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  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: How to Decide

    If you are planning IVF in Thailand and have heard about preimplantation genetic testing, you may be weighing two common options: PGT-A and PGT-M. Both tests are performed on embryos created through IVF, but they answer different questions. PGT-A checks for chromosomal abnormalities, while PGT-M looks for specific inherited genetic conditions. This guide explains the difference and outlines the factors that influence which test—or combination—might be relevant for you.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-M tests for a specific genetic disorder that runs in the family.
    • Some patients may have both PGT-A and PGT-M, but this depends on medical history and clinic protocols.
    • The choice is not about which test is “better” overall, but which test addresses your specific situation.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, or preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, is a screening test that looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is considered aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A is often used to help select embryos with the typical chromosome number, which may improve the chances of a successful pregnancy, especially for older patients or those with recurrent pregnancy loss.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M, or preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders, is a diagnostic test for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene mutation. Examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. PGT-M is used when one or both partners carry a known genetic mutation and want to reduce the risk of passing it on to their child. The test requires a prior genetic workup to identify the mutation and build a personalized test for each family.

    Key differences between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screens for chromosomal abnormalities Diagnoses a specific genetic disorder
    Who it is for Patients concerned about embryo chromosome status Carriers of a known genetic mutation
    What it detects Aneuploidy (extra or missing chromosomes) Specific gene mutations
    Requires prior genetic testing No Yes, to develop a customized test
    Result interpretation Chromosomally normal or abnormal Affected, unaffected, or carrier status (depending on condition)

    Factors that influence the choice

    Deciding between PGT-A and PGT-M—or whether to do both—depends on several personal and medical factors. Here are the main considerations to discuss with your fertility specialist.

    Your medical history

    If you or your partner are known carriers of a genetic disorder, PGT-M may be the primary test. If you have experienced recurrent miscarriages or failed IVF cycles, PGT-A might be more relevant. Your age can also play a role, as chromosomal abnormalities increase with maternal age.

    Your family planning goals

    PGT-M is chosen when the goal is to avoid a specific inherited disease. PGT-A is chosen when the goal is to select embryos with the best chance of implanting and developing into a healthy pregnancy. Some patients may want both: to avoid a genetic condition and also to screen for chromosomal health.

    Clinic capabilities and protocols

    Not all IVF clinics in Thailand offer the same genetic testing services. Some may have in-house laboratories, while others partner with external labs. The availability of PGT-M may depend on the clinic’s ability to develop a customized test for your specific mutation. Ask about the clinic’s experience with the type of testing you are considering.

    Cost and logistics

    Genetic testing adds to the overall cost of IVF. PGT-M is often more expensive than PGT-A because it requires a personalized test development process. There may also be additional costs for genetic counseling, blood tests, and shipping samples if the lab is off-site. Confirm the full cost structure with your clinic before proceeding.

    Can you have both PGT-A and PGT-M?

    Yes, in some cases both tests can be performed on the same embryo. This is sometimes called combined testing. However, it is not automatically recommended for everyone. The decision depends on whether you have a known genetic mutation and whether you also want to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. Your fertility team can advise whether combined testing is appropriate for your situation.

    What to ask your clinic

    Before deciding, ask your clinic specific questions to understand your options:

    • What genetic tests do you offer, and which do you recommend for my situation?
    • How is PGT-M developed for my specific mutation, and how long does that take?
    • What is the accuracy of the test, and what are the limitations?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage, and how does that affect the chance of having a transferable embryo?
    • What are the costs for PGT-A, PGT-M, and combined testing?
    • Will I need genetic counseling before or after testing?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, start by gathering your medical records, including any prior genetic testing results. Then, schedule consultations with fertility clinics that offer the testing you need. During the consultation, discuss your history, goals, and the practical aspects of testing. Finally, take time to consider the emotional and financial implications before making a decision.

    For more information on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You may also find our patient guides and FAQ sections helpful as you navigate your journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A or PGT-M more common in Thailand?

    PGT-A is generally more widely offered because it does not require a prior genetic workup. PGT-M is available at specialized clinics but requires a personalized test development process. The availability may vary by clinic, so it is best to ask directly.

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic disorders?

    No. PGT-A only screens for chromosomal abnormalities, not single-gene disorders. PGT-M is needed for specific inherited conditions. Some clinics may offer combined testing, but it is not universal.

    Do I need PGT-M if I am a carrier of a genetic condition?

    If you or your partner are carriers of a known genetic mutation, PGT-M may be recommended to reduce the risk of passing it on. However, the decision depends on the condition, your family history, and your reproductive goals. Genetic counseling can help you understand your options.

    How long does PGT-M take in Thailand?

    PGT-M requires developing a customized test for your specific mutation, which can take several weeks to months. The exact timeline depends on the clinic and the complexity of the test. Ask your clinic for an estimated timeline.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) in Thailand: PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to examine embryos for specific genetic or chromosomal conditions before transfer. In Thailand, PGT is available in many fertility clinics, but it is not a routine step for every patient. This guide explains the three main types of PGT—PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR—what they screen for, when they might be considered, and what to keep in mind when discussing options with your doctor.

    At a Glance: The Three Types of PGT

    • PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy): screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes.
    • PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic Disorders): screens for specific single-gene diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia.
    • PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements): screens for chromosomal structural changes, such as translocations or inversions.

    What Is PGT and Why Is It Used?

    PGT is performed on embryos created through IVF. After fertilization, embryos are cultured in the laboratory for several days, and a small number of cells are biopsied for genetic analysis. The results help embryologists and doctors select embryos that are less likely to have certain genetic or chromosomal issues for transfer. The goal is to reduce the risk of miscarriage or the birth of a child with a specific genetic condition.

    It is important to understand that PGT does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a screening tool that provides information to help you and your doctor make more informed decisions.

    PGT-A: Screening for Chromosomal Number Abnormalities

    PGT-A, formerly known as PGS (preimplantation genetic screening), checks embryos for aneuploidy—an abnormal number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes may fail to implant, lead to miscarriage, or result in a condition such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

    PGT-A is often considered for patients who are of advanced maternal age, have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss, have had previous failed IVF cycles, or have a known chromosomal abnormality in one partner. However, the decision to use PGT-A is individual and should be discussed with your fertility specialist.

    What PGT-A Can and Cannot Tell You

    PGT-A can identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes, but it cannot detect all genetic disorders. It also cannot guarantee that a transferred embryo will implant or result in a live birth. Some embryos with normal chromosomes may still fail to develop due to other factors.

    PGT-M: Testing for Single-Gene Disorders

    PGT-M is used when one or both partners are known carriers of a specific monogenic (single-gene) disorder. This test identifies embryos that have inherited the disease-causing mutation. Common examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, and thalassemia, which is prevalent in Southeast Asia.

    To use PGT-M, the specific genetic mutation must be identified in the parents. The test is then customized for each family. PGT-M can help couples who are at high risk of passing on a serious genetic condition to have children who are unaffected by that particular disease.

    Important Considerations for PGT-M

    PGT-M requires genetic counseling and often a preparatory workup to design the test. It is not available for all genetic conditions, and the accuracy depends on the specific mutation and laboratory protocols. As with all PGT, it does not eliminate the risk of other genetic or chromosomal issues.

    PGT-SR: Testing for Chromosomal Structural Rearrangements

    PGT-SR is designed for couples where one partner carries a structural chromosomal rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation or inversion. These rearrangements do not usually cause health problems in the carrier, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may result in miscarriage or birth defects.

    PGT-SR identifies embryos with a normal or balanced chromosomal arrangement, increasing the chance of a successful pregnancy and reducing the risk of miscarriage due to unbalanced chromosomes.

    Who Might Consider PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR is typically recommended for couples with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, infertility, or a known chromosomal rearrangement in one partner. A genetic test called karyotyping is used to identify such rearrangements.

    How PGT Is Performed in an IVF Cycle

    If you and your doctor decide that PGT is appropriate, the process generally follows these steps:

    1. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval: You undergo standard IVF treatment to produce and collect eggs.
    2. Fertilization and embryo culture: Eggs are fertilized with sperm, and embryos are cultured for about five to six days until they reach the blastocyst stage.
    3. Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) that will become the placenta. The biopsy is performed by an experienced embryologist.
    4. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for testing. The type of PGT determines the specific analysis.
    5. Embryo transfer: After results are available, one or more unaffected embryos are selected for transfer. Embryos that are not transferred may be frozen for future use.

    The entire process adds time to an IVF cycle, as genetic testing may take several days to weeks. Your clinic will provide a timeline based on their laboratory arrangements.

    Comparing PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR

    Type What It Screens For Typical Candidates
    PGT-A Abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) Advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, repeated implantation failure, known chromosomal abnormality in a parent
    PGT-M Specific single-gene disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, thalassemia) Couples who are carriers of a known monogenic disease
    PGT-SR Structural chromosomal rearrangements (e.g., translocations, inversions) Couples with a known structural rearrangement in one partner, often with a history of miscarriage

    Limitations and Risks of PGT

    While PGT provides valuable information, it has limitations:

    • Not diagnostic: PGT is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. There is a small risk of misdiagnosis, and a confirmatory prenatal test (such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling) may be recommended after pregnancy is achieved.
    • Embryo damage: The biopsy procedure carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, though this is rare when performed by experienced professionals.
    • No guarantee: PGT does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Embryos with normal results may still fail to implant or miscarry due to other factors.
    • Cost and time: PGT adds significant cost and time to an IVF cycle. It is not covered by all insurance plans, and the financial implications should be discussed with your clinic.

    Alternatives to PGT

    Depending on your situation, there may be alternatives to PGT. These include:

    • Prenatal testing: After natural conception or IVF without PGT, you can undergo prenatal screening and diagnostic tests during pregnancy.
    • Using donor gametes: If you are at high risk of passing on a genetic disorder, using donor eggs or sperm may be an option.
    • Not testing: Some couples choose to proceed without PGT and accept the risk of a genetic condition.

    Your fertility specialist and a genetic counselor can help you weigh these options based on your medical history and personal values.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About PGT

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, here are some questions to ask your clinic:

    • What types of PGT do you offer, and which one is recommended for my situation?
    • How many embryos are typically biopsied, and what is the success rate of the biopsy procedure?
    • How long does the genetic testing take, and how will it affect my IVF timeline?
    • What is the cost of PGT, and are there any additional fees for genetic counseling or laboratory services?
    • What is your laboratory’s accreditation and experience with PGT?
    • How are embryos with inconclusive results handled?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    Deciding whether to use PGT is a personal choice that should be made with the guidance of your fertility team. Here is a simple checklist to help you move forward:

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to discuss your medical history and fertility goals.
    2. If PGT-M or PGT-SR is relevant, undergo genetic counseling and any necessary carrier screening or karyotyping.
    3. Ask your clinic for detailed information about their PGT protocols, including laboratory standards and success rates (if available).
    4. Consider the emotional, financial, and time commitments involved.
    5. Make a decision that aligns with your values and medical needs.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand page, browse our guides, or check the FAQ section for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M screens for specific single-gene disorders like cystic fibrosis or thalassemia. PGT-SR screens for structural chromosomal rearrangements such as translocations or inversions. Each test is used for different medical indications.

    Is PGT mandatory for all IVF patients in Thailand?

    No, PGT is not mandatory. It is an optional test that may be recommended based on your age, medical history, or genetic risk. Your fertility specialist will discuss whether PGT is appropriate for you.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT does not guarantee a healthy baby. It is a screening tool that reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain genetic or chromosomal issues, but it cannot eliminate all risks. A successful pregnancy and live birth depend on many factors.

    How long does PGT take in an IVF cycle?

    PGT adds time to an IVF cycle because embryos must be biopsied and sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The testing process can take several days to weeks, depending on the type of PGT and the laboratory's schedule. Your clinic will provide a specific timeline.

    Are there risks associated with embryo biopsy for PGT?

    Embryo biopsy is a delicate procedure that carries a small risk of damaging the embryo. However, when performed by experienced embryologists, the risk is low. There is also a small chance of misdiagnosis, so prenatal testing may be recommended after pregnancy.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Results: Normal, Mosaic, and Abnormal in Thailand

    Receiving your PGT-A results can feel overwhelming. You may see terms like “normal,” “mosaic,” or “abnormal” and wonder what they mean for your embryo transfer. This guide explains the categories in plain English, what they may imply for your next steps, and the questions you should ask your genetic counselor in Thailand.

    At a Glance: PGT-A Result Categories

    • Normal (euploid): The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mix of cells with normal and abnormal chromosomes.
    • Abnormal (aneuploid): The embryo has an extra or missing chromosome in all tested cells.

    Each category may influence your transfer decision, but no result guarantees pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What Is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) screens embryos created through IVF for chromosomal abnormalities. It counts the chromosomes in a small sample of cells taken from the embryo before transfer. The goal is to identify embryos that are more likely to implant and develop normally.

    PGT-A is not a routine test for everyone. Your clinic may recommend it based on your age, medical history, or previous IVF outcomes. It is a screening tool, not a diagnostic test, and it does not detect all genetic conditions.

    Understanding the Result Categories

    Normal (Euploid)

    A “normal” result means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes in the tested cells. This is often called a euploid embryo. Many clinics consider these embryos suitable for transfer, but a normal result does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a healthy baby. Other factors, such as embryo quality and uterine environment, also matter.

    Mosaic

    A “mosaic” result means the embryo has a mix of cells: some with the expected number of chromosomes and some with an abnormal number. The percentage of abnormal cells may be reported as low, medium, or high. Mosaic embryos can sometimes implant and develop into healthy babies, but the outcome is less predictable than with a normal embryo. Your genetic counselor can explain the specific percentage and what it may mean for your situation.

    Abnormal (Aneuploid)

    An “abnormal” result means the embryo has an extra or missing chromosome in all tested cells. This is called an aneuploid embryo. These embryos are less likely to implant or may lead to miscarriage if transferred. In most cases, clinics do not recommend transferring an abnormal embryo, but you should discuss the specific chromosome involved with your counselor.

    What Do These Results Mean for Embryo Transfer?

    Your clinic will use your PGT-A results, along with embryo quality and your medical history, to recommend which embryos to consider for transfer. The decision is yours, and you should feel comfortable asking questions.

    • Normal embryos: Often prioritized for transfer.
    • Mosaic embryos: May be considered if no normal embryos are available, but you should understand the potential risks.
    • Abnormal embryos: Usually not transferred, but you can discuss options with your counselor.

    No result guarantees a successful pregnancy. Your clinic will guide you based on your individual circumstances.

    Questions to Ask Your Genetic Counselor

    Before making any decisions, ask your counselor to explain your results in detail. Consider these questions:

    • What exactly does my result mean for this embryo?
    • If mosaic, what percentage of cells are abnormal?
    • What is the likelihood of implantation and live birth for this embryo?
    • Are there any additional tests I should consider?
    • What are the risks of transferring a mosaic or abnormal embryo?
    • How does my age and medical history affect the interpretation?

    Next Steps After Receiving Results

    After you receive your PGT-A results, take time to process the information. Here is a simple checklist:

    1. Review your results with your genetic counselor.
    2. Ask about the specific chromosomes tested and any limitations.
    3. Discuss transfer options with your fertility specialist.
    4. Consider whether you need additional genetic counseling.
    5. Make a decision that aligns with your values and medical advice.

    Remember, you are not alone. Your clinic team is there to support you.

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A is a powerful tool, but it has limitations. It cannot detect all genetic disorders, and it does not guarantee a healthy baby. The test may also have false positives or negatives, though these are rare. Your counselor can explain the accuracy of the test and what it can and cannot tell you.

    Costs and Logistics in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, you will need to discuss costs, timelines, and laboratory arrangements with your clinic. These details vary by clinic and are not publicly standardized. Ask for a clear breakdown of fees and what is included.

    Conclusion

    Understanding your PGT-A results is a key step in your IVF journey. Whether your embryo is normal, mosaic, or abnormal, you have options and support. Take time to ask questions, seek clarity, and make a decision that feels right for you.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a mosaic PGT-A result mean?

    A mosaic result means the embryo has a mix of cells with normal and abnormal chromosomes. The percentage of abnormal cells can vary. Mosaic embryos may still implant and develop, but the outcome is less predictable than with a normal embryo. Your genetic counselor can explain the specific percentage and what it may mean for your transfer decision.

    Can an abnormal PGT-A embryo ever be transferred?

    In most cases, abnormal embryos are not recommended for transfer because they are less likely to implant or may lead to miscarriage. However, the decision depends on the specific chromosome abnormality and your individual situation. Discuss all options with your genetic counselor and fertility specialist.

    Does a normal PGT-A result guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. A normal PGT-A result means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes in the tested cells, but it does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a healthy baby. Other factors, such as embryo quality and uterine environment, also play a role.

    How long does it take to get PGT-A results in Thailand?

    The time to receive PGT-A results can vary by clinic and laboratory. Typically, it may take several days to a few weeks. Your clinic will provide a specific timeline based on their procedures.

    Is PGT-A recommended for everyone?

    No. PGT-A is not a routine test for all IVF patients. Your clinic may recommend it based on your age, medical history, or previous IVF outcomes. Discuss with your doctor whether PGT-A is appropriate for you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: How to Choose the Right Genetic Test for IVF

    PGT-A vs PGT-M: A Quick Orientation

    If you are planning IVF in Thailand and have been offered preimplantation genetic testing, you may be weighing two common options: PGT-A and PGT-M. Both tests are performed on embryos created through IVF, but they answer different questions. PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), which is more common with advanced maternal age. PGT-M looks for a specific single-gene disorder that one or both parents are known to carry. Your choice depends on your medical history, your reason for testing, and what you hope to learn before embryo transfer.

    This guide explains the purpose, process, and practical considerations of each test, and helps you frame the right questions for your fertility clinic in Thailand.

    At a Glance: Key Differences

    • PGT-A checks for chromosomal abnormalities (too many or too few chromosomes). It is often recommended for women of advanced maternal age, repeated implantation failure, or recurrent miscarriage.
    • PGT-M tests for a specific inherited genetic condition, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia, when both partners are known carriers or have a family history.
    • PGT-SR (not the focus here) screens for structural rearrangements like translocations, which can affect chromosome pairing.
    • Both tests require IVF, embryo biopsy, and genetic analysis. The process and timeline are similar, but the laboratory techniques differ.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a screening test. It counts the number of chromosomes in each embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). An embryo with an abnormal number—such as an extra chromosome 21 (Down syndrome) or a missing chromosome—is considered aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or miscarry, and some can lead to a live birth with a chromosomal condition.

    PGT-A is often offered to patients who are at higher risk of producing aneuploid embryos, including women over 35, those with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, or repeated failed IVF cycles. It can also be used to select a single embryo for transfer, reducing the chance of multiple pregnancy.

    It is important to note that PGT-A does not guarantee a healthy baby. It only screens for common chromosomal abnormalities; it does not detect all genetic disorders, and it cannot identify every cause of miscarriage or implantation failure.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is a diagnostic test for a specific single-gene disease. It is used when one or both partners are known carriers of a genetic condition, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, or thalassemia. The test identifies embryos that carry the disease-causing mutation, allowing the transfer of embryos that are unaffected.

    PGT-M requires prior knowledge of the exact genetic mutation in the family. This is usually established through carrier screening or genetic testing of an affected family member. The test is highly specific: it looks for that particular mutation, not for other genetic issues.

    PGT-M is not a general health screen. It does not assess chromosome number (that would be PGT-A) and it does not detect all possible genetic conditions. It is a targeted test for a known risk.

    How Are the Tests Performed?

    Both PGT-A and PGT-M follow a similar IVF pathway:

    1. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval – You undergo standard IVF to produce embryos.
    2. Embryo culture – Embryos are grown in the laboratory for about five to six days, until they reach the blastocyst stage.
    3. Biopsy – A few cells are removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm), which will become the placenta. The embryo itself is not harmed.
    4. Genetic analysis – The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory. For PGT-A, the chromosomes are counted. For PGT-M, the specific gene is analyzed.
    5. Freezing and transfer – While waiting for results, embryos are frozen. Once results are available, a healthy embryo (if any) is selected for transfer in a later cycle.

    The biopsy and freezing process is similar for both tests. The main difference is the type of genetic analysis performed. Some clinics may offer combined testing (PGT-A plus PGT-M) if you have both chromosomal and single-gene concerns, but this is not always necessary.

    Which Test Is Right for You?

    Your choice depends on your medical history and the reason for testing. Here are some general scenarios:

    • Advanced maternal age (typically over 35) – PGT-A may be offered to screen for chromosomal abnormalities, as the risk of aneuploidy increases with age.
    • Known carrier of a single-gene disorder – PGT-M is the appropriate test to avoid passing on that specific condition.
    • Both partners are carriers of the same autosomal recessive condition – PGT-M is strongly indicated.
    • History of recurrent miscarriage or implantation failure – PGT-A may be considered to rule out chromosomal causes, but it is not a guarantee of success.
    • Family history of a chromosomal structural rearrangement – PGT-SR (not covered in detail here) may be recommended.

    It is possible to have both PGT-A and PGT-M in the same cycle if you have both indications. Your fertility specialist and genetic counselor can help you decide based on your specific situation.

    Cost and Time Considerations

    The cost of PGT-A and PGT-M varies widely between clinics in Thailand and depends on the number of embryos tested, the laboratory used, and whether you combine tests. PGT-M is generally more expensive than PGT-A because it requires developing a customized test for your specific mutation, which involves additional laboratory work and sometimes a prior “work-up” using a blood sample from you and your partner.

    Time is also a factor. PGT-A results typically take about a week, while PGT-M may take longer, especially if a custom test needs to be developed. This can affect your IVF cycle timeline, as embryos are frozen while you wait.

    Because costs and timelines are not standardized, it is essential to ask your clinic for a detailed breakdown before you commit. Confirm what is included in the quoted price, such as biopsy, genetic analysis, freezing, and any additional consultations.

    Limitations and Risks

    No genetic test is perfect. Both PGT-A and PGT-M have limitations:

    • Mosaicism – Embryos may have a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A may not always detect this, and the clinical significance is still being studied.
    • False results – There is a small risk of a false positive or false negative, though modern techniques are highly accurate.
    • Embryo damage – Biopsy carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, though this is rare in experienced hands.
    • Not a guarantee – A “normal” embryo may still fail to implant or miscarry for other reasons. PGT does not guarantee a live birth.

    It is also important to understand that PGT-A does not screen for all genetic disorders, and PGT-M only looks for the specific mutation you are testing for. Neither test can predict the health of a future child beyond the tested conditions.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic in Thailand

    Before deciding, ask your fertility clinic these questions:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A and PGT-M? How many cycles have you performed?
    • Which genetics laboratory do you use, and what is their accreditation?
    • What is the exact cost for PGT-A and PGT-M, including biopsy, analysis, and freezing?
    • How long will it take to get results, and how does that affect my treatment timeline?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling to help interpret results?
    • What are the success rates for embryo transfer after PGT in your clinic? (Ask for their own data, not general statistics.)
    • What happens if no embryos are suitable for transfer?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-A or PGT-M in Thailand, start by gathering your medical records, including any genetic test results or family history. Then, schedule a consultation with a fertility specialist who can review your case and recommend the most appropriate testing strategy. You may also want to speak with a genetic counselor to understand the implications of your results.

    Remember, the choice between PGT-A and PGT-M is not about which test is “better” overall, but which test addresses your specific medical needs. Take your time, ask questions, and make an informed decision with your healthcare team.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also explore our other guides and check the FAQ section for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I have both PGT-A and PGT-M in the same IVF cycle?

    Yes, it is possible to combine PGT-A and PGT-M in the same cycle. This is done when you have both chromosomal and single-gene concerns. The biopsy process is the same, but the genetic analysis will include both chromosome counting and specific gene testing. This may increase the cost and time for results, so discuss the details with your clinic.

    Is PGT-A necessary for all IVF patients?

    No, PGT-A is not necessary for everyone. It is typically recommended for patients with advanced maternal age, a history of recurrent miscarriage, or repeated implantation failure. For younger patients with no known genetic issues, PGT-A may not be needed. Your doctor will advise based on your individual circumstances.

    How accurate are PGT-A and PGT-M?

    Both tests are highly accurate, but they are not infallible. PGT-A has a small risk of false results due to mosaicism or technical errors. PGT-M is very accurate for the specific mutation tested, but it does not detect other genetic conditions. Discuss the accuracy and limitations with your clinic and genetic counselor.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT does not guarantee a healthy baby. It reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain chromosomal abnormalities or specific genetic disorders, but it cannot prevent all birth defects or health issues. Many factors affect pregnancy outcome, including embryo quality, uterine environment, and overall health.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-SR is used when one parent has a structural rearrangement of chromosomes, such as a translocation. PGT-SR identifies embryos with unbalanced chromosome arrangements that could lead to miscarriage or birth defects. It is a different test with a different purpose.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Turnaround Time in Thailand: What to Expect

    PGT-A Turnaround Time: An Overview

    If you are planning or have recently undergone preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, you likely want to know how long it will take to receive results. The waiting period can influence your embryo transfer schedule and overall treatment timeline. While exact times vary by clinic and laboratory, understanding the general process and factors that affect turnaround can help you plan effectively.

    Typically, PGT-A results are available within a few days to a couple of weeks after the biopsy. However, this is not a fixed rule, and several variables can extend or shorten the wait. This guide explains the steps involved, what can affect timing, and how to prepare for the results.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-A Timing

    • PGT-A involves biopsy of a few cells from the embryo, followed by genetic analysis.
    • Turnaround time includes biopsy, shipping, laboratory processing, and reporting.
    • Factors like lab workload, embryo development stage, and shipping logistics can influence timing.
    • Your clinic will provide a specific timeline based on their protocols.

    The PGT-A Process: From Biopsy to Report

    Understanding the steps involved in PGT-A can clarify why results take time. Here is a typical sequence:

    1. Embryo Biopsy: On day 5 or 6 of embryo development, a few cells are removed from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta). This is done in the embryology lab.
    2. Sample Preparation: The biopsied cells are placed in a tube and prepared for shipping.
    3. Shipping to Laboratory: The sample is sent to a genetic testing laboratory, which may be on-site or off-site. If off-site, shipping time can add to the overall wait.
    4. Genetic Analysis: The laboratory amplifies the DNA and analyzes it for chromosomal abnormalities. This step involves complex technology and takes time.
    5. Result Reporting: The lab sends the results to your clinic, which then interprets them and communicates with you.

    Each step has its own duration, and delays can occur at any point.

    Factors That Can Affect PGT-A Turnaround Time

    Several factors can influence how long you wait for PGT-A results:

    • Laboratory Workload: High volume at the testing lab can lead to longer processing times.
    • Embryo Development: Embryos that reach the blastocyst stage later may be biopsied later, shifting the timeline.
    • Shipping Logistics: If the lab is in another city or country, shipping time and customs clearance can add days.
    • Testing Platform: Different genetic testing methods may have different processing times.
    • Clinic Communication: How quickly your clinic reviews and relays results can affect when you learn the outcome.

    Because these variables are not always predictable, it is best to ask your clinic for an estimated range rather than a single day.

    How PGT-A Results Impact Embryo Transfer Planning

    PGT-A results help identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which can improve the chances of implantation and reduce the risk of miscarriage. However, the waiting period can affect your transfer cycle:

    • Fresh vs. Frozen Transfer: If you plan a fresh transfer, PGT-A results may not be ready before the optimal transfer window. Many patients opt for a frozen embryo transfer (FET) in a subsequent cycle to allow time for testing.
    • Cycle Scheduling: Your clinic will coordinate the transfer with your menstrual cycle, which may be delayed to accommodate the results.
    • Emotional Preparation: Waiting for results can be stressful. Knowing the timeline can help you manage expectations.

    Discuss with your doctor whether a fresh or frozen transfer is recommended based on your situation and the expected turnaround time.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About PGT-A Logistics

    To get a clear picture of your timeline, consider asking these questions:

    • How long does PGT-A typically take from biopsy to results at your clinic?
    • Is the genetic testing done on-site or at an external laboratory? If external, where is it located?
    • What is the shipping process, and how long does it usually take?
    • Are there any factors that could delay results, such as holidays or lab closures?
    • How will I be notified of the results, and who will explain them to me?
    • Will the results affect my transfer plan, and when can we schedule the transfer?

    Clear communication with your clinic can reduce uncertainty and help you plan your next steps.

    Next Steps: Preparing for Your PGT-A Results

    While you wait, you can take practical steps to stay informed and ready:

    • Confirm your clinic’s contact method for results and ask about their typical response time.
    • Ask if you can receive a copy of the genetic report for your records.
    • Plan a follow-up appointment to discuss the results and their implications.
    • Consider speaking with a genetic counselor if you have questions about the results.

    Remember that PGT-A is a screening tool, not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. It provides valuable information, but other factors also influence success.

    Conclusion

    PGT-A turnaround time in Thailand can vary, but understanding the process and asking the right questions can help you plan. While waiting, focus on self-care and maintain open communication with your clinic. For more information on PGT in Thailand, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, visit our guides section, or check our FAQ page.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does PGT-A take in Thailand?

    The turnaround time for PGT-A in Thailand typically ranges from a few days to two weeks, depending on the clinic and laboratory. Factors such as lab workload, shipping, and testing methods can affect the exact duration. Your clinic will provide a more specific estimate.

    Can PGT-A results be ready for a fresh embryo transfer?

    In some cases, PGT-A results may be available within the window for a fresh transfer, but often the timing is tight. Many patients choose a frozen embryo transfer to allow sufficient time for testing and to plan the transfer cycle more flexibly.

    What factors can delay PGT-A results?

    Delays can occur due to laboratory workload, shipping issues, embryo development timing, or communication between the lab and clinic. Holidays and weekends may also extend the wait.

    Is PGT-A testing done in Thailand or abroad?

    Some clinics in Thailand have on-site genetic laboratories, while others send samples to external labs, possibly in other countries. This can affect turnaround time. Ask your clinic where your samples will be processed.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • IVF for Older Women in Thailand: What to Consider

    If you are over 35 and considering IVF in Thailand, you likely have questions about how age affects your chances and what you can do to improve them. This guide explains the role of age in IVF, the genetic testing options available, and how to approach treatment with realistic expectations. While age is an important factor, it is not the only one, and many women over 35 pursue IVF successfully.

    At a Glance: Key Points for Older Women Considering IVF in Thailand

    • Age affects egg quantity and quality, which can influence IVF outcomes.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) can screen embryos for chromosomal abnormalities, which are more common with older eggs.
    • There is no universal age limit for IVF in Thailand; eligibility is determined by individual health and clinic policies.
    • Success rates vary widely and depend on many factors; no clinic can guarantee a live birth.
    • Ask clinics about their experience with older patients and what support they offer.

    How Age Affects IVF

    As women age, the number and quality of eggs decline. This is a natural process that affects fertility. In IVF, the goal is to retrieve eggs, fertilize them, and transfer a healthy embryo. With older eggs, there is a higher chance of chromosomal abnormalities, which can lead to failed implantation, miscarriage, or genetic conditions.

    However, age is not the only factor. Ovarian reserve, overall health, and lifestyle also play roles. Some women over 40 have good ovarian reserve and respond well to stimulation, while younger women may face challenges. Therefore, it is important to undergo a thorough evaluation before starting IVF.

    What Is PGT-A and How Can It Help?

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a test that screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. It can identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which are more likely to implant and develop into a healthy baby.

    For older women, PGT-A can be particularly useful because the risk of chromosomal abnormalities increases with age. By selecting a chromosomally normal embryo, you may reduce the risk of miscarriage and improve the chances of a successful pregnancy. However, PGT-A is not a guarantee of success, and not all patients need it. Your doctor can help you decide if PGT-A is appropriate based on your age, medical history, and number of embryos.

    Other Genetic Testing Options: PGT-M and PGT-SR

    In addition to PGT-A, there are other types of preimplantation genetic testing:

    • PGT-M (for monogenic disorders) screens for specific genetic diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia, when one or both parents carry a known mutation.
    • PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements) detects chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations, that can cause infertility or miscarriage.

    These tests are not for everyone. They are typically recommended when there is a known genetic risk. If you have concerns about inherited conditions, discuss them with a genetic counselor.

    IVF Age Limits in Thailand: What to Know

    There is no single legal age limit for IVF in Thailand. Each clinic may have its own policies based on medical guidelines and safety considerations. Some clinics may have upper age limits for using your own eggs, while others may offer options like donor eggs or gestational surrogacy (subject to Thai law).

    When researching clinics, ask about their age policies and what options they offer for older women. Be prepared to undergo a comprehensive medical evaluation to assess your health and suitability for treatment.

    Setting Realistic Expectations

    It is natural to hope for the best, but it is also important to understand the realities of IVF at an older age. Success rates decline with age, but many women do achieve pregnancy. However, no clinic can guarantee a live birth. Factors that influence success include:

    • Age and ovarian reserve
    • Number and quality of embryos
    • Uterine health
    • Lifestyle factors such as smoking, weight, and stress

    Ask your clinic for their success rates for women in your age group, but remember that these are statistics, not predictions for your individual case.

    Questions to Ask a Clinic

    When you consult with a clinic, consider asking:

    • What is your experience with IVF for women over 35 or 40?
    • What tests do you recommend to assess my ovarian reserve and overall health?
    • Do you offer PGT-A? What are the costs and benefits?
    • What is your policy on age limits for using my own eggs?
    • What support services do you offer, such as counseling or nutritional advice?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Research clinics in Thailand that specialize in IVF for older women.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your medical history and get personalized advice.
    3. Ask about genetic testing options and whether they are recommended for you.
    4. Clarify all costs, including medications, tests, and procedures.
    5. Consider your emotional and financial readiness for the process.

    IVF is a personal journey, and being well-informed can help you make confident decisions. Take your time, ask questions, and choose a clinic that makes you feel supported.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is there an age limit for IVF in Thailand?

    There is no universal legal age limit for IVF in Thailand. Each clinic may have its own policies based on medical guidelines and safety. Some clinics may have upper age limits for using your own eggs, while others may offer alternatives like donor eggs. It is best to ask clinics directly about their age policies.

    What is PGT-A and is it necessary for older women?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. It can be helpful for older women because the risk of chromosomal abnormalities increases with age. However, it is not necessary for everyone. Your doctor can recommend it based on your age, medical history, and embryo count.

    Can I use my own eggs for IVF if I am over 40?

    Many women over 40 use their own eggs for IVF, but success depends on egg quality and quantity. Some clinics may recommend donor eggs if the chances with your own eggs are very low. A fertility specialist can assess your ovarian reserve and discuss your options.

    What are the success rates for IVF in women over 40 in Thailand?

    Success rates vary widely and depend on many factors, including age, ovarian reserve, and embryo quality. No clinic can guarantee a live birth. When consulting a clinic, ask for their success rates for women in your age group, but remember that these are statistics, not predictions for your individual case.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Is PGT-A and Why Is It Used in IVF?

    PGT-A at a glance

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. It is a test that can be performed on embryos created through IVF before a pregnancy is established. The purpose is to check whether the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. A normal human embryo should have 46 chromosomes. An embryo with missing or extra chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos do not implant or result in a miscarriage, but some can lead to conditions such as Down syndrome.

    PGT-A is not a routine test for every IVF patient. It is offered as an optional screening tool to help select embryos that are more likely to be chromosomally normal. It does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby, and it does not test for all genetic conditions.

    What does PGT-A screen for?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes, known as aneuploidy. This includes conditions where there is an extra chromosome, such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), or a missing chromosome, such as Turner syndrome. It also detects larger structural changes in chromosomes, such as deletions or duplications, depending on the technology used.

    It is important to understand that PGT-A does not test for single-gene disorders like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. Those require a different test called PGT-M.

    How is PGT-A different from PGT-M?

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation that could cause a specific inherited disease. PGT-M looks for that exact mutation in the embryo. PGT-A, on the other hand, is a broader screening test that checks chromosome number, not specific genes.

    In some cases, embryos may be tested with both PGT-A and PGT-M. This is done when a couple has a known genetic condition and also wants to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. The two tests serve different purposes and are often used together.

    Why is PGT-A used in IVF?

    PGT-A is used for several reasons, depending on the patient’s history and age. Common reasons include:

    • Advanced maternal age, as the risk of aneuploidy increases with age.
    • Previous miscarriage, especially if it was due to a chromosomal abnormality.
    • Repeated implantation failure, where embryos do not implant after several IVF attempts.
    • Severe male factor infertility, which may be associated with higher rates of aneuploidy.
    • To reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality.

    It is important to note that PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. Some professional guidelines suggest that it may not improve live birth rates for all age groups. Your fertility specialist can help you understand whether PGT-A is appropriate for your situation.

    What do PGT-A results mean?

    PGT-A results are typically reported as:

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. This is considered a normal result.
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes. This embryo is less likely to implant or develop normally.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance is uncertain, and the embryo may or may not develop normally.
    • No result: The test failed to produce a result, which can happen for technical reasons.

    It is essential to discuss your results with a genetic counselor or your fertility doctor. They can explain what the results mean for your specific embryos and your chances of a successful pregnancy.

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A has limitations that you should be aware of:

    • It does not guarantee a live birth or a healthy baby.
    • It cannot detect all genetic conditions, such as single-gene disorders or structural abnormalities that are not related to chromosome number.
    • It may not detect all cases of mosaicism, and the clinical impact of mosaicism is still being studied.
    • The biopsy procedure itself carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, although this is rare.
    • PGT-A is an additional cost and may not be covered by insurance.

    Because of these limitations, PGT-A should be considered as one tool in the IVF process, not a guarantee.

    Alternatives to PGT-A

    If you are considering PGT-A, there are alternatives to discuss with your doctor:

    • No testing: You may choose to transfer embryos without genetic screening, relying on embryo morphology (appearance) and other factors.
    • PGT-M: If you have a known genetic condition, PGT-M may be more appropriate.
    • Prenatal testing: You can opt for screening or diagnostic tests during pregnancy, such as non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) or amniocentesis.

    Each option has its own benefits and risks. Your doctor can help you weigh them based on your medical history and preferences.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    If you are considering PGT-A, here are some questions to ask your fertility clinic:

    • What is the cost of PGT-A, and what does it include?
    • How many embryos are typically biopsied, and what is the success rate of the biopsy?
    • How long does it take to get results?
    • What is your policy on mosaic embryos?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling as part of the process?

    Next steps

    If you are exploring PGT-A, consider these steps:

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to review your medical history and determine if PGT-A is appropriate.
    2. Ask about the laboratory that will perform the testing and their accreditation.
    3. Discuss the costs and whether any part is covered by insurance.
    4. Consider genetic counseling to understand the implications of results.

    For more information, you can explore our PGT in Thailand guide, visit our guides section, or check our FAQ page.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A the same as PGS?

    PGT-A was formerly known as PGS (preimplantation genetic screening). The name was changed to PGT-A to clarify that it screens for aneuploidy, not specific genetic disorders.

    Does PGT-A improve IVF success rates?

    PGT-A may help select embryos that are more likely to be chromosomally normal, which could reduce the risk of miscarriage and failed implantation. However, it does not guarantee a live birth, and its impact on overall success rates is still debated. Discuss your individual situation with your doctor.

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic abnormalities?

    No. PGT-A only screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It does not detect single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, or small structural changes. For those, PGT-M or other tests are needed.

    Is PGT-A safe for the embryo?

    PGT-A requires a biopsy of a few cells from the embryo. This is generally considered safe, but there is a small risk of embryo damage. The procedure is performed by experienced embryologists to minimize risks.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M: Key Questions for Your First Consultation

    Understanding PGT-A and PGT-M

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used to screen embryos created through IVF for genetic or chromosomal issues before transfer. Two common types are PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) and PGT-M (monogenic disorder testing). PGT-A checks for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, while PGT-M looks for specific inherited genetic conditions. Knowing the difference helps you ask the right questions during your first consultation.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs. PGT-M

    • PGT-A: Screens for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) that may affect implantation or lead to miscarriage.
    • PGT-M: Tests for specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease, when one or both parents carry a known mutation.
    • PGT-SR: A related test for structural rearrangements like translocations, often grouped with PGT-A.

    Why the First Consultation Matters

    The first consultation is your opportunity to understand whether PGT is appropriate for your situation, what the process involves, and what outcomes you might expect. It is not a commitment to treatment but a chance to gather information and make an informed decision.

    Key Questions to Ask About PGT-A

    • What is the purpose of PGT-A, and what does it screen for?
    • How does PGT-A affect the chances of a successful pregnancy?
    • What are the limitations of PGT-A? (e.g., it cannot detect all genetic disorders)
    • Are there alternatives to PGT-A, such as non-invasive screening?

    Key Questions to Ask About PGT-M

    • Which specific genetic condition are we testing for, and is the test validated for that condition?
    • How is the genetic mutation identified in the parents?
    • What is the accuracy of PGT-M for our specific mutation?
    • Are there any limitations or risks associated with PGT-M?

    General Questions for PGT in Thailand

    • What is the overall process for PGT in Thailand, from initial consultation to embryo transfer?
    • What are the legal and ethical considerations for PGT in Thailand?
    • What are the costs involved, and what does the fee include?
    • What is the timeline for the entire process?
    • What support services are available for international patients?

    Preparing for Your Consultation

    Before your consultation, gather relevant medical records, including any genetic test results, family history, and previous IVF cycles. Write down your questions and bring a notebook to take notes. Consider whether you want to involve a genetic counselor in the discussion.

    Decision-Making Steps

    1. Review your medical history and genetic background.
    2. Understand the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M.
    3. Ask your doctor which test, if any, is recommended for your situation.
    4. Discuss the risks, benefits, and limitations.
    5. Consider alternatives, such as prenatal testing or using donor gametes.
    6. Make a decision based on your values and medical advice.

    Next Steps

    After your consultation, take time to reflect on the information. If you have further questions, do not hesitate to contact the clinic. You may also want to explore our PGT in Thailand guide for more details, or visit our guides and FAQ sections for additional resources.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the main difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for abnormal numbers of chromosomes (aneuploidy), which can affect implantation or lead to miscarriage. PGT-M tests for specific inherited single-gene disorders when parents carry a known mutation.

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic disorders?

    No, PGT-A only checks for chromosomal abnormalities, not single-gene disorders. For specific inherited conditions, PGT-M is needed.

    Is PGT mandatory for all IVF patients?

    No, PGT is not mandatory. It is recommended based on individual factors such as maternal age, family history, or previous pregnancy losses. Your doctor can advise if it is appropriate for you.

    What questions should I ask about PGT in Thailand?

    Ask about the process, legal considerations, costs, timeline, and support for international patients. Also, ask about the clinic's experience with PGT and success rates, though note that success rates vary.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Turnaround Time: What Can Delay an Embryo Transfer Plan?

    Understanding PGT-A and Its Role in Your IVF Timeline

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a screening test that checks embryos for abnormal numbers of chromosomes. It is often used to help select embryos with the best chance of implanting and developing. However, the testing process takes time, and this can affect when you can plan your embryo transfer. This guide explains the typical steps, what can cause delays, and how to plan your transfer in Thailand with realistic expectations.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-A Timing

    • PGT-A involves a biopsy, genetic analysis, and reporting, each with its own time frame.
    • Delays can come from lab scheduling, embryo development, or the need for additional testing.
    • Your clinic will provide a personalized timeline based on your specific situation.
    • Planning ahead and asking the right questions can help you manage expectations.

    How PGT-A Works: From Biopsy to Report

    PGT-A is performed on embryos created through IVF. On about day 5 or 6 of development, a few cells are removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm). These cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The embryos are then frozen while you wait for the results.

    The genetic analysis looks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with the expected number are considered “euploid” and are usually prioritized for transfer. Those with missing or extra chromosomes are “aneuploid” and are typically not used. The entire process—from biopsy to final report—can take several days to a few weeks, depending on the laboratory and the specific tests used.

    What Can Delay Your Embryo Transfer Plan?

    Several factors can extend the time between biopsy and transfer. Understanding these can help you plan more effectively.

    Laboratory Scheduling and Workflow

    Genetic testing is often done in batches. A lab may run tests on specific days of the week, so the timing of your biopsy relative to the lab’s schedule can affect when results are ready. Some labs also have higher workloads, which can add days to the turnaround.

    Embryo Development and Biopsy Timing

    Not all embryos reach the blastocyst stage at the same time. If your embryos are slower to develop, the biopsy may be delayed, which pushes back the entire timeline. In some cases, embryos may need to be re-biopsied if the first sample is insufficient, adding more time.

    Need for Additional Testing

    Sometimes, the initial test results are inconclusive, or the lab may recommend additional testing, such as a repeat biopsy or a different genetic test. This can add several days or weeks to the process.

    Coordination Between IVF Lab and Genetics Lab

    If your IVF clinic uses an external genetics laboratory, shipping and communication can introduce delays. Even with efficient logistics, there is always a possibility of unexpected hold-ups.

    Your Own Health and Cycle Timing

    Your body’s readiness for transfer is also a factor. If you need to prepare your uterine lining with medication, that takes time. If you have any health issues that need to be addressed first, that can also delay the transfer.

    Typical Timeline: What to Expect

    While exact times vary, a common sequence is:

    1. IVF and embryo culture: About 5-6 days after egg retrieval.
    2. Biopsy: Performed on day 5 or 6.
    3. Genetic analysis: Usually takes 5-14 days, but can be longer.
    4. Report and counseling: Your clinic will discuss results with you.
    5. Frozen embryo transfer: Scheduled after your next menstrual cycle or when your body is ready.

    In total, from biopsy to transfer, you might expect a wait of several weeks. However, this is only a general guide—your clinic will give you a more precise estimate.

    Planning Your Embryo Transfer in Thailand: Key Considerations

    If you are considering embryo transfer in Thailand, timing is a major part of your planning. Here are some points to discuss with your clinic:

    • Ask about their typical PGT-A turnaround time. This includes biopsy to report.
    • Inquire about lab scheduling. Are there specific days when tests are run?
    • Understand the full timeline. From egg retrieval to transfer, what is the expected range?
    • Discuss your travel plans. If you are traveling to Thailand, you may need to plan for a longer stay or multiple trips.
    • Ask about communication. How will you receive results, and when can you have a counseling session?

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About PGT-A Timing

    To avoid surprises, consider asking these questions:

    • What is your average time from biopsy to PGT-A report?
    • Do you use an in-house lab or an external one? How does that affect timing?
    • What happens if the first biopsy is inconclusive?
    • How soon after the report can I schedule my frozen embryo transfer?
    • Are there any factors that commonly cause delays in your practice?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist for Planning

    • Confirm your clinic’s PGT-A process and estimated timeline.
    • Plan your travel and accommodation with buffer time for potential delays.
    • Arrange for genetic counseling to understand your results.
    • Discuss your transfer preparation plan with your doctor.
    • Keep open communication with your clinic for updates.

    Conclusion

    PGT-A can be a valuable tool, but it requires patience. By understanding the steps and potential delays, you can better plan your embryo transfer in Thailand. Always work closely with your clinic to get a personalized timeline and to address any questions you have along the way.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does PGT-A testing usually take?

    PGT-A testing typically takes about 5 to 14 days from biopsy to final report, but it can vary depending on the laboratory and the specific circumstances. Your clinic will provide a more precise estimate based on your situation.

    Can I have a fresh embryo transfer after PGT-A?

    No, PGT-A requires freezing the embryos while the genetic analysis is performed. A frozen embryo transfer is scheduled after the results are available and your body is ready.

    What can cause a delay in PGT-A results?

    Delays can occur due to laboratory scheduling, slower embryo development, the need for additional testing, or coordination issues between the IVF clinic and the genetics lab. Your clinic can give you more specific information.

    How should I plan my travel to Thailand for embryo transfer?

    Plan for a stay that accommodates the entire process, including potential delays. Discuss the expected timeline with your clinic and consider booking flexible travel arrangements.

    Is PGT-A necessary for everyone?

    No, PGT-A is not necessary for all patients. It is often recommended for certain situations, such as advanced maternal age or recurrent pregnancy loss. Your doctor can advise whether it is appropriate for you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT IVF Success Rates in Thailand: A Patient Guide

    PGT and IVF Success: What Does the Research Show?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is an add-on to IVF that screens embryos for genetic or chromosomal issues before transfer. While PGT can help select embryos with a higher chance of implantation, it does not guarantee pregnancy or live birth. Success rates depend on many factors, including maternal age, embryo quality, and the specific genetic condition being tested.

    In Thailand, many fertility centers offer PGT-A (aneuploidy screening), PGT-M (monogenic disorders), and PGT-SR (structural rearrangements). However, published success rates vary widely, and not all clinics report outcomes consistently. This guide explains what PGT can and cannot do, and how to evaluate success rates when comparing clinics.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT Success

    • PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities; it may reduce miscarriage risk but does not improve overall live birth rates for all patients.
    • PGT-M is used to avoid specific inherited diseases; success depends on the accuracy of the genetic test and embryo quality.
    • PGT-SR helps identify embryos with balanced chromosomal rearrangements; live birth rates vary by rearrangement type.
    • Success rates are influenced by maternal age, number of embryos, and laboratory quality.
    • No test can guarantee a healthy baby; PGT is a tool, not a promise.

    What Is PGT and How Does It Work?

    PGT involves taking a few cells from a day-5 or day-6 embryo (blastocyst) and analyzing them for genetic or chromosomal issues. The embryo is then frozen while the results are pending. Only embryos that appear normal are considered for transfer.

    There are three main types:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening): checks for extra or missing chromosomes, which are common causes of implantation failure and miscarriage.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders): tests for specific single-gene diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements): detects unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, which can lead to miscarriage or birth defects.

    Each type has its own limitations. For example, PGT-A cannot detect all chromosomal abnormalities, and PGT-M requires a customized test for each family’s mutation.

    Success Rates: What Do They Mean?

    Success rates are usually reported as live birth per embryo transfer or per cycle. However, these numbers can be misleading if you don’t know the denominator. For instance, a clinic may report high success rates per transfer but exclude cycles where no embryos were available for transfer.

    When comparing clinics, ask for:

    • Live birth rate per started cycle (includes all cycles, even those that don’t reach transfer)
    • Live birth rate per embryo transfer (only cycles with a transfer)
    • Miscarriage rate after PGT
    • Number of cycles performed (larger numbers are more reliable)

    Also consider the patient population. A clinic that treats younger patients will naturally have higher success rates. Ask for age-stratified data if possible.

    Factors That Influence PGT Success in Thailand

    Several factors affect your chances of success with PGT in Thailand:

    • Maternal age: Younger women typically produce more chromosomally normal embryos.
    • Number of embryos: The more embryos you have, the higher the chance of finding a normal one.
    • Embryo quality: Even a genetically normal embryo may not implant if it is of poor quality.
    • Laboratory standards: The accuracy of PGT depends on the lab’s experience and technology.
    • Genetic condition: For PGT-M, the test must be highly accurate for your specific mutation.

    These factors are not unique to Thailand, but they are important to discuss with your clinic.

    How to Interpret Clinic-Reported Success Rates

    When you see a success rate, ask yourself:

    • Is this rate for PGT-A, PGT-M, or PGT-SR? They are not the same.
    • What is the patient age range?
    • Is this per cycle, per transfer, or per embryo?
    • How many cycles were included?

    Be cautious of rates that seem too high. No clinic can guarantee a live birth. Also, remember that PGT does not improve the quality of your eggs or embryos; it only helps select among what you have.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before choosing a clinic for PGT in Thailand, consider asking:

    • What is your live birth rate per cycle for patients in my age group?
    • How many PGT cycles do you perform per year?
    • What is your embryo biopsy success rate (i.e., how often do embryos survive the biopsy)?
    • Do you use next-generation sequencing (NGS) for PGT-A?
    • How do you handle embryos with no result or mosaic results?
    • What are the additional costs for PGT, and are there any hidden fees?

    These questions can help you compare clinics on a like-for-like basis.

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, follow these steps:

    1. Research clinics that offer PGT and have experience with your specific situation.
    2. Request a consultation to discuss your medical history and whether PGT is appropriate.
    3. Ask for success rates in writing, and clarify how they are calculated.
    4. Consider genetic counseling to understand the limitations and risks of PGT.
    5. Review the costs and logistics, including travel and accommodation if you are coming from abroad.

    Remember, PGT is not for everyone. Your doctor can help you decide if it is likely to benefit you.

    Conclusion

    PGT can be a valuable tool in IVF, but success rates in Thailand vary by clinic and patient. By understanding what PGT can and cannot do, and by asking the right questions, you can make a more informed decision. Always consult with a qualified fertility specialist to discuss your individual chances.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the success rate of PGT-A in Thailand?

    Success rates for PGT-A vary by clinic and patient age. There is no single national rate. Ask clinics for their live birth rate per cycle for your age group, and note that PGT-A does not guarantee a live birth.

    Does PGT-M improve IVF success rates?

    PGT-M is designed to avoid specific genetic diseases, not necessarily to improve overall success rates. Its success depends on the accuracy of the test and the number of healthy embryos available.

    Are PGT success rates higher in Bangkok clinics?

    Some Bangkok clinics may report higher success rates, but this can be due to patient selection or reporting methods. Compare clinics using consistent criteria, such as live birth per cycle for your age group.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain genetic or chromosomal issues, but it cannot eliminate all risks. Miscarriage and birth defects can still occur.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.