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  • PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR: Which Test Do You Need for IVF in Thailand?

    What Is Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used during an IVF cycle to examine embryos for specific genetic or chromosomal features before transfer. PGT is not a single test — it includes several types, each designed for a different purpose. Understanding the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR can help you have a more informed conversation with your fertility specialist.

    It is important to know that PGT does not guarantee a pregnancy, a healthy baby, or eliminate all risks. It is a screening or diagnostic tool that provides information to help guide embryo selection. Not every IVF patient needs PGT, and the decision should be based on your medical history, age, and family planning goals.

    PGT-A: Aneuploidy Screening for Chromosome Number

    What It Does

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. A normal human cell should have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos will not implant, or if they do, they may result in miscarriage or conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

    Who Might Consider PGT-A

    • Women of advanced maternal age (typically 35 and older), as the chance of producing aneuploid eggs increases with age.
    • Couples with recurrent pregnancy loss where chromosomal abnormalities may be a contributing factor.
    • Couples with repeated IVF failure despite having good-quality embryos.
    • Anyone who wants to reduce the risk of transferring an aneuploid embryo, though it does not eliminate all risks.

    Limitations

    • PGT-A cannot detect all genetic disorders; it only looks at chromosome number and large structural rearrangements.
    • There is a small chance of a false positive or false negative result due to mosaicism (a mix of normal and abnormal cells in the embryo) or technical limitations.
    • PGT-A does not guarantee implantation or a live birth.

    PGT-M: Testing for Single-Gene Disorders

    What It Does

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) looks for specific inherited genetic conditions caused by a mutation in a single gene. Examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, Huntington’s disease, and many others. PGT-M requires a custom test to be developed for each family, based on the known mutation(s).

    Who Might Consider PGT-M

    • Couples who are carriers of a known genetic disorder and want to avoid passing it to their children.
    • Individuals with a family history of a single-gene condition who have been tested and found to carry the mutation.
    • Couples who have had a previous child affected by a genetic disorder and wish to prevent recurrence.

    Limitations

    • PGT-M requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation. A custom probe or test must be designed, which can take weeks to months.
    • It only tests for the specific condition(s) requested; it does not screen for all genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities.
    • PGT-M is not available for every genetic condition; feasibility depends on the mutation and laboratory capabilities.

    PGT-SR: Testing for Chromosomal Structural Rearrangements

    What It Does

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is used when one or both parents carry a balanced chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation or inversion. These rearrangements do not usually cause health problems in the carrier, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, increasing the risk of miscarriage or birth defects.

    Who Might Consider PGT-SR

    • Individuals known to carry a balanced translocation or inversion (often identified through karyotype testing).
    • Couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage where a parental chromosomal rearrangement is suspected or confirmed.
    • Couples with a previous child born with a chromosomal structural abnormality.

    Limitations

    • PGT-SR cannot correct the rearrangement; it only identifies embryos with a normal or balanced chromosomal structure.
    • Some embryos may be identified as abnormal even if they are balanced carriers (like the parent), which are generally healthy. The test may not always distinguish between a normal and a balanced carrier, depending on the technique used.

    How to Decide Which Test You Need

    The choice between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR depends on your specific medical and genetic situation. Here are some common scenarios:

    • Scenario 1: You are over 35 and concerned about age-related chromosomal abnormalities. PGT-A may be recommended to screen embryos for aneuploidy.
    • Scenario 2: You and your partner are carriers of a genetic disorder like cystic fibrosis. PGT-M would be the appropriate test, often combined with PGT-A if you also want chromosome screening.
    • Scenario 3: You have a balanced translocation and have experienced miscarriages. PGT-SR is designed for this situation, and it may be combined with PGT-A.
    • Scenario 4: You have no known genetic or chromosomal issues but want to maximize the chance of a healthy baby. PGT-A may be an option, but it is not medically necessary for everyone. Discuss the pros and cons with your doctor.

    In many cases, PGT-A is performed alongside PGT-M or PGT-SR as an add-on to also check chromosome number. Your fertility clinic and genetic counselor can help you determine the best approach.

    What to Discuss with Your Fertility Specialist

    Before deciding on PGT, ask your doctor these questions:

    • Based on my age, medical history, and family history, which PGT test is most appropriate for me?
    • What are the success rates and limitations of the recommended test at your clinic?
    • How many embryos are typically needed to have a reasonable chance of finding a suitable embryo for transfer?
    • What is the timeline for testing, and how long will it take to get results?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any additional fees for combined testing?

    PGT in Thailand: What You Should Know

    Thailand has several fertility centers that offer PGT services. When researching clinics, consider the following:

    • Laboratory accreditation: Look for clinics with international certifications such as JCI, ISO, or CAP, which indicate quality standards.
    • Genetic counseling: Ensure the clinic provides or can refer you to a genetic counselor who can explain test results and implications.
    • Experience with your specific test: Ask how many PGT-M or PGT-SR cycles the lab has performed for your condition.

    For a list of fertility centers in Thailand that offer PGT, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ for more information.

    Important Reminders

    • PGT is not a guarantee of a healthy baby. It reduces but does not eliminate the risk of genetic or chromosomal conditions.
    • Not all embryos will be suitable for testing or transfer. Some embryos may not survive the biopsy process.
    • PGT results should always be interpreted by a qualified genetic counselor or reproductive specialist.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I have both PGT-A and PGT-M in the same IVF cycle?

    Yes, it is common to combine PGT-A with PGT-M or PGT-SR. The same embryo biopsy sample can be used for multiple tests. However, this may increase the time required for analysis and the overall cost. Discuss with your clinic whether combined testing is available and appropriate for your situation.

    Does PGT guarantee that my baby will be healthy?

    No. PGT screens for specific chromosomal or genetic conditions, but it cannot detect all possible disorders. There is also a small risk of misdiagnosis. A healthy embryo identified by PGT can still have other health issues not related to the tested conditions.

    Is PGT necessary for all IVF patients?

    No. PGT is not medically necessary for everyone. It is typically recommended for patients with specific risk factors, such as advanced maternal age, known genetic disorders, or recurrent pregnancy loss. Your fertility specialist can help you decide if PGT is right for you.

    How long does PGT take?

    PGT-A results are usually available within a few days to two weeks after embryo biopsy. PGT-M and PGT-SR may take longer because they require custom test development, which can add several weeks to the overall timeline. Ask your clinic for an estimated timeline.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Is PGT and Why Is It Used in Thailand IVF?

    What Is Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a procedure used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to examine embryos for genetic abnormalities before they are transferred to the uterus. PGT is a screening tool that may help select embryos with a lower risk of certain genetic conditions. The decision to use PGT should be made with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor.

    Types of PGT: PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR

    There are three main types of PGT, each designed for different purposes:

    PGT-A (Aneuploidy Screening)

    PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). It is often considered for patients of advanced maternal age, those with recurrent pregnancy loss, or repeated IVF failure. However, PGT-A cannot detect all chromosomal abnormalities.

    PGT-M (Monogenic Disorders)

    PGT-M is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation for a single-gene disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. The test identifies embryos that carry the mutation, allowing the transfer of unaffected embryos. PGT-M requires a customized test for each family, which takes time to develop.

    PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangements)

    PGT-SR is for individuals who carry balanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions. These rearrangements may not affect the carrier’s health but can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos. PGT-SR helps identify embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome structure.

    How Is PGT Performed?

    PGT is performed on embryos created through IVF. After fertilization, embryos are cultured in the laboratory for about 5–6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage. A few cells are then biopsied from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta) and sent for genetic analysis. The embryos are frozen (vitrified) while awaiting results. The genetic analysis typically takes 1–2 weeks. Once results are available, a chromosomally normal (euploid) or unaffected embryo can be thawed and transferred in a subsequent cycle.

    Understanding PGT Results

    PGT results are reported as:

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (for PGT-A) or does not carry the tested mutation (for PGT-M/SR). These embryos are considered suitable for transfer.
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes. These embryos are generally not recommended for transfer, though some clinics may consider mosaic embryos (a mix of normal and abnormal cells) on a case-by-case basis.
    • Mosaic: Some cells are normal and some are abnormal. The clinical significance is uncertain, and transfer decisions should be made with genetic counseling.
    • Inconclusive: The biopsy sample did not yield a result, often due to technical issues. Retesting may be possible.

    It is essential to understand that PGT is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. A normal result reduces but does not eliminate the risk of a genetic condition. Confirmatory prenatal testing (e.g., chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) is recommended after pregnancy is achieved.

    Who Might Consider PGT?

    PGT may be considered in the following situations:

    • Women of advanced maternal age (typically 35 or older)
    • Couples with a known genetic disorder
    • Couples with recurrent pregnancy loss
    • Couples with repeated IVF failure
    • Individuals with a balanced chromosomal rearrangement
    • Couples seeking to avoid passing on a sex-linked genetic disorder (though PGT for sex selection for non-medical reasons is not permitted in many countries, including Thailand)

    PGT is not recommended for everyone. It adds cost, time, and complexity to IVF. Some patients may achieve pregnancy without PGT. A fertility specialist can help determine if PGT is appropriate based on individual medical history.

    Alternatives to PGT

    Alternatives to PGT include:

    • Prenatal diagnosis: Testing during pregnancy (e.g., amniocentesis) to diagnose genetic conditions. This does not avoid the need for possible termination.
    • Donor gametes: Using donor eggs or sperm from a screened donor to reduce genetic risk.
    • Natural conception with genetic counseling: Accepting the risk and undergoing prenatal testing if pregnancy occurs.

    Each option has benefits and limitations. A genetic counselor can help patients weigh their choices.

    Limitations of PGT

    PGT has several limitations:

    • It cannot detect all genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities.
    • It does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a live birth.
    • There is a small risk of embryo damage from biopsy.
    • Mosaic results can be difficult to interpret.
    • PGT-M requires a customized test that may take weeks to develop.
    • Cost can be significant and is often not covered by insurance.

    Why Do Patients Choose Thailand for PGT?

    Thailand has become a popular destination for IVF with PGT for several reasons:

    • Cost: PGT in Thailand is generally more affordable than in many Western countries. For example, Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) offers a basic single-cycle medical package at a reference price of THB 490,000. Final costs vary by medication, testing, storage, procedures, and travel.
    • Legal framework: Thailand has clear regulations that permit PGT for medical reasons, including PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR. Sex selection for non-medical reasons is prohibited. The legal environment provides certainty for international patients.
    • Quality of care: Many Thai fertility centers hold international accreditations. For instance, DHC holds JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, and UK NEQAS certifications. Bumrungrad International Hospital is a large multidisciplinary hospital with integrated services. Prime Fertility Clinic has JCI Ambulatory Care accreditation. Patients should verify current credentials directly.
    • Experienced specialists: Thailand has reproductive medicine specialists with training in genetics. For example, Dr. Phattaraphum Phophong at Bumrungrad has training in reproductive medicine and prenatal genetics. Dr. Waranya Sirithanasarn at Gift Fertility Clinic has 13 years of experience. Dr. Poonkiat Punyamitr at Prime Fertility Clinic has 19 years of experience. Confirm the treating doctor and their expertise.
    • Advanced technology: Some clinics use time-lapse incubators (e.g., Embryoscope+, Geri) and other technologies to support embryo culture. However, technology alone does not guarantee success.

    It is important to note that no clinic can guarantee a specific outcome. Success rates vary by individual factors. Patients should request a written quotation and confirm all services included.

    Choosing a Clinic in Thailand for PGT

    When selecting a clinic for PGT in Thailand, consider the following:

    • Does the clinic have a dedicated genetic testing laboratory or partnership with a reputable lab?
    • What types of PGT are offered (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR)?
    • What are the costs for the IVF cycle, PGT, biopsy, freezing, and storage?
    • What is the experience of the embryology team?
    • Does the clinic provide genetic counseling?
    • What are the clinic’s success rates for your age group and diagnosis? (Be cautious of self-reported rates; ask for independent verification.)

    For a comparison of clinics, see our PGT in Thailand guide and other guides. For common questions, visit our FAQ page.

    Conclusion

    PGT is a valuable tool for some patients undergoing IVF, but it is not a guarantee of success. Understanding the types of PGT, what results mean, and the limitations is essential. Thailand offers a combination of affordable cost, legal clarity, and quality care that attracts international patients. However, each patient’s situation is unique. Consult with a fertility specialist and genetic counselor to determine if PGT is right for you.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders when parents carry a known mutation. PGT-SR checks for unbalanced chromosomes due to structural rearrangements like translocations.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT is a screening test that reduces the risk of certain genetic conditions but cannot detect all abnormalities. It does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a live birth. Confirmatory prenatal testing is recommended.

    Is PGT legal in Thailand?

    Yes, PGT for medical reasons is permitted in Thailand. Sex selection for non-medical reasons is prohibited. Patients should confirm the legal framework with their chosen clinic.

    How much does PGT cost in Thailand?

    Costs vary by clinic and individual treatment plan. For example, Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) offers a basic single-cycle medical package at a reference price of THB 490,000. Final costs depend on medication, testing, storage, and other factors. Always request a written quotation.

    Who should consider PGT?

    PGT may be considered for women of advanced maternal age, couples with known genetic disorders, those with recurrent pregnancy loss or repeated IVF failure, and individuals with balanced chromosomal rearrangements. It is not recommended for everyone. Consult a fertility specialist.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M for IVF in Thailand: Key Differences Explained

    What Is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). A normal human embryo should have 46 chromosomes. PGT-A can detect extra or missing chromosomes, such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) or monosomy X (Turner syndrome). This test is often recommended for women of advanced maternal age, couples with recurrent miscarriage, or those with repeated IVF failure. PGT-A does not test for specific genetic diseases.

    What Is PGT-M?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic Disorders (PGT-M) looks for specific single-gene mutations that cause inherited conditions such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation and want to avoid passing it to their child. PGT-M requires a custom test design based on the family’s mutation, which takes time and genetic counseling.

    What Is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) detects chromosomal structural abnormalities like translocations or inversions. It is similar to PGT-A but focuses on rearrangements rather than number changes. Some laboratories combine PGT-A and PGT-SR into a single test.

    How Are PGT-A and PGT-M Different?

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screen for chromosome number abnormalities Detect specific single-gene disorders
    Who needs it Advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, repeated IVF failure Couples known to carry a genetic mutation
    Test development Standardized, no custom setup Custom test required per family
    Results Euploid (normal), aneuploid, or mosaic Affected, unaffected carrier, or unaffected non-carrier
    Limitations Does not detect all genetic diseases; mosaicism can be uncertain Cannot screen for chromosome number issues; requires prior genetic knowledge

    When Is Each Test Recommended?

    PGT-A is typically offered to women over 35, couples with a history of miscarriage, or those who have had multiple unsuccessful IVF cycles. It can also be used for sex selection in some countries, though regulations vary. PGT-M is recommended when one or both partners have a known genetic condition or are carriers of a recessive disorder. Some couples may choose both PGT-A and PGT-M if they have both age-related risk and a genetic mutation.

    How Are PGT-A and PGT-M Performed in Thailand?

    Both tests require an IVF cycle to create embryos. On day 5 or 6, a few cells are biopsied from the trophectoderm (future placenta) and sent to a genetics laboratory. In Thailand, many fertility centers offer PGT-A and PGT-M through partnerships with accredited labs. The process is similar to international standards. Patients should confirm the laboratory’s certifications and turnaround times directly with their chosen clinic.

    What Do the Results Mean?

    For PGT-A, an embryo can be classified as euploid (normal chromosome number), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells). Only euploid embryos are typically considered for transfer, though mosaic embryos may be used in some cases after counseling. For PGT-M, results indicate whether the embryo carries the mutation, is an unaffected carrier, or is unaffected and non-carrier. Transfer decisions depend on the specific condition and patient preference.

    Alternatives and Limitations

    PGT-A does not guarantee a healthy baby; it only screens for chromosome number issues. Some embryos with normal PGT-A results may still have other genetic or developmental problems. PGT-M cannot detect chromosome abnormalities, so some couples may opt for both tests. Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) during pregnancy is an alternative for chromosome screening but does not replace PGT. Preimplantation genetic testing is not suitable for all patients; a fertility specialist can help determine the best approach.

    Cost Considerations

    PGT-A and PGT-M add to the cost of an IVF cycle. In Thailand, prices vary by clinic and the number of embryos tested. PGT-M is generally more expensive due to the custom test design. Patients should request a detailed quotation that includes biopsy, genetic analysis, and any additional storage or shipping fees. Exact prices are not provided here and should be confirmed directly with the clinic.

    Choosing a Clinic in Thailand

    When selecting a clinic for PGT in Thailand, consider the laboratory’s accreditation, the experience of the genetic team, and the availability of genetic counseling. Some hospitals, such as Bumrungrad International Hospital, offer integrated services with reproductive medicine and prenatal genetics. Dedicated fertility centers like Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) provide PGT alongside advanced embryo culture technologies. Always verify current services and pricing directly with the clinic.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, some laboratories offer combined testing. This requires a single biopsy and separate analyses for chromosome number and specific gene mutations. Discuss with your clinic whether combined testing is available and appropriate for your situation.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain genetic abnormalities, but it cannot prevent all birth defects or health issues. It is a screening tool, not a guarantee.

    Is PGT legal in Thailand?

    PGT is available in Thailand, but regulations may apply. Patients should consult their clinic about legal requirements and any restrictions on embryo testing or sex selection.

    How long does PGT take?

    PGT-A results are typically available within 1-2 weeks after biopsy. PGT-M may take longer due to custom test design, sometimes 4-6 weeks or more. Plan accordingly with your IVF cycle timeline.

    Related Resources

    For more information, visit our PGT in Thailand guide, explore our guides, or check the FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, some laboratories offer combined testing. This requires a single biopsy and separate analyses for chromosome number and specific gene mutations. Discuss with your clinic whether combined testing is available and appropriate for your situation.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain genetic abnormalities, but it cannot prevent all birth defects or health issues. It is a screening tool, not a guarantee.

    Is PGT legal in Thailand?

    PGT is available in Thailand, but regulations may apply. Patients should consult their clinic about legal requirements and any restrictions on embryo testing or sex selection.

    How long does PGT take?

    PGT-A results are typically available within 1-2 weeks after biopsy. PGT-M may take longer due to custom test design, sometimes 4-6 weeks or more. Plan accordingly with your IVF cycle timeline.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR: What’s the Difference for IVF in Thailand?

    What Is Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a procedure used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to screen embryos for genetic abnormalities before transfer to the uterus. PGT is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or live birth, and it is not necessary for every patient. It is a tool that can help some individuals and couples make more informed decisions about which embryos to transfer.

    There are three main types of PGT: PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR. Each type looks for different genetic conditions, and the choice depends on your medical history and family planning goals.

    PGT-A (Aneuploidy Screening)

    What It Detects

    PGT-A screens embryos for aneuploidy—an abnormal number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Having an extra or missing chromosome can cause implantation failure, miscarriage, or conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

    Who Might Consider PGT-A

    • Women of advanced maternal age (typically 35 and older)
    • Couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage
    • Couples with repeated IVF implantation failure
    • Individuals with a known chromosomal abnormality in themselves or a partner

    How It Works

    After embryos are created through IVF and develop to the blastocyst stage (usually day 5 or 6), a few cells are removed from the trophectoderm (the outer layer that becomes the placenta). These cells are analyzed using techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) to count the chromosomes. Embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid) are prioritized for transfer.

    Limitations

    • PGT-A cannot detect all genetic disorders, only chromosomal number abnormalities.
    • There is a small risk of a false positive or false negative result.
    • Some embryos may be mosaic (having both normal and abnormal cells), which complicates interpretation.
    • PGT-A does not guarantee implantation or a healthy baby.

    PGT-M (Monogenic Disorders)

    What It Detects

    PGT-M screens for specific single-gene disorders (monogenic diseases) such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, Tay-Sachs disease, or Huntington’s disease. It is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation that could be passed to their children.

    Who Might Consider PGT-M

    • Couples where one or both partners have a known genetic disorder
    • Carriers of autosomal recessive or dominant conditions
    • Couples with a family history of a specific genetic disease
    • Individuals who want to avoid passing on a serious inherited condition

    How It Works

    PGT-M requires a customized test for each family. Before the IVF cycle, the genetic mutation must be identified, and a test is developed using DNA samples from the parents and sometimes other family members. During the IVF cycle, embryos are biopsied similarly to PGT-A, and the cells are analyzed for the specific mutation. Only embryos without the mutation are considered for transfer.

    Limitations

    • PGT-M is only available for known genetic mutations; it cannot screen for unknown or new mutations.
    • Test development can take weeks to months and adds to the overall timeline and cost.
    • PGT-M does not screen for chromosomal abnormalities unless combined with PGT-A.
    • Not all genetic disorders can be tested due to technical limitations.

    PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangements)

    What It Detects

    PGT-SR screens for structural chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations (where a piece of one chromosome attaches to another) or inversions (where a chromosome segment is reversed). These rearrangements can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos, increasing the risk of miscarriage or birth defects.

    Who Might Consider PGT-SR

    • Individuals or couples where one partner carries a balanced translocation or inversion
    • Couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage due to chromosomal rearrangements
    • Those with a known structural abnormality in their karyotype

    How It Works

    PGT-SR uses similar biopsy and analysis techniques as PGT-A, but the focus is on identifying embryos with unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements. The test can determine whether an embryo has inherited a balanced or unbalanced set of chromosomes. Only embryos with normal or balanced chromosomes are considered for transfer.

    Limitations

    • PGT-SR cannot detect all types of structural rearrangements; some may be too small to identify.
    • It may not distinguish between a balanced translocation and a completely normal chromosome arrangement.
    • PGT-SR does not screen for single-gene disorders unless combined with PGT-M.

    Key Differences at a Glance

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M PGT-SR
    What it screens for Abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) Specific single-gene disorders Structural chromosomal rearrangements
    Who it is for Advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, repeated IVF failure Known carriers of genetic mutations Carriers of translocations or inversions
    Test customization Standardized test Customized for each family Standardized but may require additional analysis
    Can be combined with other PGT? Yes, with PGT-M or PGT-SR Yes, with PGT-A Yes, with PGT-A
    Limitations Does not detect all disorders; mosaic results possible Only for known mutations; test development time May not detect all rearrangements

    Can PGT Types Be Combined?

    Yes, it is possible to combine PGT-A with PGT-M or PGT-SR in a single biopsy. For example, a couple who carries a genetic mutation and also wants to screen for aneuploidy can request both tests. This approach provides more comprehensive information but may increase the cost and complexity of the testing process.

    PGT in Thai IVF Clinics

    Many IVF centers in Thailand offer PGT services, including PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR. For instance, Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) provides PGT as part of its IVF services. DHC holds multiple international accreditations, including JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, and UK NEQAS, which reflect quality standards in laboratory and clinical practices. Other clinics, such as Bumrungrad International Hospital, also offer reproductive medicine services, including IVF and genetic testing. However, the specific availability of PGT types, turnaround times, and costs vary by clinic. Patients should confirm directly with the clinic which PGT options are available and whether they require additional genetic counseling or test development.

    When considering PGT in Thailand, it is important to ask the clinic about:

    • Which types of PGT are offered (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR)
    • Whether combined testing is possible
    • The laboratory’s accreditation and experience with genetic testing
    • Turnaround time for results (typically 1–2 weeks)
    • Costs for each type of PGT and any additional fees for test customization
    • How mosaic embryos are reported and managed

    Alternatives to PGT

    PGT is not the only option for genetic screening. Alternatives include:

    • Prenatal testing (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy to diagnose genetic conditions.
    • Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) to screen for common chromosomal abnormalities during pregnancy.
    • Carrier screening before conception to identify if parents carry mutations for certain genetic disorders.
    • Donor eggs or sperm from screened donors to reduce the risk of inherited conditions.

    Each option has its own benefits and limitations. Discuss with your fertility specialist and genetic counselor to determine the best approach for your situation.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Is PGT mandatory for IVF in Thailand?

    No, PGT is not mandatory. It is an optional test that may be recommended based on your medical history and family planning goals. Some patients may not need PGT at all.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain genetic abnormalities, but it cannot guarantee implantation, a successful pregnancy, or a healthy child. Other factors, such as uterine environment and overall embryo quality, also play important roles.

    How long does PGT take?

    After embryo biopsy, results typically take 1–2 weeks. For PGT-M, additional time is needed for test development before the IVF cycle begins.

    Can PGT be done on frozen embryos?

    Yes, PGT can be performed on embryos that have been frozen and thawed, but the biopsy is usually done before freezing. Some clinics may offer re-biopsy of frozen embryos, but this is less common and may have lower success rates.

    What is the cost of PGT in Thailand?

    Costs vary widely by clinic and the type of PGT. For example, DHC’s basic single-cycle medical package is priced at THB 490,000 (as of June 2026), but this does not include PGT fees. Patients should request a detailed quotation that includes all genetic testing costs.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT as part of your IVF journey in Thailand, start by consulting with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor. They can help you understand which type of PGT, if any, is appropriate for your situation. For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide and other resources. You can also check our FAQ page for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT mandatory for IVF in Thailand?

    No, PGT is not mandatory. It is an optional test that may be recommended based on your medical history and family planning goals. Some patients may not need PGT at all.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain genetic abnormalities, but it cannot guarantee implantation, a successful pregnancy, or a healthy child. Other factors, such as uterine environment and overall embryo quality, also play important roles.

    How long does PGT take?

    After embryo biopsy, results typically take 1–2 weeks. For PGT-M, additional time is needed for test development before the IVF cycle begins.

    Can PGT be done on frozen embryos?

    Yes, PGT can be performed on embryos that have been frozen and thawed, but the biopsy is usually done before freezing. Some clinics may offer re-biopsy of frozen embryos, but this is less common and may have lower success rates.

    What is the cost of PGT in Thailand?

    Costs vary widely by clinic and the type of PGT. For example, DHC's basic single-cycle medical package is priced at THB 490,000 (as of June 2026), but this does not include PGT fees. Patients should request a detailed quotation that includes all genetic testing costs.

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    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.