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  • PGT-A Testing Cost in Thailand: What International Patients Should Confirm in Writing

    PGT-A testing cost in Thailand is rarely a single number. A quotation usually combines several separate services: the IVF cycle, the embryology work of taking a biopsy, the genetic laboratory fee for analysing those cells, and the freezing and storage of any embryos that are not transferred immediately. Because these pieces are billed by different parts of a clinic or by an outside genetics laboratory, two quotations that look similar at the top can differ a great deal once you read the detail. This guide explains the categories you should expect to see, why totals move, and what to confirm in writing before you pay a deposit.

    At a glance

    • A PGT-A quotation is normally a bundle, not one price.
    • Biopsy, genetic laboratory analysis, freezing and storage are often listed separately.
    • Some quotations include only the testing; the IVF cycle may be quoted apart.
    • Per-embryo pricing means the total depends on how many embryos are suitable for biopsy.
    • Ask what happens to the price if no embryo reaches the testing stage.
    • Get inclusions, exclusions and validity dates in writing before paying.

    Why a PGT-A quotation is not one price

    PGT-A, or preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, is a laboratory step added to an IVF cycle. It involves removing a small number of cells from an embryo, preparing them, and sending them to a genetics laboratory for analysis. Each of those steps has its own cost centre. The fertility clinic charges for the clinical and embryology work; the genetics laboratory charges for the analysis; and the clinic or a storage facility charges for freezing and keeping embryos. When you request a quotation, you are really asking for a bundle of services, and the way that bundle is assembled is what you are comparing.

    This matters because a low headline figure may simply exclude more. A quotation that covers only the genetic laboratory fee will look cheaper than one that also includes biopsy and a year of storage, but it is not the same product. The goal is not to find the lowest number; it is to understand what each number covers.

    Cost components a PGT-A quotation should itemise

    When you receive a quotation, check whether each of the following appears as a separate line. If a category is missing, ask where it is accounted for.

    Component What it usually covers Why it can change
    IVF cycle Monitoring, egg retrieval, fertilisation and embryo culture May be quoted separately from PGT-A; medication is often excluded
    Embryo biopsy The embryology procedure to remove cells from each embryo Charged per embryo, or as a single fee up to a certain number
    Genetic laboratory fee Analysis of the biopsy samples by a genetics laboratory Per embryo, per batch, or as a package; may be handled by an outside lab
    Embryo freezing (vitrification) Freezing embryos after biopsy while results are awaited Charged per embryo or per batch; may be included or separate
    Storage Keeping frozen embryos for a defined period Usually charged annually or per storage period; renewal terms vary
    Rebiopsy A second biopsy attempt if the first sample is inconclusive May be charged again, or covered once; ask explicitly
    Frozen embryo transfer A later transfer cycle using a tested embryo Often quoted separately from the testing package
    Medication Stimulation and cycle-support drugs Frequently excluded; cost depends on protocol and response

    If any row is blank in your quotation, that is a question, not a gap you should fill with an assumption.

    Per-embryo pricing and why your total can move

    Many clinics price biopsy and genetic analysis per embryo. That means the final total depends on how many embryos are available and suitable for testing on the day. A quotation may show a per-embryo rate and an estimated range, but the actual number is only known after fertilisation and culture. Ask how the clinic handles this: do they confirm the number with you before proceeding, and is there a written estimate of the minimum and maximum you could be charged?

    It is also worth asking what happens if no embryo reaches the biopsy stage, or if all biopsy samples are inconclusive. Policies differ. Some clinics charge only for work performed; others apply a package fee regardless. This is one of the most important exclusions to clarify, because it affects your financial exposure in a cycle that does not go as hoped.

    Inclusions and exclusions to compare fairly

    Two quotations can only be compared if you line up the same categories. Use a simple checklist and mark each item as included, excluded, or unclear.

    • Is the IVF cycle included, or is PGT-A quoted as an add-on?
    • Is biopsy included, and is it per embryo or a flat fee?
    • Is the genetic laboratory fee included, and is the laboratory named?
    • Is freezing included for the embryos that are biopsied?
    • Is storage included, and for how long?
    • Is a frozen embryo transfer included, or quoted separately?
    • Are medications included?
    • Are pre-treatment consultations, scans and blood tests included?
    • Is there a rebiopsy fee, and when does it apply?
    • Are there administrative, courier or shipping fees for samples?
    • What is the quotation’s validity period?
    • What deposit is required, and is any part refundable?

    Marking these consistently across quotations will tell you more than comparing headline totals.

    Questions to ask before paying a deposit

    Before you commit money, ask for written answers to the following. A clinic that is used to international patients should be able to provide them clearly.

    1. Can you send a full itemised quotation showing every component, including those that are excluded?
    2. Which genetics laboratory performs the analysis, and is it inside or outside the clinic?
    3. Is the biopsy fee per embryo, and what is the maximum number of embryos covered?
    4. What happens to the price if fewer embryos are available than estimated?
    5. What happens if a sample is inconclusive and a rebiopsy is needed?
    6. Is freezing included for all biopsied embryos, and what are the storage terms after the first period?
    7. Is a frozen embryo transfer included, and if not, how is it quoted?
    8. Are medications, monitoring and consultations included or separate?
    9. How and when will I be told the final number of embryos tested and the resulting charge?
    10. What is the deposit amount, and under what circumstances is it refundable?
    11. How long is the quotation valid, and what could change it?
    12. Who is my point of contact if the quotation changes during the cycle?

    Keep the answers in writing. A written quotation is easier to refer back to if a question arises later.

    How to compare quotations from different clinics

    Start by normalising the scope. Put each quotation into the same table, using the categories above, and note whether each is included, excluded or unclear. Then consider the following:

    • Scope: Does the quotation cover the whole pathway to a tested embryo, or only part of it?
    • Volume assumptions: Is the estimate based on a number of embryos, and is that number realistic for you?
    • Contingencies: What is the policy for no embryos, inconclusive results, or a cancelled cycle?
    • Storage: What are the ongoing costs after the first storage period?
    • Currency and payment: Which currency is the quotation in, and are there transfer or card fees?
    • Validity: How long is the price held, and what could change it?

    This approach does not tell you which clinic is right for you, but it does tell you whether you are comparing like with like.

    What to confirm in writing

    Before paying a deposit, ask for a written summary that includes the itemised components, the per-embryo rates if applicable, the inclusions and exclusions, the storage terms, the rebiopsy policy, the deposit and refund conditions, and the quotation’s validity period. If any of these are only explained verbally, ask for them in writing. This is not a sign of distrust; it is standard planning for a multi-part treatment pathway.

    You may also want to ask how the clinic communicates changes during the cycle, and who is responsible for telling you if the estimated number of embryos changes. Clear communication channels reduce the chance of surprises.

    Next steps

    Use the checklist above to build a comparison table for each quotation you receive. If you are still at the research stage, you may find it helpful to read more about the broader cost picture in our guide to PGT-A cost in Thailand and our overview of IVF cost in Thailand. For general planning tools and questions to ask any clinic, see our patient resources. When you are ready to request a quotation or ask a specific question, you can contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a PGT-A quotation in Thailand usually include the IVF cycle?

    Not always. Some clinics quote PGT-A as an add-on to the IVF cycle, while others present a combined package. Ask explicitly whether the IVF cycle, monitoring, retrieval and fertilisation are included, or whether the quotation covers only biopsy, genetic analysis, freezing and storage.

    Why does the total cost change after the cycle starts?

    Many clinics charge biopsy and genetic analysis per embryo. The number of embryos available for testing is only known after fertilisation and culture, so the final total can differ from the initial estimate. Ask how the clinic confirms the number with you before proceeding and whether there is a written minimum and maximum.

    What happens if an embryo sample is inconclusive?

    Policies vary. Some clinics include one rebiopsy attempt, while others charge again. Ask what a rebiopsy involves, when it is possible, and how it is priced. Get the answer in writing so you understand the potential additional cost.

    Is embryo storage included in the quotation?

    Storage is often charged separately, sometimes annually or per storage period. Ask whether the first storage period is included, how long it lasts, and what the renewal terms and costs are. Also ask what happens if you choose to move or discard embryos later.

    Should I pay a deposit before I have a full itemised quotation?

    It is reasonable to ask for a full itemised quotation, including inclusions, exclusions, deposit and refund conditions, before paying. If a clinic is unable to provide this in writing, that is useful information for your decision. A written quotation helps both sides avoid misunderstandings.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read a PGT-A Report from a Thai Laboratory: A Patient Guide

    If you have received a PGT-A report from a laboratory in Thailand, you are probably looking at a document full of embryo numbers, technical terms and result categories. This guide explains the common sections you may see, what they generally mean, and why the report should always be discussed with your treating clinician rather than interpreted on its own. It does not tell you what your results mean for your specific situation, and it is not medical advice.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A is a screening test that looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. It is not a diagnostic test for a specific disease and it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child.
    • Reports usually identify each embryo, give a result category, and may include a mosaic call and laboratory notes.
    • Result categories are not the same as a treatment plan. Your clinician interprets them alongside your history, the embryo’s development and other factors.
    • Ask your clinic which reporting system or terminology the laboratory uses, because wording can differ between laboratories.

    What PGT-A is and what it is not

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a laboratory test performed on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo during IVF. It looks at whether the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. An embryo with an extra or missing chromosome is described as aneuploid; an embryo with the expected number is described as euploid.

    PGT-A is different from PGT-M, which looks for a specific inherited condition, and PGT-SR, which looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. PGT-A does not test for every possible genetic condition, and it does not measure embryo quality in a complete way. It is one piece of information among several that your clinician may consider.

    PGT-A is not suitable for everyone and is not a required step in IVF. Whether it is offered or recommended depends on your medical history, your reasons for testing and your clinic’s practice. You can ask your clinician why PGT-A is being suggested in your case and what the alternatives are.

    The common sections of a PGT-A report

    Laboratory reports vary, but many PGT-A reports from Thai laboratories include the following sections. The exact layout and wording depend on the laboratory.

    Patient and sample identification

    This section usually confirms the patient name or identifier, the clinic, the date the sample was received, and the type of test performed. Check that your name and identifiers are correct. If anything looks wrong, contact your clinic before drawing conclusions from the report.

    Embryo identification

    Each embryo is usually given an identifier, such as a number, a code or a combination of letters and numbers. This identifier links the result to the correct embryo in the laboratory and in the clinic’s records. If you have more than one embryo, the report may list them in a table.

    Ask your clinic how embryo identifiers are matched to your records, especially if you have embryos stored or if you are planning a transfer. This is a practical safety question, not a sign of doubt.

    Result category for each embryo

    Most reports give a result category for each embryo. Common categories include:

    • Euploid: the expected number of chromosomes was observed in the cells tested.
    • Aneuploid: an extra or missing chromosome was observed. The report may name the chromosome involved.
    • Mosaic: a mixture of cells with the expected number of chromosomes and cells with an extra or missing chromosome was observed.
    • No result or inconclusive: the laboratory could not obtain a clear result from the sample. This can happen for technical reasons.

    Some reports use different words or add subcategories. Ask your clinic to explain the exact terms used in your report.

    Mosaic calls and what they mean

    A mosaic result means the laboratory saw a mix of cells. Mosaicism can be full or partial, and the report may describe the percentage or level of mosaicism. Mosaic results are often described as a separate category because their interpretation is less straightforward than a fully euploid or fully aneuploid result.

    Mosaic calls do not automatically mean an embryo should or should not be used. The decision depends on many factors, including which chromosome is involved, the level of mosaicism, your history and your clinic’s approach. This is a discussion to have with your clinician and, if available, a genetic counsellor.

    Laboratory notes and limitations

    Reports often include notes about the sample, the technology used, the resolution of the test and any limitations. These notes may mention that the test cannot detect every chromosome abnormality, that it does not test for single-gene conditions, or that the result applies only to the cells sampled.

    Read these notes as part of the report, not as fine print to skip. They help you understand what the result can and cannot tell you.

    A simple way to read the report step by step

    1. Check the patient and sample identification. Make sure the report belongs to you and to the correct IVF cycle.
    2. Find the embryo identifiers. Match each identifier to the embryo it refers to.
    3. Read the result category for each embryo. Note whether the result is euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or no result.
    4. Look for any chromosome details. Some reports name the chromosome or chromosomes involved.
    5. Read the laboratory notes and limitations. These explain the scope of the test.
    6. Write down your questions before your appointment. Do not make treatment decisions from the report alone.

    Questions to ask your clinician about your PGT-A report

    • Which reporting system or terminology does this laboratory use, and what do these terms mean in my report?
    • How do these results fit with my medical history, my age and the development of each embryo?
    • If a result is mosaic, what does the level and the chromosome involved mean for my situation?
    • If a result is inconclusive or no result, what are the options, and could the sample be retested?
    • What are the alternatives to using PGT-A results in my treatment planning?
    • What does PGT-A not tell us about this embryo?
    • Who can help me understand the genetic aspects of this report, such as a genetic counsellor?
    • What are the next steps, and what decisions need to be made before then?

    What PGT-A cannot tell you

    PGT-A cannot guarantee that an embryo will implant, that a pregnancy will continue, or that a child will be healthy. It does not test for all genetic conditions. It does not replace prenatal testing or other clinical assessments. A euploid result is not a promise, and an aneuploid or mosaic result is not a complete prediction of what will happen.

    Reports are also technical documents. They describe what was observed in a small sample of cells at a particular time. Your clinician is the right person to put that information into context for you.

    Practical next steps

    • Keep a copy of the full report, including the notes and any attachments.
    • Write your questions down and bring them to your next appointment.
    • Ask your clinic to explain any term you do not understand, in plain language.
    • Ask whether a genetic counselling appointment is available to you.
    • Take time before making decisions. You can ask for a follow-up conversation if you need one.

    For more general background, you can read our PGT in Thailand overview, browse patient guides, compare hospitals, and check the FAQ for common questions about testing and coordination.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a euploid result on a PGT-A report mean?

    A euploid result generally means the laboratory observed the expected number of chromosomes in the cells tested. It does not guarantee implantation, an ongoing pregnancy or a healthy child. Your clinician can explain how this result fits with your overall situation.

    What is a mosaic result, and does it mean the embryo cannot be used?

    A mosaic result means the laboratory saw a mixture of cells with the expected number of chromosomes and cells with an extra or missing chromosome. It does not automatically mean the embryo cannot be used. The interpretation depends on factors such as the chromosome involved, the level of mosaicism and your medical history, so this is a discussion to have with your clinician.

    Why does my report say no result or inconclusive for an embryo?

    A no result or inconclusive result usually means the laboratory could not obtain a clear reading from the sample. This can happen for technical reasons. Ask your clinic whether retesting is possible and what the alternatives are.

    Can I interpret my PGT-A report without a clinician?

    A PGT-A report is a technical laboratory document, and its meaning depends on your medical history and the specific embryos involved. It is best to review it with your treating clinician rather than interpreting it on your own. You can also ask whether genetic counselling is available.

    Does PGT-A test for all genetic conditions?

    No. PGT-A looks at chromosome number, not at every possible genetic condition. PGT-M and PGT-SR are different tests used for specific inherited conditions or structural chromosome rearrangements. Ask your clinician what your test does and does not cover.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand: What International Patients Should Know Before Starting

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test performed on a small number of cells taken from an embryo during IVF. It looks for extra or missing chromosomes. It is not a treatment, not a guarantee of pregnancy, and not right for every patient. If you are an international patient planning IVF in Thailand, the practical questions are: what does the test actually tell you, how does it change the cycle timeline, what might a report show, and what should you confirm with the clinic before you start? This guide walks through those points in plain English.

    At a glance

    • What it is: a chromosome screening test on a biopsy of embryo cells, usually done in the laboratory before transfer.
    • What it is not: a diagnosis of a specific disease, a guarantee of a healthy child, or a required step in IVF.
    • Where it fits: after fertilisation and embryo development, before any embryo transfer.
    • What a report may show: results described as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or inconclusive — each with different implications.
    • What to confirm: who performs the biopsy, where testing happens, how results are explained, what happens to embryos that are not transferred, and the full cost picture.

    What PGT-A is — and what it is not

    PGT-A examines the number of chromosomes in the cells sampled from an embryo. Humans typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes. An embryo with the expected number is often described as euploid. An embryo with an extra or missing chromosome is described as aneuploid. Some embryos show a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers; these are described as mosaic.

    PGT-A is different from PGT-M (which looks for a specific inherited condition) and PGT-SR (which looks at structural chromosome rearrangements). If you are exploring PGT generally, it helps to know which test is being discussed, because the purpose, the laboratory method, and the counselling needs differ.

    PGT-A does not:

    • diagnose a disease in an embryo or a future child;
    • predict whether an embryo will implant;
    • guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a child without a health condition;
    • replace other prenatal testing or clinical judgement.

    It is one piece of information that you and your clinician may consider alongside your history, the embryo’s development, and your priorities.

    How PGT-A fits into an IVF cycle

    The exact sequence varies by clinic and by your protocol, but the general flow is:

    1. Ovarian stimulation and monitoring — medications are used to encourage multiple eggs to mature, with monitoring visits.
    2. Egg retrieval and fertilisation — eggs are collected and combined with sperm in the laboratory.
    3. Embryo development — embryos are observed for several days. Biopsy for PGT-A is typically performed at a specific stage of development, as determined by the laboratory.
    4. Biopsy and sample preparation — a small number of cells are removed from the embryo and prepared for testing.
    5. Testing — the sample is analysed, either in the same laboratory or at a partner laboratory.
    6. Results and discussion — you receive a report, and a clinician explains what the results may mean for your situation.
    7. Transfer or storage — depending on results and your decisions, an embryo may be transferred, kept in storage, or handled according to the clinic’s policy and your consent.

    Because testing takes time, PGT-A often means a frozen embryo transfer rather than a fresh transfer in the same cycle. That changes the timeline and may affect travel planning. Ask the clinic how many days or weeks are typically needed between retrieval and transfer in your case, and whether any steps can be done remotely.

    What a PGT-A report may show

    Reports vary in wording and detail. Common categories include:

    Report term Plain-English meaning What it does not tell you
    Euploid The tested cells showed the expected number of chromosomes. It does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a child without a health condition.
    Aneuploid The tested cells showed an extra or missing chromosome. It does not describe every cell in the embryo with certainty, and it does not by itself define what you should do next.
    Mosaic The tested cells showed a mix of chromosome patterns. It does not predict a specific outcome, and interpretation may depend on the proportion and type of cells involved.
    Inconclusive / no result The laboratory could not produce a clear result from the sample. It does not mean the embryo is affected or unaffected; it means the information is limited.

    Some reports include additional detail, such as which chromosome was involved or the estimated percentage of mosaic cells. Ask the clinic to walk you through your own report line by line, and to explain the limits of the test in your specific case.

    Who might consider PGT-A — and who might not

    PGT-A is not universally recommended. Whether it is offered or discussed may depend on factors such as your age, your reproductive history, the number of embryos available, previous IVF cycles, and your personal preferences. Some patients choose it to gain information; others decide that the added cost, waiting time, and uncertainty are not worth it for them.

    There is no single right answer. A useful conversation with your clinician covers:

    • what information PGT-A could add in your situation;
    • what it cannot tell you;
    • what alternatives exist, including transferring an untested embryo;
    • how you would use the result if it were euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or inconclusive.

    If you are not sure whether PGT-A is relevant to you, that is a clinical discussion, not a decision you need to make from a website.

    PGT-A lab questions to ask before you commit

    The laboratory side of PGT-A matters, and it is reasonable to ask direct questions. You can ask these before starting a cycle, and you can ask for written answers where possible.

    • Where is the biopsy performed, and who performs it?
    • Is testing done in-house or sent to an external laboratory? If external, which laboratory, and how are samples transported?
    • What testing method is used, and what does the clinic say about its validation and quality controls?
    • How are inconclusive or no-result cases handled, and is there a repeat-testing policy?
    • How are mosaic results reported and explained?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on embryos that are not transferred — storage, donation for research, or other options — and what consent is required?
    • Who explains the report to you, in what language, and is an interpreter available if needed?
    • What is the total cost of PGT-A, including biopsy, laboratory fees, shipping if applicable, storage, and any repeat testing?

    If a clinic cannot answer these questions clearly, that is useful information for your decision-making.

    Practical planning for international patients

    PGT-A can affect how long you need to stay in Thailand, or how many trips you make. Because results take time and transfer is often in a later cycle, some patients plan two visits; others arrange monitoring locally and travel for key steps. The right plan depends on your protocol, your clinic’s requirements, and your own circumstances.

    Before you book travel, confirm with the clinic:

    • which appointments must be in person and which can be done remotely or locally;
    • how results are communicated and how quickly;
    • what happens if results are delayed or inconclusive;
    • what documents, consent forms, or identification the clinic needs from you;
    • what payment methods and currency arrangements are accepted;
    • what the clinic’s policy is on cancellation, refunds, and storage fees.

    For visa, entry, and legal questions, check with the relevant embassy, immigration authority, or a qualified legal professional. Clinic staff can sometimes point you to general information, but they are not a substitute for official guidance.

    Costs: what to ask, not what to assume

    PGT-A pricing is not standardised, and published figures can become outdated. Rather than relying on a number you saw online, ask for a written breakdown that separates:

    • IVF cycle costs (monitoring, retrieval, laboratory work, medication);
    • embryo biopsy;
    • PGT-A laboratory analysis per embryo or per batch;
    • embryo freezing and storage;
    • frozen embryo transfer;
    • any repeat testing or additional fees;
    • consultations, interpretation, and follow-up.

    Ask whether the quote is fixed or an estimate, what could change it, and when payment is due. This helps you compare clinics on a like-for-like basis and avoid surprises.

    Limitations and uncertainty

    PGT-A is a screening test with technical limits. A biopsy samples only a few cells, so it may not represent every cell in the embryo. Some embryos are mosaic, and the clinical meaning of mosaicism is an area of ongoing discussion. Results can be inconclusive. Even a euploid result does not guarantee that an embryo will implant or develop into a healthy child, and an aneuploid result does not necessarily mean an embryo could never produce a pregnancy — though many clinics and patients treat it as a reason not to transfer.

    Because of these limits, PGT-A is best understood as one input among several. It does not remove the need for clinical judgement, and it does not replace prenatal testing or other care during pregnancy.

    Next steps

    1. Write down your questions, including the lab questions above.
    2. Ask your clinic for a written summary of how PGT-A would fit into your cycle, including timeline and costs.
    3. Ask how results would be explained to you, and in what language.
    4. Consider what you would do with each possible result before you start.
    5. Confirm travel, document, and payment logistics directly with the clinic and, where relevant, official authorities.

    If you are at the beginning of your research, you may find it helpful to read our information for international patients, our overview of PGT in Thailand, our guides, and our FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A required for IVF in Thailand?

    No. PGT-A is an optional laboratory test, not a required part of IVF. Whether it is offered or recommended depends on your clinical situation and the clinic's practice. You can ask your clinician whether it is relevant for you and what the alternatives are.

    Does a euploid result guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No. A euploid result means the tested cells showed the expected number of chromosomes, but it does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a child without a health condition. Many other factors affect outcomes.

    How long does PGT-A add to an IVF cycle?

    Timelines vary by clinic, laboratory, and your protocol. Because testing takes time, transfer is often in a later cycle. Ask your clinic for an estimate for your specific situation and how it affects travel planning.

    What should I ask about the laboratory doing the testing?

    Ask where the biopsy is performed, whether testing is in-house or sent to an external laboratory, what method is used, how inconclusive results are handled, and who explains the report to you. Clear answers help you understand the process.

    What happens to embryos that are not transferred after PGT-A?

    Policies vary. Options may include continued storage, donation for research, or other choices, depending on the clinic and your consent. Ask the clinic to explain its policy and any associated fees before you start.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read IVF Success Rates in Thailand: A Guide for International Patients

    When you see an IVF success rate published by a clinic in Thailand, it is a summary of a specific group of patients, a specific treatment definition, and a specific time period. It is not a personal prediction. Two clinics can report very different numbers while treating similar patients, because they may count pregnancies differently, include different age groups, or measure success at different stages. For international patients, the practical skill is not finding the highest number but understanding what a number actually describes and what it leaves out.

    At a glance

    • Success rates are historical summaries, not guarantees.
    • Ask what is being counted: started cycles, egg retrievals, embryo transfers, clinical pregnancies, or live births.
    • Age is one of the strongest influences on IVF outcomes, so a rate without an age breakdown is hard to interpret.
    • PGT-A adds its own questions about which embryos are transferred and how outcomes are tracked.
    • Comparisons between clinics are difficult unless the definitions match.

    What does an IVF success rate actually measure?

    A success rate is a fraction. The top number is the event being counted, and the bottom number is the group being followed. The event might be a positive pregnancy test, a clinical pregnancy confirmed by ultrasound, an ongoing pregnancy, or a live birth. The group might be all patients who started a cycle, all patients who reached egg retrieval, or only those who had an embryo transfer. Each choice changes the result.

    For example, a clinic that reports live births per embryo transfer may show a higher percentage than a clinic that reports live births per started cycle, even if their underlying outcomes are similar. This is not necessarily misleading, but it means the numbers are not directly comparable unless you know the denominator.

    Why denominators matter

    The denominator tells you who is included. Common denominators include:

    • Started cycles: everyone who began ovarian stimulation, including those who later cancelled.
    • Egg retrievals: patients who reached the procedure.
    • Embryo transfers: patients who had at least one embryo transferred.
    • Patients: each person counted once, even if they had multiple cycles.

    A rate based on embryo transfers will usually look better than one based on started cycles, because it excludes people who did not reach transfer. Neither is wrong, but they answer different questions. If you want to understand your chance of taking a baby home after starting treatment, the started-cycle denominator is more relevant. If you want to know the chance that a transferred embryo leads to a live birth, the transfer denominator is more relevant.

    Age groups and other patient factors

    IVF success is strongly related to the age of the person providing the eggs. A clinic that treats many patients under 35 may report higher rates than a clinic that treats many patients over 40, even if the quality of care is similar. For this reason, a single overall success rate is not very useful. Look for rates broken down by age group, such as under 35, 35–37, 38–40, 41–42, and over 42.

    Other factors also matter, including ovarian reserve, sperm quality, uterine factors, body weight, smoking, and previous IVF history. A clinic may not publish all of these, but you can ask whether the reported rate is adjusted for any of them. If it is not, treat the number as a broad summary rather than a precise estimate for your situation.

    Transfer versus cycle: two different questions

    One of the most common sources of confusion is the difference between a cycle and a transfer. A single IVF cycle can involve one egg retrieval and several embryo transfers over time, especially if embryos are frozen. A clinic might report success per transfer, which counts each transfer as a separate event. Another clinic might report success per cycle, which counts the whole treatment episode. If you are comparing figures, check which one is being used.

    For international patients, it also helps to ask whether the rate includes frozen embryo transfers, fresh transfers, or both. Some clinics report them separately; others combine them. The combination can change the overall picture.

    PGT-A and success rate questions

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is sometimes used to select embryos for transfer. When a clinic reports success rates for PGT-A cycles, ask whether the rate is based on all embryos tested, only on embryos that were found to be suitable for transfer, or only on transfers that actually took place. Each denominator gives a different result.

    Also ask whether the clinic reports outcomes for patients who chose not to have PGT-A, and whether the reported rate includes cycles where no embryo was available for transfer after testing. These details help you understand whether the number reflects the full patient experience or only a selected subgroup.

    Why comparing clinics is difficult

    Even when two clinics publish a number, they may define success differently, include different patient populations, or use different time frames. Some clinics update their figures annually; others may use older data. Some may report cumulative success over multiple cycles; others report per-cycle success. Without a standard definition, a direct comparison can be misleading.

    Instead of ranking clinics by a single number, consider asking each clinic the same set of questions. This gives you a more consistent basis for discussion.

    Questions to ask a clinic about success rates

    • What exactly is counted as success: clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, or live birth?
    • What is the denominator: started cycles, egg retrievals, embryo transfers, or patients?
    • Are the rates broken down by age group? If so, what are the groups?
    • Do the rates include frozen embryo transfers? Are fresh and frozen reported separately?
    • For PGT-A cycles, how are outcomes reported, and are they separated from non-PGT-A cycles?
    • Over what time period were these figures collected?
    • Do the figures include patients who cancelled before transfer?
    • Can you explain how these numbers might apply to someone with my age and medical history?

    How to use success rates in your decision

    Success rates are one piece of information among many. They can help you start a conversation, but they cannot tell you what will happen in your own treatment. A clinic with a lower reported rate might be a better fit for you if it treats a more complex patient group or offers a service you need. A clinic with a higher reported rate might not be the best choice if its definitions do not match your situation.

    Use the numbers to ask better questions, not to make a final judgment. Ask about the clinic’s approach to your specific case, what monitoring and support are available, and how they communicate with international patients. Those factors often matter more than a single percentage.

    Next steps for international patients

    1. Write down your top three questions about success rates before you contact any clinic.
    2. Ask each clinic for its definitions and denominators in writing.
    3. Request age-specific data if available.
    4. Ask how the clinic handles communication, travel timing, and follow-up for patients from abroad.
    5. Consider a consultation to discuss your individual history, rather than relying on general figures.

    For more context on IVF in Thailand, you can read our IVF success rates in Thailand overview, browse the FAQ, explore other guides, or contact us with questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is a good IVF success rate in Thailand?

    There is no single number that defines a good success rate, because rates depend on the patients treated and how success is measured. A rate that is high for one age group may be lower for another. Instead of looking for a good number, ask what the rate includes and how it applies to your age and medical history.

    Why do IVF success rates differ so much between clinics?

    Differences can come from the denominator used (started cycles versus transfers), the age and profile of patients, whether frozen transfers are included, and the time period. Two clinics can report different numbers even with similar outcomes. Comparing them directly is difficult unless their definitions match.

    Should I choose a clinic based on its reported success rate?

    A reported success rate is one factor, but it should not be the only one. Consider the clinic's experience with patients like you, its communication and support for international patients, and whether its definitions are clear. A consultation can help you understand how the figures might relate to your situation.

    What does PGT-A success rate mean?

    PGT-A success rates can be reported in different ways: per embryo tested, per transfer, or per cycle. Ask whether the rate includes only embryos that were suitable for transfer and whether it includes cycles where no embryo was available. These details change how you interpret the number.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR in Thailand: How International Patients Understand the Differences

    PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR are three different types of preimplantation genetic testing used during IVF. They are not interchangeable. PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in a family. PGT-SR looks at chromosome structure, usually when a parent has a known rearrangement. In Thailand, as elsewhere, the right test — if any — depends on your medical history, your family history and what your clinic can actually offer. This guide explains the differences in plain English and lists questions to ask before you decide.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A — checks chromosome number (for example, extra or missing chromosomes).
    • PGT-M — checks for a specific gene change linked to a known inherited condition.
    • PGT-SR — checks for chromosome structural rearrangements, such as translocations.
    • None of these tests is a guarantee of pregnancy, live birth or a healthy child.
    • Not every patient needs PGT. Some clinics may recommend it; others may not.
    • Availability, eligibility and cost vary by clinic and should be confirmed directly.

    What is preimplantation genetic testing?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a group of laboratory tests performed on a small number of cells taken from an embryo during IVF, usually before the embryo is transferred to the uterus or frozen. The goal is to give the care team more information about the embryo’s chromosomes or genes.

    PGT is not a treatment for infertility. It is a screening or diagnostic tool that may help some patients make decisions about which embryo(s) to transfer. It does not improve the quality of an embryo, and it cannot guarantee that an embryo will implant, that a pregnancy will continue, or that a child will be free of all health conditions.

    The three main PGT types

    PGT-A: chromosome number

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. Aneuploidy means an embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes — for example, an extra copy or a missing copy of a particular chromosome. PGT-A is sometimes called chromosome screening.

    PGT-A does not look for a specific inherited disease. It gives a broad view of chromosome number across the embryo’s cells. It may be discussed with patients who are older, who have had repeated implantation failure or recurrent pregnancy loss, or who have had previous IVF cycles. However, professional guidelines differ on who should be offered PGT-A, and it is not universally recommended. Some embryos with abnormal PGT-A results can still develop, and some with normal results do not implant. This is why PGT-A is best understood as one piece of information, not a final answer.

    PGT-M: a specific inherited condition

    PGT-M stands for preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic (single-gene) disorders. It is used when a family has a known inherited condition caused by a change in a single gene — for example, cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, or certain types of thalassemia. PGT-M requires that the specific gene change in the family has already been identified, usually through genetic testing of the parents or an affected family member.

    PGT-M is highly targeted. It looks only for the condition in question, not for other chromosome problems. It is typically considered when both parents are carriers of the same recessive condition, when one parent has a dominant condition, or when there is a known X-linked condition in the family. A genetic counsellor or specialist usually needs to be involved before PGT-M can be arranged.

    PGT-SR: chromosome structure

    PGT-SR stands for preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements. It is used when one parent has a known chromosome rearrangement, such as a translocation, inversion or deletion. These rearrangements can increase the risk of miscarriage or of a child being born with a chromosome condition.

    PGT-SR is different from PGT-A because it looks at the structure and arrangement of chromosomes, not just the number. Like PGT-M, it requires prior genetic testing to characterise the rearrangement. It is not a general screening test and is not appropriate for everyone.

    How the three tests compare

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M PGT-SR
    What it looks for Chromosome number (aneuploidy) A specific single-gene condition Chromosome structural rearrangements
    Typical reason to consider Age, repeated implantation failure, recurrent loss, or clinic policy Known inherited condition in the family Known translocation or other rearrangement in a parent
    Prior genetic testing needed? No Yes — the specific gene change must be identified Yes — the rearrangement must be characterised
    Scope Broad chromosome screen Targeted to one condition Targeted to a structural issue
    Guarantee of outcome? No No No

    This table is a general orientation only. Your clinic will explain which test, if any, is relevant to your situation.

    Who might be offered each test?

    PGT is not a routine part of every IVF cycle. The following are common reasons a clinic might discuss a particular test, but they are not rules and they are not recommendations.

    • PGT-A may be discussed for patients with advanced maternal age, a history of recurrent miscarriage, repeated IVF failure, or a previous pregnancy with a chromosome condition. Some clinics offer it more broadly; others do not.
    • PGT-M may be discussed when there is a known single-gene disorder in the family and the specific mutation has been identified. It usually requires genetic counselling and a custom laboratory setup.
    • PGT-SR may be discussed when a parent carries a balanced translocation or another structural rearrangement, which can affect the chance of a healthy pregnancy.

    In all cases, the decision is individual. A clinic may recommend for or against PGT based on your medical history, the number of embryos available, laboratory capacity and other factors.

    What PGT can and cannot tell you

    PGT can provide information about the chromosomes or genes of the cells that were tested. It cannot tell you whether an embryo will implant, whether a pregnancy will be healthy, or what the child’s future health will be. It also cannot detect every possible genetic condition. Some tests have technical limitations, and occasionally results are inconclusive or need to be repeated.

    It is also important to know that PGT is not a substitute for prenatal testing. Some patients choose to have prenatal testing during pregnancy even after PGT, because PGT is not 100% accurate and because some conditions cannot be detected in an embryo.

    Alternatives to PGT

    Depending on your situation, alternatives may include:

    • Proceeding with IVF without PGT and transferring an embryo based on standard selection.
    • Using donor eggs or donor sperm, which may change the genetic risk profile.
    • Prenatal testing (such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy, if you become pregnant.
    • Preconception genetic carrier screening for both partners, which can identify risks before treatment.
    • Choosing not to pursue IVF or genetic testing at all, and instead exploring other family-building options.

    These are not necessarily better or worse than PGT; they are different paths with different trade-offs. A genetic counsellor or your treating doctor can help you weigh them.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, the following questions can help you understand what is available and what to expect. Ask for written information where possible.

    1. Which PGT tests does your laboratory perform, and are they done on-site or sent to another facility?
    2. For my situation, which test — if any — would you recommend, and why?
    3. What are the limitations of the test you are recommending?
    4. What proportion of embryos typically receive a result, and what happens if the result is inconclusive?
    5. What are the costs of the test itself, and are there separate costs for genetic counselling, embryo biopsy, freezing or storage?
    6. Do you require genetic counselling before PGT-M or PGT-SR, and can you provide it or refer me?
    7. How will the results affect the decision about which embryo to transfer?
    8. What are the laws or clinic policies in Thailand that apply to PGT and to my situation?
    9. What support is available for international patients, such as interpretation or help with travel logistics?
    10. Can you provide information in writing so I can review it with my home doctor?

    Next steps for international patients

    If you are new to PGT, a practical first step is to gather your own medical and family history, including any previous genetic test results. Then contact a few clinics that accept international patients and ask the questions above. Compare their answers, not just their prices. You may also want to speak with a genetic counsellor in your home country before you travel, so you understand the test and its implications.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. If you are planning a trip for treatment, our international patients page covers practical topics. You can also browse our guides and FAQ for related questions.

    A note on uncertainty

    PGT is a rapidly evolving field. Guidelines, laboratory techniques and clinic policies can change. This article is for general education and does not replace personalised medical advice. Always confirm details directly with your treating clinic and, where relevant, with a qualified genetic counsellor.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the main difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene change. PGT-SR looks at the structure of chromosomes, usually when a parent has a known rearrangement such as a translocation. They are different tests used for different reasons.

    Do I need PGT for IVF in Thailand?

    Not necessarily. PGT is not required for every IVF cycle. Whether it is offered or recommended depends on your medical history, family history, the clinic's policy and other factors. Your treating doctor can explain if it is relevant for you.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about the chromosomes or genes of the tested embryo, but it cannot guarantee pregnancy, live birth or a child free of all health conditions. It also cannot detect every possible genetic issue. Some patients still choose prenatal testing during pregnancy.

    How much does PGT cost in Thailand?

    Costs vary widely depending on the clinic, the type of test, the number of embryos tested and whether genetic counselling or other services are included. We do not list prices because they change and depend on your individual situation. Ask each clinic for a written cost breakdown.

    What should I ask a Thai clinic before choosing PGT?

    Ask which tests they perform, whether the laboratory is on-site, what the limitations are, how results are reported, what the total cost includes, whether genetic counselling is required, and how results will affect embryo transfer decisions. Also ask about support for international patients.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing Cost in Thailand: How to Read and Compare a Quotation

    PGT-A testing cost in Thailand is usually quoted as part of an IVF cycle, not as a single standalone fee. A quotation may cover embryo biopsy, laboratory processing, genetic analysis, reporting, and sometimes counselling or storage. It may also exclude some of these. Because clinics package and price services differently, the only reliable way to compare is to ask what is inside each quotation and what would trigger an extra charge. This guide explains the categories to check, the questions to ask, and how to plan a budget without relying on a headline number.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A is usually priced per embryo tested, but quotations may bundle it into an IVF package.
    • Biopsy, laboratory processing, analysis, reporting, counselling, storage, and re-testing may be separate line items.
    • Currency, exchange rates, and payment timing can change what you actually pay.
    • The most useful comparison is not the lowest number, but the clearest list of inclusions and exclusions.
    • Ask for a written quotation that states what happens if no embryos are suitable for testing or if testing needs to be repeated.

    Why PGT-A quotations are hard to compare

    Two clinics can quote very different totals for what sounds like the same service. One may include embryo biopsy and the other may charge it separately. One may include a set number of embryos and charge per embryo beyond that. Another may include genetic counselling in the package, while a third bills it only if you request it. Some quotations include medication, monitoring scans, and the IVF laboratory work; others assume those are already covered by a separate IVF package.

    This is why a direct price comparison often misleads. The better approach is to compare the scope of each quotation: what is included, what is excluded, what is optional, and what could change the final amount.

    Typical cost components in a PGT-A quotation

    The exact line items vary by clinic and by your treatment plan. The categories below are common places where costs appear. Use them as a checklist when you read a quotation.

    Component What it usually covers Questions to ask
    IVF cycle base Monitoring, egg retrieval, laboratory fertilisation, and embryo culture up to the biopsy stage. Is the IVF cycle included in this quotation, or is it separate? What is excluded from the base package?
    Embryo biopsy The procedure to remove a small number of cells from each embryo for testing. Is biopsy charged per embryo, per cycle, or included? Is there a minimum or maximum number of embryos?
    Laboratory processing and genetic analysis Preparation of the biopsy sample and the PGT-A laboratory work itself. Is the analysis done in-house or sent to an external laboratory? Does that affect the price or timeline?
    Reporting A written result for each embryo, usually describing whether it is suitable for transfer based on the test. How and when are results shared? Is there a charge for a written report or for a second review?
    Counselling A discussion about what the results may mean for your transfer decisions. Is counselling included, optional, or charged separately? Who provides it?
    Storage Freezing and storing embryos before or after testing. Is storage included for a set period? What are the renewal terms and fees after that period?
    Re-testing or additional analysis Repeat testing if a sample does not give a clear result, or if you request further analysis. What happens if a result is inconclusive? Is re-testing included or charged again?

    What may change the final amount

    Even a detailed quotation can change once treatment begins. The most common reasons are clinical rather than administrative.

    • Number of embryos tested. If PGT-A is priced per embryo, the total depends on how many embryos reach the biopsy stage. That number is not known in advance.
    • Embryo development. Some embryos may not be suitable for biopsy or testing. This can reduce the number tested, but it may also affect how many are available for transfer.
    • Inconclusive results. A sample may not give a clear result, which can lead to a repeat test or a decision not to test that embryo further.
    • Additional laboratory services. Some quotations include only PGT-A, while others may offer additional genetic tests or sperm analysis as separate services.
    • Medication and monitoring. These are often part of the IVF cycle rather than the PGT-A fee, but they can be a significant part of the overall budget.
    • Currency and payment method. Exchange rates, bank fees, and payment timing can change what you pay in your home currency.
    • Travel and accommodation. These are not part of the medical quotation but are part of the real cost of treatment abroad.

    Questions to ask before you compare quotations

    Use these questions to turn a price list into a comparable quotation. Ask for answers in writing so you can review them later.

    1. Is PGT-A included in the IVF package, or is it a separate fee?
    2. Is the fee per embryo, per cycle, or a flat rate? Is there a minimum or maximum number of embryos?
    3. Does the quotation include embryo biopsy, laboratory processing, genetic analysis, and reporting?
    4. Is genetic counselling included? If not, what does it cost and who provides it?
    5. Is embryo storage included? For how long, and what are the renewal terms?
    6. What happens if a result is inconclusive? Is re-testing included or charged separately?
    7. Are there any charges that are not listed in the quotation? What typically triggers them?
    8. How and when do I pay? Are there currency conversion or bank fees I should expect?
    9. What is the refund or cancellation policy if treatment is stopped or changed?
    10. Can I get a written quotation that states what is included and excluded?

    How to build a realistic budget

    A budget for PGT-A in Thailand should cover more than the test itself. Start with the categories below and fill in amounts only when a clinic confirms them in writing.

    • IVF cycle: monitoring, retrieval, laboratory work, and embryo culture.
    • PGT-A: biopsy, analysis, reporting, and any related counselling.
    • Medication: often separate from the IVF package and can vary with your protocol.
    • Storage: freezing and storage fees, including renewal terms.
    • Travel: flights, accommodation, local transport, and time away from work.
    • Contingency: a buffer for inconclusive results, additional tests, or a change in plan.

    Because prices and package contents change, treat any figure you see online as a starting point for a conversation, not a final quote. Ask the clinic to confirm the current price and what it includes in writing.

    Next steps

    Before you decide, gather written quotations from the clinics you are considering. Compare them line by line using the categories above. If a quotation is unclear, ask for clarification. If a clinic cannot explain what is included, that is useful information too.

    You can read more about the wider cost picture in our guide to PGT-A cost in Thailand and our overview of IVF cost in Thailand. For general planning tools and questions to ask any provider, see our patient resources. If you would like help organising your questions or comparing quotations, you can contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A testing in Thailand usually included in the IVF package?

    It varies. Some clinics include PGT-A in a broader IVF package, while others quote it as a separate fee. Ask for a written quotation that clearly states whether biopsy, laboratory analysis, reporting, and counselling are included or charged separately.

    What does a PGT-A quotation typically exclude?

    Common exclusions include medication, monitoring scans, embryo storage after an initial period, genetic counselling, and re-testing if a result is inconclusive. Travel and accommodation are also usually separate. Ask the clinic to list all exclusions in writing.

    Why do PGT-A prices differ so much between clinics?

    Differences often come from what is bundled into the quotation, whether the fee is per embryo or per cycle, whether analysis is done in-house or sent to an external laboratory, and whether counselling and storage are included. Comparing inclusions is more useful than comparing headline prices.

    Can I get a fixed price for PGT-A before I start treatment?

    Some clinics may offer a package price for a set number of embryos, but the total can still change if fewer or more embryos are suitable for testing, or if a result needs to be repeated. Ask how the clinic handles these situations and whether any adjustments are included.

    What should I ask if a PGT-A result is inconclusive?

    Ask whether re-testing is included in the original fee or charged again, how long a repeat test takes, and what your options are if the result remains unclear. This should be explained before you consent to testing.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Mosaic Embryo Results from a Thai Lab: Questions for International Patients

    If you have received a mosaic PGT-A result from a laboratory in Thailand, you are likely dealing with two challenges at once: understanding a complex genetic report and coordinating follow-up care across countries and time zones. A mosaic result means the laboratory detected a mix of cells with different chromosomal patterns in the same embryo sample. It is not a simple positive or negative, and it does not by itself tell you what will happen next. The most useful next step is usually to ask your laboratory and treating team specific questions about how the result was reported, what its limitations are, and which options they can discuss with you.

    At a glance

    • A mosaic PGT-A result describes a mixture of chromosomal patterns within one embryo sample, not a diagnosis of a future child.
    • Laboratories differ in how they classify, report, and describe mosaicism, so the same raw data may be summarised differently.
    • Mosaic reporting is an area of active discussion, and professional guidance continues to evolve.
    • Your treating clinic, not the laboratory alone, is responsible for explaining how a result may affect your care.
    • You can ask for a copy of the full report, a plain-language explanation, and a discussion of alternatives.

    What a mosaic PGT-A result can mean

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a laboratory test performed on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage. The test looks at the number of chromosomes in those cells. A result may be described as euploid (the expected number of chromosomes), aneuploid (an extra or missing chromosome), or mosaic.

    Mosaic means the laboratory found evidence of more than one chromosomal pattern in the sample. This can happen because the cells sampled are not identical, or because the testing method has technical limits. Mosaicism exists on a spectrum. Some mosaic results involve a small proportion of cells with a different pattern; others involve a larger proportion. Laboratories may use different thresholds to decide when to call a result mosaic, and some may add a level such as low-level or high-level.

    A mosaic result is not the same as a diagnosis of a health condition in a future child. It is a laboratory observation about a sample of cells. How that observation relates to the whole embryo, and to a potential pregnancy, is something your treating clinician can discuss with you in the context of your full history.

    Why mosaic reporting varies between laboratories

    If you compare reports from different laboratories, or read about mosaic results online, you may notice inconsistencies. This is expected. Several factors can influence how a mosaic result is described:

    • Testing platform and protocol. Different PGT-A methods have different sensitivities and may detect or report mosaicism differently.
    • Thresholds and categories. Laboratories set their own cut-offs for what counts as mosaic, and some use different categories or confidence levels.
    • Sample quality and biopsy technique. The number and quality of cells analysed can affect the result.
    • Reporting language. Some reports use technical terms without much explanation; others include a summary or a comment from a genetic counsellor.
    • Local practice and professional guidance. Recommendations about how to use mosaic results in decision-making are not uniform and may change over time.

    Because of this variation, a mosaic result from a Thai laboratory should be interpreted in the context of that laboratory’s own reporting standards and your clinic’s protocols. It is reasonable to ask for clarification rather than assuming a universal meaning.

    Questions to ask the laboratory

    You may be able to contact the laboratory directly, or you may need to ask your clinic to request information on your behalf. These questions can help you understand the report:

    1. What exactly does the report say about this embryo, in plain language?
    2. What proportion of cells showed the different chromosomal pattern, and how was that measured?
    3. What thresholds or categories does the laboratory use for mosaic results?
    4. Does the report include a confidence level or a note about technical limitations?
    5. Was the result reviewed by a genetic counsellor or another specialist, and is a written summary available?
    6. Can you provide the full report, including any appendices or raw data that may be shared with my clinic?
    7. How does this laboratory usually describe mosaic results to treating clinics?
    8. Are there any quality-control or accreditation details you can share about the testing process?

    If language is a barrier, ask whether the laboratory or your clinic can provide a translated summary or an interpreter for a call. It is also reasonable to ask for the information in writing so you can review it carefully.

    Questions to ask your treating clinic

    Your treating clinic is responsible for putting the laboratory result into the context of your care. These questions can guide that conversation:

    • How do you interpret this mosaic result for someone with my history and priorities?
    • What are the possible next steps, and what are the trade-offs of each?
    • If transfer is considered, how would you monitor and follow up?
    • What alternatives exist, such as transferring a different embryo, further testing, or another cycle?
    • What does current professional guidance say about mosaic results, and how do you apply it in your practice?
    • Can we discuss this with a genetic counsellor or another specialist before deciding?
    • What information would you need from me to make a more personalised recommendation?
    • How do you document and communicate decisions about mosaic embryos?

    You do not have to decide immediately. It is reasonable to ask for time, a second opinion, or a follow-up appointment to review the report together.

    What a mosaic result does not tell you

    It is important to be clear about the limits of PGT-A and mosaic reporting:

    • PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a child without a health condition.
    • A mosaic result does not predict how a specific embryo will develop.
    • PGT-A does not test for all genetic conditions; other tests such as PGT-M or PGT-SR look at different questions.
    • A mosaic result is not a reason to stop treatment or to continue it; it is one piece of information among many.
    • Reporting standards and clinical guidance can change, so older information may not reflect current practice.

    Your clinic can explain how PGT-A fits into your overall care and what other factors, such as your age, history, and previous cycles, may matter.

    Coordinating care across borders

    International patients often face extra steps: time zones, language, records transfer, and travel planning. A few practical habits can help:

    • Ask for all reports in a format you can share easily with another clinician.
    • Keep a written list of your questions and the answers you receive.
    • Confirm who your main point of contact is at the clinic and how to reach them.
    • Ask whether a teleconsultation or a written summary can be arranged before you travel.
    • Check what follow-up is expected and how results will be communicated to you.

    For more general orientation, you can review our pages on PGT in Thailand, hospitals, guides, and FAQ. These resources are educational and do not replace advice from your treating team.

    Next-step checklist

    1. Request the full laboratory report and any available plain-language summary.
    2. Write down your top three questions for the laboratory and your top three for the clinic.
    3. Ask whether a genetic counsellor or specialist can join a discussion.
    4. Ask about alternatives and the trade-offs, without pressure to decide immediately.
    5. Confirm how and when you will receive follow-up information.
    6. Keep copies of all records in a secure place you can access from home.

    Receiving a mosaic result can feel uncertain, but you are not without options. Asking focused questions helps you and your care team make decisions that fit your situation.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a mosaic PGT-A result mean the embryo is abnormal?

    A mosaic result means the laboratory found a mix of chromosomal patterns in the sampled cells. It is not the same as a diagnosis of a health condition in a future child. How the result may relate to a potential pregnancy is something your treating clinician can discuss with you, taking your full history into account.

    Why do mosaic results seem to be reported differently by different labs?

    Laboratories use different testing methods, thresholds, and reporting formats. Some include confidence levels or comments; others do not. Because of this, a mosaic result should be interpreted using the reporting standards of the laboratory that issued it, and your clinic can help explain what those standards mean for you.

    Can I ask for a second opinion on a mosaic result?

    Yes. It is reasonable to ask your clinic for a second opinion or a review by a genetic counsellor or another specialist. You can also ask for the full report so another clinician can review it. Your clinic can explain how to arrange this.

    What should I do if I do not understand the report language?

    Ask the laboratory or your clinic for a plain-language explanation or a translated summary. If a call is arranged, you can request an interpreter. It can help to ask for the explanation in writing so you can review it carefully and share it with others.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A is a screening test that looks at chromosome number in a sample of cells. It does not guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a child without a health condition. Your clinic can explain what PGT-A can and cannot tell you in your situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Compare PGT Labs in Thailand: Accreditation, Technology and Reporting

    Choosing a PGT laboratory in Thailand means comparing more than clinic names. You are assessing who performs the embryo biopsy, which genetics platform is used, how results are reported, and what accreditation actually covers. This guide explains the criteria that matter, then compares seven providers from our published hospital library using the same framework. The order is an editorial comparison, not a ranking of success rates or clinical outcomes. Always confirm current details directly with each provider.

    At a glance

    • Accreditation: Check whether the genetics laboratory itself holds ISO 15189 or equivalent, not only the hospital.
    • Technology: Ask which PGT method is used (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR) and which sequencing platform.
    • Reporting: Request a sample report and ask who explains it to you.
    • Biopsy: Confirm whether embryo biopsy is performed in-house or sent to an external lab.
    • Costs: Ask what the quoted price includes and what is billed separately.

    Why the laboratory matters as much as the clinic

    PGT involves several distinct steps: ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilisation, embryo culture, embryo biopsy, genetic analysis and reporting. The laboratory performs the biopsy and the genetic analysis. If either step is outsourced, transport and handling conditions become part of your risk profile. Accreditation and quality-control systems are designed to reduce variability in these steps, but they do not guarantee a particular outcome for any individual.

    When you compare providers, ask whether the genetics laboratory is in-house or external, and whether the same laboratory handles both biopsy and analysis. A clear answer helps you understand the pathway your embryos will follow.

    How to compare PGT labs: five criteria

    1. Accreditation and quality credentials

    Accreditation is not a single badge. Hospital accreditation (such as JCI) covers the facility. Laboratory accreditation (such as ISO 15189) covers the medical testing laboratory. RTAC accreditation relates to assisted reproduction. CAP and UK NEQAS relate to laboratory quality and external quality assessment. Ask which specific entity holds each certificate and what scope it covers.

    2. PGT technology and platform

    PGT-A screens for chromosomal number; PGT-M targets a specific inherited condition; PGT-SR looks at structural rearrangements. The laboratory may use next-generation sequencing (NGS) or other methods. Ask which method is used for your indication and whether the platform is validated for that purpose.

    3. Embryo biopsy standards

    Biopsy is typically performed at the blastocyst stage. Ask who performs it, how many cells are taken, and how the embryo is handled afterwards. If biopsy is performed at the fertility clinic but analysis is done elsewhere, ask how the sample is transported and tracked.

    4. Reporting practices

    A report should state the method used, the result for each embryo, and any limitations. Ask whether a genetic counsellor or specialist explains the report, and whether raw data or a summary is provided. Clear reporting helps you and your clinician make decisions.

    5. Cost transparency

    PGT is often billed separately from IVF. Ask whether the quote includes biopsy, analysis, freezing, storage and transfer, and what happens if additional embryos require testing. Prices vary by provider and are not comparable without checking inclusions.

    Provider comparison

    The table below summarises information from our published hospital library. Where a detail is not listed, it should be requested directly. This is not a ranking of clinical outcomes.

    Provider Location PGT and laboratory notes Accreditation or quality credentials Cost reference
    Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) Rama 9 area, Bangkok Provides IVF, ICSI, embryo culture, PGT, egg freezing, embryo freezing and embryo transfer. Materials list Embryoscope+, Geri incubators, IVF Witness, IMSI and MACS. Holds JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP and UK NEQAS certifications or quality credentials. June 2026 reference price for the basic single-cycle medical package: THB 490,000; final costs vary.
    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center Huai Khwang, Bangkok In-house embryology laboratory; services include IVF, ICSI, PGT-A, egg and embryo freezing, semen analysis. Ask the clinic to confirm. Fly-in packages reviewed July 2026: THB 335,000 from stimulation through embryo transfer; THB 456,000 with PGT and freezing for two embryos; valid to 31 December 2026, terms apply.
    Jetanin Hospital Pathum Wan, Bangkok In-house embryo, genetics and sperm laboratories; PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR using NGS and Sanger sequencing. States it was the first IVF centre in Southeast Asia accredited by both JCI and RTAC; facilities page describes ISO 15189 and ISO 15190 standards and annual quality-control audits. Request a written quotation.
    MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center Khlong Toei, Bangkok Services include IVF/ICSI, IUI, egg, sperm and embryo freezing, PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR, recurrent miscarriage evaluation and fertility preservation. Describes ESHRE-certified embryologists, time-lapse incubation and AI-assisted embryo assessment. Ask the clinic to confirm. Official page listed an IVF/ICSI package at THB 280,000 when reviewed; validity, medication, PGT, freezing, storage, transfer and exclusions require written confirmation.
    Superior A.R.T. Thailand Ratchathewi, Bangkok Specialist assisted-reproduction and genetics center established 2007; published materials emphasise IVF, ICSI and PGT pathways. Ask the clinic to confirm. Request a written quotation.
    Prime Fertility Clinic Pearl Bangkok, Bangkok Listing describes IVF, ICSI, embryo freezing, assisted hatching and international-patient care. Listing describes JCI Ambulatory Care accreditation. Request a written quotation.
    Bumrungrad International Hospital Central Bangkok Listing describes IVF, ICSI and reproductive medicine services; integrated multidisciplinary setting. Ask the clinic to confirm. Ask the clinic to confirm.

    If you are considering Gift Fertility Clinic, Intrarat Hospital or PMG Hospital, confirm IVF, ICSI, embryo culture, PGT and international-patient availability in writing before including them in a shortlist.

    Questions to ask a PGT laboratory

    • Is the genetics laboratory in-house or external? If external, how are samples transported and tracked?
    • Which PGT method do you recommend for my indication, and which sequencing platform is used?
    • Who performs the embryo biopsy, and what is the laboratory’s experience with it?
    • What does the report include, and who explains the results to me?
    • Which accreditations does the laboratory itself hold, and what is the scope of each?
    • What is included in the quoted price, and what is billed separately?
    • How are embryos stored, and what are the storage terms and fees?
    • What happens if testing is inconclusive or fails?

    Next steps

    1. List your priorities: accreditation, in-house laboratory, reporting clarity, cost transparency or location.
    2. Request written information from at least three providers using the questions above.
    3. Compare the responses side by side, noting what is confirmed and what remains unclear.
    4. Ask for a sample PGT report and a full quotation with inclusions and exclusions.
    5. Discuss the laboratory pathway with your treating physician before committing.

    You can review provider profiles on our hospitals page and see how we structure comparisons on our hospital rankings page. Our partner disclosure explains commercial relationships.

    Frequently asked questions

    What accreditation should a PGT laboratory in Thailand have?

    Look for laboratory-specific accreditation such as ISO 15189, which covers medical testing laboratories. Hospital accreditation like JCI covers the facility, not necessarily the genetics laboratory. RTAC relates to assisted reproduction, and CAP or UK NEQAS indicate external quality assessment. Ask which entity holds each certificate and what scope it covers, because accreditation is not a single badge.

    Is PGT performed in the same laboratory that does the embryo biopsy?

    It depends on the provider. Some centres, such as Jetanin Hospital, describe in-house embryo, genetics and sperm laboratories. Others may perform biopsy at the clinic and send samples to an external genetics laboratory. Ask directly whether both steps happen in-house, and if not, how samples are transported and tracked.

    How much does PGT add to IVF costs in Thailand?

    PGT is usually billed separately from IVF, and prices vary by provider. Some published packages include PGT and freezing for a set number of embryos, while others quote IVF alone. Always request a written quotation that lists what is included, such as biopsy, analysis, freezing, storage and transfer, and what is billed separately.

    Can I compare PGT labs by success rates?

    Success rates are not directly comparable between laboratories because they depend on patient age, diagnosis, embryo quality and how each provider defines and reports outcomes. A published average transfer success rate is not a prediction for any individual. Focus on accreditation, laboratory pathway, reporting practices and cost transparency instead.

    What should I ask for before choosing a PGT lab?

    Ask for the laboratory's accreditation scope, the PGT method and sequencing platform used for your indication, who performs the biopsy, a sample report, and a full written quotation with inclusions and exclusions. Also ask how inconclusive or failed results are handled and what storage terms apply.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT IVF in Thailand: A Plain-English Guide to Genetic Testing in IVF

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a laboratory step that can be added to an IVF cycle. It examines a small sample of cells taken from an embryo to look for certain chromosome or gene findings before an embryo is considered for transfer. In Thailand, as elsewhere, PGT is optional rather than automatic, and it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child. It is one piece of information that you and a qualified clinical team may weigh alongside your history, the number and quality of embryos, and your own priorities. This guide explains the main PGT types, how results are usually described, who might consider testing, and what to confirm directly with a clinic in Thailand.

    At a glance

    • PGT is an add-on to IVF, not a separate treatment.
    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number; PGT-M looks at a specific inherited condition; PGT-SR looks at a known structural chromosome rearrangement.
    • Results are reported as normal, abnormal, mosaic or inconclusive — each with different implications.
    • PGT cannot detect every possible health issue, and it does not guarantee a live birth.
    • Availability, eligibility, cost and legal rules vary; confirm them with the treating clinic and relevant authorities.

    What PGT is — and what it is not

    PGT stands for preimplantation genetic testing. It is performed on embryos created through IVF, usually a few days after fertilisation, when the embryo has reached a stage where a few cells can be sampled. The sample is sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The embryo itself is typically frozen while waiting for results, then transferred in a later cycle if you and your clinician decide to proceed.

    PGT is not a treatment for infertility, and it does not improve the underlying quality of an embryo. It is a screening or diagnostic tool that provides additional information. It also cannot replace prenatal testing or newborn screening, and it cannot rule out all genetic or health conditions. Some findings are uncertain, and some embryos may be classified as mosaic — meaning the sample showed a mix of cells with and without a particular finding. Mosaic results are often the most difficult to interpret, and clinics may discuss them differently depending on the specific finding and their own protocols.

    The three main types of PGT

    The term PGT covers several different tests. They are not interchangeable, and the right one — if any — depends on why testing is being considered.

    PGT-A (aneuploidy screening)

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in the sampled cells. Human embryos can have an extra or missing chromosome, a condition called aneuploidy. Aneuploidy becomes more common with increasing maternal age, and many aneuploid embryos do not implant or lead to a pregnancy. PGT-A is sometimes discussed as a way to prioritise embryos for transfer, but it is not universally recommended. Some studies suggest possible benefits in certain groups, while others show no clear advantage for all patients. It is a personal decision that should be based on your individual circumstances and a discussion with your clinician.

    PGT-M (monogenic disease testing)

    PGT-M is used when there is a known risk of passing on a specific inherited condition caused by a change in a single gene — for example, cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy or certain types of thalassaemia. It requires a known genetic variant in the family, and often a genetic counselling consultation before IVF. The test looks for that specific variant in the embryo. PGT-M is usually considered when one or both parents are carriers or affected, and when the condition is serious enough that the family wishes to avoid passing it on.

    PGT-SR (structural rearrangement testing)

    PGT-SR is for people who carry a balanced structural chromosome rearrangement, such as a translocation or inversion. Carriers are often healthy but may have a higher chance of producing embryos with unbalanced chromosome arrangements, which can lead to miscarriage or a child with health problems. PGT-SR looks for those unbalanced arrangements. Like PGT-M, it is targeted to a known finding in the parents.

    How PGT results are usually described

    PGT reports typically use a few standard categories. The exact wording and thresholds can vary between laboratories, so ask your clinic to explain their reporting in plain language.

    Result category What it generally means What it does not mean
    Normal / euploid The sampled cells showed the expected number of chromosomes (for PGT-A) or did not show the specific variant or rearrangement being tested for (for PGT-M or PGT-SR). It does not guarantee a healthy pregnancy or child. Other genetic or health issues may still occur.
    Abnormal / aneuploid or affected The sampled cells showed an extra or missing chromosome, or the specific condition being tested for was detected. It does not always mean the embryo could never produce a pregnancy, but clinics generally do not prioritise these embryos for transfer.
    Mosaic The sample contained a mixture of cells with and without the finding. The proportion and type of mosaic cells matter. It is not a simple yes or no. Some mosaic embryos can lead to healthy pregnancies, but the chance is less predictable. Counselling is important.
    Inconclusive / no result The laboratory could not obtain a clear result, sometimes because the sample was too small or the DNA did not amplify. It does not mean the embryo is abnormal. A repeat sample or further discussion may be needed.

    Who might consider PGT — and who might not

    PGT is not necessary for everyone doing IVF. It is usually discussed in specific situations:

    • PGT-M or PGT-SR: when there is a known inherited condition or a balanced chromosome rearrangement in the family.
    • PGT-A: sometimes discussed for patients with a history of recurrent miscarriage, repeated IVF failure, or when the number of embryos available makes selection a concern. However, evidence for broad use is mixed, and guidelines in different countries vary.
    • Age-related considerations: because aneuploidy is more common with increasing maternal age, some clinics discuss PGT-A more often in older patients. This is a conversation to have with your clinician, not a rule.

    PGT may not be suitable if there are very few embryos, if the embryo quality is poor, or if the specific genetic finding cannot be tested reliably. It also adds cost and time to an IVF cycle, and it requires a genetics laboratory with appropriate expertise. In Thailand, as in other countries, not every clinic offers every type of PGT, and some may refer samples to a partner laboratory. Ask directly about who performs the testing and how results are reported.

    How PGT fits into an IVF cycle in Thailand

    The general sequence is similar to IVF anywhere, but the exact steps and timing depend on the clinic and your protocol. A typical path looks like this:

    1. Consultation and planning: discuss your history, whether PGT is appropriate, and which type. For PGT-M or PGT-SR, a genetic counselling session is usually needed first.
    2. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval: standard IVF steps to collect eggs.
    3. Fertilisation and embryo culture: eggs are fertilised and embryos are grown for several days.
    4. Embryo biopsy: a few cells are removed from each embryo that will be tested. This is a laboratory procedure.
    5. Sample analysis: the cells are sent to a genetics laboratory. Embryos are usually frozen during this waiting period.
    6. Results and counselling: you and your clinician review the results and discuss which embryo(s), if any, to transfer.
    7. Frozen embryo transfer: if you decide to proceed, a prepared cycle is used to transfer an embryo to the uterus.

    Timelines vary. The waiting period for results can range from days to a few weeks depending on the test and the laboratory. Ask your clinic for a realistic estimate for your case.

    Limitations and uncertainties to keep in mind

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it has clear limits:

    • It is not a guarantee. A normal result does not ensure implantation, pregnancy, live birth or a child without health issues.
    • It cannot test for everything. PGT-A looks at chromosome number, not gene-level conditions. PGT-M tests only for the specific variant it is designed to detect.
    • Mosaic results are complex. The biopsy samples only a few cells, which may not represent the whole embryo. Some mosaic embryos can develop normally, but the risk is not fully understood.
    • Technical limitations exist. Sometimes no result is obtained, and sometimes a result may be inaccurate (false positive or false negative), though laboratories work to minimise this.
    • It does not replace prenatal testing. Even after PGT, standard prenatal screening or diagnostic testing may still be recommended during pregnancy.

    Alternatives and additional options

    If PGT is not right for you, or if you want to consider other paths, these may be discussed:

    • IVF without PGT: transferring embryos based on visual assessment and your clinical history.
    • Prenatal testing: tests during pregnancy, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, can diagnose certain conditions. These are different from PGT and carry their own considerations.
    • Genetic counselling: a specialist can help you understand risks, options and the implications of test results, whether or not you choose PGT.
    • Donor gametes or embryos: in some situations, using donor eggs, sperm or embryos may be an alternative path. This involves its own legal and ethical considerations.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    When you contact a clinic, these questions can help you compare options and understand what is realistic:

    • Which types of PGT do you offer directly, and which are sent to an external laboratory?
    • What are the qualifications and accreditation of the genetics laboratory you use?
    • How do you report mosaic and inconclusive results, and what counselling do you provide?
    • What is the additional cost of PGT, including biopsy, analysis and any genetic counselling?
    • How long does it take to receive results, and how does that affect the transfer timeline?
    • What are the success rates for frozen embryo transfer after PGT at your clinic, and how do you define success?
    • Are there any legal or regulatory restrictions in Thailand that apply to my situation?
    • What support do you offer for international patients, such as language interpretation or help with travel planning?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT IVF in Thailand, start by clarifying your own reasons for testing and what you hope to learn. Gather any relevant genetic or medical records. Then speak with a qualified clinic and, if possible, a genetic counsellor. Ask for clear explanations of the tests, the possible results and the uncertainties. Remember that PGT is a personal decision, and there is no single right answer for everyone. For more context, see our PGT in Thailand overview, browse our guides, or check the FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT required for IVF in Thailand?

    No. PGT is an optional add-on to IVF, not a required step. Whether it is appropriate depends on your medical history, the reason for testing, and your clinic's assessment. Some patients choose IVF without PGT. Discuss the pros and cons with your treating clinician.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene variant. PGT-SR tests for a known structural chromosome rearrangement, such as a translocation. Each type is used in different situations and is not interchangeable.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide useful information about certain chromosome or gene findings, but it cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy, a live birth, or a child without health issues. It does not detect all possible conditions, and some results are uncertain. Prenatal testing may still be recommended during pregnancy.

    What does a mosaic PGT result mean?

    A mosaic result means the sampled cells showed a mixture of cells with and without a particular chromosome finding. The implications depend on the specific finding and the proportion of mosaic cells. Some mosaic embryos can lead to healthy pregnancies, but the chance is less predictable. Your clinic should provide counselling to help you understand your options.

    How much does PGT cost in Thailand?

    Costs vary widely depending on the clinic, the type of PGT, the number of embryos tested, and whether genetic counselling or other services are included. We do not list prices because they change and depend on your individual situation. Ask the clinic for a detailed quote and clarify what is included.

    Do I need genetic counselling before PGT?

    For PGT-M and PGT-SR, genetic counselling is typically recommended or required before proceeding, because it helps confirm the specific genetic finding and explains the implications. For PGT-A, counselling may also be helpful to discuss the limitations and uncertainties. Ask your clinic about their process.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read a PGT-A Report from a Thai Lab: A Patient Orientation

    A PGT-A report is a laboratory document that summarises the chromosome screening performed on one or more embryos. It usually lists each embryo tested, the laboratory’s classification for that embryo, and technical notes about the method used. The report is not a diagnosis of you or your partner, and it does not predict whether a pregnancy will occur. Your fertility care team is responsible for interpreting the report alongside your clinical history. This orientation explains the sections you are likely to see and the questions worth asking before you make any decisions.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes; it does not test for every possible genetic condition.
    • Reports vary between laboratories, so the same word or symbol may not mean the same thing everywhere.
    • Each embryo is usually reported separately, with a classification and sometimes a confidence note.
    • Results are one part of a wider clinical picture, not a standalone answer.
    • Ask your care team to walk you through the report line by line if anything is unclear.

    What PGT-A is and what it is not

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a laboratory technique used during IVF to assess whether an embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. Chromosomes are the structures that carry genetic material. An embryo with an unexpected number of chromosomes is described as aneuploid; one with the expected number is described as euploid.

    PGT-A is different from PGT-M, which looks for a specific inherited condition, and from PGT-SR, which looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. A PGT-A report will not tell you about every possible genetic condition, and it does not measure embryo quality in a general sense. It is also not a guarantee of implantation, pregnancy, live birth or child health. Some embryos classified as euploid do not lead to a pregnancy, and some embryos classified as aneuploid can sometimes result in a pregnancy, although this is uncommon. Your care team can explain what the evidence means for your situation.

    The common sections of a PGT-A report

    Laboratory reports differ, but many PGT-A reports from Thai laboratories include some version of the following sections. Use this list as a map, not as a substitute for the explanation from your clinic.

    Patient and sample identification

    This section usually includes your name or a patient identifier, your partner’s details if relevant, the date the sample was received, and a laboratory reference number. Check that the identifiers match your own records. If something looks wrong, contact your clinic before interpreting anything else.

    Embryo list and labelling

    Each embryo is normally listed separately, often with a laboratory label such as a number or code. The report may also note the day the embryo was biopsied or frozen. This labelling matters because it links a result to a specific embryo. If you are unsure which embryo is which, ask your clinic to match the labels to your treatment records.

    Result classification for each embryo

    This is the part most patients look at first. Common categories include:

    • Euploid — the laboratory found the expected number of chromosomes.
    • Aneuploid — the laboratory found an unexpected number of chromosomes.
    • Mosaic — the laboratory found a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers.
    • Inconclusive or no result — the laboratory could not produce a clear classification, often because the sample did not yield enough DNA.

    Some reports use additional terms or subcategories. The exact wording is laboratory-specific, so ask your care team what each term means in your report.

    Chromosome-specific detail

    For aneuploid or mosaic results, the report may name the chromosome or chromosomes involved and describe whether there is an extra copy (sometimes written as a trisomy) or a missing copy (sometimes written as a monosomy). It may also indicate whether the finding involves a sex chromosome or an autosome. This level of detail can be useful for your care team, but it is easy to misread without clinical context. Avoid drawing conclusions from a single line.

    Mosaic percentage or level

    When a mosaic result is reported, the laboratory may include an estimated percentage of cells affected. This figure is an estimate, not a precise measurement, and laboratories may use different thresholds to describe low-level or high-level mosaicism. The clinical meaning of a mosaic result is an area of ongoing discussion, and your care team is best placed to explain how it may apply to you.

    Method and technical notes

    This section describes the laboratory technique used, such as the platform or the number of cells analysed. It may also include quality indicators, limits of the test, and a disclaimer that the result relates only to the sample received. These notes are not usually meant for patients to interpret alone, but they can help your care team explain the reliability of a result.

    Signatures, accreditation and report date

    Many reports include the name of the laboratory, the date of the report, and a signature or authorisation. Some may list accreditation details. If you want to understand what a particular accreditation covers, ask your clinic or the laboratory directly.

    How to read the report without over-interpreting it

    A PGT-A report is a technical document, and it is normal to feel uncertain when reading it. A few habits can help you stay oriented:

    1. Read the whole report, not just the result column. The technical notes and disclaimers often explain the limits of the test.
    2. Check the embryo labels against your records. A result only matters if it is linked to the correct embryo.
    3. Write down unfamiliar terms. Bring the list to your next appointment rather than searching for answers in isolation.
    4. Ask what is not covered. PGT-A does not screen for every condition, and a euploid result does not rule out all possible issues.
    5. Ask about uncertainty. Inconclusive results, mosaic results and low-level findings all carry some uncertainty. Your care team can explain what that uncertainty means for your decisions.

    Questions to ask your care team

    These questions can help you get a clear, personalised explanation:

    • Can you walk me through each section of this report in plain language?
    • What does the classification for each embryo mean in my case?
    • How does this laboratory define terms such as mosaic or inconclusive?
    • What are the limits of this test for my situation?
    • How might these results affect the options you would discuss with me?
    • If a result is uncertain, what would you recommend as a next step?
    • Are there any findings that need genetic counselling?
    • Can I have a copy of the full report and any accompanying notes?

    What the report does not tell you

    It is just as important to understand what a PGT-A report cannot do. It does not:

    • Guarantee that an embryo will implant or lead to a live birth.
    • Guarantee the health of a future child.
    • Diagnose a condition in you or your partner.
    • Replace a full clinical assessment or genetic counselling.
    • Predict how you will respond to any particular treatment plan.

    Because of these limits, PGT-A is not a required step for every patient. Whether it is appropriate for you depends on your history, your reasons for considering it, and the advice of your care team.

    Next steps after receiving your report

    Once you have the report in hand, a calm sequence can help you move forward:

    1. Save a copy of the full report, including any technical pages.
    2. Note the questions you want to ask, and bring them to your appointment.
    3. Ask your clinic to explain any terms or classifications you do not understand.
    4. Ask whether genetic counselling would be helpful for your situation.
    5. Discuss how the results fit with your wider treatment plan and your preferences.
    6. Take time to consider your options before making decisions.

    If you are still comparing clinics or planning your next steps, you can review the hospital directory, read more about PGT in Thailand, browse the guides, or check the FAQ for general information. These resources are for orientation only and do not replace personalised medical advice.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a euploid result on a PGT-A report mean the embryo will definitely lead to a pregnancy?

    No. A euploid classification means the laboratory found the expected number of chromosomes in the sample analysed. It does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, live birth or child health. Many other factors affect outcomes, and your care team can explain what the result may mean in your situation.

    What does a mosaic result mean on a PGT-A report?

    A mosaic result usually means the laboratory found a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers. The report may include an estimated percentage, but this is an estimate and laboratories may use different thresholds. The clinical meaning of mosaicism is complex, so it is best discussed with your care team or a genetic counsellor.

    Why does my report say inconclusive or no result?

    An inconclusive result often means the laboratory could not obtain enough DNA or a clear signal from the sample. This is a technical limitation rather than a statement about the embryo's health. Your clinic can explain what options, if any, are available in your case.

    Can I interpret my PGT-A report without my doctor?

    You can read the report, but interpreting it accurately usually requires clinical context. Terms and thresholds vary between laboratories, and a single line rarely tells the whole story. It is safer to bring your questions to your care team rather than drawing conclusions on your own.

    Does PGT-A test for all genetic conditions?

    No. PGT-A screens for extra or missing chromosomes. It does not test for every possible genetic condition. Other tests, such as PGT-M or PGT-SR, may be relevant for specific inherited conditions or structural rearrangements. Your care team can explain which test, if any, is appropriate for your situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.