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  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand: A Patient Guide to Understanding Your Results

    If you have just received a PGT-A report from a laboratory in Thailand, the first thing to know is that the report is a technical document, not a verdict. It describes what the laboratory observed in the small number of cells it sampled from each embryo. Turning those observations into a decision for your treatment requires your fertility doctor, and often a genetic counsellor, to place the result alongside your age, your history, the number of embryos available and your own priorities. This guide explains the common result categories in plain language and suggests questions you can bring to your care team. It is general education, not medical advice, and it cannot tell you what any specific result means for you.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number, not at specific gene mutations.
    • Reports usually sort embryos into categories such as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic or inconclusive.
    • “Euploid” is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child, and “aneuploid” is not always a simple yes-or-no answer.
    • Mosaic results sit in a grey zone and are often the hardest to interpret.
    • Your clinic’s own policies, your history and your preferences all shape what happens next.

    What PGT-A actually tests

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a laboratory test performed on a few cells taken from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage. The test estimates whether the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes, or whether there appear to be extra or missing chromosomes. A typical human embryo has 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. When the number is different, the condition is called aneuploidy.

    PGT-A is different from PGT-M, which looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in a family, and from PGT-SR, which looks at chromosome rearrangements such as translocations. If your report mentions PGT-A, it is focused on chromosome number rather than a named gene. Some clinics combine tests, so it is worth checking which test or tests were actually run on your embryos.

    It also helps to remember what PGT-A is not. It is not a full genome screen, it does not predict intelligence, appearance or most adult-onset conditions, and it cannot confirm that an embryo will implant, grow normally or result in a healthy baby. It is one piece of information among many.

    Why results can be difficult to read

    Embryos are not uniform, and the cells sampled for testing are a tiny fraction of the whole embryo. A few practical points explain much of the confusion patients feel when they open a report:

    • Sampling is limited. The lab works with a small number of cells, so the result is an estimate rather than a complete picture of every cell in the embryo.
    • Some embryos are mosaic. That means the sampled cells are not all the same, with some appearing to have the expected chromosome number and others not.
    • Technical factors matter. Sample quality, the laboratory’s platform and its thresholds for calling a result can all influence how a finding is reported.
    • Reports use different wording. Two laboratories may describe similar findings with different labels or thresholds, which is one reason comparing reports from different clinics can be misleading.

    Because of these factors, a result that looks alarming on paper may be discussed quite differently in a consultation, and a result that looks reassuring still carries uncertainty.

    Common PGT-A result categories

    The exact wording varies by laboratory, but most reports use a small set of categories. The table below summarises the general meaning of each. It is a starting point for your conversation with your care team, not a substitute for it.

    Category What it generally means Why it needs clinical context
    Euploid The sampled cells showed the expected number of chromosomes. Reduces but does not eliminate the chance of aneuploidy in the rest of the embryo, and does not guarantee implantation or a healthy pregnancy.
    Aneuploid The sampled cells showed an extra or missing chromosome. Some aneuploidies are more serious than others, and the clinical significance depends on which chromosome is involved.
    Mosaic The sampled cells were a mix of euploid and aneuploid patterns. The proportion and type of mosaic cells, and the laboratory’s thresholds, affect how the result is interpreted.
    Inconclusive or no result The laboratory could not produce a reliable reading. This is a technical outcome, not a finding about the embryo itself, and options may include re-biopsy or proceeding without a result.
    Complex or multiple abnormalities More than one chromosome appears affected. These results are usually discussed in detail with a genetic counsellor.

    Some reports also include a percentage or a confidence note. Ask your clinic to walk you through what those numbers mean in their laboratory’s system, because thresholds are not standardised across all labs.

    Understanding mosaic embryo results

    Mosaic results are often the most stressful part of a PGT-A report, partly because the word itself sounds definitive when it is not. In practice, mosaicism exists on a spectrum. A report may describe low-level or high-level mosaicism, or it may simply flag the embryo as mosaic without further detail.

    Several factors shape how a mosaic result is handled:

    • The proportion of cells that appear aneuploid in the sample.
    • Which chromosome or chromosomes are involved.
    • Whether the finding is a full chromosome issue or a smaller segment.
    • The number of other embryos available and their results.
    • Your clinic’s internal policy and the counselling it provides.

    Some clinics may consider transferring certain mosaic embryos after detailed counselling, while others may not. There is no single international rule, and practices differ. If you receive a mosaic result, it is reasonable to ask for a dedicated counselling session rather than deciding in the moment.

    What PGT-A can and cannot tell you

    PGT-A can provide information that some patients and clinicians use when choosing which embryo to transfer first, particularly when several embryos are available. It may also help some patients avoid transferring an embryo with a chromosome pattern that is unlikely to develop.

    What it cannot do is guarantee a live birth, rule out all genetic conditions, predict how a child will develop, or replace prenatal testing later in pregnancy. It also does not improve the quality of any individual embryo; it only provides information about the embryos you already have. For some patients, the information changes decisions. For others, it adds cost and complexity without changing the plan. Whether to use PGT-A at all is a personal decision that depends on your circumstances and should be discussed with your doctor.

    Questions to ask your care team

    Bring your report to your next appointment and consider asking:

    1. Which specific test was run on my embryos, and what does the report’s wording mean in your laboratory?
    2. How many embryos were tested, and what was the result for each one?
    3. For any mosaic result, what proportion of cells was affected, and which chromosome was involved?
    4. What are the clinic’s general practices for transferring embryos with this type of result?
    5. What would happen if we transferred this embryo, and what would happen if we did not?
    6. Are there alternative options, such as further testing, a different embryo, or proceeding without PGT-A for future cycles?
    7. Would a referral to a genetic counsellor be helpful in my case?
    8. What costs are associated with any additional testing or counselling?

    It is also reasonable to ask for the report in writing, in a language you read comfortably, and to request a follow-up conversation if the first explanation was not clear.

    Next steps after receiving your report

    • Save a copy of the full report, including any technical appendix.
    • Write down your questions before the appointment so you do not lose them in the moment.
    • Ask for the result to be explained in the context of your age, history and the number of embryos available.
    • Take notes, or ask whether you may record the consultation.
    • If a mosaic or complex result is involved, ask specifically about counselling.
    • Give yourself time. A PGT-A report rarely requires an immediate decision on the same day.

    You can also review our PGT in Thailand overview, browse the patient guides, or check the frequently asked questions for more background before your appointment.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a euploid PGT-A result mean the embryo is perfect?

    No. A euploid result means the sampled cells showed the expected number of chromosomes, which is generally reassuring. It does not guarantee implantation, a continuing pregnancy or a healthy child, because the test samples only a few cells and cannot assess every aspect of embryo health.

    What does a mosaic embryo result mean for transfer?

    Mosaic means the sampled cells were a mix of euploid and aneuploid patterns. How a mosaic embryo is handled varies between clinics and depends on factors such as the proportion of affected cells and which chromosome is involved. This is usually discussed in a dedicated counselling session rather than decided quickly.

    Can I get a second opinion on my PGT-A report from a Thai lab?

    Many patients ask their treating clinic to review the report again or seek a second clinical opinion. Whether a laboratory will re-analyse a sample depends on its own policies and on whether any sample material remains. Ask your clinic what is possible in your case.

    Is PGT-A required before an IVF transfer in Thailand?

    PGT-A is not universally required, and practices differ between clinics and between patients. Whether it is offered or recommended depends on your medical history, your age, the number of embryos available and your own preferences. Discuss the benefits and limitations with your treating doctor.

    What should I do if my report says inconclusive or no result?

    An inconclusive result is a technical outcome, not a finding about the embryo. Options may include re-biopsy if the embryo is still suitable, transferring without a result, or prioritising other embryos. Ask your clinic which options apply to your situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read a PGT Report from a Thai Laboratory: A Patient Orientation Guide

    If you have just received a PGT laboratory report from a clinic in Thailand, you may be looking at unfamiliar terms, abbreviations and tables. This guide explains the sections you are likely to see, what they generally describe, and which questions to ask your treating clinician. It does not interpret your individual results, and it cannot tell you what any specific finding means for you. PGT reports are clinical documents, and the person best placed to explain yours is the clinician who ordered the test and knows your history.

    At a glance

    • A PGT report usually describes the test performed, the sample, the laboratory method, quality indicators and result categories.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR are different tests with different purposes; the report should state which was used.
    • Result categories are not the same as a diagnosis or a guarantee. They describe what the laboratory observed within the limits of the test.
    • Your clinician combines the report with your clinical context, the embryology record and your preferences.
    • You can ask for a copy of the report, a plain-language explanation and a note of any limitations.

    What a PGT report is, and what it is not

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a laboratory investigation performed on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo during IVF. The report is the laboratory’s record of what it tested and what it observed. It is not a diagnosis of a future child, a prediction of pregnancy, or a guarantee of any outcome. It also does not replace the clinical judgement of your treating team.

    PGT is not required for every patient, and it is not a guarantee of success. Whether PGT is appropriate, which type is used, and how results are acted on are decisions made with your clinician, taking into account your history, the reason for testing and the limits of the technology.

    The main types of PGT you may see named

    Reports often state the type of PGT performed. The three common categories are:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy): looks at the number of chromosomes in the sampled cells, to identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes.
    • PGT-M (monogenic): looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a change in a single gene, usually when a known familial variant is being tested.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement): looks at chromosomes when a parent carries a structural rearrangement, such as a translocation or inversion.

    Each test has a different purpose and different limitations. A report for one type does not answer the questions of another. If the report does not clearly state the type, that is a reasonable first question for your clinician.

    Common sections you may find in a PGT report

    Laboratory report formats vary, but many include the following sections. Use this as a checklist of what to look for, not as a substitute for your clinician’s explanation.

    1. Patient and sample identification

    This section links the report to you and to the embryos tested. It may include your name or an identifier, the clinic, the date of the report, and a list of the embryos or samples with their laboratory identifiers. Check that the identifiers match what your clinic has told you. If anything looks inconsistent, ask your clinic to confirm before drawing conclusions.

    2. Test requested and indication

    This states which PGT was requested and, often, the reason it was requested. The indication matters because it shapes how the result should be read. For example, a PGT-M report is usually interpreted against the specific familial variant being tested, while a PGT-A report is about chromosome number.

    3. Laboratory method and platform

    Reports may describe the technology used, such as the type of sequencing or analysis, the number of cells sampled, and the stage at which the embryo was biopsied. You do not need to master the technical detail, but it is reasonable to ask whether the method used is appropriate for the indication and whether the laboratory participates in external quality assessment.

    4. Quality and technical notes

    Good reports often include notes on sample quality, whether the result was clear or limited, and any technical caveats. Terms such as “no result,” “inconclusive,” “failed amplification” or “low confidence” may appear. These describe the laboratory’s confidence in the analysis, not a judgement about the embryo’s future. Ask your clinician what a quality note means for your specific report.

    5. Result categories per embryo

    This is usually the part patients look at first. Reports commonly group embryos into categories such as:

    • Euploid / normal chromosome number: the laboratory’s analysis did not identify an abnormal chromosome number in the sampled cells.
    • Aneuploid / abnormal chromosome number: the analysis identified an abnormal chromosome number in the sampled cells.
    • Mosaic: the analysis found a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers in the sample. Mosaicism can be reported at different levels, and its interpretation is complex.
    • Inconclusive / no result: the laboratory could not produce a reliable result for that embryo.

    For PGT-M and PGT-SR, categories are usually described in relation to the specific condition or rearrangement being tested, rather than as a simple normal/abnormal label. The wording matters, and your clinician should explain it in the context of your family’s situation.

    6. Interpretation and comments

    Some reports include a laboratory comment or a suggested interpretation. Even when present, this is not a treatment plan. Your clinician integrates the report with the embryology record, your medical history and your priorities. If the report includes a comment you do not understand, write it down and ask for a plain-language explanation.

    7. Limitations and disclaimers

    Most reports include a statement of limitations. Common themes include the small amount of DNA available from a biopsy, the possibility of mosaicism that is not detected, and the fact that PGT does not test for all possible conditions. These limitations are not a sign that something went wrong; they are part of what the test can and cannot do.

    A simple way to read the report without over-interpreting it

    1. Confirm the report belongs to you and to the correct cycle.
    2. Identify which type of PGT was performed and why.
    3. Note the method and any quality or technical notes.
    4. List the result category for each embryo, without deciding what it means.
    5. Write down every term you do not understand.
    6. Bring the report and your questions to your treating clinician before making any decision.

    Questions to ask your treating clinician

    These questions are designed to help you prepare for a conversation, not to replace it.

    • Which type of PGT was performed, and what was the specific reason for it in my case?
    • Can you walk me through each section of this report in plain language?
    • What does the result category for each embryo mean in the context of my history?
    • Were there any quality or technical notes, and how do they affect how much confidence we can place in the result?
    • What are the limitations of this test for my situation?
    • What are the alternatives to using this result as part of my care?
    • What would you recommend as next steps, and what are the trade-offs?
    • Can I have a copy of the full report and any laboratory comments for my records?
    • If I want a second opinion on the laboratory interpretation, how would that work?

    How to prepare for the follow-up conversation

    Before your appointment, gather the report, any embryology updates and a list of your questions. It can help to ask a partner, family member or friend to join, and to take notes. If you prefer, ask whether a summary in your first language can be provided. If you are considering care in Thailand and want to understand how clinics describe their laboratory arrangements, you can review the hospital directory and the PGT in Thailand overview. General planning guidance is available in the guides section, and common questions are collected in the FAQ.

    What this guide does not do

    This guide does not interpret your individual results, recommend a treatment, or tell you whether PGT is right for you. It also does not state prices, legal requirements, success rates or clinic-specific services, because those details vary and must be confirmed directly with your treating clinic or the relevant authority. Use this guide to organise your questions, and rely on your clinician for clinical decisions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I interpret my PGT report on my own?

    You can read the report to identify its sections and prepare questions, but interpreting the result for your situation requires clinical context that only your treating clinician has. Result categories describe laboratory observations within the limits of the test; they are not a diagnosis or a guarantee. Ask your clinician to explain your specific report before you draw conclusions.

    What does it mean if my report says a result is inconclusive or has no result?

    An inconclusive or no-result entry usually means the laboratory could not produce a reliable analysis for that embryo, often because of technical factors such as the amount or quality of the sample. It is not a judgement about the embryo's potential. Ask your clinician what this means for your options and whether any further discussion with the laboratory is possible.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR in a report?

    PGT-A looks at chromosome number, PGT-M looks for a specific inherited single-gene condition, and PGT-SR looks at chromosomes when a parent carries a structural rearrangement. Each has a different purpose and different limitations, so the type stated on your report matters for how the result should be read. Your clinician can explain which type was used and why.

    Should I ask for a copy of the full laboratory report?

    Yes, it is reasonable to ask for a copy of the full report, including any laboratory comments and quality notes, for your records. Having the complete document can help you prepare questions and seek a second opinion if you wish. Your clinic can advise how to request it.

    Does a PGT report guarantee a healthy pregnancy or baby?

    No. PGT is a laboratory investigation with limitations, and it does not test for all possible conditions or guarantee any outcome. It cannot guarantee pregnancy, live birth or child health. Your clinician can explain what the test can and cannot tell you in your specific situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR Compared: Which Test Is Being Discussed for Your Case in Thailand?

    PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR are three types of preimplantation genetic testing. They differ mainly in what they are designed to look for. PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in a family. PGT-SR looks at chromosome rearrangements, such as a balanced translocation, that a parent may carry. None of them is a general “best” test, and none guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy child. Which one is relevant, if any, depends on your medical history, your family history and what your treating clinician recommends.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A — screens for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy) across the embryo’s chromosome set.
    • PGT-M — tests for a known single-gene (monogenic) condition that a family carries.
    • PGT-SR — tests for chromosome structural rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions.
    • All three require an IVF cycle and a biopsy of embryo cells, usually at the blastocyst stage.
    • The right test — or no test — is a clinical decision based on your individual situation, not a menu choice.

    What each test is actually looking at

    It helps to separate the three tests by the question each one tries to answer.

    PGT-A: chromosome number

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. Aneuploidy means an embryo has an extra or missing chromosome. Human embryos commonly have chromosome errors, and the likelihood tends to rise with maternal age, though it can occur at any age. PGT-A is designed to estimate whether an embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. It is a screening test, not a diagnosis of a specific disease, and it does not read the DNA sequence of individual genes.

    PGT-M: a known single-gene condition

    PGT-M stands for preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders. It is used when a family is known to carry a specific inherited condition caused by a change in a single gene — for example, certain inherited blood disorders, cystic fibrosis or other conditions a clinician has identified. PGT-M usually requires prior information about the exact gene change in the family, often confirmed through a blood or saliva sample from one or both parents. Without that information, the laboratory may not be able to build a reliable test.

    PGT-SR: chromosome rearrangements

    PGT-SR stands for preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements. It is relevant when a parent carries a chromosome rearrangement such as a balanced translocation or an inversion. People with a balanced rearrangement are often healthy themselves, but they may have a higher chance of producing embryos with unbalanced chromosome material. PGT-SR is designed to identify those unbalanced embryos. Like PGT-M, it usually depends on knowing the specific rearrangement in advance.

    Side-by-side comparison

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M PGT-SR
    Main purpose Screen for extra or missing chromosomes Test for a known single-gene condition Test for a known chromosome rearrangement
    Typical reason it is discussed Age-related chromosome risk, recurrent implantation failure or recurrent pregnancy loss, at a clinician’s discretion Family history of a specific inherited condition Parent carries a balanced translocation or similar rearrangement
    Information needed beforehand None specific to a gene Details of the family’s gene change Details of the parent’s rearrangement
    What it does not do Does not test for single-gene diseases Does not screen the whole chromosome set Does not test for single-gene diseases
    Result type Screening estimate Targeted result for that condition Targeted result for that rearrangement

    This table is a general orientation only. Real clinical use is more nuanced, and some patients may be offered more than one type of testing, or none.

    Why the right test depends on your history

    There is no single test that fits everyone. The choice — or the decision not to test — usually follows from a few questions:

    • Is there a known inherited condition in the family? If yes, PGT-M may be discussed, and the specific gene change usually needs to be confirmed first.
    • Does either parent carry a chromosome rearrangement? If yes, PGT-SR may be relevant.
    • Is there a history of recurrent pregnancy loss or repeated unsuccessful transfers? A clinician may discuss PGT-A, though evidence and guidelines vary and it is not automatically recommended for everyone.
    • What is the maternal age and overall fertility picture? These factors can influence how a clinician frames the possible benefits and limits of PGT-A.
    • What does the embryology laboratory offer? Not every clinic performs every type of PGT, and referral patterns differ.

    Because these factors interact, the same acronym can mean different things in different consultations. A test that is reasonable for one patient may be unnecessary or unsuitable for another.

    What PGT results can and cannot tell you

    PGT is a laboratory test performed on a small number of cells taken from an embryo. It provides information about those cells, which is used to estimate the status of the embryo. It does not guarantee that an embryo will implant, that a pregnancy will continue, or that a child will be free of all health conditions. It also does not replace prenatal testing or newborn screening, and it cannot detect every possible genetic or chromosomal issue.

    Results are usually reported in categories such as “euploid” (expected chromosome number), “aneuploid” (extra or missing chromosomes), “mosaic” (a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers) or “inconclusive.” How a clinic interprets and acts on these categories can vary, and some results require genetic counselling to understand.

    Alternatives and limitations to keep in mind

    PGT is one option among several. Depending on your situation, alternatives or additions may include:

    • Proceeding with IVF without PGT and using ultrasound or other standard monitoring.
    • Using donor gametes, if medically indicated and consistent with your values and local rules.
    • Prenatal screening or diagnostic testing during pregnancy, such as ultrasound, cell-free DNA screening, chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis.
    • Genetic counselling before or after testing to interpret results and discuss implications.

    Limitations include the possibility of inconclusive results, the small but real chance of a result that does not reflect the whole embryo, and the fact that PGT adds cost and complexity to an IVF cycle. It is not a required step for all patients, and it is not a guarantee of success.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, these questions can help you compare what different clinics actually offer and how they work:

    1. Based on my history, which type of PGT — if any — would you discuss with me, and why?
    2. What information or samples do you need from me before testing can be arranged?
    3. Which laboratory performs the testing, and how are results reported back to me?
    4. How do you explain mosaic, inconclusive or borderline results, and what are the options afterward?
    5. What are the costs involved, and what is included or excluded?
    6. What are the timelines — from consultation to biopsy to result — and how might they affect my treatment plan?
    7. What are the legal or regulatory considerations for PGT in Thailand that I should be aware of?
    8. Do you provide genetic counselling, and is it included or separate?

    Next-step checklist

    • Gather your personal and family medical history, including any known genetic conditions or chromosome findings.
    • Ask your current clinician whether any prior genetic test results can be shared with a clinic in Thailand.
    • Request a consultation that specifically discusses PGT options and limitations, not just IVF in general.
    • Ask for written information about costs, timelines and what happens if results are inconclusive.
    • Consider speaking with a genetic counsellor before deciding, especially if PGT-M or PGT-SR is being discussed.
    • Confirm any visa, travel or documentation requirements directly with the clinic and relevant authorities, as these can change.

    For more background, see our PGT in Thailand overview and browse the guides section. If you have a specific question, the FAQ may help.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the main difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for extra or missing chromosomes across the embryo's chromosome set. PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene condition that a family is known to carry. PGT-SR tests for a known chromosome rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation. They answer different questions and are not interchangeable.

    Can I choose which PGT test I want?

    The choice is usually a clinical decision based on your medical and family history, not a simple preference. A clinician can explain which test, if any, is relevant for your situation, and why. Some patients may be offered more than one type of testing, or none.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT provides information about a small sample of cells from an embryo. It cannot guarantee implantation, an ongoing pregnancy, or that a child will be free of all health conditions. It also does not replace prenatal testing or newborn screening.

    What should I ask a clinic in Thailand about PGT?

    Useful questions include which type of PGT is being discussed and why, what information the clinic needs from you, which laboratory performs the testing, how results are reported, what costs are involved, and what the timelines are. It is also reasonable to ask about genetic counselling and any legal or regulatory considerations.

    Is PGT required for everyone doing IVF?

    No. PGT is an optional add-on to IVF that is discussed in specific situations. Many patients proceed with IVF without PGT. Whether it is appropriate for you depends on your individual history and your clinician's assessment.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing Cost in Thailand: What a Quotation Includes and Excludes

    PGT-A testing cost in Thailand is rarely a single number. Most quotations combine several components: embryo biopsy, laboratory handling and shipping, genetic analysis, freezing and storage, and reporting. Some quotes bundle these; others list them separately. Because clinics structure fees differently, the only reliable way to compare is to ask for a written, itemised quotation and confirm exactly what is included, what is excluded, and when each charge applies. This guide explains the common cost categories, the line items to verify, and a question list you can use with any clinic. It does not provide prices or predict your final bill.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A quotations usually separate biopsy, lab handling, analysis, freezing and reporting.
    • Some clinics bundle fees; others charge per embryo or per cycle.
    • Exclusions often include medications, monitoring, storage after a set period, and re-biopsy or re-analysis.
    • Ask for a written quotation that states what triggers each charge.
    • Compare quotes using the same list of questions, not just the bottom line.

    Why PGT-A quotations vary so much

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) involves several steps that can be priced separately or bundled. A clinic may quote a package that covers the IVF cycle plus biopsy and analysis, or it may quote PGT-A as an add-on to a standard IVF cycle. The quotation may also depend on how many embryos are tested, whether embryos are frozen before or after testing, and whether the laboratory work is done on-site or sent to a partner laboratory. Because these variables differ, two quotes that look similar at first glance may cover very different things. The goal is not to find the lowest number but to understand what each quote actually pays for.

    Common cost components in a PGT-A quotation

    Below are the categories that most quotations address. Not every clinic will use these exact labels, and some may combine them. Use this as a checklist when you review a quote.

    IVF cycle components

    • Consultations and monitoring: initial consultation, ultrasound scans, blood tests and cycle monitoring.
    • Medications: stimulation drugs, trigger medication and any supportive medications. These are often excluded from package prices.
    • Egg retrieval and embryology: the procedure to collect eggs, fertilisation (IVF or ICSI), and embryo culture to the blastocyst stage.

    Embryo biopsy

    • Biopsy fee: the laboratory procedure to remove a few cells from each embryo. This may be charged per embryo or as a single fee.
    • Embryo handling: any additional laboratory work required before or after biopsy.

    Genetic analysis

    • Per-embryo PGT-A charge: the cost of analysing each biopsy sample. This is often the most variable part of the quote.
    • Laboratory handling and shipping: if samples are sent to an external laboratory, there may be courier, packaging and administrative fees.
    • Reporting: the genetic report and its interpretation. Some clinics include this; others list it separately.

    Freezing, storage and transfer

    • Vitrification (freezing): the process of freezing embryos after biopsy. This may be included or charged per embryo.
    • Storage: usually charged per year or per storage period. Confirm when storage starts and what happens after the initial period.
    • Frozen embryo transfer (FET): the cost of preparing for and performing a transfer in a later cycle. This is often a separate charge.

    Other possible items

    • Pre-treatment testing: infectious disease screening, hormone tests, semen analysis and any genetic carrier screening for the intended parents.
    • Administrative fees: registration, medical records, or coordination fees.
    • Re-biopsy or re-analysis: if a sample fails to amplify or results are inconclusive, there may be an additional charge.

    What quotations often exclude

    Even a detailed quote may leave out items that become relevant later. Common exclusions include:

    • Medications, which can vary significantly depending on your protocol and response.
    • Monitoring visits beyond those included in a package.
    • Storage fees after an initial period.
    • Frozen embryo transfer in a subsequent cycle.
    • Additional laboratory tests or procedures if embryos do not develop as expected.
    • Travel, accommodation and living expenses in Thailand.
    • Translation or interpretation services, if needed.
    • Any legal or administrative fees related to consent or documentation.

    Ask the clinic to state in writing which of these are included and which are not.

    How to compare quotes fairly

    Because clinics package services differently, comparing only the total price can be misleading. Use a consistent framework:

    1. Request an itemised quotation. Ask for a breakdown that lists each service and its charge, rather than a single lump sum.
    2. Confirm the unit of pricing. Is the PGT-A fee per embryo, per batch, or per cycle? What happens if fewer or more embryos are available than expected?
    3. Ask about the laboratory. Is the analysis performed on-site or sent to a partner laboratory? Who handles shipping and reporting?
    4. Clarify freezing and storage. When does storage begin, how is it billed, and what are the options if you need to store longer?
    5. Check what happens if results are inconclusive. Is there a re-analysis fee? Is any part of the fee refundable?
    6. Ask about currency and payment timing. Which currency is the quote in? When are payments due? Are there any administrative charges for international payments?
    7. Request the quote in writing. A written quote helps you compare and reduces the chance of misunderstandings later.

    Questions to ask any clinic

    Use these questions as a checklist when you speak with a clinic or review a quotation. They are designed to surface the details that affect your final cost.

    • Does the quotation include the full IVF cycle, or only the PGT-A add-on?
    • Is the embryo biopsy fee included? Is it charged per embryo or as a single fee?
    • Is the PGT-A analysis charged per embryo? What is the charge if an embryo is not suitable for biopsy or testing?
    • Are laboratory handling and shipping fees included if samples are sent elsewhere?
    • Is the genetic report included, and who explains the results to me?
    • Are freezing and storage included? For how long, and what is the cost after that period?
    • Is a frozen embryo transfer included, or is it a separate charge?
    • What happens if I need a re-biopsy or re-analysis? Is there an additional fee?
    • Are medications, monitoring and pre-treatment tests included?
    • Are there any administrative, registration or coordination fees?
    • What is the payment schedule, and in which currency?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on refunds or credits if the cycle is cancelled or no embryos are available for testing?

    Planning your budget

    Because PGT-A is an add-on to IVF, your total budget will include both the IVF cycle and the PGT-A components. It is wise to plan for a range rather than a fixed number, since the number of embryos available for testing can vary. Ask the clinic for a realistic range based on your situation, and clarify which parts of that range are fixed and which depend on factors such as your response to medication or the number of embryos that reach biopsy. Also consider the costs of travel, accommodation and time away from work if you are travelling to Thailand. For more general information on IVF costs, see our guide to IVF cost in Thailand. For a broader overview of PGT-A costs, see PGT-A cost in Thailand.

    Next steps

    • Gather itemised quotations from the clinics you are considering.
    • Use the question list above to compare them on the same terms.
    • Ask for written confirmation of what is included, what is excluded, and when each charge applies.
    • Keep a simple spreadsheet to track the components across clinics.
    • If you need help organising your questions or understanding the process, visit our patient resources or contact us.

    Remember that this guide is for general information only. It does not provide medical advice, and it does not guarantee any specific price or outcome. Always confirm details directly with the clinic you are considering.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A testing in Thailand usually included in an IVF package?

    It varies. Some clinics offer packages that include PGT-A, while others quote it as an add-on. Always ask for an itemised quotation that clearly states whether PGT-A, biopsy, freezing and storage are included or excluded.

    How is the per-embryo PGT-A charge calculated?

    Many clinics charge per embryo analysed, but some may charge per batch or per cycle. The number of embryos available for testing can vary, so ask how the charge is applied and what happens if fewer embryos are available than expected.

    What should I do if a quotation seems unusually low?

    A low quote may exclude important items such as medications, monitoring, freezing, storage or the frozen embryo transfer. Ask for a full breakdown and compare it with other quotes using the same list of questions.

    Are there any additional costs I should plan for beyond the clinic quotation?

    Yes. Travel, accommodation, meals, local transport and any translation services are usually not included. Also consider that you may need more than one cycle, and that storage fees may continue after the initial period.

    Can I get a refund if no embryos are suitable for testing?

    Refund policies vary by clinic. Ask specifically about what happens if no embryos reach biopsy or if testing cannot be completed. Get any refund or credit policy in writing before you commit.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Thailand PGT IVF for Older Patients: Age, Expectations and Questions to Ask

    If you are over 40 and considering PGT IVF in Thailand, the most useful starting point is this: PGT can give you information about the chromosomal status of embryos, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a healthy child. Age is one of the strongest factors influencing how many eggs are retrieved, how many become embryos and how many of those embryos are chromosomally normal (euploid). PGT does not change those underlying probabilities. It can help you and your clinician decide which embryos to consider transferring, and it can reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with a known chromosomal abnormality. The rest of this guide explains the tests, the limits, and the questions worth asking before you commit to a plan.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes; it is not a treatment for infertility and does not improve embryo quality.
    • PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in a family; PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements.
    • Euploidy rates generally decline with age, but individual results vary widely and cannot be predicted from age alone.
    • PGT is optional in most situations. It is a decision to make with a qualified clinician, not a default requirement.
    • Costs, legal rules, travel requirements and clinic-specific protocols in Thailand should be confirmed directly with the treating clinic and relevant authorities.

    What PGT actually tests

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is done on a small number of cells removed from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage. There are three main categories:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy): checks for an abnormal number of chromosomes, such as an extra or missing copy. This is the type most often discussed with older patients.
    • PGT-M (monogenic): looks for a specific gene variant linked to a known inherited condition in the family.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement): looks at chromosomes when a parent carries a balanced structural rearrangement, such as a translocation.

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test for a future child. It reports the chromosomal status of the cells sampled. Because embryos can show mosaicism — a mix of normal and abnormal cells — results are not always a simple yes or no. Some clinics report mosaic results and discuss them case by case. A result described as “abnormal” does not always mean the embryo could never produce a healthy pregnancy, and a “normal” result does not guarantee one.

    How age affects euploidy and IVF outcomes

    Age influences two separate things: how many eggs you produce, and the proportion of those eggs that are chromosomally normal. Both tend to decline with age, which is why older patients often see fewer embryos available for testing and fewer euploid embryos after testing.

    It is common to see broad patterns quoted, such as euploidy rates falling from one age band to the next. Those patterns come from large datasets and describe averages, not individuals. Two patients of the same age can have very different results. Factors such as ovarian reserve, prior IVF history, sperm quality, laboratory conditions and chance all play a role.

    Because of this, a clinic cannot promise you a specific number of euploid embryos, a specific success rate or a specific timeline. Be cautious of any source that offers a guaranteed figure for your age. A more realistic conversation is about ranges, uncertainty and what happens if testing leaves you with no embryos to transfer.

    Why PGT is not automatically the right choice

    PGT-A is sometimes presented as a way to improve success. The evidence is more nuanced. In some groups, PGT-A may help select embryos and reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with a known chromosomal abnormality. In other situations, it may reduce the number of embryos available for transfer without clearly improving the chance of a live birth. It also adds cost, laboratory steps and waiting time.

    PGT is not a treatment for low ovarian reserve, poor egg quality or recurrent implantation failure. It does not create embryos and it does not repair them. If you have very few embryos, testing may leave you with none to transfer, and some patients choose to transfer untested embryos instead. That is a legitimate option and worth discussing openly.

    Alternatives and complements to PGT

    Depending on your history, your clinician may discuss options such as:

    • Transferring untested embryos, with or without additional ultrasound or blood monitoring.
    • Using donor eggs or donor embryos, which changes the age-related equation but raises separate medical, legal and ethical questions.
    • Further fertility assessment, such as ovarian reserve testing or a review of previous cycles.
    • Genetic counseling, especially if there is a known inherited condition or a history of recurrent loss.
    • Prenatal testing after a pregnancy is established, which looks at the pregnancy rather than the embryo.

    None of these is universally better. The right path depends on your medical history, your values and what a clinic can offer you.

    What to expect during a PGT cycle in Thailand

    The general sequence is similar in most clinics, though details vary:

    1. Consultation and assessment: review of history, blood tests and ultrasound, and a discussion of whether PGT is appropriate for you.
    2. Ovarian stimulation: medication to encourage multiple eggs to mature, with monitoring visits.
    3. Egg retrieval and fertilization: eggs are collected and combined with sperm in the laboratory.
    4. Embryo culture: embryos are grown for several days, often to the blastocyst stage.
    5. Biopsy and testing: a few cells are removed and sent for genetic analysis. Some clinics send samples to a partner laboratory.
    6. Results and transfer planning: you discuss which embryos, if any, are suitable for transfer, and whether to transfer, freeze or consider another cycle.

    Timelines vary. Testing itself can take days to weeks depending on the laboratory and the test. Travel planning should account for monitoring, retrieval, possible waiting for results and a transfer that may happen in a later cycle.

    Questions to ask a clinic before you decide

    Bring these to your consultation and ask for clear, written answers where possible:

    • Which type of PGT are you recommending for my situation, and why?
    • What are the limitations of the test you use, including mosaicism and inconclusive results?
    • What happens if no embryos are suitable for transfer after testing?
    • How do you counsel patients about age-related euploidy without giving guarantees?
    • Who performs the biopsy and where is the genetic analysis done?
    • What are the total costs, including testing, storage, medication, monitoring and any follow-up?
    • What are the legal and consent requirements in Thailand for my situation, and what documents will I need?
    • What support is available if I need to travel, and how are results communicated to me?
    • Can I speak with a genetic counselor or a specialist in reproductive genetics?

    Practical next steps

    • Gather your medical records, including any previous IVF cycles, genetic tests and relevant family history.
    • Ask your current clinician whether PGT is likely to change your management, and why.
    • Request a written cost estimate and a written summary of what is and is not included.
    • Confirm visa, travel and any legal requirements with the relevant authorities and the clinic, as rules can change.
    • Consider speaking with a genetic counselor before testing, especially if there is a known inherited condition.
    • Plan for uncertainty: discuss in advance what you would do if testing leaves you with no transferable embryos.

    For more background, see our PGT in Thailand overview and the related guides. If you have a specific question, the FAQ section may help.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT improve the chance of pregnancy for older patients?

    PGT-A can help identify embryos with a normal number of chromosomes, which may inform which embryo to transfer. However, it does not improve the underlying quality of embryos or guarantee a pregnancy. For some patients, testing may reduce the number of embryos available. Whether PGT is likely to help depends on your individual situation, and this is best discussed with a qualified clinician.

    Can I predict my euploidy rate based on my age?

    No. Age is one factor among many. Euploidy rates tend to decline with age on average, but individual results vary widely and cannot be predicted from age alone. A clinic should discuss ranges and uncertainty rather than promise a specific number.

    Is PGT required for IVF in Thailand?

    PGT is generally optional and is not required for all patients. Recommendations depend on your medical history, the reason for treatment and clinic policy. Legal and consent requirements can change, so confirm current rules with the treating clinic and relevant authorities.

    What happens if PGT shows no normal embryos?

    This is a possible outcome, especially for older patients or those with few embryos. Clinics should discuss this scenario before testing begins. Options may include transferring an untested embryo, considering another cycle, or exploring other paths such as donor eggs, depending on your circumstances and local rules.

    Should I have genetic counseling before PGT?

    Genetic counseling can help you understand what PGT can and cannot tell you, especially if you have a known inherited condition or a history of recurrent pregnancy loss. Ask your clinic whether counseling is available and whether it is included in your care.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M: How to Choose the Right PGT Test in Thailand

    PGT-A and PGT-M are different tests used for different reasons. PGT-A checks embryos for extra or missing chromosomes and is usually considered when age or repeated implantation failure raises concern about chromosomal number. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in your family. Neither test guarantees a healthy pregnancy or a live birth, and neither is right for everyone. In Thailand, the test you choose should follow a clinical assessment, genetic counselling where relevant, and a clear discussion of what the result can and cannot tell you.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens for chromosomal number (aneuploidy) across the embryo.
    • PGT-M targets a known single-gene or familial condition.
    • PGT-SR is a related option when a parent carries a structural chromosome rearrangement.
    • PGT-M usually requires a prior genetic diagnosis and may need family DNA or a probe build.
    • Both tests are performed on a few cells removed from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage.
    • Results are reported as probabilities or classifications, not certainties.

    What each test is designed to do

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) counts chromosomes. It estimates whether an embryo has the expected number of chromosomes or an abnormal number, such as trisomy or monosomy. It does not read the full DNA sequence and does not rule out all genetic conditions.

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) looks for a specific gene change that is known to cause a condition in your family. It is used when there is a confirmed diagnosis, such as cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, thalassaemia, or another inherited condition. Because the target is specific, the laboratory needs to know exactly what it is looking for before testing begins.

    PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements) is a third category. It is considered when a parent has a balanced translocation, inversion, or similar chromosome rearrangement. It is mentioned here because it is often discussed alongside PGT-A and PGT-M, but it is a separate test with its own indications.

    Side-by-side comparison: indications, lab steps, and decision triggers

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M
    Main question Does this embryo have the expected number of chromosomes? Did this embryo inherit the specific familial gene change?
    Typical indications Advanced maternal age, repeated implantation failure, recurrent pregnancy loss, or a history of chromosomal abnormality in a prior pregnancy. A known inherited condition in the family, a confirmed carrier status in one or both parents, or a prior affected child.
    What the lab needs first Embryo biopsy sample; no prior family testing is usually required. A confirmed genetic diagnosis, the exact gene change, and often DNA samples from family members to build a test probe.
    Laboratory steps Embryo culture to blastocyst, trophectoderm biopsy, cell preparation, whole-genome amplification, then chromosome analysis. Embryo culture to blastocyst, trophectoderm biopsy, cell preparation, whole-genome amplification, then targeted analysis for the known gene change.
    Result format Classification such as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or inconclusive. Affected, unaffected, carrier, or inconclusive, depending on the condition and test design.
    Main limitations Does not detect all genetic conditions; mosaicism and inconclusive results can occur; does not guarantee implantation or live birth. Requires a known target; probe development can take time; does not screen for unrelated chromosomal conditions unless combined with PGT-A.
    Decision trigger Age-related risk, repeated loss, or prior aneuploid pregnancy. Family history, carrier status, or a known diagnosis that could be passed on.

    How the laboratory process differs

    Both tests begin the same way. The embryo is cultured, usually to day 5 or 6, and a small number of cells are removed from the outer layer (trophectoderm). The cells are prepared and their DNA is amplified so there is enough material to analyse.

    From there, the paths diverge. PGT-A uses a genome-wide method to estimate chromosome number. PGT-M uses a targeted method designed around the specific gene change in your family. For PGT-M, the laboratory often needs to build a custom probe, which can require blood or saliva samples from you, your partner, and sometimes a family member. This preparation step can add time before the embryo testing itself can be done.

    Some clinics offer combined testing when both chromosomal number and a specific familial condition are concerns. Whether this is appropriate depends on your history and the laboratory’s capabilities, and it should be discussed with your clinician.

    Understanding results and uncertainty

    PGT results are not always a simple yes or no. PGT-A can report a mosaic result, meaning the embryo has a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The clinical meaning of mosaicism is still an area of active research, and clinics may handle mosaic embryos differently. An inconclusive result can also occur when the sample does not provide enough information.

    PGT-M results are usually clearer for the specific condition being tested, but they still do not guarantee a healthy child. They tell you whether the embryo inherited the gene change the test was designed to find. They do not rule out other genetic conditions, pregnancy complications, or health issues unrelated to the tested gene.

    No PGT test can guarantee implantation, pregnancy, live birth, or child health. Your clinic should explain the detection rate, the chance of an inconclusive result, and what a result would mean for your transfer decisions.

    Alternatives and when testing may not be needed

    PGT is not a required step for every IVF cycle. Some patients choose to transfer untested embryos, especially when there is no clear indication and the number of available embryos is limited. Others use donor gametes, genetic counselling, or prenatal testing instead of, or in addition to, PGT.

    For some families, the more important first step is genetic counselling to clarify the actual risk and the options available. A genetic counsellor can help you understand whether PGT-M is technically possible, what the test can detect, and what the alternatives are.

    Questions to ask your clinic in Thailand

    • Based on my history, which PGT test—if any—do you recommend, and why?
    • What are the indications you are using to make that recommendation?
    • For PGT-M, what preparation is needed, and how long does probe development take?
    • How do you report mosaic or inconclusive results, and what are my options then?
    • What are the costs of the test, the biopsy, and any additional laboratory work?
    • What is your policy on transferring untested or mosaic embryos?
    • Do you provide genetic counselling, or can you refer me to a counsellor?
    • What documents or consent forms will I need to provide?

    Next-step checklist

    1. Gather your personal and family medical history, including any prior genetic test results.
    2. Ask your clinic whether genetic counselling is available before you decide.
    3. Clarify which test is being recommended and what question it answers.
    4. Ask about laboratory timelines, especially if PGT-M probe development is needed.
    5. Request a written summary of costs, including biopsy, testing, and storage fees.
    6. Confirm how results will be explained and what happens if the result is inconclusive.
    7. Review the clinic’s consent process and any legal or travel requirements with the clinic directly.

    Choosing between PGT-A and PGT-M is not a matter of one test being better than the other. They answer different questions. The right choice depends on your medical history, your family’s genetic information, and what you hope to learn. Start with a clinical assessment and a clear conversation about what each test can and cannot do. For more context, see our PGT in Thailand overview, browse the guides, or check the FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I have PGT-A and PGT-M at the same time?

    Sometimes, yes. Combined testing may be possible when both chromosomal number and a specific familial condition are concerns. Whether it is appropriate depends on your history, the laboratory's methods, and the quality of the embryo sample. Your clinic can explain whether combined testing is available and what it would involve.

    Do I need PGT-M if no one in my family has a genetic condition?

    PGT-M is designed for a known inherited condition. If there is no known condition, there is usually no target for the test. A genetic counsellor can help clarify whether any testing is indicated based on your personal and family history.

    What does a mosaic result on PGT-A mean?

    A mosaic result means the embryo has a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The clinical significance is still being studied, and clinics may have different policies about transferring mosaic embryos. Ask your clinic how they interpret and report mosaicism.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about specific chromosomal or genetic findings, but it cannot guarantee implantation, pregnancy, live birth, or child health. It does not detect every possible genetic condition. Your clinic should explain the limitations for your situation.

    How long does PGT-M take compared to PGT-A?

    PGT-M often requires additional preparation, such as building a custom probe, which can add time before testing. PGT-A does not usually require this step. Exact timelines vary by laboratory and should be confirmed with your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT and IVF Success Rates in Thailand: What Testing Can and Cannot Change

    PGT does not guarantee a live birth, and it does not improve the quality of any single embryo. What it can do is give you and your clinician more information about which embryos are most likely to be chromosomally normal, so that the embryo chosen for transfer is selected on evidence rather than appearance alone. Whether that changes your personal chance of a live birth depends on your age, your reason for testing, how many embryos you have, and how your clinic reports its results. This guide explains the moving parts so you can ask better questions in Thailand.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes; it does not repair them.
    • PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in a family.
    • PGT-SR looks at chromosome rearrangements such as translocations.
    • Testing may reduce the chance of transferring an embryo that is chromosomally abnormal, but it cannot promise pregnancy, live birth or a healthy child.
    • Age remains one of the strongest influences on both embryo chromosome status and live birth odds.
    • Success-rate figures are only comparable when the definitions behind them match.

    What PGT actually does

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is carried out on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo during IVF, usually at the blastocyst stage. The sample is analysed in a genetics laboratory, and the result is used to help decide which embryo(s) to consider for transfer.

    There are three main categories:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) — checks for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It is the type most often discussed in relation to IVF success rates.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disease) — looks for a specific gene variant linked to a known inherited condition in the family.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement) — looks at chromosome rearrangements, such as a translocation, that may affect embryo viability.

    Each type answers a different question. PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnosis of the embryo’s future. PGT-M and PGT-SR are more targeted and are usually considered when there is a specific family or genetic history.

    What PGT can and cannot change about live birth odds

    It helps to separate two ideas that are often mixed together.

    What PGT can change: the information available at the moment of transfer. If several embryos are available, testing may help identify those with a normal chromosome complement, so the transfer decision is based on more than embryo appearance or development speed.

    What PGT cannot change: the underlying biology of your eggs, sperm or embryos. Testing does not make an abnormal embryo normal, does not increase the number of usable embryos, and does not remove the many other reasons why an embryo may not implant or a pregnancy may not continue. It also cannot guarantee that a transferred embryo will lead to a live birth.

    This is why two patients with the same PGT result can have very different outcomes. The test is one input among many.

    How age interacts with PGT outcomes

    Age affects IVF in two connected ways. First, it influences how many eggs are available and how many become usable embryos. Second, it influences the proportion of those embryos that are chromosomally normal. Because PGT-A reports on chromosome status, its results tend to reflect these age-related patterns.

    In practical terms, this means:

    • Younger patients often have more embryos to test, which can make selection more meaningful.
    • Older patients may have fewer embryos, so there may be less to choose between — and sometimes no embryo suitable for transfer after testing.
    • A normal PGT-A result does not cancel out the effect of age on other factors, such as uterine environment or overall health.

    PGT is therefore not a way to “reset” age-related odds. It is a way to gather information within the limits of the embryos you have.

    How Thai clinics report success rates

    Success-rate figures are only useful if you know what is being counted. When you see a number described as a “PGT success rate” or “live birth rate”, ask which of the following it refers to:

    • The denominator — is it per cycle started, per egg retrieval, per embryo transfer, or per patient?
    • The numerator — is it a positive pregnancy test, a clinical pregnancy, an ongoing pregnancy, or a live birth?
    • The population — does it include all patients, or only a selected group such as younger patients or those with many embryos?
    • The testing strategy — were all embryos tested, or only some? Was a fresh or frozen transfer used?
    • The time period — rates can shift as laboratory methods and patient mix change.

    Two clinics can quote very different numbers while both being accurate, simply because they are measuring different things. A high figure based on a narrow, favourable group is not directly comparable with a lower figure based on all comers.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    These questions are designed to help you compare like with like, and to understand what a clinic’s numbers actually describe.

    1. For patients similar to me — same age range, same reason for treatment — what outcomes do you typically see?
    2. How do you define and calculate your live birth rate? Per transfer, per retrieval, or per patient?
    3. Do your published or quoted figures include PGT and non-PGT cycles separately?
    4. What proportion of your PGT cycles result in no embryo available for transfer?
    5. Which PGT types do you offer, and who performs the genetic analysis?
    6. What are the limitations of PGT in my situation, and what would you recommend if I chose not to test?
    7. What are the costs of testing, and are they separate from the IVF cycle costs?
    8. What is your policy on counselling before and after PGT?

    Ask for the answers in writing where possible. A clinic that is comfortable explaining its definitions is usually easier to work with.

    Alternatives and limitations to consider

    PGT is one option, not the only one. Depending on your situation, you and your clinician may also discuss:

    • Transfer without PGT — using embryo development and morphology to guide selection.
    • Different transfer strategies — for example, fresh versus frozen embryo transfer.
    • Further diagnostic testing — such as carrier screening for you or your partner, which may change which PGT type is relevant.
    • Donor eggs or sperm — where these are legal and available, and where they fit your circumstances.

    Limitations to keep in mind:

    • PGT-A is a screening test and can occasionally give an unclear or inconclusive result.
    • Mosaic results — where some cells are normal and others are not — require careful interpretation and specialist advice.
    • Testing adds cost, time and laboratory steps to an IVF cycle.
    • No test can guarantee a healthy child or a successful pregnancy.

    Planning your next steps

    If you are weighing PGT as part of IVF in Thailand, a practical sequence looks like this:

    1. Clarify your reason for considering PGT — age, recurrent loss, family history, or something else.
    2. Ask whether PGT-A, PGT-M or PGT-SR is relevant to that reason.
    3. Request outcome data that matches your age range and situation, with clear definitions.
    4. Ask what happens if no embryo is suitable for transfer after testing.
    5. Confirm the full cost picture, including genetic counselling and any additional laboratory fees.
    6. Check how results and counselling will be communicated to you, especially if you are travelling from abroad.
    7. Take time to decide. PGT is a choice, not a requirement.

    For more context, see our guides on IVF success rates in Thailand, PGT in Thailand, and our patient guides. If you have a specific question, our FAQ may help.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT improve IVF success rates?

    PGT can help select embryos with a normal chromosome complement for transfer, which may be useful in some situations. However, it does not guarantee pregnancy or a live birth, and it does not change the underlying quality of your embryos. Whether it improves your personal odds depends on your age, the number of embryos available, and your reason for testing. Discuss the expected benefit with your clinician.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for abnormal chromosome number. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in a family. PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements such as translocations. Each answers a different question, and the right one for you depends on your history and test results.

    How should I interpret success rates quoted by clinics in Thailand?

    Ask what the number measures: per cycle, per retrieval, per transfer, or per patient; whether it counts pregnancy or live birth; and which patients are included. Rates based on selected groups are not directly comparable with rates based on all patients. Request definitions in writing so you can compare fairly.

    Can PGT tell me whether my embryo will lead to a healthy baby?

    No. PGT provides information about chromosome number or a specific genetic variant, but it cannot predict all aspects of embryo development, pregnancy outcome or child health. It is one part of a broader clinical picture, and counselling can help you understand its limits.

    What happens if no embryo is suitable for transfer after PGT?

    This is a possible outcome, especially when few embryos are available. Ask your clinic in advance how they handle this situation, what alternatives exist, and what support or counselling is offered. Knowing the plan beforehand can help you prepare.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A IVF in Thailand: A Guide to Chromosome Screening, Indications, and Embryo Transfer Decisions

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test that checks embryos created through IVF for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It is not a treatment that improves embryo quality, and it does not guarantee a pregnancy. Instead, it provides information that you and your clinician can use when deciding which embryo(s) to transfer. In Thailand, PGT-A is offered at some fertility clinics, but availability, laboratory arrangements, and eligibility criteria vary. This guide explains the general process, common indications, and the questions worth asking before you commit.

    At a glance

    • What it is: A test on a few cells taken from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage.
    • What it looks for: Extra or missing whole chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • What it does not do: It does not fix embryo chromosomes, guarantee implantation, or rule out all genetic conditions.
    • Who may be offered it: Often discussed for older patients, recurrent miscarriage, repeated implantation failure, or after severe male factor infertility — but indications are individual.
    • Key decision point: Whether the information would change which embryo is transferred or whether you would consider transferring an embryo with a detected abnormality.

    What PGT-A actually tests

    Human embryos often have the wrong number of chromosomes. This is called aneuploidy. Most aneuploid embryos do not implant, or they may lead to miscarriage. A small number can result in a live birth with a chromosome condition such as Down syndrome, but many others stop developing before birth.

    PGT-A counts chromosomes. It does not read individual genes, so it cannot detect single-gene disorders like cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease. It also does not detect structural chromosome rearrangements such as translocations. Those require different tests: PGT-M for monogenic (single-gene) conditions and PGT-SR for structural rearrangements. If you have a known genetic condition in the family, your clinic may recommend PGT-M instead of, or in addition to, PGT-A.

    Common indications for PGT-A

    PGT-A is not routinely recommended for every IVF patient. Guidelines from professional bodies generally suggest it may be considered in specific situations, and the decision should be made with a qualified clinician who knows your history. Commonly discussed indications include:

    • Advanced maternal age: The chance of aneuploidy increases with age, so some clinics discuss PGT-A more often with older patients.
    • Recurrent pregnancy loss: If you have had multiple miscarriages, PGT-A may be one option to explore, though it does not explain all causes.
    • Repeated implantation failure: When several good-quality embryos have not led to pregnancy, some clinicians consider PGT-A.
    • Severe male factor infertility: Some evidence suggests a higher risk of chromosome abnormalities in embryos in these cases.
    • Previous pregnancy or child with a chromosome condition: PGT-A may be discussed, though the specific condition matters.
    • Patient preference after counselling: Some patients want as much information as possible before transfer, even without a specific indication.

    In Thailand, as elsewhere, not every clinic offers PGT-A, and some may have their own criteria. It is reasonable to ask why PGT-A is being recommended in your case and what the alternatives are.

    The PGT-A process in Thailand: step by step

    The exact sequence can vary by clinic, but the general pathway looks like this:

    1. IVF stimulation and egg retrieval: You undergo standard IVF, including medication to stimulate the ovaries and a procedure to collect eggs.
    2. Fertilisation and embryo culture: Eggs are fertilised in the laboratory and grown for several days, usually until the blastocyst stage (day 5 or 6).
    3. Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from the outer layer of the blastocyst (the trophectoderm), which will become the placenta. This is done by an embryologist. The embryo itself is not usually harmed, though biopsy carries a small risk and not all embryos survive the process.
    4. Sample preparation and testing: The biopsied cells are prepared and analysed, either at the clinic’s laboratory or at a partner genetics laboratory. The method may be next-generation sequencing (NGS) or another technique.
    5. Embryo freezing: In most cases, embryos are frozen after biopsy while waiting for results. This allows time for the test and for your uterus to be ready for transfer in a later cycle.
    6. Results and counselling: A genetic counsellor or your doctor explains the results. Embryos are usually classified as euploid (normal chromosome number), aneuploid (abnormal), or sometimes mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells).
    7. Embryo transfer decision: If you have euploid embryos, one may be selected for transfer. If all embryos are aneuploid, transfer may not be recommended, and you may need to consider another cycle or other options.

    Timelines vary. Some clinics can return results within a few days; others may take longer depending on laboratory logistics. Ask your clinic for a realistic estimate.

    How results guide embryo transfer decisions

    The main purpose of PGT-A is to help choose which embryo to transfer. If you have several embryos, PGT-A may identify those with a normal chromosome number, which could improve the chance of a successful pregnancy per transfer. However, it does not guarantee success, and some euploid embryos still do not implant.

    If results show only aneuploid embryos, your clinician may advise against transferring them, as they are unlikely to lead to a healthy birth. Some clinics may discuss transferring mosaic embryos, but this is a complex area with ongoing debate. Mosaic results mean the biopsy found a mixture of normal and abnormal cells; the embryo may still be able to develop normally, but the evidence is not clear-cut. Your clinic should explain the uncertainties and help you weigh the options.

    It is also possible that PGT-A leaves you with no embryos to transfer. This is an important risk to consider before starting, both emotionally and financially.

    Limitations and alternatives

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic one. It can produce false results, and it does not detect all genetic problems. It also does not improve the quality of your embryos; it only provides information. Some studies suggest PGT-A may not improve live birth rates for all patients, and it may reduce the number of embryos available for transfer.

    Alternatives include:

    • Transferring embryos without PGT-A: Many healthy babies are born from untested embryos.
    • Ultrasound and maternal blood screening during pregnancy: These can check for some chromosome conditions after pregnancy is established.
    • Diagnostic tests during pregnancy: Such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, which are more invasive but can confirm a diagnosis.
    • PGT-M or PGT-SR: If you have a known single-gene disorder or structural rearrangement, these may be more appropriate.

    Discuss the pros and cons with a genetic counsellor or your fertility doctor. They can help you understand how PGT-A might apply to your specific situation.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    Before choosing a clinic for PGT-A, consider asking:

    • Is PGT-A offered at this clinic, and which laboratory performs the testing?
    • What are the clinic’s criteria for recommending PGT-A? Do I meet them?
    • What is the biopsy timing and technique? Who performs it?
    • How are results reported, and what support is available to interpret them?
    • What happens if all embryos are aneuploid or mosaic?
    • What are the additional costs for biopsy, testing, and freezing?
    • How long does it take to get results?
    • What are the clinic’s success rates for PGT-A cycles, and how do they compare with untested cycles?

    Be cautious of any clinic that guarantees a baby or quotes success rates without context. No treatment can promise a live birth.

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, start by gathering information and asking direct questions. You may wish to:

    • Review your medical history with a fertility specialist to see if PGT-A is relevant for you.
    • Ask for a written summary of the process, costs, and possible outcomes.
    • Consider speaking with a genetic counsellor, either at the clinic or independently.
    • Explore our PGT in Thailand page for more context, browse our guides, and check the FAQ for common questions.

    PGT-A is a personal decision. Take your time, ask for evidence, and choose a clinic that respects your questions and your autonomy.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A required for IVF in Thailand?

    No. PGT-A is an optional test, not a required part of IVF. Whether it is offered or recommended depends on your medical history and the clinic's practice. Some patients choose IVF without PGT-A.

    Does PGT-A improve the chance of having a baby?

    PGT-A can help select embryos with a normal chromosome number for transfer, which may improve the chance per transfer in some situations. However, it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby, and it may not improve live birth rates for all patients. Discuss the evidence with your clinician.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for extra or missing whole chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder, such as cystic fibrosis. PGT-SR tests for structural chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations. Your clinic can advise which, if any, is appropriate for you.

    What happens if PGT-A shows all embryos are abnormal?

    If all embryos are aneuploid, transfer is usually not recommended because they are unlikely to lead to a healthy birth. Your clinician will discuss options, which may include another IVF cycle, using donor eggs or sperm, or choosing not to pursue further treatment. This is a difficult situation, and counselling support is important.

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic problems?

    No. PGT-A only looks at chromosome number. It does not detect single-gene disorders, structural rearrangements, or many other genetic conditions. It also cannot predict all aspects of a child's health.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT IVF in Thailand: A Plain-English Guide to Genetic Testing Before Transfer

    PGT (preimplantation genetic testing) is a laboratory step that can be added to an IVF cycle. After eggs are fertilised and embryos begin to develop, a small number of cells may be removed from each embryo and tested for specific chromosome or gene findings. In Thailand, as elsewhere, PGT is optional rather than automatic: it is a decision made with your treating clinician, based on your history, your reasons for testing and what the result could realistically change. PGT cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a healthy child, and it is not necessary or suitable for everyone.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number (for example, extra or missing chromosomes).
    • PGT-M looks for a known single-gene condition that runs in a family.
    • PGT-SR relates to known structural chromosome rearrangements, such as a translocation.
    • Testing happens in the laboratory after fertilisation, before any embryo transfer.
    • Results are probabilities and risk information, not promises.
    • Availability, eligibility, cost and timelines vary by clinic and must be confirmed directly.

    What PGT is, and what it is not

    PGT is a screening or diagnostic laboratory technique performed on embryos created through IVF. It is not a treatment for infertility, and it does not improve the quality of an embryo. Instead, it provides additional information that you and your clinician may use when deciding which embryo(s) to consider transferring, or whether to consider other options.

    It is important to separate three ideas that are sometimes blurred together:

    • What the test looks at: chromosome number, a specific gene change, or a structural chromosome arrangement.
    • What the result means: a laboratory finding that carries a certain level of uncertainty.
    • What happens next: a clinical decision that depends on your full situation, not on the test result alone.

    PGT is not a guarantee of success, and it does not replace other forms of prenatal testing or genetic counselling. Some patients choose IVF without PGT; others choose PGT for specific reasons. Both paths can be reasonable.

    The three main types of PGT

    The umbrella term “PGT” covers different tests with different purposes. The table below summarises the broad differences. Your clinic will explain which, if any, applies to you.

    Type What it looks at Typical reason it is discussed Key limitation
    PGT-A Chromosome number (aneuploidy screening) Age-related risk, recurrent implantation failure or recurrent pregnancy loss, or when a clinic offers it as an option It does not read the whole genetic code, and it cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy
    PGT-M A known single-gene condition in the family When a specific inherited condition is known and a lab can build a test for it Requires prior genetic information and lab setup; not all conditions are equally straightforward
    PGT-SR Structural chromosome rearrangements (for example, translocations) When a parent carries a known structural rearrangement Interpretation can be complex; results need specialist explanation

    Some clinics may also discuss other laboratory techniques, such as mitochondrial DNA testing or polygenic risk scoring. These are not the same as PGT-A, PGT-M or PGT-SR, and their clinical role is still debated. Ask your clinic to explain exactly what is being offered and what evidence supports it.

    How PGT fits into an IVF cycle in Thailand

    The exact sequence varies by clinic, but the general shape of a PGT cycle is similar in most settings. The steps below are a planning framework, not a protocol. Your clinic will give you its own instructions.

    1. Initial consultation and testing. You discuss your history, reasons for considering PGT, and whether it is appropriate. You may be asked to provide prior genetic test results or family information.
    2. Ovarian stimulation and monitoring. Medication is used to encourage multiple eggs to mature, with monitoring scans and blood tests. Your clinic decides the protocol.
    3. Egg retrieval and fertilisation. Eggs are collected and combined with sperm in the laboratory to create embryos.
    4. Embryo development. Embryos are observed for several days. Not all fertilised eggs develop into embryos suitable for testing or transfer.
    5. Biopsy. If PGT is planned, a few cells are removed from each embryo at a suitable stage. This is a laboratory procedure.
    6. Testing and reporting. The sampled cells are analysed. The time needed depends on the test and the laboratory.
    7. Results discussion. You and your clinician review the findings, including any uncertainty, and discuss options.
    8. Transfer or storage. Depending on results and your preferences, an embryo may be transferred, frozen for later, or not used. Some embryos may be reported as “no result” or “inconclusive,” which requires a further conversation.

    Because PGT adds laboratory steps, it can extend the overall timeline and add cost. The exact amounts and waiting times are clinic-specific and should be confirmed in writing before you commit.

    Who might consider PGT — and who might not

    PGT is a personal decision. There is no single rule that applies to everyone. The following categories are commonly discussed, but they are conversation starters, not eligibility criteria.

    • Known inherited condition in the family: PGT-M may be discussed when a specific gene change is known.
    • Known structural chromosome rearrangement: PGT-SR may be discussed when a parent carries a translocation or similar finding.
    • History of recurrent pregnancy loss or repeated implantation failure: PGT-A may be offered as one option, though evidence and guidelines vary.
    • Advanced maternal age: Some clinics discuss PGT-A because chromosome number errors become more common with age, but it is not a guarantee of a better outcome.
    • Previous pregnancy or child with a chromosome condition: A clinician may discuss PGT-A or other testing.
    • No specific risk factors: Some patients choose PGT for personal reasons; others choose not to. Both choices can be valid.

    PGT is generally not a first-line recommendation for every IVF patient. It may be less useful, or not useful, when there is no clear question the test can answer. A genetic counsellor or your treating clinician can help you weigh the potential benefits and limitations.

    Understanding PGT results and their limits

    PGT results are laboratory findings, not diagnoses of a future child. They can be reported in different ways, and the meaning depends on the test and the laboratory.

    • “Normal” or “euploid” (PGT-A): The tested cells showed the expected number of chromosomes. This reduces, but does not eliminate, the chance of a chromosome condition. It cannot rule out all genetic conditions, and it does not guarantee a pregnancy.
    • “Abnormal” or “aneuploid” (PGT-A): The tested cells showed an extra or missing chromosome. This information may influence which embryo is considered for transfer, but it is not a prediction of a child’s health or abilities.
    • “Mosaic”: The tested cells showed a mix of normal and abnormal findings. Mosaic results are complex, and their interpretation is an active area of discussion. Ask your clinic what a mosaic result would mean in your case.
    • “No result” or “inconclusive”: The test did not produce a clear answer. This can happen for technical reasons. Your clinic will explain the options, which may include re-testing, transferring without a result, or not using the embryo.
    • PGT-M and PGT-SR results: These are usually reported in relation to the specific condition or rearrangement being tested. They require careful explanation by a specialist.

    No test is perfect. PGT can produce false results in rare cases, and it cannot detect every possible genetic or health issue. For this reason, many clinics still recommend standard prenatal screening or diagnostic testing during pregnancy, such as ultrasound, blood tests, or chorionic villus sampling/amniocentesis, depending on your situation.

    Alternatives and complementary options

    PGT is one option among several. Depending on your situation, you might also discuss:

    • IVF without PGT: Transferring embryos based on standard laboratory assessment.
    • Donor eggs or donor sperm: Which may change the genetic questions being considered.
    • Prenatal screening and diagnosis: Tests during pregnancy that can provide information about the fetus.
    • Genetic counselling: A conversation with a specialist to understand risks, inheritance patterns and testing options.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing for a specific condition (PGT-M) using a previously established lab protocol: Sometimes a lab needs time to prepare a custom test.

    These options are not mutually exclusive. Your clinician can help you understand how they might fit together.

    Practical questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    Because PGT services, laboratory arrangements and pricing vary, it helps to ask direct questions. You can use the list below as a starting point.

    • Which type of PGT are you recommending for my situation, and why?
    • What is the evidence that this test will change my care or outcome?
    • Who performs the biopsy and the laboratory analysis? Is any part sent to another laboratory?
    • What are the possible results, including “no result” or “mosaic,” and what would each mean for my options?
    • What are the total costs, including consultation, medication, laboratory, biopsy, testing, storage and transfer? Are there separate fees for genetic counselling?
    • How long does testing take, and how does it affect the overall timeline?
    • What happens to embryos that are not transferred or not used?
    • What are the legal and regulatory requirements in Thailand for my situation, and what documents should I prepare?
    • Do you recommend prenatal testing during pregnancy even after PGT?
    • Can I speak with a genetic counsellor before deciding?

    Ask for written information where possible, and take time to consider your options. It is reasonable to seek a second opinion.

    Next-step checklist

    • Clarify your personal reasons for considering PGT.
    • Gather any prior genetic test results or family history information.
    • Ask your clinic which PGT type, if any, is relevant to you.
    • Request a clear cost breakdown and timeline in writing.
    • Ask about the laboratory’s experience and quality processes.
    • Discuss the limits of testing and what a result can and cannot tell you.
    • Consider genetic counselling before making a decision.
    • Confirm legal, travel and documentation requirements with the clinic and relevant authorities.

    PGT can be a useful tool in some situations, but it is not a guarantee and not a universal requirement. The most important step is an honest conversation with a qualified clinician who knows your history and can explain what testing might realistically offer you.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT the same as IVF?

    No. IVF is the process of creating embryos outside the body. PGT is an optional laboratory test that can be performed on those embryos before transfer. You can have IVF without PGT.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about specific chromosome or gene findings, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a child without any health condition. It does not replace prenatal testing, and no test is perfect.

    Who is PGT suitable for?

    PGT may be discussed for several reasons, such as a known inherited condition in the family, a known structural chromosome rearrangement, a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, or advanced maternal age. It is not automatically recommended for everyone, and suitability is a clinical decision made with your treating clinician.

    What does a “mosaic” PGT result mean?

    A mosaic result means the tested cells showed a mix of normal and abnormal findings. The interpretation is complex and depends on the specific situation. Your clinic or a genetic counsellor should explain what it could mean for your options.

    Can I have PGT in Thailand if I am an international patient?

    Many international patients travel to Thailand for IVF, and some clinics offer PGT. Availability, eligibility, legal requirements, documentation and costs vary by clinic and by your individual situation. You should confirm these details directly with the clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authorities before making travel plans.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • IVF for Recurrent Miscarriage in Thailand: How PGT-A Fits Into the Decision

    Recurrent miscarriage is usually defined as two or more pregnancy losses, depending on which guideline you follow. When couples search for IVF for recurrent miscarriage in Thailand, they are often trying to answer one question: could embryo testing reduce the chance of another loss? IVF with PGT-A is one option that some clinics discuss, but it is not a guaranteed solution and it is not right for every situation. This guide explains what PGT-A does, how it differs from other embryo tests, where the evidence is uncertain, and how to plan a careful conversation with a clinic in Thailand.

    At a glance

    • Recurrent miscarriage has many possible causes, and not all of them are chromosomal.
    • PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes before transfer.
    • PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a healthy child.
    • PGT-M and PGT-SR are different tests used for different reasons.
    • IVF itself carries risks and costs, and it does not remove all causes of loss.
    • Ask a clinic directly about its own results, criteria, and limitations.

    Why recurrent miscarriage happens

    Pregnancy loss can result from chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo, structural issues in the uterus, hormonal or metabolic conditions, blood-clotting disorders, infections, immune factors, or a combination of these. In many cases, no single cause is identified even after a full evaluation. Age is one of the strongest factors linked to chromosomal errors in embryos, which is why the chance of loss tends to rise with maternal age.

    Because the causes are so varied, no single test or treatment addresses every situation. This is the main reason a careful evaluation usually comes before any decision about IVF or embryo testing.

    What PGT-A actually does

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. Aneuploidy means an embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes. During an IVF cycle, a few cells are removed from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage, and those cells are tested in a laboratory. The result is reported as euploid (the expected number of chromosomes), aneuploid (an abnormal number), or sometimes mosaic (a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers).

    The purpose of PGT-A is to help select which embryos to transfer. It is a screening test, not a treatment. It does not change the embryo, and it does not fix anything. It simply provides information that a clinician may use when deciding which embryo to transfer first.

    PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR: what is the difference?

    Test What it looks at Typical reason it is discussed
    PGT-A Chromosome number across the embryo Recurrent miscarriage, advanced maternal age, repeated IVF failure
    PGT-M A specific known gene variant A family history of a single-gene disorder
    PGT-SR Chromosome structure, such as a translocation A known structural chromosome rearrangement in a parent

    These tests are not interchangeable. PGT-A does not detect single-gene disorders, and PGT-M does not screen for aneuploidy across all chromosomes. If you have a known genetic condition in the family, a different test may be more relevant.

    How PGT-A is used in recurrent miscarriage

    Some miscarriages are caused by chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo, and PGT-A can identify embryos with an abnormal chromosome number before transfer. In theory, transferring only euploid embryos could reduce the chance of miscarriage caused by aneuploidy. In practice, the picture is more complicated.

    PGT-A does not prevent miscarriage from other causes, such as uterine problems, clotting disorders, or immune factors. It also does not guarantee that a euploid embryo will implant or develop normally. Some embryos reported as euploid still fail to implant or result in loss, and some mosaic embryos can develop into healthy pregnancies. This is why PGT-A is best understood as one piece of information, not a complete answer.

    What the evidence does and does not show

    Research on PGT-A has produced mixed results. Some studies suggest a possible reduction in miscarriage rates per transfer, while others show no clear improvement in live birth rates when compared with transferring untested embryos. The evidence is strongest for certain groups, such as women of advanced maternal age, and less clear for others.

    Because the evidence is not uniform, professional guidelines generally do not recommend PGT-A as a routine test for everyone with recurrent miscarriage. It is usually presented as an option to discuss, weighing potential benefits against costs, the possibility of having no euploid embryos to transfer, and the chance of a false or uncertain result.

    Alternatives and complementary steps

    Before or alongside IVF with PGT-A, a clinic may suggest other evaluations. These can include:

    • Testing for chromosomal structure in both partners
    • Imaging of the uterus to check for structural issues
    • Blood tests for thyroid function, diabetes, or clotting disorders
    • Review of medications, lifestyle factors, and previous pregnancy records
    • Genetic counseling if there is a family history of a known condition

    These steps are not alternatives to PGT-A in a strict sense, but they address different possible causes. A complete plan often combines several approaches rather than relying on one test.

    Practical questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    When you contact a clinic, ask for clear answers in writing where possible. Useful questions include:

    • What is your definition of recurrent miscarriage, and what evaluation do you recommend first?
    • Do you offer PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR, and which would you recommend for my situation?
    • What are your laboratory’s typical results for patients with my history?
    • What happens if no euploid embryos are available after testing?
    • How do you handle mosaic results, and what are the trade-offs?
    • What are the total costs, including IVF, testing, medications, and any additional fees?
    • What are the success rates for patients with recurrent miscarriage at your clinic, and how are they measured?
    • What support is available if the cycle does not result in a pregnancy?

    Be cautious of any clinic that promises a specific outcome or presents PGT-A as a guaranteed solution. No test can promise a healthy baby.

    Planning and next steps

    If you are considering IVF for recurrent miscarriage in Thailand, a sensible sequence is:

    1. Gather your previous medical records, including any miscarriage testing or imaging.
    2. Ask for a full evaluation of possible causes before committing to IVF.
    3. Discuss whether PGT-A is likely to change your management, and how.
    4. Ask about costs, timelines, and what happens if testing leaves no embryos to transfer.
    5. Consider a second opinion if the advice feels rushed or overly certain.
    6. Confirm visa, travel, and legal requirements with the relevant authorities, as these can change.

    For more background, see our pages on PGT in Thailand, our patient guides, and our frequently asked questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A prevent miscarriage?

    No. PGT-A can identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes, which is one possible cause of miscarriage. It does not prevent miscarriage from other causes, and it cannot guarantee that a transferred embryo will implant or develop into a healthy pregnancy.

    Is PGT-A recommended for everyone with recurrent miscarriage?

    No. Professional guidelines generally do not recommend PGT-A as a routine test for all cases of recurrent miscarriage. It is usually discussed as an option, and the decision depends on your history, age, previous test results, and personal preferences.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes across the embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific gene variant that is known to run in a family. They are used for different reasons and are not interchangeable.

    What happens if no embryos are suitable for transfer after PGT-A?

    This is a possible outcome. If testing shows that no embryos are suitable, the cycle may end without a transfer. Ask your clinic in advance how they handle this situation and what options, including counseling and financial considerations, are available.

    Can I have IVF with PGT-A in Thailand if I am an international patient?

    Many clinics in Thailand accept international patients, but availability, requirements, and costs vary. You should confirm details directly with the clinic and check current travel and legal requirements with the relevant authorities before making plans.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.