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  • PGT-M vs PGT-A for Single Gene Disorders in Thailand

    Understanding PGT-M and PGT-A

    If you and your partner carry a known genetic condition, you may be exploring IVF with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). Two common types are PGT-M (for monogenic disorders) and PGT-A (for aneuploidy). While both involve testing embryos before transfer, they answer different questions. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition, while PGT-A checks for the correct number of chromosomes. This article explains the difference in purpose, process, and prerequisites, and why PGT-M is not a substitute for PGT-A.

    At a Glance

    • PGT-M: Tests for a specific single-gene disorder (e.g., cystic fibrosis, thalassemia). Requires prior genetic workup.
    • PGT-A: Screens for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) that can affect implantation or lead to miscarriage.
    • PGT-SR: For structural rearrangements like translocations; sometimes grouped with PGT-A.
    • Not interchangeable: PGT-M does not replace PGT-A, and vice versa.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is used when one or both partners carry a known genetic mutation for a single-gene condition. The test identifies embryos that have inherited the disorder, allowing transfer of unaffected embryos. It is a targeted test: it looks for the specific mutation(s) you carry.

    Prerequisites for PGT-M

    PGT-M requires a prior genetic workup. This typically includes genetic testing of the parents to identify the exact mutation, and often testing of other family members to establish a genetic link. The IVF clinic and genetic laboratory need this information to design a personalized test for your embryos. Without this workup, PGT-M cannot be performed.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Aneuploidy—having too many or too few chromosomes—is a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage. PGT-A is not targeted to a specific disease; it is a general screen for chromosomal abnormalities.

    When Is PGT-A Used?

    PGT-A is often recommended for women of advanced maternal age, couples with recurrent miscarriage, or previous failed IVF cycles. However, it can be used in any IVF cycle. It does not require prior genetic testing of the parents.

    Key Differences at a Glance

    Aspect PGT-M PGT-A
    Purpose Detect a specific single-gene disorder Screen for chromosomal abnormalities
    Target Specific mutation(s) in the family All chromosomes (or a subset)
    Prerequisite Prior genetic workup of parents None (but may be combined with PGT-M)
    Result Embryo affected/unaffected for the condition Embryo euploid/aneuploid
    Use Couples with known genetic conditions General screening, often for age-related risk

    Why PGT-M Is Not a Substitute for PGT-A

    PGT-M and PGT-A are complementary, not interchangeable. PGT-M only looks at the specific mutation you carry; it does not check for other chromosomal abnormalities. An embryo that is unaffected for your genetic condition could still have aneuploidy, which may lead to implantation failure or miscarriage. Conversely, PGT-A does not tell you whether an embryo carries a specific genetic disorder. Some couples may choose to have both tests performed on the same embryo biopsy.

    What About PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is used when a parent has a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation. It identifies embryos with unbalanced chromosomes. In some classifications, PGT-SR is grouped under PGT-A, but it is a distinct test. If you have a known translocation, your clinic may recommend PGT-SR.

    Process Overview

    Both PGT-M and PGT-A involve the same basic IVF steps: ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, and biopsy. The biopsy is typically performed on day 5 or day 6 embryos (blastocyst stage), removing a few cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta). The cells are then sent to a genetic laboratory for analysis. The main difference is the type of genetic test performed on the biopsied cells.

    Limitations and Considerations

    No genetic test can guarantee a healthy baby. PGT-M and PGT-A are screening tools that reduce the risk of transferring an affected embryo, but they have limitations:

    • Mosaicism: Embryos may have a mix of normal and abnormal cells, which can complicate results.
    • Technical errors: Although rare, laboratory errors can occur.
    • Not all conditions: PGT-M is only available for specific single-gene disorders; it cannot test for all genetic conditions.
    • Cost and time: PGT adds cost and time to an IVF cycle, and not all clinics offer the same testing platforms.

    It is important to discuss the limitations with your clinic and genetic counselor.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What type of PGT do you recommend for our situation, and why?
    • Do you offer PGT-M and PGT-A, and can they be combined?
    • What genetic workup is required before PGT-M?
    • How long does the testing take, and how does it affect the IVF timeline?
    • What are the costs for PGT-M and PGT-A, and are they separate?
    • How are mosaic embryos handled?

    Next Steps

    1. Confirm your genetic diagnosis and whether PGT-M is applicable.
    2. Consult with an IVF clinic in Thailand that offers PGT services.
    3. Undergo the required genetic workup with a qualified genetic counselor.
    4. Discuss whether PGT-A should be added to your cycle.
    5. Review the clinic’s laboratory accreditation and success rates (ask for their own data).

    For more information, see our PGT in Thailand guide, explore our guides, or check the FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-M and PGT-A be done at the same time?

    Yes, in many cases both tests can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. The biopsied cells are split, and separate analyses are run for the specific mutation (PGT-M) and chromosomal status (PGT-A). However, this depends on the laboratory's capabilities and the quality of the biopsy. Discuss with your clinic whether combined testing is available.

    Do I need genetic testing before PGT-M?

    Yes, PGT-M requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the exact mutation. This is often done through a blood or saliva sample. The laboratory needs this information to design a personalized test for your embryos. Without this workup, PGT-M cannot be performed.

    Is PGT-M more expensive than PGT-A?

    PGT-M is generally more expensive than PGT-A because it requires a personalized test design and often involves additional workup. However, costs vary by clinic and the specific genetic condition. You should ask your clinic for a detailed breakdown of costs for each test.

    Does PGT-M guarantee a baby without the genetic condition?

    No, PGT-M is highly accurate but not 100% guaranteed. There is a small risk of misdiagnosis due to technical limitations or mosaicism. It is important to discuss the accuracy and limitations with your clinic and consider confirmatory prenatal testing if desired.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read Your PGT-A Results in Thailand: A Guide for Patients

    Receiving your PGT-A results can feel overwhelming. You may see terms like euploid, aneuploid, or mosaic and wonder what they mean for your embryo transfer and your chances of pregnancy. This guide explains these terms in plain English and helps you prepare questions for your clinic in Thailand. Remember, only a qualified medical professional can interpret your specific results and advise on next steps.

    At a Glance: Key Terms in PGT-A Results

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46) and is often considered suitable for transfer.
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has missing or extra chromosomes, which may affect implantation or development.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells; the implications vary and require professional guidance.
    • No result: The test did not produce a clear result; your clinic may discuss options like retesting or additional counseling.

    What Is PGT-A and Why Is It Done?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a screening test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for the correct number of chromosomes, which is important because chromosomal abnormalities are a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage. In Thailand, PGT-A is offered by many fertility clinics as part of IVF treatment, but it is not mandatory for everyone. Your doctor may recommend it based on your age, medical history, or previous IVF outcomes.

    Understanding Your PGT-A Report

    Your PGT-A report will typically list each embryo tested and its result. Here are the main categories you might see:

    Euploid Embryos

    A euploid embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. This is often considered the most favorable result, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby. Many factors, including embryo quality and uterine environment, also affect success.

    Aneuploid Embryos

    An aneuploid embryo has missing or extra chromosomes. These embryos may fail to implant, result in miscarriage, or lead to conditions like Down syndrome. Most clinics do not recommend transferring aneuploid embryos, but your doctor will discuss your specific situation.

    Mosaic Embryos

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. The percentage of abnormal cells and the specific chromosomes involved can influence the outcome. Some mosaic embryos may develop into healthy babies, but the risks are higher than with euploid embryos. Your clinic will help you understand the potential implications and whether transfer is an option.

    No Result or Inconclusive

    Sometimes the test fails to produce a clear result due to technical issues or insufficient DNA. Your clinic may offer retesting or discuss other options, such as transferring the embryo without testing or considering additional genetic counseling.

    How PGT-A Results Are Used in Thailand

    In Thailand, PGT-A results are used to help you and your doctor decide which embryos to transfer. The goal is to select embryos with the highest chance of leading to a healthy pregnancy. However, PGT-A is not a guarantee of success, and it does not test for all genetic conditions. It is a screening tool, not a diagnostic test.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About Your Results

    When you receive your PGT-A report, it is important to have a clear discussion with your fertility specialist. Here are some questions you might ask:

    • What does my specific result mean for my chances of pregnancy?
    • Are there any additional tests or counseling recommended?
    • What are the risks and benefits of transferring a mosaic embryo?
    • How does my age and medical history affect the interpretation?
    • What are the next steps if I have no euploid embryos?
    • Are there any legal or ethical considerations in Thailand regarding embryo transfer decisions?

    Next Steps After Receiving Your Results

    After reviewing your results, you and your doctor will plan your next steps. This may include:

    1. Scheduling a consultation to discuss the report in detail.
    2. Considering additional genetic testing or counseling if needed.
    3. Deciding whether to proceed with a frozen embryo transfer (FET) or consider further IVF cycles.
    4. Discussing the disposition of any embryos you do not plan to transfer.

    Take your time to process the information and ask questions until you feel comfortable with your understanding.

    Important Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A is a valuable tool, but it has limitations. It cannot detect all genetic abnormalities, and a euploid result does not guarantee a healthy baby. Additionally, the accuracy of the test depends on the laboratory and the biopsy technique. In Thailand, clinics follow international standards, but you should ask about their specific protocols and quality controls.

    Where to Find More Information

    For more details about PGT in Thailand, you can visit our PGT in Thailand page. You may also find our guides and FAQ sections helpful as you navigate your fertility journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a euploid result mean?

    A euploid result means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46). This is often considered favorable for transfer, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What is a mosaic embryo?

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. The implications vary depending on the percentage of abnormal cells and which chromosomes are affected. Your clinic can explain the potential risks and options.

    Can an aneuploid embryo ever be transferred?

    In most cases, aneuploid embryos are not recommended for transfer due to higher risks of implantation failure or miscarriage. However, your doctor will discuss your specific situation and any exceptional circumstances.

    What should I do if my PGT-A report shows no result?

    If your report is inconclusive, your clinic may offer retesting or discuss alternative options, such as transferring the embryo without testing or considering additional genetic counseling.

    Is PGT-A mandatory for IVF in Thailand?

    No, PGT-A is not mandatory. It is an optional screening test that your doctor may recommend based on your age, medical history, or previous IVF outcomes. Discuss with your clinic whether it is suitable for you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Interpret PGT-A Results: Euploid, Aneuploid, and Mosaic Embryos

    If you have recently received PGT-A results, you may be looking at terms like euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic and wondering what they mean for your IVF journey. This guide explains these results in plain language and helps you prepare questions for your medical team. Remember, only a qualified medical professional can interpret your specific results and advise on transfer decisions.

    At a glance: key terms

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in humans) and is considered chromosomally normal.
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has missing or extra chromosomes, which often leads to implantation failure or miscarriage.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mix of cells with normal and abnormal chromosomes. The clinical significance can vary.

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a test that screens embryos created through IVF for chromosomal abnormalities. It is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, but it can help your clinic choose which embryo to transfer first. PGT-A is optional and may not be recommended for everyone. Your doctor will discuss whether it is appropriate for your situation.

    Understanding euploid results

    A euploid result means the embryo has the typical number of chromosomes. This is often considered a positive sign, but it does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a healthy child. Other factors, such as embryo quality and maternal age, also play a role. Your clinic will use this information along with other criteria to decide which embryo to transfer.

    Understanding aneuploid results

    An aneuploid result means the embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes. This can be a missing or extra chromosome. Most aneuploid embryos will not implant or will miscarry. However, some chromosomal abnormalities can result in a live birth with health issues. Your clinic will likely advise against transferring an aneuploid embryo, but the final decision is yours after thorough counseling.

    Understanding mosaic results

    A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells: some with normal chromosomes and some with abnormal ones. The percentage of abnormal cells can vary. Mosaic results are more complex to interpret. Some studies suggest that mosaic embryos may have a chance of developing into a healthy baby, but the risk of chromosomal problems is higher than with euploid embryos. Your clinic may recommend additional testing or counseling to help you decide.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    When you receive your PGT-A results, consider asking your medical team these questions:

    • What exactly does my result mean in my specific case?
    • What is the likelihood of implantation and live birth with this embryo?
    • Are there any additional tests or consultations recommended?
    • What are the risks and benefits of transferring a mosaic embryo?
    • How does this result affect my overall treatment plan?

    Next steps after receiving results

    After you receive your PGT-A results, you will likely have a follow-up appointment with your doctor. Use this time to discuss your options and ask any questions. You may also want to seek genetic counseling to fully understand the implications. Remember, the decision to transfer an embryo is yours, but it should be made with the guidance of your medical team.

    Additional resources

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and check the FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a euploid embryo mean?

    A euploid embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in humans). It is considered chromosomally normal, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy.

    Can a mosaic embryo result in a healthy baby?

    Some mosaic embryos may lead to a healthy baby, but the risk of chromosomal abnormalities is higher than with euploid embryos. Your clinic can provide more specific guidance based on the percentage of abnormal cells.

    Should I transfer an aneuploid embryo?

    Most aneuploid embryos will not implant or will miscarry. Transferring an aneuploid embryo is generally not recommended, but your doctor will discuss your specific situation and options.

    Is PGT-A mandatory for IVF?

    No, PGT-A is optional. Your doctor may recommend it based on your age, medical history, or previous IVF outcomes, but it is not required for all patients.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Compare PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR for Your Situation

    What Are PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of tests performed on embryos created through IVF before transfer. Each test answers a different question about the embryo’s genetic makeup. Understanding the purpose of each can help you have a more informed conversation with your fertility team.

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with too many or too few chromosomes are called aneuploid and often fail to implant or miscarry.
    • PGT-M (monogenic testing) looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease. It is used when one or both partners carry a known genetic mutation.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement testing) detects structural changes in chromosomes, such as inversions or translocations, that can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos.

    These tests are not routine for everyone. They are typically offered based on medical history, age, or specific genetic risks. Your clinic will recommend which test, if any, is appropriate for your situation.

    At a Glance: Key Differences

    • Purpose: PGT-A screens for chromosomal number errors; PGT-M targets a specific gene mutation; PGT-SR checks for chromosomal structural changes.
    • Who it’s for: PGT-A is often considered for women of advanced maternal age or those with recurrent miscarriage; PGT-M is for couples with a known genetic condition; PGT-SR is for carriers of balanced structural rearrangements.
    • What it requires: All require IVF and embryo biopsy. PGT-M and PGT-SR often require a prior genetic workup of the parents.
    • Result interpretation: PGT-A gives a result of euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic (mixed). PGT-M and PGT-SR report whether the embryo carries the specific mutation or unbalanced rearrangement.

    When Is Each Test Typically Recommended?

    PGT-A

    PGT-A is often discussed for patients who are older, have had repeated implantation failure, or have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss. It can also be considered for couples who want to reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality. However, PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby, and its benefit may vary by age and history.

    PGT-M

    PGT-M is used when one or both partners are known carriers of a single-gene disorder. Before starting, the specific mutation must be identified, and a genetic test must be developed for that family. This process can take time and requires genetic counseling.

    PGT-SR

    PGT-SR is recommended when a partner carries a balanced structural rearrangement, such as a translocation or inversion. These rearrangements may not affect the carrier’s health but can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos, increasing the risk of miscarriage or birth defects.

    How the Testing Process Works

    All PGT tests follow a similar process:

    1. IVF cycle: You undergo ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, and embryos are created in the lab.
    2. Biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo, usually on day 5 or 6 of development.
    3. Genetic analysis: The cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for testing. The type of test depends on what you and your clinic have decided.
    4. Transfer: Embryos that are considered suitable for transfer are selected based on the test results and other criteria.

    The biopsy is a delicate procedure, and not all embryos survive it. Your clinic will explain the risks and benefits in your specific case.

    What Do the Results Mean?

    Results are not always black and white. For PGT-A, an embryo may be reported as:

    • Euploid: normal number of chromosomes.
    • Aneuploid: abnormal number.
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells.

    For PGT-M and PGT-SR, results indicate whether the embryo carries the specific genetic change tested. However, these tests do not detect all genetic conditions, and they cannot guarantee the health of a child.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT is a screening tool, not a guarantee. It does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects, and it does not test for every possible genetic condition. Additionally, the accuracy of the test depends on the laboratory and the number of cells biopsied. There is also a small chance of no result or an inconclusive result.

    PGT adds cost and time to an IVF cycle. It also requires a skilled laboratory and experienced team. Discuss with your clinic about the specific technology they use and their success rates with PGT.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic or Genetic Counselor

    • Which PGT test do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    • What is the process for developing a test for PGT-M or PGT-SR, and how long does it take?
    • What are the risks of embryo biopsy?
    • How are mosaic embryos handled in your clinic?
    • What is the accuracy of the test, and what are the limitations?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any additional fees for genetic counseling?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    Choosing whether to use PGT is a personal decision. Start by gathering information about your own genetic history and fertility situation. Then, schedule a consultation with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor. They can help you understand the risks, benefits, and alternatives.

    Remember that PGT is not mandatory for everyone. Some couples may choose not to test, and that is a valid option. The goal is to make a decision that aligns with your values and medical needs.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You may also find our guides and FAQ sections helpful.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR be done at the same time?

    Yes, in some cases, multiple tests can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. For example, if a couple is doing PGT-M for a single-gene disorder, they may also opt for PGT-A to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. However, this depends on the laboratory's capabilities and the embryo's quality. Your clinic can advise whether combined testing is feasible for your situation.

    Is PGT-A recommended for all IVF patients?

    No, PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. It is often considered for patients of advanced maternal age, those with recurrent implantation failure, or recurrent pregnancy loss. However, its benefit may be limited for younger patients with no known fertility issues. Your doctor will discuss whether PGT-A is appropriate based on your individual circumstances.

    What is the difference between PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder, such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington's disease, when the parents are known carriers. PGT-SR tests for structural changes in chromosomes, like translocations or inversions, that can cause unbalanced chromosomes in embryos. Both require prior genetic testing of the parents to develop the test.

    How long does PGT testing take?

    The time can vary. After embryo biopsy, results may take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks, depending on the type of test and the laboratory. PGT-M and PGT-SR often require additional time for test development before the IVF cycle even starts. Your clinic will provide a timeline based on your specific plan.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read Your PGT-A Results in Thailand: Mosaic, Aneuploid, and Euploid Explained

    If you have just received your PGT-A results from a clinic in Thailand, you may be looking at terms like “euploid,” “aneuploid,” and “mosaic.” These words describe the chromosomal status of your embryos, and they can influence your next steps. This guide explains these categories in plain English, what they might mean for your transfer decisions, and what to ask your clinic to feel more confident about your options.

    At a glance: PGT-A result categories

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in most cases).
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has missing or extra chromosomes.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mix of cells with normal and abnormal chromosomes.
    • No result: The test did not produce a clear result, and you may need to discuss options with your clinic.

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a test that checks embryos created through IVF for chromosomal abnormalities. It is not a test for specific genetic diseases—that is a different test called PGT-M. PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in the embryo’s cells. Having the correct number of chromosomes is important for an embryo to have the best chance of implanting and developing into a healthy baby.

    In Thailand, PGT-A is offered by many fertility clinics as part of an IVF cycle. The test is performed on a small sample of cells taken from the embryo before transfer. The results can help you and your doctor decide which embryo to transfer first.

    Understanding the three main results

    Euploid

    An embryo is called euploid when it has the expected number of chromosomes. For a typical human embryo, that means 46 chromosomes. Euploid embryos are generally considered to have the highest chance of implanting and developing into a healthy pregnancy. However, a euploid result does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Other factors, such as the embryo’s quality and the health of the uterus, also play a role.

    Aneuploid

    An embryo is called aneuploid when it has missing or extra chromosomes. For example, an embryo with three copies of chromosome 21 is aneuploid. Aneuploid embryos often fail to implant or may lead to miscarriage. If an aneuploid embryo does implant, it can result in a child with a chromosomal condition, such as Down syndrome. Most clinics do not recommend transferring an aneuploid embryo, but the decision is always made in consultation with your doctor.

    Mosaic

    A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells: some with the normal number of chromosomes and some with an abnormal number. The degree of mosaicism can vary—some embryos have a low percentage of abnormal cells, while others have a high percentage. Mosaic embryos are a gray area in PGT-A. Some studies suggest that mosaic embryos can still lead to healthy pregnancies, but the risk of chromosomal abnormalities may be higher than with euploid embryos. Your clinic may offer additional counseling to help you understand the specific level of mosaicism and what it might mean for your situation.

    What do PGT-A results mean for your transfer decision?

    Your PGT-A results are one piece of information to consider when planning your embryo transfer. Here are some general points to keep in mind:

    • Euploid embryos are usually prioritized for transfer because they have the highest chance of success.
    • Aneuploid embryos are typically not transferred, but you should discuss the risks and alternatives with your doctor.
    • Mosaic embryos may be considered for transfer if no euploid embryos are available, but this decision requires careful discussion about the potential risks and benefits.

    It is important to remember that PGT-A is a screening test, not a guarantee. Even a euploid embryo may not result in a pregnancy. Your doctor will consider your age, medical history, and the quality of your embryos when making recommendations.

    Questions to ask your clinic about your PGT-A results

    When you receive your PGT-A report, you may have questions. Here are some questions you can ask your clinic to better understand your results:

    • What is the exact chromosomal status of each embryo?
    • For mosaic embryos, what is the percentage of abnormal cells, and which chromosomes are affected?
    • What is the recommended transfer order for my embryos?
    • Are there any additional tests or counseling you recommend?
    • What are the risks and success rates associated with each type of embryo?
    • How does my age and medical history affect the interpretation of these results?

    Next steps after receiving your PGT-A results

    After you receive your PGT-A results, you may need to make decisions about your next cycle. Here is a simple checklist to help you move forward:

    1. Review your results with your doctor and ask any questions you have.
    2. Discuss the transfer order and whether any additional testing is needed.
    3. Consider genetic counseling if you have questions about the implications of your results.
    4. Plan your next steps, whether that is preparing for a transfer or considering another IVF cycle.
    5. Take time to process the information—this is an emotional journey, and it is okay to ask for support.

    Where to learn more

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, you can explore our PGT in Thailand guide. You may also find our guides and FAQ pages helpful as you continue your journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a euploid embryo mean?

    A euploid embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in most cases). It is generally considered to have the highest chance of implanting and developing into a healthy pregnancy, but it does not guarantee success.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred?

    In some cases, a mosaic embryo may be considered for transfer if no euploid embryos are available. The decision depends on the level of mosaicism and the specific chromosomes involved. You should discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for specific genetic disorders. They are different tests and are used for different purposes.

    Do PGT-A results guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A is a screening test that can reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Other factors also affect outcomes.

    What should I do if my PGT-A result is 'no result'?

    If your PGT-A result is inconclusive, your clinic may recommend repeating the test, or you may discuss other options. It is important to ask your doctor what the no-result finding means for your specific embryos.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR: Which Genetic Test Is Right for You?

    If you are exploring IVF and genetic testing, you may have come across terms like PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR. These are three types of preimplantation genetic testing, each designed to answer a different question about embryos before transfer. This guide explains the differences in plain English, so you can have a more informed conversation with your fertility team.

    At a Glance: The Three Main Types of PGT

    • PGT-A checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-M looks for a specific single-gene disorder that one or both parents carry.
    • PGT-SR detects structural rearrangements of chromosomes, such as inversions or translocations.

    Each test requires IVF, embryo biopsy, and genetic analysis. The choice depends on your medical history, family history, and the reason you are considering testing.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, or preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A aims to identify embryos with the expected number of chromosomes, which may help reduce the risk of miscarriage and improve the efficiency of IVF by selecting embryos more likely to develop normally.

    PGT-A is often offered to patients of advanced maternal age, those with recurrent pregnancy loss, or those who have had multiple failed IVF cycles. However, it is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, and some embryos with normal chromosomes may still fail to implant or develop.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M, or preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders, is used when there is a known single-gene condition in the family, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It identifies embryos that have inherited the specific genetic mutation. This test is typically offered to couples who are carriers of an autosomal recessive or dominant disorder, or who have a family history of a specific genetic condition.

    PGT-M requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the exact mutation. The test is highly specific and can help reduce the risk of having a child affected by that particular disorder. However, it does not screen for all genetic conditions, and it requires careful genetic counseling before and after testing.

    What Is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR, or preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements, is used when one or both parents have a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation or inversion. These rearrangements usually do not cause health problems in the carrier, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may cause miscarriage or birth defects. PGT-SR identifies embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome arrangement, increasing the chance of a successful pregnancy.

    PGT-SR is typically recommended for couples where one partner has a known structural rearrangement, often identified after recurrent miscarriages or a child with a chromosomal abnormality.

    How Do the Tests Differ?

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M PGT-SR
    What it screens for Abnormal number of chromosomes Specific single-gene disorder Structural chromosomal rearrangements
    Who might consider it Patients with advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, or repeated IVF failure Couples with a known single-gene disorder in the family Couples where one partner has a balanced translocation or inversion
    Requires prior genetic testing of parents? No Yes, to identify the specific mutation Yes, to confirm the rearrangement
    Main goal Select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes Avoid transferring embryos affected by a specific genetic disease Avoid transferring embryos with unbalanced chromosomes

    Which Test Is Right for You?

    There is no one-size-fits-all answer. The right test depends on your medical and family history. Here are some general considerations:

    • If you have no known genetic condition but are concerned about age-related chromosomal abnormalities, PGT-A may be discussed.
    • If you or your partner are carriers of a specific genetic disease, PGT-M may be relevant.
    • If you have experienced recurrent miscarriages and a chromosomal rearrangement has been identified, PGT-SR may be offered.

    Your fertility clinic will recommend testing based on your individual situation. It is important to understand that PGT is not mandatory for all IVF patients, and it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child.

    What to Consider Before Testing

    Before deciding on PGT, consider the following:

    • Genetic counseling: Speak with a genetic counselor to understand the implications of testing and results.
    • Accuracy and limitations: No genetic test is 100% accurate. There is a small risk of misdiagnosis or inconclusive results.
    • Embryo biopsy: The biopsy procedure is invasive, though the risk to the embryo is considered low.
    • Cost and logistics: PGT adds to the cost of IVF and may require shipping samples to a specialized laboratory.
    • Emotional readiness: Results may be complex, and you may face decisions about whether to transfer embryos with uncertain results.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • Which type of PGT do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    • What is the laboratory’s experience with this specific test?
    • How long will it take to receive results?
    • What are the risks and limitations of the biopsy and testing?
    • Will I have genetic counseling before and after testing?
    • What are the costs involved, and are they covered by any package?

    Next Steps

    1. Review your medical and family history with your fertility specialist.
    2. Ask for a referral to a genetic counselor if you are considering PGT-M or PGT-SR.
    3. Discuss the potential benefits and limitations of each test in your specific case.
    4. Make an informed decision based on your values and medical advice.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic disorders?

    No, PGT-A only screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It does not detect single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. Other tests like PGT-M and PGT-SR are needed for those conditions.

    Is PGT-M only for couples with a known genetic disease?

    Yes, PGT-M is typically used when there is a known single-gene disorder in the family. It requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A checks for an abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements like translocations or inversions. PGT-SR is used when a parent has a known chromosomal rearrangement.

    Is PGT mandatory for all IVF patients?

    No, PGT is not mandatory. It is an optional test that may be recommended based on your medical history, age, or family history. Discuss with your clinic whether it is appropriate for you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Interpret IVF Success Rates in Thailand: A Patient’s Guide

    When you’re researching IVF in Thailand, success rates are often the first numbers you see. But those percentages can be misleading if you don’t know what they actually measure. This guide explains how to interpret IVF success rates, why they vary between clinics, and what questions to ask to make a fair comparison.

    At a Glance: Key Points to Remember

    • Success rates depend heavily on patient age, diagnosis, and embryo status.
    • Clinics may report different endpoints (e.g., clinical pregnancy vs. live birth).
    • No standardized reporting exists in Thailand, so data may not be directly comparable.
    • Always ask for the clinic’s own data broken down by age and embryo type.

    What Do IVF Success Rates Actually Measure?

    IVF success can be reported in several ways, and each tells a different story. The most common measures include:

    • Clinical pregnancy rate: The percentage of cycles that result in a visible pregnancy on ultrasound.
    • Live birth rate: The percentage of cycles that result in a live baby. This is the most meaningful outcome for most patients.
    • Ongoing pregnancy rate: A pregnancy that has progressed past a certain point (e.g., 12 weeks).

    Some clinics may also report success per embryo transfer, while others report per cycle started. These denominators are not the same, so comparing them directly can be misleading.

    Why Success Rates Vary Between Clinics

    Even if two clinics report the same percentage, the underlying patient populations may be very different. Key factors that influence success rates include:

    • Patient age: Younger women typically have higher success rates. A clinic that treats many older patients may have lower overall rates.
    • Diagnosis: Causes of infertility (e.g., male factor, tubal, genetic) affect outcomes.
    • Embryo status: Transferring a genetically tested embryo (PGT-A) may have higher implantation rates than untested embryos.
    • Cycle type: Fresh vs. frozen embryo transfers can have different success rates.

    Without adjusting for these factors, raw percentages are not comparable.

    Reporting Standards in Thailand

    Thailand does not have a mandatory national registry for IVF outcomes, so clinics may report data in different ways. Some may include only their best-performing age groups, while others may report all cycles. This lack of standardization means you should be cautious when comparing numbers from different clinics.

    When you see a success rate, ask: What is the exact definition? What time period does it cover? How many cycles were included? A rate based on a small number of cycles may not be statistically reliable.

    Questions to Ask a Clinic About Their Success Data

    To make a fair comparison, request the following information directly from the clinic:

    • What is your live birth rate per cycle started, broken down by patient age group?
    • Do you report success per fresh transfer, frozen transfer, or both?
    • How many cycles were included in your latest report?
    • Do you include all patients, or only those with a good prognosis?
    • What is your success rate for patients with my specific diagnosis?
    • Do you offer PGT-A, and how does that affect your success rates?

    Ask for written data, and if possible, verify it with your own medical records or a second opinion.

    How to Compare Clinics Fairly

    When comparing clinics, focus on your own profile. If you are 35 years old with no known fertility issues, a clinic’s overall rate may not reflect your chances. Instead, ask for data specific to your age and situation.

    Also consider the clinic’s experience with the treatments you may need, such as PGT-M for genetic disorders. A clinic that performs many PGT cycles may have more refined protocols, but this does not guarantee success.

    Remember that success rates are historical data, not a prediction of your outcome. Your individual chances depend on many factors that only your doctor can assess.

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. List the clinics you are considering.
    2. Request their success rate data in writing, specifying your age and diagnosis.
    3. Ask about their reporting definitions and cycle numbers.
    4. Compare the data side by side, but also consider other factors like lab quality, doctor experience, and patient support.
    5. Discuss your personal prognosis with a fertility specialist before making a decision.

    For more information on IVF in Thailand, see our IVF success rates overview and PGT in Thailand guides. You can also browse our patient guides and FAQ for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the most reliable IVF success rate to look at?

    The live birth rate per cycle started is generally the most meaningful measure, as it reflects the chance of having a baby. However, it should be broken down by age and embryo type to be relevant to your situation.

    Why do IVF success rates vary so much between clinics in Thailand?

    Variation is due to differences in patient demographics, reporting standards, and treatment protocols. Without a national registry, clinics may report data in ways that are not directly comparable.

    Can I trust the success rates published on clinic websites?

    They can be a starting point, but you should ask for detailed data, including the definition of success, the time period, and the number of cycles. Verify that the data applies to your age and diagnosis.

    How does PGT-A affect IVF success rates?

    PGT-A can help select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which may reduce the risk of implantation failure and miscarriage. However, it does not guarantee a live birth, and success rates still depend on other factors.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M vs PGT-A in Thailand: Which Genetic Test Should You Choose?

    PGT-A and PGT-M: What’s the Difference?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used to screen embryos created through IVF for genetic issues before transfer. Two common types are PGT-A and PGT-M. PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) checks for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, which can cause implantation failure or miscarriage. PGT-M (monogenic testing) looks for specific inherited single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. In Thailand, both tests are available, but they serve different purposes. This guide explains the difference and helps you understand which test might be relevant for your situation.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A: Screens for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) in embryos.
    • PGT-M: Tests for specific single-gene disorders that run in families.
    • PGT-SR: A related test for structural rearrangements like translocations.
    • Combination: Some patients may have both PGT-A and PGT-M to address multiple concerns.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, previously known as preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), evaluates embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. An embryo with missing or extra chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A is often recommended for women of advanced maternal age, couples with recurrent implantation failure, or those with repeated pregnancy loss. It can also be used to reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality.

    PGT-A does not test for specific diseases; it only checks chromosome number. It is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, but it can help select embryos with the highest chance of implantation.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is designed for couples who carry a known genetic mutation for a single-gene disorder. If you or your partner have a family history of a condition like Huntington’s disease, thalassemia, or spinal muscular atrophy, PGT-M can identify embryos that do not carry the mutation. This test requires prior genetic analysis of the parents to design a personalized test for each embryo.

    PGT-M is not a general screening tool; it is only useful when a specific genetic risk is already identified. It can be combined with PGT-A to also check for chromosomal abnormalities.

    When Is Each Test Recommended?

    Your fertility specialist may suggest PGT-A if you have:

    • Advanced maternal age (typically over 35)
    • Previous failed IVF cycles
    • Recurrent miscarriage
    • Severe male factor infertility

    PGT-M may be recommended if:

    • You or your partner carry a known single-gene mutation
    • You have a family history of a genetic disorder
    • You have had a child with a genetic condition

    In some cases, both tests are used together. For example, a couple with a known genetic mutation and advanced maternal age might opt for both PGT-M and PGT-A to maximize the chance of a healthy pregnancy.

    How Are the Tests Performed?

    Both PGT-A and PGT-M require IVF. After eggs are fertilized, embryos are cultured for about five to six days until they reach the blastocyst stage. A few cells are then biopsied from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta). These cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The biopsy is performed by an embryologist, and the process is similar for both tests.

    The main difference is in the laboratory analysis. PGT-A uses techniques like next-generation sequencing (NGS) to count chromosomes. PGT-M uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other methods to detect the specific mutation. The time to results may vary, but it typically takes a few days to a couple of weeks.

    What Do the Results Mean?

    For PGT-A, results are usually reported as:

    • Euploid: normal chromosome number
    • Aneuploid: abnormal chromosome number
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells

    Euploid embryos are generally preferred for transfer. Aneuploid embryos are usually not transferred. Mosaic embryos may be considered, but this is a complex decision that should be discussed with your doctor.

    For PGT-M, results indicate whether the embryo carries the specific mutation. Embryos without the mutation are considered unaffected and may be suitable for transfer. However, PGT-M does not eliminate all risks; it only tests for the specific disorder in question.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Even with PGT-A, embryos can be mosaic, and some abnormalities may not be detected. PGT-M is highly accurate for the specific mutation tested, but it does not screen for other genetic conditions. Additionally, the biopsy process carries a small risk of embryo damage, though this is rare.

    In Thailand, the availability and regulations for PGT may vary. It is important to choose a clinic with experience in genetic testing and to discuss the limitations with your specialist.

    How to Choose Between PGT-A and PGT-M

    The choice depends on your medical history and genetic risk. If you have no known genetic disorder, PGT-A may be more relevant. If you carry a specific mutation, PGT-M is necessary. In some cases, both tests are recommended. Your fertility doctor will guide you based on your individual situation.

    Consider asking your clinic:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A and PGT-M?
    • How many embryos typically survive the biopsy process?
    • What is the turnaround time for results?
    • Are there any additional costs for genetic counseling?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, start by consulting a fertility specialist. They can assess your medical history and recommend the appropriate testing. You may also want to seek genetic counseling to understand your risks and options. For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide and our general guides. If you have questions, check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, PGT-A and PGT-M can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. This is often done when a couple has a known genetic mutation and also wants to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. The combined testing can provide more comprehensive information, but it may increase the cost and time required.

    Is PGT-M only for couples with a known genetic disease?

    Yes, PGT-M is specifically designed for couples who carry a known single-gene mutation. It is not a general screening test. If you do not have a known genetic risk, PGT-M is not typically recommended.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome numbers), while PGT-SR is used for structural rearrangements like translocations, where parts of chromosomes are swapped or missing. PGT-SR is less common and is recommended when a parent has a balanced translocation.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT does not guarantee a healthy baby. It can reduce the risk of transferring embryos with specific genetic issues, but it cannot detect all potential problems. Other factors during pregnancy and after birth also affect a child's health.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs. IVF Without PGT in Thailand: How to Decide

    If you are planning IVF in Thailand, one of the decisions you may face is whether to add preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) to your cycle. PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer, but it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. This guide compares the potential benefits and limitations of PGT-A versus not doing it, helping you think through the factors that matter most for your situation.

    At a glance: PGT-A vs. no PGT

    • PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes, which are a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage.
    • No PGT means embryos are selected based on appearance (morphology) and developmental stage, without genetic screening.
    • PGT-A may reduce the chance of transferring an abnormal embryo, but it does not improve the quality of your eggs or embryos.
    • The decision depends on your age, number of embryos, budget, and personal values.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A is a test performed on a small number of cells taken from an embryo (usually at the blastocyst stage, around day 5 or 6 of development). The test looks for an abnormal number of chromosomes, a condition called aneuploidy. Most embryos with aneuploidy will not implant or will miscarry, and some may lead to conditions like Down syndrome.

    PGT-A is different from PGT-M (for single-gene disorders) and PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements like translocations). PGT-A is not a test for all genetic diseases; it only screens for chromosomal number abnormalities.

    What does IVF without PGT involve?

    In a standard IVF cycle without PGT, embryos are cultured for several days and then graded by embryologists based on their appearance. The embryologist selects the embryo(s) that look most likely to implant. This approach is sometimes called “morphological selection.” It is less expensive and does not require the extra laboratory steps of biopsy and genetic analysis.

    Potential benefits of PGT-A

    • Reduced risk of transferring an abnormal embryo: PGT-A can identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes, allowing the transfer of a euploid (normal) embryo.
    • Lower chance of miscarriage: Because aneuploidy is a leading cause of early pregnancy loss, transferring a euploid embryo may reduce the risk of miscarriage.
    • Fewer cycles to pregnancy: For some patients, especially those with a higher number of embryos, PGT-A may help avoid transferring embryos that would not implant, potentially reducing the number of transfer cycles needed.
    • More information for decision-making: PGT-A results can provide insight into the chromosomal status of your embryos, which may help you decide how many to transfer or whether to consider additional testing.

    Potential limitations and risks of PGT-A

    • Not a guarantee: A euploid embryo may still fail to implant or miscarry due to other factors. PGT-A does not guarantee a live birth.
    • Embryo damage: The biopsy procedure carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, though this is rare in experienced labs.
    • Mosaicism: Some embryos have a mix of normal and abnormal cells (mosaicism). PGT-A may not always accurately predict the outcome for these embryos.
    • Cost and time: PGT-A adds significant cost to an IVF cycle and requires the embryos to be frozen while testing is completed, which may delay transfer.
    • No improvement in egg quality: PGT-A cannot fix underlying egg or sperm quality issues; it only screens the embryos you have.

    Key factors to consider in your decision

    Your age

    Maternal age is the strongest predictor of embryo aneuploidy. The chance of an embryo having an abnormal number of chromosomes increases with age, particularly after 35. If you are older, PGT-A may be more useful because a higher proportion of your embryos are likely to be abnormal. However, even younger women can have aneuploid embryos, so age alone is not the only factor.

    Number of embryos

    PGT-A is most informative when you have multiple embryos to test. If you only have one or two embryos, the test may still be useful, but the results may be less actionable. If you have many embryos, PGT-A can help prioritize which ones to transfer first.

    Budget

    PGT-A adds a significant cost to an IVF cycle. You will need to weigh the potential benefits against the financial burden. Some patients prefer to use the money for additional IVF cycles if needed, rather than testing embryos.

    Personal values and risk tolerance

    Some patients prefer to have as much information as possible, even if it means additional cost and delay. Others prefer a more natural approach and are comfortable with the uncertainty of not testing. There is no right or wrong choice; it is a personal decision.

    How to compare PGT-A vs. no PGT in Thailand

    When you consult with a fertility clinic in Thailand, ask specific questions to help you compare your options:

    • What is the cost of PGT-A, and what does it include?
    • How many embryos do you recommend testing, and why?
    • What is the clinic’s experience with PGT-A, and what is their biopsy success rate?
    • How long will the testing take, and how will it affect my treatment timeline?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy procedure at your lab?
    • How do you handle mosaic embryos?
    • What is the policy on transferring embryos with abnormal results?

    Making your decision: a step-by-step approach

    1. Gather information: Learn about PGT-A and your clinic’s specific protocols.
    2. Assess your personal risk factors: Consider your age, medical history, and any previous pregnancy losses.
    3. Estimate your embryo count: Discuss with your doctor how many embryos you are likely to have based on your ovarian reserve and response to stimulation.
    4. Review your budget: Determine what you can afford and how PGT-A fits into your overall IVF costs.
    5. Talk to your doctor: Ask for a personalized recommendation based on your situation.
    6. Consider a second opinion: If you are unsure, seek advice from another fertility specialist.
    7. Make a decision that feels right for you: Remember that there is no universally correct answer.

    Next steps

    If you are considering IVF in Thailand, take the time to research clinics and their PGT-A offerings. Ask about their success rates, laboratory standards, and how they support patients in making this decision. Ultimately, the choice between PGT-A and no PGT is yours, and it should align with your medical needs, financial situation, and personal preferences.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, our IVF guides, and our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A worth it in Thailand?

    Whether PGT-A is worth it depends on your age, number of embryos, budget, and personal preferences. PGT-A can reduce the risk of transferring an abnormal embryo and may lower the chance of miscarriage, but it does not guarantee a live birth. Discuss your specific situation with your fertility doctor to determine if the benefits outweigh the costs for you.

    Does PGT-A improve IVF success rates?

    PGT-A may improve the efficiency of IVF by helping select embryos that are more likely to implant, but it does not guarantee success. The overall success rate depends on many factors, including embryo quality, uterine health, and the clinic's expertise. PGT-A cannot improve the quality of your eggs or embryos.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. PGT-M is used when one or both parents are known carriers of a genetic condition. PGT-A is not a test for all genetic diseases.

    Can PGT-A harm the embryo?

    The biopsy procedure for PGT-A carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, but this is rare in experienced laboratories. The long-term effects of embryo biopsy are still being studied, but current evidence suggests it is generally safe. Discuss the risks with your clinic.

    How much does PGT-A cost in Thailand?

    The cost of PGT-A in Thailand varies by clinic and the number of embryos tested. It is typically an additional fee on top of the standard IVF cycle cost. Contact clinics directly for current pricing and what is included in the fee.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-SR in Thailand: What’s the Difference?

    PGT-A vs PGT-SR: What’s the difference?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) and PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) are two different types of genetic tests that can be performed on embryos created through IVF. They answer different questions about embryo health.

    PGT-A checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). This is a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage. PGT-A is often considered for patients of advanced maternal age, those with recurrent pregnancy loss, or repeated implantation failure.

    PGT-SR is specifically designed for patients who carry a structural rearrangement of their chromosomes, such as a translocation or inversion. These rearrangements can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may cause miscarriage or a child with disabilities. PGT-SR aims to identify embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome arrangement.

    In Thailand, both tests are available through IVF clinics that offer genetic testing. However, the choice between PGT-A and PGT-SR depends on your specific medical history and genetic situation.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A: screens for aneuploidy (extra or missing chromosomes).
    • PGT-SR: screens for unbalanced structural rearrangements (e.g., translocations).
    • Who may need PGT-SR: individuals or couples with a known chromosomal rearrangement.
    • Who may need PGT-A: those with age-related risk, recurrent miscarriage, or repeated IVF failure.
    • Both tests require IVF and embryo biopsy.

    Understanding PGT-A

    PGT-A is a screening test that looks for an abnormal number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. Some aneuploidies, such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), can lead to a live birth with health issues.

    PGT-A is often recommended for women over 35, as the risk of aneuploidy increases with maternal age. It may also be suggested for couples who have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss or repeated implantation failure. However, PGT-A does not guarantee a successful pregnancy, and it is not necessary for everyone.

    Understanding PGT-SR

    PGT-SR is a test for people who carry a structural rearrangement of their chromosomes. Structural rearrangements include translocations (when a piece of one chromosome attaches to another) and inversions (when a chromosome segment is reversed). Carriers often have no health problems themselves, but they may produce embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, leading to miscarriage or a child with disabilities.

    PGT-SR is designed to identify embryos that have a normal or balanced chromosome arrangement. This can help reduce the risk of miscarriage and the chance of having a child with a chromosomal disorder. PGT-SR is not a screening test for aneuploidy in general; it is specifically for structural rearrangements.

    Key differences between PGT-A and PGT-SR

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-SR
    Purpose Screens for aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes) Screens for unbalanced structural rearrangements (e.g., translocations)
    Who it’s for Patients with age-related risk, recurrent miscarriage, or repeated IVF failure Patients who carry a known chromosomal rearrangement
    What it detects Extra or missing whole chromosomes Unbalanced chromosome segments due to structural rearrangements
    Method Embryo biopsy and genetic analysis (e.g., NGS) Embryo biopsy and genetic analysis, often with additional testing for the specific rearrangement
    Outcome Identifies embryos with normal chromosome number Identifies embryos with normal or balanced chromosome structure

    When is PGT-SR recommended?

    PGT-SR is recommended when one or both partners are known carriers of a structural rearrangement. This is usually identified through a blood test called karyotyping. If you have a history of recurrent miscarriages, a previous child with a chromosomal disorder, or a family history of translocations, your doctor may suggest karyotyping.

    If a rearrangement is found, PGT-SR can be used during IVF to select embryos that are less likely to lead to miscarriage or a child with a chromosomal condition. However, PGT-SR is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, and it does not test for all genetic conditions.

    PGT-A vs PGT-SR: Which one do you need?

    The choice between PGT-A and PGT-SR depends on your medical history and genetic status. If you have a known structural rearrangement, PGT-SR is the appropriate test. If you are considering PGT for age-related aneuploidy or recurrent miscarriage without a known rearrangement, PGT-A may be more relevant.

    In some cases, a clinic may recommend both tests, especially if you have a rearrangement and also have age-related aneuploidy risk. However, this is a decision to make with your fertility specialist after a thorough evaluation.

    What to ask your clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT-A or PGT-SR in Thailand, here are some questions to ask:

    • Do you offer PGT-A and PGT-SR? What is the difference in your laboratory?
    • How many embryos are typically biopsied, and what is the success rate of the biopsy?
    • How long does it take to get results?
    • What is the cost of each test, and what does it include?
    • Do you have genetic counseling available to help interpret results?
    • What are the limitations of the test?

    Next steps

    If you are trying to decide between PGT-A and PGT-SR, start by reviewing your medical history and any genetic testing you have already had. If you have not had karyotyping, ask your doctor if it is recommended. Then, consult with an IVF clinic in Thailand that offers genetic testing to discuss your options.

    Remember, PGT is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child. It is a tool to help you make informed decisions about which embryos to transfer.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect structural rearrangements like translocations?

    PGT-A is designed to detect an abnormal number of chromosomes, not structural rearrangements. A structural rearrangement like a translocation may not change the total number of chromosomes, so PGT-A might miss it. PGT-SR is specifically designed to detect unbalanced structural rearrangements.

    Is PGT-SR only for people with a known translocation?

    Yes, PGT-SR is typically recommended for individuals or couples who are known carriers of a structural rearrangement, such as a translocation or inversion. If you have not been diagnosed with a rearrangement, PGT-SR is unlikely to be offered.

    Do I need both PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    In some cases, a clinic may recommend both tests, especially if you have a structural rearrangement and also have age-related aneuploidy risk. However, this is not always necessary. Your fertility specialist can advise based on your specific situation.

    What is the difference between PGT-SR and PGT-M?

    PGT-SR is for structural rearrangements, while PGT-M is for single-gene disorders (like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia). They are different tests for different genetic conditions. Some patients may need both if they have both a rearrangement and a single-gene disorder.

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    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.