    When you undergo preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) during IVF, the laboratory analyzes a small sample of cells from each embryo. The results typically classify embryos as euploid (normal chromosome number), aneuploid (abnormal chromosome number), or mosaic. A mosaic embryo contains a mixture of cells: some with the normal number of chromosomes and some with an abnormal number. This is different from a uniformly aneuploid embryo, where all cells show the same abnormality.

    Mosaicism is reported as a percentage, such as 20% or 40%, indicating the proportion of abnormal cells detected in the biopsy sample. However, this percentage is an estimate based on the small sample tested and may not perfectly reflect the entire embryo. The interpretation of mosaic results is complex and evolving, and it is important to discuss your specific results with a genetic counselor.

    How Are Mosaic Embryos Reported in PGT-A Results?

    PGT-A results typically categorize embryos into three main groups: euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic. Mosaic results may be further described as low-level or high-level mosaicism, depending on the percentage of abnormal cells. Some laboratories also specify which chromosomes are affected and whether the abnormality is a gain or loss of genetic material.

    Because there is no universal standard for reporting mosaicism, different clinics and laboratories may use slightly different criteria. This means that the same embryo could be classified differently by another lab. It is essential to ask your clinic how they define and report mosaicism, and what their experience is with mosaic embryo transfers.

    What Does a Mosaic Result Mean for Your Embryo?

    A mosaic result does not necessarily mean the embryo is abnormal or cannot lead to a healthy baby. In some cases, mosaic embryos may self-correct during development, or the abnormal cells may be confined to the placenta rather than the fetus. However, the outcomes are not guaranteed, and there is a risk of an ongoing pregnancy with chromosomal abnormalities.

    The decision to transfer a mosaic embryo involves balancing the potential for a healthy live birth against the risk of miscarriage or a child with a chromosomal condition. This decision is highly personal and should be made in consultation with your medical team and a genetic counselor who can explain the specific risks based on your embryo’s mosaic pattern.

    Why Genetic Counseling Is Essential

    Genetic counseling is a critical step when you receive a mosaic PGT-A result. A genetic counselor can help you understand the technical aspects of mosaicism, interpret your specific results, and discuss the potential outcomes and risks. They can also explain the limitations of PGT-A, including the fact that it does not test for all genetic conditions and cannot guarantee a healthy baby.

    In Thailand, genetic counseling services may be available at your fertility clinic or through a referral. It is important to ask your clinic about the availability of genetic counseling and to prepare questions before your appointment. A counselor can also help you consider alternative options, such as further testing or using a different embryo.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About Mosaic Embryos

    When discussing mosaic results with your clinic, consider asking the following questions:

    • How does your laboratory define and report mosaicism?
    • What percentage of abnormal cells is considered low-level versus high-level mosaicism?
    • Which chromosomes are affected in my embryo, and what is the specific abnormality?
    • What is your clinic’s experience with transferring mosaic embryos?
    • What are the potential risks and outcomes for this specific mosaic pattern?
    • Are there any additional tests that could provide more information?
    • What is the process for genetic counseling, and can I speak with a counselor?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    After receiving a mosaic result, take time to gather information and consult with your medical team. Here is a step-by-step approach:

    1. Request a detailed explanation of your PGT-A report from your clinic.
    2. Schedule a genetic counseling session to discuss the implications.
    3. Ask about the likelihood of a healthy live birth with your specific mosaic embryo, based on available research and your clinic’s data.
    4. Consider your personal values and risk tolerance when making a decision.
    5. Discuss alternative options, such as using a euploid embryo if available, or undergoing further testing.

    Remember that PGT-A is a screening tool, not a guarantee. It can reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality, but it cannot eliminate all risks. Your decision should be based on the best available information and your own preferences.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You may also find our other guides helpful, or check the FAQ section for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is a mosaic embryo in PGT-A?

    A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells with normal and abnormal chromosome numbers. PGT-A can detect this mosaicism, but the percentage is an estimate from a small biopsy sample.

    Can a mosaic embryo lead to a healthy baby?

    In some cases, yes, but outcomes are not guaranteed. Mosaic embryos may self-correct or have abnormal cells confined to the placenta. However, there is a risk of miscarriage or a child with a chromosomal condition. Genetic counseling is essential.

    How is mosaicism reported in PGT-A results?

    Mosaicism is typically reported as a percentage of abnormal cells, sometimes categorized as low-level or high-level. Reporting criteria can vary between laboratories, so it's important to ask your clinic for details.

    Should I transfer a mosaic embryo?

    The decision depends on your specific situation, the mosaic pattern, and your risk tolerance. Discuss with your fertility specialist and a genetic counselor to understand the potential risks and benefits.

    Is genetic counseling available in Thailand for mosaic results?

    Many fertility clinics in Thailand offer genetic counseling or can refer you to a counselor. Ask your clinic about availability and how to schedule a session.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Questions to Ask About PGT-A Before Starting IVF in Thailand

    If you are considering IVF in Thailand and thinking about preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), you likely have many questions. PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer, but it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. Asking the right questions before you start can help you understand what the test can and cannot do, how your clinic uses the results, and what to expect in terms of timing and costs. This checklist will guide you through the key topics to discuss with your fertility team.

    At a Glance: Key Areas to Explore

    • Methodology: How is the biopsy performed and what technology is used?
    • Lab accreditation: Is the testing laboratory accredited and experienced?
    • Reporting: How long until you receive results, and what do they include?
    • Treatment planning: How will your doctor use the results to decide which embryos to transfer?
    • Limitations: What are the risks and uncertainties of PGT-A?

    Understanding PGT-A Basics

    PGT-A is a test that checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). Embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid) are more likely to implant and develop, but PGT-A does not guarantee success. It is not recommended for everyone; your doctor may suggest it based on your age, medical history, or previous IVF outcomes. Before you ask detailed questions, make sure you understand the purpose and limitations of the test.

    Questions About the Biopsy Procedure

    The biopsy is a critical step in PGT-A. You will want to know how the clinic performs it and what it means for your embryos.

    • On which day of embryo development is the biopsy performed? (Typically day 5 or 6, but confirm with your clinic.)
    • How many cells are removed, and how does the clinic ensure the safety of the embryo?
    • Is the biopsy performed by an experienced embryologist? What is their training and success rate?
    • Will the biopsy be done on the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta) rather than the inner cell mass?
    • What is the risk of embryo damage during the biopsy process?

    Questions About the Testing Laboratory

    The accuracy of PGT-A depends on the laboratory that analyzes the biopsy sample. Ask about the lab’s credentials and quality controls.

    • Is the testing laboratory accredited by an international body, such as CAP or ISO? (Ask for specific certifications.)
    • How many PGT-A cycles does the lab process each year? What is their experience with the technology?
    • What technology is used for the analysis—next-generation sequencing (NGS) or another method? How does this affect accuracy?
    • How does the lab handle mosaicism (embryos with both normal and abnormal cells)? Will you be informed if mosaicism is detected?
    • Are there any additional tests, such as PGT-M or PGT-SR, that can be done simultaneously if needed?

    Questions About Results and Reporting

    Understanding the timeline and content of your results helps you plan your IVF cycle and manage expectations.

    • How long after the biopsy will you receive the PGT-A results? (This may vary from a few days to a couple of weeks.)
    • Will the results be explained by a genetic counselor or your doctor? Can you ask questions about the report?
    • What information is included in the report? (For example, chromosome status, mosaicism, and any inconclusive results.)
    • What happens if the results are inconclusive? Will you have the option to retest or re-biopsy?
    • How are results communicated—via email, phone, or in person?

    Questions About How Results Are Used in Treatment

    PGT-A results are only useful if they guide your treatment decisions. Ask your doctor how they will incorporate the results into your IVF plan.

    • Will you transfer only euploid embryos? What is the clinic’s policy on transferring mosaic embryos?
    • How many embryos are typically needed to have at least one euploid embryo for transfer? (This depends on your age and embryo quality.)
    • If no euploid embryos are available, what are your options? (For example, a new cycle or transfer of a mosaic embryo after counseling.)
    • Does the clinic offer frozen embryo transfer (FET) after PGT-A, and what is the success rate for FET?
    • How does PGT-A affect the overall timeline of your IVF cycle?

    Questions About Costs and Logistics

    PGT-A adds to the cost of IVF, and you should have a clear understanding of the financial and practical aspects.

    • What is the cost of PGT-A per embryo or per cycle? Are there additional fees for biopsy, shipping, or storage?
    • Does the clinic offer any packages that include PGT-A? What is included in the package?
    • Is the testing performed on-site or at an external laboratory? If external, how are samples shipped and what are the logistics?
    • Are there any additional costs if you need to repeat the biopsy or if results are inconclusive?
    • Does your insurance or any financing options cover PGT-A? (Check with your provider.)

    Questions About Risks and Limitations

    It is important to have realistic expectations. Ask your doctor to explain the limitations of PGT-A.

    • What is the accuracy rate of PGT-A? Are there false positives or false negatives?
    • Can PGT-A detect all genetic abnormalities? (No, it only screens for chromosomal number changes, not single-gene disorders unless PGT-M is also done.)
    • What are the risks of the biopsy to the embryo? Is there any evidence of reduced implantation rates?
    • Does PGT-A guarantee a live birth? (No, it does not; it only helps select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes.)
    • Are there any ethical or legal considerations I should be aware of in Thailand?

    Next Steps: Your Pre-Test Checklist

    Before you commit to PGT-A, take these steps to feel confident in your decision.

    1. Write down your questions and bring them to your consultation.
    2. Ask for a detailed explanation of the PGT-A process, from biopsy to transfer.
    3. Request information about the laboratory’s accreditation and experience.
    4. Clarify all costs and timelines in writing.
    5. Discuss your personal risk factors and whether PGT-A is recommended for you.
    6. Consider seeking a second opinion if you have any doubts.

    For more information on PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is PGT-A and why is it offered in Thailand?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes before transfer. It is offered in Thailand to help select embryos with the best chance of implantation, but it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. Your doctor may recommend it based on your age, medical history, or previous IVF outcomes.

    How long does PGT-A testing take in Thailand?

    The time from biopsy to receiving results can vary by clinic and laboratory. Typically, it may take from a few days to a couple of weeks. Ask your clinic for their specific reporting timeline during your consultation.

    Are PGT-A results always accurate?

    PGT-A is highly accurate but not perfect. There is a small chance of false positives or false negatives, and the test cannot detect all genetic abnormalities. It only screens for chromosomal number changes, not single-gene disorders unless PGT-M is also performed. Discuss the limitations with your doctor.

    What should I ask about the lab that processes my PGT-A samples?

    Ask about the lab's accreditation (such as CAP or ISO), their experience with PGT-A, the technology used (like NGS), and how they handle mosaicism. Also ask if the lab is on-site or external, and how samples are shipped.

    Can PGT-A be combined with other genetic tests?

    Yes, PGT-A can be performed alongside PGT-M (for single-gene disorders) or PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements) if you have a known genetic condition. Ask your clinic if they offer these combined tests and what the additional costs and timelines are.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read PGT-A Results in Thailand: A Guide for Patients

    Receiving your PGT-A results can feel overwhelming. This guide explains the main result categories—euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic—in plain English, and offers practical questions to ask your clinic in Thailand. Always discuss your specific results with a qualified medical professional who knows your full history.

    At a glance: PGT-A result categories

    • Euploid: expected number of chromosomes, often considered “normal.”
    • Aneuploid: missing or extra chromosomes, often considered “abnormal.”
    • Mosaic: a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers.
    • No result: the test could not provide a clear answer.

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a test that checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It is performed on embryos created through IVF before a potential transfer. The test is optional and not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. In Thailand, PGT-A is offered by many fertility clinics, but the way results are reported can vary.

    Understanding your PGT-A report

    Your report will typically list each embryo tested and a result for each. Here are the common terms you may see:

    Euploid

    An embryo with the expected number of chromosomes (46 in humans) is called euploid. This is often described as “normal.” Euploid embryos have the highest chance of implanting and developing, but they are not a guarantee of a live birth.

    Aneuploid

    An embryo with missing or extra chromosomes is aneuploid. For example, trisomy 21 (three copies of chromosome 21) is a type of aneuploidy. Most aneuploid embryos will not implant or will miscarry, but some can lead to a child with a genetic condition. Transferring an aneuploid embryo is generally not recommended, but your doctor will discuss your specific situation.

    Mosaic

    A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells: some with the expected chromosome number and some with an abnormal number. Mosaic results are reported as a percentage, such as “20% mosaic.” The implications are not fully understood, and outcomes can vary. Some mosaic embryos may develop normally, while others may not. Your clinic can explain the specific level of mosaicism and what it might mean for your case.

    No result

    Sometimes the test fails to produce a clear result, for example, if the biopsy sample was insufficient or the DNA amplification failed. In such cases, you may have the option to retest or to proceed without PGT-A information.

    How to interpret your results with your clinic

    Your PGT-A report is a piece of the puzzle. Your doctor will consider your age, embryo quality, and medical history. Here are steps to help you understand your results:

    1. Ask for a clear explanation: Request that your doctor or genetic counselor explain each result in plain language.
    2. Discuss transfer options: Ask which embryos are suitable for transfer and why.
    3. Understand the limitations: PGT-A does not detect all genetic conditions or guarantee a healthy baby.
    4. Consider additional testing: In some cases, PGT-M or PGT-SR may be recommended for specific genetic disorders.

    Questions to ask your Thai clinic

    • What does “mosaic” mean in my report, and what percentage is considered high?
    • Are there any embryos that you would not recommend transferring?
    • What is the accuracy of this PGT-A test?
    • If I have no euploid embryos, what are my options?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling to help me understand the results?

    Next steps after receiving results

    Once you have your results, you may need to decide whether to transfer an embryo, consider further testing, or explore other options. Take your time and ask questions. Your clinic’s fertility specialist and genetic counselor are there to support you.

    Related resources

    For more information on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also browse our guides for other fertility topics, or visit our FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a 'mosaic' PGT-A result mean?

    A mosaic result means the embryo has a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The percentage indicates the proportion of abnormal cells. The implications are not fully understood, and outcomes can vary. Your clinic can explain the specific level and what it might mean for your case.

    Can a PGT-A abnormal embryo result in a healthy baby?

    In rare cases, an embryo classified as aneuploid may still lead to a healthy baby, but this is uncommon. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or miscarry. Your doctor will discuss the risks and options based on your specific situation.

    Is PGT-A testing mandatory in Thailand?

    No, PGT-A is optional. It is offered to help select embryos with the expected number of chromosomes, but it is not required for all IVF patients. Your clinic can advise whether it may be beneficial for you.

    How long does it take to get PGT-A results in Thailand?

    The time can vary depending on the laboratory and the testing method. Typically, results may take several days to a few weeks. Your clinic will provide a specific timeline.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding Mosaic Embryos in PGT-A Results: A Guide for Patients in Thailand

    If you have received PGT-A results that describe an embryo as “mosaic,” you may be wondering what that means for your IVF journey. In simple terms, a mosaic embryo has a mix of cells with normal chromosomes and cells with abnormal chromosomes. This is different from a uniformly normal (euploid) embryo or a uniformly abnormal (aneuploid) embryo. Understanding your results is the first step in making informed decisions, but it is important to remember that every situation is unique and should be discussed with your fertility team.

    At a Glance: Key Points About Mosaic Embryos

    • Mosaic embryos contain both normal and abnormal cells.
    • Mosaicism is reported as a percentage or a level (low, medium, high).
    • Mosaic embryos may have the potential to develop into healthy babies, but outcomes vary.
    • Your clinic will consider the specific mosaic level and which chromosomes are involved.
    • Always ask your clinic for a detailed explanation of your results and your options.

    What Is a Mosaic Embryo?

    During embryo development, cells divide and sometimes errors occur in chromosome distribution. A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells: some with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid) and some with an incorrect number (aneuploid). This is different from a non-mosaic embryo, where all cells have the same chromosomal status.

    Mosaicism can be detected through preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), which analyzes a small sample of cells from the embryo. The test reports the proportion of abnormal cells, often as a percentage. For example, a result might say “20% mosaic” or “low-level mosaic.”

    How Are Mosaic Results Reported?

    PGT-A results typically categorize embryos as:

    • Euploid: all cells appear to have the normal number of chromosomes.
    • Aneuploid: all cells appear to have an abnormal number of chromosomes.
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells.

    Mosaic results may be further described by the level of mosaicism (low, medium, high) and the specific chromosomes involved. Some laboratories report a percentage, such as “30% mosaic.” It is important to ask your clinic for a clear explanation of the terminology they use.

    What Does a Mosaic Result Mean for Transfer?

    The decision to transfer a mosaic embryo is complex and depends on many factors. Some studies suggest that mosaic embryos can result in healthy live births, but the risk of an abnormal pregnancy may be higher than with a euploid embryo. However, the exact risks are not fully known, and outcomes vary.

    Your fertility team will consider:

    • The specific level of mosaicism (low, medium, high).
    • Which chromosomes are affected.
    • Whether the abnormality is likely to be tolerated or cause health issues.
    • Your medical history and previous IVF outcomes.
    • Your personal preferences and values.

    Some clinics may recommend transferring a mosaic embryo if no euploid embryos are available, while others may advise against it. There is no universal rule, so it is essential to have a detailed discussion with your doctor.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About Mosaic Embryos

    When you receive mosaic results, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • What is the exact level of mosaicism in this embryo?
    • Which chromosomes are involved, and what is the potential impact?
    • What is your clinic’s policy on transferring mosaic embryos?
    • Are there any additional tests or consultations recommended?
    • What are the potential risks and benefits of transferring this embryo?
    • What is the likelihood of a healthy live birth with this embryo compared to other options?
    • Are there any follow-up tests during pregnancy that you would recommend?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    After receiving mosaic results, take time to process the information and gather all the facts. Here is a simple checklist:

    1. Request a written copy of your PGT-A results and a detailed explanation.
    2. Schedule a consultation with your fertility specialist to discuss the findings.
    3. Ask about the specific chromosomes involved and the level of mosaicism.
    4. Discuss all available options, including transferring the mosaic embryo, further testing, or considering other embryos.
    5. Consider seeking a second opinion if you have any doubts.
    6. Take time to make a decision that feels right for you and your family.

    Remember, a mosaic result does not automatically mean an embryo is unusable, but it does require careful consideration. Your fertility team is there to guide you through the process.

    Understanding PGT-A Limitations

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a guarantee of a healthy baby. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and the biopsy sample may not perfectly represent the entire embryo. Mosaicism itself can be challenging to interpret, and the technology has limitations. It is important to understand that PGT-A results are one piece of information in your decision-making process.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, you can visit our PGT in Thailand page. For general guides, see our Guides section. If you have specific questions, check our FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is a mosaic embryo?

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of cells with normal chromosomes and cells with abnormal chromosomes. This is different from a uniformly normal (euploid) or uniformly abnormal (aneuploid) embryo.

    How is mosaicism reported in PGT-A results?

    Mosaicism is often reported as a percentage or a level (low, medium, high). The report may also indicate which chromosomes are affected. Your clinic can explain the specific terminology used.

    Can a mosaic embryo lead to a healthy baby?

    Some studies suggest that mosaic embryos can result in healthy live births, but outcomes vary. The risk of an abnormal pregnancy may be higher than with a euploid embryo, but it is not guaranteed. Discuss your specific situation with your doctor.

    Should I transfer a mosaic embryo?

    The decision depends on many factors, including the level of mosaicism, which chromosomes are involved, your medical history, and your preferences. There is no universal answer, so it is important to have a detailed discussion with your fertility team.

    What questions should I ask my clinic about mosaic results?

    Ask about the exact level of mosaicism, which chromosomes are affected, the clinic's transfer policy, potential risks and benefits, and any recommended follow-up tests during pregnancy.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Get a Second Opinion on PGT Results in Thailand

    Receiving PGT results can be complex and emotionally challenging. If you have doubts or want to explore all options, seeking a second opinion is a reasonable step. In Thailand, you can request a review of your PGT results by another geneticist or laboratory. This guide explains how to approach a second opinion, what to prepare, and what questions to ask.

    At a Glance: Key Steps for a Second Opinion

    • Request a copy of your full PGT report and raw data from your current clinic.
    • Choose a qualified geneticist or laboratory with experience in PGT interpretation.
    • Prepare a list of questions about the results, limitations, and alternatives.
    • Understand that a second opinion may confirm, clarify, or differ from the original interpretation.

    Why Seek a Second Opinion on PGT Results?

    PGT results are based on complex genetic analysis, and interpretation can vary. A second opinion may help you:

    • Confirm the accuracy of the original report.
    • Clarify ambiguous or uncertain results.
    • Explore alternative interpretations or additional testing options.
    • Gain peace of mind before making decisions about embryo transfer.

    It is important to note that a second opinion does not guarantee a different outcome, but it can provide additional perspective.

    How to Request Your PGT Data

    To get a second opinion, you will need access to your original PGT data. Contact your current clinic and request:

    • A copy of the full PGT report, including the summary and any detailed findings.
    • Raw data files, such as the genetic sequencing or array results, if available.
    • Information about the laboratory that performed the analysis and the specific PGT platform used.

    Some clinics may have policies about releasing raw data. Ask about the process and any associated fees. If you are working with a coordinator, they can assist with this request.

    Choosing a Geneticist or Laboratory for a Second Opinion

    When selecting a professional to review your PGT results, consider:

    • Qualifications and experience in PGT interpretation, especially for the type of PGT you had (PGT-A, PGT-M, or PGT-SR).
    • Whether they have access to the same or compatible technology to analyze your raw data.
    • Their approach to communicating results and uncertainties.

    You can ask your current clinic for recommendations or search for independent genetic counselors or reproductive geneticists in Thailand. Some international laboratories also offer remote second-opinion services.

    Questions to Ask During a Second Opinion

    Prepare a list of questions to make the most of your consultation:

    • What is your interpretation of my PGT results?
    • Are there any areas of uncertainty or mosaicism that need further consideration?
    • What are the limitations of the testing method used?
    • Are there any additional tests that could provide more information?
    • What are the potential implications for embryo transfer and pregnancy?
    • How does this result compare with typical outcomes for similar cases?

    Take notes and ask for a written summary of the second opinion if possible.

    Understanding PGT Types and Result Interpretation

    PGT includes different types, each with specific purposes:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) checks for abnormal numbers of chromosomes.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders) tests for specific genetic conditions.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements) detects chromosomal structural changes.

    Results may be reported as euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells). Interpretation can be nuanced, and a second opinion may help clarify what a result means for your specific situation.

    What to Do After Receiving a Second Opinion

    After your second opinion, you may have a clearer picture. Consider the following steps:

    • Discuss the findings with your current fertility clinic to see how they align.
    • Ask about the possibility of additional testing, such as re-biopsy or further genetic analysis, if recommended.
    • Take time to process the information and consult with your support network.

    Remember that the final decision about embryo transfer is yours, in consultation with your medical team.

    Next Steps: Checklist

    • Request your full PGT report and raw data from your clinic.
    • Research and select a qualified geneticist or laboratory for a second opinion.
    • Prepare your questions and gather any relevant medical history.
    • Schedule the consultation and clarify any fees or timelines.
    • Review the second opinion and discuss with your primary clinic.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I get a second opinion on PGT results from a different laboratory in Thailand?

    Yes, you can request a second opinion from another qualified geneticist or laboratory. You will need to obtain your raw data from the original clinic and share it with the reviewing professional. Some laboratories may offer remote review services.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome numbers), PGT-M tests for specific monogenic disorders, and PGT-SR detects structural chromosomal rearrangements. Each type has different implications, and a second opinion can help clarify results for your specific test.

    How long does a second opinion on PGT results take?

    The time can vary depending on the complexity of the case and the reviewing professional's workload. It may take a few days to a few weeks. Ask the reviewing geneticist or laboratory for an estimated timeline.

    Will a second opinion change my PGT results?

    A second opinion may confirm the original interpretation or provide a different perspective, but it does not change the underlying genetic data. It can help clarify uncertainties and provide additional information for your decision-making.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Biopsy Timing in Thailand: What to Expect

    If you are considering preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) as part of your IVF journey in Thailand, one of the most common questions is: when does the biopsy actually happen? The answer is usually on day 5 or day 6 after fertilization, when the embryo has reached the blastocyst stage. This timing is important because it allows the embryologist to safely remove a few cells from the trophectoderm, the part that will become the placenta, without harming the inner cell mass that will form the fetus.

    In this guide, we explain the typical timing of PGT-A biopsy, what the process involves, and what you should ask your clinic to feel confident about the embryology lab handling your embryos.

    At a Glance: PGT-A Biopsy Timing

    • Biopsy is usually performed on day 5 or day 6 after fertilization.
    • Embryos must reach the blastocyst stage before biopsy.
    • The embryologist removes 3–5 cells from the trophectoderm.
    • The biopsied cells are sent for genetic analysis, while the embryo is frozen.
    • Results typically take several days to a few weeks, depending on the lab.

    Why Day 5 or Day 6?

    Embryos develop in stages. After fertilization, the embryo divides and grows, reaching the blastocyst stage around day 5 or day 6. At this point, the embryo has two distinct cell types: the inner cell mass (which becomes the fetus) and the trophectoderm (which becomes the placenta). Biopsying at this stage allows the embryologist to remove cells from the trophectoderm, which is less likely to affect the embryo’s development compared to earlier stages.

    Performing the biopsy earlier, such as on day 3, is possible but less common for PGT-A. Day 3 biopsy involves removing a cell from the cleavage-stage embryo, which may be more invasive. Most clinics in Thailand prefer day 5 or day 6 biopsy because it is safer and provides more cells for analysis.

    The PGT-A Biopsy Process in Thailand

    The biopsy procedure is performed in an embryology laboratory by a trained embryologist. Here is a step-by-step overview of what typically happens:

    1. Embryo culture: After fertilization, embryos are cultured in the lab for about 5 to 6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage.
    2. Hatching assistance: The embryologist may use a laser to create a small opening in the zona pellucida, the outer shell of the embryo, to facilitate cell removal.
    3. Cell removal: Using a fine pipette, the embryologist gently aspirates 3–5 cells from the trophectoderm.
    4. Biopsy sample handling: The removed cells are placed in a tube for genetic analysis.
    5. Embryo freezing: After biopsy, the embryo is vitrified (frozen) while awaiting results.
    6. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for PGT-A testing, which checks for chromosomal abnormalities.

    The entire biopsy procedure is delicate and requires precision. The embryologist’s skill and the laboratory’s quality are critical to the safety and accuracy of the process.

    What to Expect After the Biopsy

    After the biopsy, your embryos will be frozen. This is standard practice because the genetic analysis takes time, and the results are needed before a frozen embryo transfer (FET) can be planned. The freezing process, called vitrification, is well-established and widely used in Thailand.

    The time to receive PGT-A results can vary. Some labs may provide results within a few days, while others may take a week or more. Your clinic will give you a timeline based on their specific laboratory arrangements.

    Once the results are available, your doctor will discuss which embryos are chromosomally normal (euploid) and suitable for transfer. It is important to remember that PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby; it is a screening tool that can help reduce the risk of miscarriage and certain chromosomal conditions.

    Questions to Ask About the Embryology Lab

    When choosing a clinic in Thailand for PGT-A, it is essential to ask about the embryology lab’s experience and protocols. Here are some questions to consider:

    • How many PGT-A cycles does the lab perform per year?
    • What is the embryologist’s experience with blastocyst biopsy?
    • Does the lab use laser-assisted hatching for biopsy?
    • How many cells are typically removed, and what is the success rate of obtaining a diagnosis?
    • What is the lab’s policy on embryo re-biopsy if the first sample is inconclusive?
    • How are embryos identified and tracked to avoid mix-ups?
    • What is the turnaround time for PGT-A results?
    • Is the genetics laboratory accredited or certified?

    These questions can help you gauge the quality and reliability of the embryology lab, which is a key factor in the success of PGT-A.

    Factors That Can Affect Biopsy Timing

    While day 5 or day 6 is the standard, the exact timing can vary based on embryo development. Some embryos may reach the blastocyst stage earlier or later. In some cases, an embryo may not be suitable for biopsy on day 5 and may be observed until day 6 or even day 7. However, not all embryos will reach the blastocyst stage, and some may not be biopsied at all.

    Your clinic will monitor embryo development and decide the best time for biopsy. It is important to understand that not every embryo will be suitable for PGT-A, and the number of embryos available for testing can vary.

    Next Steps: Planning Your PGT-A Cycle in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, here is a checklist to help you move forward:

    • Research clinics that offer PGT-A and have experience with blastocyst biopsy.
    • Schedule a consultation to discuss your medical history and whether PGT-A is appropriate for you.
    • Ask about the clinic’s embryology lab and genetics laboratory arrangements.
    • Clarify the costs involved, including biopsy, genetic analysis, and embryo freezing.
    • Understand the legal and regulatory aspects of PGT-A in Thailand, as they can vary.
    • Plan for the timeline, including the biopsy day and the wait for results.

    Remember, PGT-A is not a mandatory step for everyone. Your doctor can help you decide if it is right for your situation.

    Conclusion

    PGT-A biopsy timing in Thailand typically falls on day 5 or day 6 after fertilization, when embryos have reached the blastocyst stage. The process is safe and well-established, but it requires a skilled embryologist and a high-quality lab. By asking the right questions and understanding what to expect, you can approach this step with confidence.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, or visit our guides and FAQ sections for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A biopsy painful for the embryo?

    Embryos do not have a nervous system, so they do not feel pain. The biopsy is performed under a microscope, and the embryologist removes a few cells from the outer layer of the blastocyst. This is a delicate procedure, but it is not painful for the embryo.

    Can PGT-A biopsy damage the embryo?

    There is a small risk that the biopsy could affect the embryo, but it is generally considered safe when performed by an experienced embryologist. The removal of trophectoderm cells is less likely to harm the embryo than biopsy at earlier stages. However, no procedure is without risk, and your clinic should discuss the potential risks with you.

    How long does it take to get PGT-A results in Thailand?

    The turnaround time for PGT-A results can vary depending on the genetics laboratory. Some labs may provide results within a few days, while others may take a week or more. Your clinic will give you a specific timeline based on their arrangements.

    What happens if the biopsy sample is inconclusive?

    In rare cases, the biopsied cells may not yield enough DNA for analysis, leading to an inconclusive result. In such situations, the clinic may offer a re-biopsy of the embryo, but this depends on the embryo's condition and the clinic's policies. It is important to ask about this possibility beforehand.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT-A does not guarantee a healthy baby. It is a screening tool that can identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which may reduce the risk of miscarriage and certain chromosomal conditions. However, it does not test for all genetic disorders, and other factors can affect pregnancy outcomes.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A in Thailand: What to Know Before You Test

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with the usual 46 chromosomes are called euploid; those with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid. Aneuploidy is a common cause of failed implantation and miscarriage.

    PGT-A does not test for every genetic condition. It focuses on chromosomal number, not specific gene mutations. For single-gene disorders, a different test called PGT-M is used.

    How PGT-A Works

    PGT-A is performed in three main steps:

    1. Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from a day-5 or day-6 embryo (blastocyst stage). The biopsy is usually done on the trophectoderm, which becomes the placenta.
    2. Genetic analysis: The cells are sent to a genetics laboratory. Techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) are commonly used to count chromosomes.
    3. Transfer decision: Based on results, a euploid embryo can be selected for transfer. Aneuploid embryos are generally not transferred, though some may be re-tested or discussed with a genetic counselor.

    The biopsy is performed by an embryologist, and the analysis is done in a separate genetics lab. The entire process adds time to an IVF cycle because embryos must be frozen while waiting for results.

    What PGT-A Results Mean

    Results are typically reported as:

    • Euploid: normal chromosome number, suitable for transfer.
    • Aneuploid: abnormal chromosome number, not usually transferred.
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells. Mosaic embryos may have reduced implantation potential, but some can lead to healthy births. Decisions are made on a case-by-case basis.
    • No result: sometimes the biopsy or analysis fails, and no result is obtained.

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of a healthy baby. It reduces the risk of chromosomal abnormalities but does not eliminate all risks.

    Who Might Consider PGT-A

    PGT-A may be considered in several situations:

    • Advanced maternal age (usually over 35)
    • Previous miscarriage or failed IVF cycles
    • Severe male factor infertility
    • Known chromosomal translocation in either partner
    • Previous pregnancy with a chromosomal abnormality

    However, PGT-A is not necessary for everyone. Younger women with no known risks may not benefit significantly. Your doctor can help you weigh the potential advantages and limitations.

    PGT-A in Thailand: What to Consider

    Thailand has many IVF clinics that offer PGT-A. When researching, consider the following:

    • Lab accreditation: Ask if the genetics laboratory is accredited by an international body, such as CAP or ISO.
    • Experience: Inquire about the lab’s volume of PGT-A cases and their experience with embryo biopsy.
    • Turnaround time: Results may take several days to a few weeks. Ask for the expected timeline.
    • Reporting: Ask how results are reported and whether you will receive a detailed report.
    • Counseling: Check if genetic counseling is available to help interpret results.

    Costs for PGT-A in Thailand vary widely. The price typically includes the biopsy, genetic analysis, and sometimes the initial consultation. Always ask for a detailed breakdown and confirm what is included.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before proceeding with PGT-A, ask your clinic:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A?
    • Which genetic laboratory do you use, and is it accredited?
    • How many cells are biopsied, and what is the success rate of getting a result?
    • How long will it take to receive results?
    • How are mosaic embryos handled?
    • What is the total cost, and what does it include?
    • Is genetic counseling available?

    Alternatives to PGT-A

    PGT-A is one option, but not the only one. Alternatives include:

    • IVF without PGT-A: Embryos are selected based on morphology (appearance) alone.
    • Non-invasive PGT (niPGT): A newer approach that analyzes DNA in the culture medium, but it is less established.
    • Prenatal testing: After pregnancy, tests like NIPT or amniocentesis can check for chromosomal abnormalities.

    Discuss these options with your doctor to make an informed choice.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, start by:

    1. Researching clinics and their PGT-A services.
    2. Preparing a list of questions from this guide.
    3. Scheduling a consultation to discuss your specific situation.
    4. Confirming all costs and timelines in writing.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, browse other guides, or check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A the same as PGT-M?

    No. PGT-A screens for chromosomal number abnormalities (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders. They are different tests used for different purposes.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A reduces the risk of chromosomal abnormalities but does not eliminate all risks. It does not test for all genetic conditions, and other factors can affect pregnancy outcome.

    How long does PGT-A take in Thailand?

    The timeline varies by clinic and laboratory. Typically, results may take several days to a few weeks. Ask your clinic for their specific turnaround time.

    What is a mosaic embryo?

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. It may have reduced implantation potential, but some mosaic embryos can lead to healthy births. Decisions are made on a case-by-case basis with genetic counseling.

    Is PGT-A necessary for all IVF patients?

    No. PGT-A is not necessary for everyone. It may be recommended for certain situations, such as advanced maternal age or recurrent miscarriage. Your doctor can help you decide if it is right for you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read PGT Results in Thailand: A Guide for Patients

    Understanding Your PGT Results: A Starting Point

    When you undergo preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in Thailand, the results can feel complex and emotional. In simple terms, PGT looks at embryos created through IVF to check for certain genetic conditions before transfer. The results help you and your medical team decide which embryos to consider for transfer. However, PGT results are not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby—they are one piece of information in your fertility journey.

    This guide explains the main types of PGT results, what they mean, and how to discuss them with your doctor and genetic counselor. Always rely on your clinic’s medical team for personalized interpretation.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT Results

    • PGT-A screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes (euploid vs. aneuploid).
    • PGT-M looks for specific single-gene disorders.
    • PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements of chromosomes.
    • Results may be reported as euploid, aneuploid, or mosaic.
    • Mosaic embryos have a mix of normal and abnormal cells.
    • Your doctor and genetic counselor are the best people to explain what results mean for your situation.

    What Do PGT Results Mean?

    Euploid Results

    An embryo with a euploid result has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in humans) with no detectable abnormalities in the tested chromosomes. This is often considered a positive result, but it does not guarantee implantation or a live birth. Many factors affect whether an embryo will develop, including the embryo’s quality and the health of the uterus.

    Aneuploid Results

    An aneuploid embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes—either missing or extra. For example, trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is a type of aneuploidy. Aneuploid embryos often do not implant or may lead to miscarriage. However, some aneuploidies are compatible with life, and the decision to transfer such an embryo is complex and should be made with thorough genetic counseling.

    Mosaic Results

    A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells with normal chromosomes and cells with abnormal chromosomes. The level of mosaicism (the percentage of abnormal cells) can vary. Mosaic embryos may have reduced implantation potential, but some can develop into healthy babies. The clinical significance of mosaicism is still being studied, and decisions about transferring a mosaic embryo require careful discussion with your medical team.

    Types of PGT and Their Results

    Type of PGT What It Screens For Typical Result Categories
    PGT-A (Aneuploidy) Correct number of chromosomes Euploid, aneuploid, mosaic
    PGT-M (Monogenic) Specific single-gene disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell) Affected, unaffected, carrier (depending on the condition)
    PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangement) Chromosomal structural changes (e.g., translocations) Balanced, unbalanced, normal

    Note: The exact terminology may vary by laboratory. Always ask your clinic for a clear explanation of your specific report.

    How to Read Your PGT Report

    PGT reports can look technical, but they usually include:

    • Embryo identification number
    • Biopsy date and testing method
    • Chromosome analysis results (for PGT-A)
    • Gene analysis results (for PGT-M)
    • Interpretation (e.g., euploid, aneuploid, mosaic)
    • Recommendations for further testing or counseling

    If you see terms like “no result” or “inconclusive,” it means the test did not provide a clear answer. This can happen for technical reasons, and your clinic may suggest re-biopsy or additional testing.

    Questions to Ask Your Doctor and Genetic Counselor

    Before discussing your results, prepare a list of questions. Here are some to consider:

    • What does this result mean for the chance of implantation and live birth?
    • Are there any health risks for the child if this embryo is transferred?
    • What are the options for further testing, such as confirmatory prenatal testing?
    • How does the mosaicism level affect the recommendation?
    • Are there alternative embryos to consider?
    • What is the cost and timeline for any additional testing?

    Your genetic counselor can explain the implications in detail and help you make an informed decision.

    Next Steps After Receiving PGT Results

    1. Schedule a follow-up appointment with your fertility doctor to review the results.
    2. Request a referral to a genetic counselor if you haven’t already spoken with one.
    3. Take time to process the information—don’t rush into decisions.
    4. Discuss your options for embryo transfer, including whether to consider mosaic embryos.
    5. Ask about the need for prenatal testing if you proceed with a transfer.

    Important Limitations of PGT

    PGT is a screening tool, not a guarantee. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and it does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects. Also, PGT is not necessary for everyone. Your doctor may recommend it based on your age, family history, or previous pregnancy losses. Always discuss whether PGT is right for you.

    Where to Find More Information

    For more details about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional support.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between euploid and aneuploid embryos?

    A euploid embryo has the correct number of chromosomes (46), while an aneuploid embryo has an abnormal number—either missing or extra chromosomes. Euploid embryos are generally considered more likely to implant and develop, but they are not a guarantee of pregnancy. Aneuploid embryos may fail to implant or lead to miscarriage, but some can result in a live birth, so decisions are made on a case-by-case basis with genetic counseling.

    What does a mosaic embryo result mean?

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of cells with normal chromosomes and cells with abnormal chromosomes. The level of mosaicism varies. Mosaic embryos may have a lower chance of implantation, but some can develop into healthy babies. The clinical significance is still being studied, so it's important to discuss the specific level and your options with your doctor and genetic counselor.

    Can PGT results guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT is a screening test that checks for certain genetic conditions, but it cannot detect all disorders or guarantee a healthy baby. Many factors affect pregnancy and child health, including embryo quality, uterine environment, and prenatal care. PGT results are one tool to help you make informed decisions, not a promise of outcome.

    What should I do if my PGT result is inconclusive?

    If your PGT result is inconclusive, it means the test did not provide a clear answer. This can happen for technical reasons. Your clinic may recommend re-biopsy, additional testing, or a discussion about the risks and benefits of transferring an embryo with an inconclusive result. Always ask your medical team for guidance.

    Is PGT mandatory for IVF in Thailand?

    No, PGT is not mandatory for all IVF patients. It is an optional test that may be recommended based on factors like maternal age, family history of genetic disorders, or previous miscarriages. Your doctor will discuss whether PGT is appropriate for your situation. You can also ask about the costs and benefits before deciding.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Female Age and IVF Success in Thailand: What to Know

    If you are considering IVF in Thailand and wondering how your age might affect your chances, you are not alone. Age is one of the most important factors in fertility treatment, but it is not the only one. This guide explains how female age influences IVF outcomes, what preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) can and cannot do, and how to approach treatment with realistic expectations.

    At a Glance: Age and IVF

    • Female age affects egg quantity and quality, which in turn influences IVF success.
    • PGT-A can screen embryos for chromosomal abnormalities, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or live birth.
    • Success rates vary widely by individual circumstances; no clinic can promise a specific outcome.
    • Your clinic will assess your ovarian reserve and other factors to personalize your treatment plan.

    How Female Age Affects Fertility

    Female fertility naturally declines with age, primarily due to a decrease in the number and quality of eggs. This decline becomes more noticeable after the mid-30s and accelerates after 40. The reasons include:

    • Ovarian reserve: The number of eggs remaining in the ovaries decreases over time.
    • Egg quality: Older eggs are more likely to have chromosomal abnormalities, which can affect implantation and development.
    • Other health factors: Conditions like endometriosis or fibroids may become more common with age and can impact fertility.

    It is important to note that age is just one piece of the puzzle. Your overall health, lifestyle, and specific fertility diagnosis also play significant roles.

    IVF Success by Age in Thailand: What to Expect

    While exact success rates vary by clinic and individual, the general trend is that younger women have higher IVF success rates than older women. However, many women over 40 have successful IVF treatments. In Thailand, clinics offer a range of services to support older patients, but it is crucial to have realistic expectations.

    When you consult a clinic, they will likely perform tests to assess your ovarian reserve, such as blood tests for anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and antral follicle count via ultrasound. These tests help estimate how you might respond to ovarian stimulation.

    Your doctor will discuss your individual chances based on your age, test results, and medical history. Be wary of any clinic that guarantees success or quotes a specific success rate without considering your personal situation.

    The Role of PGT-A in IVF for Older Women

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a technique used to screen embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. Because the risk of chromosomal abnormalities increases with maternal age, PGT-A is often offered to older women undergoing IVF.

    PGT-A can help identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which may improve the chances of implantation and reduce the risk of miscarriage. However, it is not a guarantee of success. Here are some key points to understand:

    • What it does: PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (extra or missing chromosomes) in embryos.
    • What it doesn’t do: It does not test for all genetic disorders, nor does it guarantee that a normal embryo will implant or result in a live birth.
    • Who it’s for: It may be recommended for women over 35, those with recurrent pregnancy loss, or previous failed IVF cycles.
    • Limitations: PGT-A requires a biopsy of the embryo, which is an invasive procedure, and not all embryos survive the process. Also, the test may have false positives or negatives.

    Discuss with your doctor whether PGT-A is appropriate for you, considering your age, medical history, and the number of embryos you are likely to have.

    Other Genetic Testing Options

    In addition to PGT-A, there are other types of preimplantation genetic testing:

    • PGT-M (for monogenic disorders): Used when one or both parents have a known genetic condition, to avoid passing it on.
    • PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements): Used when a parent has a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation, to select embryos without the rearrangement.

    These tests are more specific and are not typically recommended for all IVF patients. Your doctor will advise if they are relevant to your situation.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    When you meet with a fertility clinic in Thailand, consider asking these questions:

    • What tests will you perform to assess my ovarian reserve and overall fertility?
    • Based on my age and test results, what is my estimated chance of success with IVF?
    • Do you recommend PGT-A for me? Why or why not?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any packages?
    • What is your policy on multiple embryo transfer?
    • What support services are available for older patients?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    Deciding to pursue IVF is a significant step. Here is a checklist to help you move forward:

    1. Gather your medical records, including any previous fertility tests or treatments.
    2. Research clinics in Thailand that specialize in IVF and genetic testing.
    3. Schedule consultations with one or more clinics to compare approaches.
    4. Ask about the clinic’s experience with patients in your age group.
    5. Discuss the role of PGT-A and other genetic tests in your treatment plan.
    6. Consider the emotional and financial implications, and seek support if needed.

    Remember, every fertility journey is unique. Focus on making informed choices that align with your values and circumstances.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does age affect IVF success in Thailand?

    Yes, female age is a significant factor in IVF success, as it affects egg quantity and quality. However, success rates vary by individual, and many older women do achieve successful pregnancies with IVF.

    What is PGT-A and how does it help older women?

    PGT-A is a genetic test that screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. It can help identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, potentially improving implantation chances and reducing miscarriage risk, but it does not guarantee success.

    Are there alternatives to PGT-A for older women?

    Alternatives may include transferring embryos without testing, using donor eggs, or considering other fertility treatments. Your doctor can discuss the best options based on your individual situation.

    What should I ask my clinic about age and IVF?

    Ask about your ovarian reserve testing, estimated success rates for your age, whether PGT-A is recommended, costs, and the clinic's experience with older patients.

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    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.