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  • How Much Does PGT-A Add to the Cost of IVF in Thailand?

    Understanding PGT-A and Its Role in IVF

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a screening technique used during IVF to check embryos for chromosomal abnormalities. While it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child, it can help select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, potentially reducing the risk of miscarriage and failed implantation. In Thailand, many fertility clinics offer PGT-A as an add-on to standard IVF cycles. The cost can vary significantly depending on the clinic, the number of embryos tested, and whether you choose an inclusive package or a la carte pricing.

    Typical Cost Components of PGT-A

    When budgeting for PGT-A, it is important to understand the different fees involved. These may include:

    • Embryo Biopsy Fee: The procedure to remove a few cells from each embryo. This is usually performed on day 5 or 6 of embryo development (blastocyst stage).
    • Genetic Testing Fee: The actual analysis of the biopsied cells. This is often charged per embryo or per sample.
    • Shipping and Handling: If the biopsy samples are sent to an external genetics laboratory, there may be courier and handling charges.
    • Storage Fees: Embryos may need to be frozen and stored while awaiting test results. Some clinics include initial storage in the package; others charge separately.
    • Consultation and Coordination: Some clinics charge an administrative fee for coordinating the PGT process with the genetics lab.

    Package vs. A La Carte Pricing

    Clinics in Thailand may offer PGT-A as part of an all-inclusive IVF package or as a separate add-on. Understanding the difference can help you compare costs more effectively.

    Inclusive Packages

    Some clinics bundle PGT-A with the IVF cycle, often including the biopsy, genetic testing for a set number of embryos (e.g., up to 8 embryos), and initial storage. These packages can provide cost certainty but may not be cost-effective if you have fewer embryos to test.

    A La Carte Pricing

    Other clinics charge separately for each component. This can be more flexible, allowing you to pay only for the services you need. However, the total cost may be higher if you need to test many embryos or require additional services like extended storage.

    Questions to Ask When Comparing Quotes

    To avoid unexpected costs, ask each clinic the following questions:

    • What is the biopsy fee per embryo? Is it included in the IVF cycle cost?
    • What is the genetic testing fee per embryo? Is there a minimum or maximum number of embryos?
    • Are shipping and handling fees included? If not, what is the estimated cost?
    • How long is initial embryo storage included? What are the ongoing storage fees?
    • Are there any additional administrative or coordination fees?
    • What happens if no embryos are suitable for biopsy? Is there a refund or credit?
    • Do you offer a package that covers multiple IVF cycles with PGT-A?

    Factors That Influence Total Cost

    Several factors can affect the final price you pay for PGT-A in Thailand:

    • Number of Embryos Tested: Most clinics charge per embryo, so the more embryos you have, the higher the total cost.
    • Clinic Location and Reputation: Clinics in Bangkok or major cities may have higher overheads, which can be reflected in pricing.
    • Genetics Laboratory: Some clinics have in-house labs, while others outsource to international labs. Outsourcing may add shipping costs and longer turnaround times.
    • Technology Used: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is the most common method for PGT-A and may be priced differently than older techniques.
    • Additional Services: Some clinics offer genetic counseling or repeat testing if results are inconclusive, which may incur extra fees.

    Hidden Fees to Watch For

    When reviewing quotes, be aware of potential hidden fees:

    • Biopsy Cancellation Fee: If embryos do not develop to the blastocyst stage, some clinics still charge a biopsy preparation fee.
    • Repeat Testing Fee: If a sample fails to amplify or results are unclear, re-biopsy and retesting may be charged.
    • Embryo Disposal Fee: If you choose to discard abnormal embryos, there may be a fee for disposal.
    • Legal or Administrative Fees: Some clinics charge for preparing consent forms or coordinating with international patients.

    Comparing Costs Across Clinics

    Because exact prices vary and change frequently, it is essential to request a detailed written quote from each clinic you consider. Ask for a breakdown of all fees, including any that are non-refundable. Keep in mind that the cheapest option may not always be the best value—consider the clinic’s experience, success rates, and the quality of the genetics laboratory.

    Additional Considerations for International Patients

    If you are traveling to Thailand for IVF with PGT-A, factor in these potential costs:

    • Travel and Accommodation: You may need to stay in Thailand for at least 2-3 weeks for the IVF cycle and embryo biopsy.
    • Medication Costs: Fertility medications are often not included in package prices and can be a significant expense.
    • Currency Exchange: Fluctuations in exchange rates can affect the final cost in your home currency.
    • Insurance: Check whether your health insurance covers any part of IVF or PGT-A; most do not.

    Conclusion

    Adding PGT-A to an IVF cycle in Thailand involves several cost components, from biopsy and genetic testing to shipping and storage. By understanding these fees and asking the right questions, you can make an informed comparison between inclusive packages and a la carte pricing. Always request a detailed, written quote and confirm what is included before making a decision. For more information on IVF costs in Thailand, visit our IVF cost guide. For additional resources, see our patient resources or contact us for personalized assistance.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A included in most IVF packages in Thailand?

    Some clinics offer inclusive packages that cover PGT-A for a set number of embryos, while others charge it as an add-on. Always check the package details and ask what is included.

    How is PGT-A pricing typically structured?

    PGT-A is often priced per embryo tested, with separate fees for biopsy, genetic analysis, shipping, and storage. Some clinics offer a flat fee for up to a certain number of embryos.

    Are there any hidden costs with PGT-A in Thailand?

    Possible hidden costs include biopsy cancellation fees, repeat testing fees, embryo disposal fees, and administrative charges. Request a full breakdown from the clinic.

    Does the number of embryos affect the total PGT-A cost?

    Yes, since testing is usually per embryo, more embryos mean higher costs. Some clinics offer discounts for testing multiple embryos.

    Can I get a refund if no embryos are suitable for biopsy?

    Policies vary. Some clinics may refund the genetic testing fee but not the biopsy fee. Confirm the refund policy before proceeding.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Mosaic Embryo Management in Thailand PGT Cycles: What Patients Need to Know

    What Is a Mosaic Embryo?

    In preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), a mosaic embryo is one that contains a mixture of cells with normal (euploid) chromosome numbers and cells with abnormal (aneuploid) chromosome numbers. Unlike a uniformly euploid embryo (all cells normal) or a uniformly aneuploid embryo (all cells abnormal), a mosaic embryo shows intermediate results. The percentage of abnormal cells—reported as the mosaicism level—can vary from low (e.g., 20–30%) to high (e.g., 50–80%).

    Mosaicism can arise from errors during cell division after fertilization. It is important to understand that PGT-A tests only a few cells biopsied from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta), so the result may not perfectly represent the inner cell mass (which becomes the fetus).

    How Do Thai Clinics Report Mosaic Results?

    Thai fertility centers that offer PGT-A typically use next-generation sequencing (NGS) to analyze embryo biopsies. NGS can detect mosaicism with varying sensitivity. When a mosaic result is identified, the laboratory report usually includes:

    • The specific chromosome(s) involved
    • The estimated percentage of abnormal cells (e.g., 30% mosaic for chromosome 21)
    • A classification such as low-level or high-level mosaicism

    Clinics may follow guidelines from professional societies (e.g., Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis International Society, PGDIS) that recommend considering transfer of low-level mosaic embryos when no euploid embryos are available. However, each clinic may have its own policy. Patients should ask their doctor how the lab reports mosaicism and what thresholds are used for classification.

    Options for Mosaic Embryos

    When a PGT-A cycle yields only mosaic embryos (or a mix of euploid and mosaic), the following options are typically discussed:

    1. Transfer of a Mosaic Embryo

    Some clinics may offer transfer of a low-level mosaic embryo after thorough counseling. The rationale is that many mosaic embryos can self-correct in utero or result in healthy live births. However, the risk of an abnormal pregnancy outcome (e.g., miscarriage, birth defects, or a child with a chromosome disorder) is higher than with a euploid embryo. The decision depends on the specific chromosome, the mosaicism level, and the patient’s history and preferences.

    2. Discard or Not Transfer

    High-level mosaic embryos or those involving chromosomes known to cause severe disorders (e.g., trisomy 13, 18, 21) are often not recommended for transfer. Some patients may choose to discard such embryos or use them for research.

    3. Further Testing

    In some cases, additional testing such as preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements (PGT-SR) or comprehensive chromosome screening may be considered if the mosaicism involves a structural abnormality. However, re-biopsy and re-testing of a mosaic embryo is rarely performed because it may damage the embryo and results may still be inconclusive.

    4. Additional IVF Cycle

    If no euploid embryos are available and the patient does not wish to transfer a mosaic embryo, another IVF cycle may be recommended to try to obtain euploid embryos.

    Counseling and Decision-Making

    Thai clinics typically provide genetic counseling before and after PGT-A. When a mosaic result is obtained, a follow-up counseling session is essential. Topics covered include:

    • The meaning of mosaicism and its limitations
    • Estimated risks for pregnancy and child health
    • Options for prenatal diagnosis (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) if pregnancy occurs
    • Possibility of confirmatory testing after birth

    Patients should be aware that no guarantee can be given about the outcome of a mosaic embryo transfer. Each case is unique, and decisions should be made in close consultation with the fertility team.

    Regulatory and Ethical Considerations in Thailand

    Thailand does not have specific laws governing the transfer of mosaic embryos. The decision is left to the clinic’s ethical committee and the patient’s informed choice. Some clinics may have a policy against transferring any mosaic embryo, while others may consider it on a case-by-case basis. International patients should confirm the clinic’s policy before starting a cycle.

    Questions to Ask Your Thai Clinic

    • How does your lab report mosaicism? What threshold is used for low vs. high level?
    • Do you offer transfer of mosaic embryos? Under what conditions?
    • What counseling is provided before a mosaic embryo transfer?
    • What are the estimated risks for the specific mosaic result?
    • Is there an option for additional testing or a second opinion?

    Summary

    Mosaic embryo management in Thailand PGT cycles involves careful interpretation of NGS results, individualized counseling, and shared decision-making. While transfer of low-level mosaic embryos is possible in some clinics, it carries higher risks than euploid embryos. Patients should seek clear communication from their clinic and consider all options, including additional IVF cycles, before making a decision.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can a mosaic embryo result in a healthy baby?

    Yes, many mosaic embryos can self-correct or result in healthy live births, but the risk of an abnormal outcome is higher than with a euploid embryo. The specific chromosome and mosaicism level affect the prognosis.

    Do all Thai clinics transfer mosaic embryos?

    No, policies vary. Some clinics may transfer low-level mosaic embryos after counseling, while others may not transfer any mosaic embryos. Patients should confirm the clinic's policy before starting treatment.

    What is the difference between low-level and high-level mosaicism?

    Low-level mosaicism typically refers to 20–40% abnormal cells, while high-level mosaicism is >40–50%. Higher levels are associated with greater risk of an abnormal pregnancy.

    Is prenatal testing recommended after a mosaic embryo transfer?

    Yes, if pregnancy occurs, prenatal diagnosis (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) is recommended to confirm the fetal chromosome status.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR in Thailand: Which Test Do You Need?

    What Is Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used to analyze embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) before they are transferred to the uterus. PGT helps identify embryos with certain genetic characteristics, allowing patients and doctors to make more informed decisions about which embryo to transfer. It is important to understand that PGT does not guarantee a pregnancy, a healthy baby, or eliminate all risks of genetic disorders. The decision to use PGT should be made after thorough counseling with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor.

    There are three main types of PGT: PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR. Each screens for different genetic features, and the choice depends on your medical history, age, and specific concerns.

    PGT-A (Aneuploidy Screening)

    What It Screens For

    PGT-A checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). An embryo with an abnormal number of chromosomes is called aneuploid. Aneuploidy is a common cause of implantation failure, miscarriage, and certain genetic conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

    Who Might Consider PGT-A

    • Women of advanced maternal age (typically over 35), as the risk of aneuploidy increases with age.
    • Couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage, which may be due to chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Couples with repeated IVF implantation failure.
    • Individuals with a known chromosomal abnormality in themselves or a previous child.

    How It Is Performed

    During an IVF cycle, embryos are cultured to the blastocyst stage (day 5 or 6). A few cells are biopsied from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta). The cells are then sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis, typically using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Results usually take 1–2 weeks, and embryos are frozen while waiting for results.

    Limitations

    • PGT-A cannot detect all genetic disorders, only large chromosomal gains or losses.
    • There is a small risk of misdiagnosis due to mosaicism (a mix of normal and abnormal cells in the embryo).
    • Some embryos classified as abnormal may self-correct or be viable, leading to unnecessary discard.
    • PGT-A does not improve the chance of pregnancy for all patients; its benefit is most clear for specific groups.

    PGT-M (Monogenic Disorder Screening)

    What It Screens For

    PGT-M is designed to detect specific single-gene disorders (monogenic diseases) such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Huntington’s disease, or thalassemia. It is used when one or both parents are known carriers of a genetic mutation that could cause a serious condition in their child.

    Who Might Consider PGT-M

    • Couples where one or both partners have a known genetic mutation for an autosomal dominant or recessive disorder.
    • Couples who have had a previous child affected by a monogenic disease.
    • Individuals with a family history of a specific genetic condition.

    How It Is Performed

    PGT-M requires a customized test for each family. Before the IVF cycle, the genetics lab needs DNA samples from the parents and sometimes an affected family member to design a test that identifies the specific mutation. This process can take several weeks to months. During IVF, embryos are biopsied similarly to PGT-A, and the cells are analyzed for the specific mutation. PGT-M is often combined with PGT-A to also screen for aneuploidy.

    Limitations

    • PGT-M only screens for the specific mutation(s) requested; it does not check for other genetic conditions.
    • Test development is time-consuming and may not be available for very rare mutations.
    • There is a small risk of misdiagnosis due to technical errors or recombination.
    • PGT-M cannot guarantee that the child will be free from the condition; confirmatory prenatal testing is often recommended.

    PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangement Screening)

    What It Screens For

    PGT-SR is used when one parent carries a balanced chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation (where pieces of chromosomes have swapped places) or an inversion (a segment of a chromosome is reversed). These rearrangements are usually harmless to the carrier but can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos, causing miscarriage or birth defects.

    Who Might Consider PGT-SR

    • Individuals or couples where one partner has a known balanced translocation or inversion.
    • Couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage or infertility due to a chromosomal rearrangement.

    How It Is Performed

    PGT-SR uses similar biopsy and analysis techniques as PGT-A, but the genetic analysis focuses on detecting unbalanced rearrangements. Often, the same NGS platform can be used, but the interpretation requires expertise in structural variants. PGT-SR can also be combined with PGT-A to screen for aneuploidy.

    Limitations

    • PGT-SR cannot detect all types of rearrangements; some may be too small to identify.
    • It may not be able to distinguish between balanced carriers and completely normal embryos, which is important for the child’s future fertility.
    • As with other PGT types, there is a risk of misdiagnosis and no guarantee of a healthy outcome.

    How PGT Is Performed in Thailand

    Thailand has several IVF centers that offer PGT services. The process generally follows international standards:

    1. IVF Cycle: Ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization (usually via ICSI), and embryo culture to blastocyst stage.
    2. Embryo Biopsy: A few cells are removed from the trophectoderm on day 5 or 6. The biopsy is performed by an experienced embryologist.
    3. Genetic Analysis: The biopsied cells are sent to an on-site or partner genetics laboratory. Most Thai labs use NGS for PGT-A and PGT-SR, and PCR-based methods for PGT-M.
    4. Embryo Freezing: Embryos are vitrified (frozen) while awaiting results, which typically take 1–2 weeks.
    5. Transfer: A frozen embryo transfer (FET) is scheduled in a subsequent cycle, using a chromosomally normal (euploid) embryo if available.

      6. It is important to confirm with your chosen clinic whether they have an in-house genetics lab or work with an external laboratory, as this can affect turnaround time and logistics.

      Which Test Do You Need?

      The choice between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR depends on your specific situation:

      Test Recommended For Example Scenario
      PGT-A Patients concerned about age-related aneuploidy, recurrent miscarriage, or repeated IVF failure A 38-year-old woman with no known genetic disorders but worried about chromosomal abnormalities
      PGT-M Couples known to carry a specific single-gene disorder Both partners are carriers of cystic fibrosis and want to avoid having an affected child
      PGT-SR Individuals with a balanced translocation or inversion A man with a balanced translocation who has experienced recurrent miscarriages with his partner

      Some patients may benefit from a combination of tests. For example, a couple undergoing PGT-M may also opt for PGT-A to screen for aneuploidy. Your fertility doctor and genetic counselor will help you decide based on your medical history, family history, and personal preferences.

      Alternatives and Important Considerations

      • No PGT: Many patients choose to transfer embryos without genetic testing. This is a valid option, especially for younger women with no known genetic risks.
      • Prenatal Testing: After pregnancy is achieved, prenatal screening (e.g., NIPT, amniocentesis) can provide additional information about the fetus.
      • Donor Eggs or Sperm: For patients with a high risk of genetic disorders, using donor gametes may be an alternative.
      • Cost and Time: PGT adds significant cost and time to an IVF cycle. Confirm all fees and timelines with your clinic.
      • Legal and Ethical Aspects: Regulations regarding PGT vary by country. In Thailand, PGT is permitted for medical reasons, but sex selection for non-medical reasons is prohibited. Always verify current laws with your clinic.

      Questions to Ask Your Clinic

      • What types of PGT do you offer? Are they performed in-house or sent to an external lab?
      • What is the success rate for embryo biopsy and survival after thawing?
      • How long does it take to get results?
      • What is the cost of each PGT type, and what does it include?
      • Do you offer genetic counseling before and after testing?
      • What happens if no euploid embryos are available for transfer?

      Conclusion

      PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR are powerful tools that can help select embryos with a lower risk of certain genetic conditions. However, they are not guarantees and come with limitations. In Thailand, these tests are available at many IVF centers, but the specific protocols and costs vary. Work closely with your medical team to understand which test, if any, is right for you.

      For more information, see our PGT in Thailand overview, guides, and FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I have both PGT-A and PGT-M done on the same embryo?

    Yes, it is possible to combine PGT-A and PGT-M in a single biopsy. The same few cells can be used for both aneuploidy screening and mutation detection. This is often done when a couple has a known monogenic disorder and also wants to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. However, not all labs offer combined testing, so confirm with your clinic.

    Is PGT mandatory for IVF in Thailand?

    No, PGT is not mandatory for IVF in Thailand. It is an optional procedure that patients may choose based on their medical history and preferences. Many patients undergo IVF without any genetic testing.

    How accurate is PGT?

    PGT is highly accurate but not 100%. The accuracy depends on the type of test, the laboratory's expertise, and the quality of the biopsy. For PGT-A, the error rate is generally low (around 1-2%), but mosaicism can lead to ambiguous results. For PGT-M, the risk of misdiagnosis is typically less than 1% when the test is properly designed. Confirmatory prenatal testing is often recommended after pregnancy.

    Does PGT increase the chance of a live birth?

    PGT-A may improve the chance of live birth per transfer in certain groups, such as women over 35, by selecting euploid embryos. However, it does not increase the overall chance of pregnancy per IVF cycle because some embryos may be discarded. For PGT-M and PGT-SR, the primary goal is to avoid transferring affected embryos, not necessarily to improve live birth rates. The impact on live birth varies by individual circumstance.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Is PGT and How Does It Work in Thailand IVF?

    What Is Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used during an IVF cycle to examine embryos for genetic or chromosomal conditions before they are transferred to the uterus. The goal is to help select embryos that are more likely to result in a healthy pregnancy. PGT is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy child, and it is not suitable or necessary for everyone.

    Types of PGT

    There are three main types of PGT, each designed for a different purpose:

    PGT-A (Aneuploidy Testing)

    PGT-A checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Aneuploid embryos often fail to implant or may lead to miscarriage. PGT-A can identify which embryos have the correct number (euploid) and which do not. This can help reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities and may improve the chance of a live birth per transfer, especially for women of advanced maternal age.

    PGT-M (Monogenic Disorders)

    PGT-M is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation for a specific inherited disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It tests embryos for that specific mutation to identify which embryos are unaffected. PGT-M requires a custom test to be developed for each family, which takes time and additional cost.

    PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangements)

    PGT-SR is for individuals who carry a balanced chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation or inversion. While the carrier may be healthy, their embryos can have unbalanced chromosomes, leading to implantation failure, miscarriage, or a child with disabilities. PGT-SR identifies embryos with balanced or normal chromosomes.

    How Does PGT Work in an IVF Cycle?

    The PGT process involves several steps that are integrated into a standard IVF cycle:

    1. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval: The woman takes medication to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. Eggs are collected in a minor surgical procedure.
    2. Fertilization: Eggs are fertilized with sperm in the laboratory to create embryos.
    3. Embryo culture: Embryos are grown in the lab for about 5–6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage. At this stage, the embryo has two distinct cell types: the inner cell mass (which becomes the fetus) and the trophectoderm (which becomes the placenta).
    4. Biopsy: A skilled embryologist uses a laser to make a small hole in the outer shell of the embryo (zona pellucida) and gently removes a few cells from the trophectoderm. The biopsy is performed on day 5 or 6. The embryo is then frozen (vitrified) while the cells are sent for genetic analysis.
    5. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are analyzed in a genetics laboratory. For PGT-A, techniques like next-generation sequencing (NGS) are commonly used to count chromosomes. For PGT-M and PGT-SR, more specialized methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) may be used.
    6. Results and embryo selection: Results typically take 1–2 weeks. The report will classify each embryo as euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells). For PGT-M, embryos are classified as unaffected, affected, or carrier (if applicable). Based on these results, the doctor and patient select one or more embryos for transfer in a subsequent frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle.

    Understanding PGT Results

    PGT results are not always straightforward. Here are key terms:

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. These embryos have the highest chance of implantation and live birth, but they are not guaranteed to result in a pregnancy or a healthy child.
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has missing or extra chromosomes. These embryos are unlikely to implant or will likely miscarry. They are generally not transferred.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has both normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance of mosaicism is still being studied. Some mosaic embryos may still result in a healthy baby, but the risk of abnormalities is higher. Decisions about transferring mosaic embryos should be made with genetic counseling.
    • Inconclusive: Sometimes the biopsy sample does not yield enough DNA for analysis, or the result is unclear. In such cases, the embryo may be re-biopsied or discarded depending on clinic policy.

    Who Might Consider PGT?

    PGT is not for everyone. Common reasons to consider PGT include:

    • Advanced maternal age (typically 35 or older)
    • Recurrent pregnancy loss
    • Repeated IVF failure
    • Known chromosomal translocation or inversion in either parent
    • Known genetic disorder in the family
    • Severe male factor infertility
    • Previous child with a chromosomal or genetic condition

    However, PGT has limitations and risks. It adds cost to an IVF cycle, requires embryo freezing, and involves a biopsy that, while generally safe, carries a small risk of embryo damage. PGT cannot detect all genetic conditions, and a normal PGT result does not guarantee a healthy baby. Some abnormalities may arise after implantation or be due to factors not tested.

    Alternatives to PGT

    For some patients, alternatives may be more appropriate:

    • No testing: Many couples choose to transfer embryos without PGT, relying on embryo morphology (appearance) and maternal age to select embryos.
    • Prenatal testing: After pregnancy is achieved, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis can diagnose chromosomal or genetic conditions in the fetus.
    • Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT): A blood test from the mother can screen for common chromosomal abnormalities, but it is a screening test, not diagnostic.
    • Donor eggs or sperm: Using gametes from a screened donor can reduce the risk of inherited genetic conditions.

    What to Discuss with Your Clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT as part of IVF in Thailand, here are important questions to ask your clinic:

    • What types of PGT do you offer (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR)?
    • What is the experience of your embryology team with embryo biopsy?
    • Which genetic laboratory performs the analysis, and what accreditation do they have?
    • How long does it take to receive results?
    • What is the policy on mosaic embryos?
    • What are the costs for PGT, and what is included?
    • What is the success rate for PGT-tested embryos at your clinic? (Note: success rates vary and depend on many factors; ask for their most recent data.)
    • Do you offer genetic counseling before and after testing?

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it is not a magic solution. Understanding its benefits, limitations, and alternatives will help you make an informed decision in partnership with your fertility team.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for a specific inherited genetic disorder when one or both parents carry a known mutation. PGT-SR is used when a parent has a balanced chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation, to identify embryos with normal or balanced chromosomes.

    Is PGT necessary for all IVF patients?

    No. PGT is not necessary for everyone. It is typically recommended for patients with advanced maternal age, recurrent pregnancy loss, repeated IVF failure, known genetic disorders, or chromosomal rearrangements. Many patients achieve successful pregnancies without PGT.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain chromosomal or genetic abnormalities, but it cannot detect all possible conditions. A normal PGT result does not guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a child without health issues.

    How long does PGT take in an IVF cycle?

    After embryo biopsy on day 5 or 6, genetic analysis typically takes 1–2 weeks. Embryos are frozen while waiting for results. The transfer occurs in a subsequent frozen embryo transfer cycle.

    What are the risks of embryo biopsy?

    The biopsy removes a few cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta). While generally safe, there is a small risk of embryo damage or reduced viability. The long-term effects on the child are considered minimal, but ongoing research continues.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Is PGT Legal in Thailand for International Patients?

    Is PGT Available in Thailand?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is available in Thailand for international patients when used for medical purposes. Some Thai fertility centers offer PGT for aneuploidy screening (PGT-A) and for single-gene disorders (PGT-M). The practice is guided by professional bodies and hospital ethics committees, which generally allow genetic testing of embryos to identify chromosomal abnormalities or inherited conditions before transfer.

    However, the legal landscape for non-medical trait selection—such as choosing an embryo for physical characteristics like eye color or sex for non-medical reasons—is less clear. Regulations can vary and may be subject to change. International patients should always verify the current legal status and clinic policies directly with their chosen provider.

    Important Distinctions

    Medical vs. Non-Medical PGT

    PGT for medical indications (e.g., avoiding a genetic disease, improving IVF success rates by selecting euploid embryos) is widely accepted and practiced in Thailand. PGT for non-medical traits may be restricted or prohibited. Always ask your clinic whether the specific testing you need is permitted under Thai law.

    Regulatory Uncertainty

    Thailand does not have a single, publicly codified law that explicitly lists all permitted and prohibited uses of PGT. Instead, medical practice is guided by professional bodies and hospital ethics committees. This means that policies can differ between clinics. Some centers may have more conservative or more permissive approaches.

    What to Ask Your Clinic

    Before proceeding, we recommend asking your clinic these questions in writing:

    • Is PGT for my specific medical indication (e.g., PGT-A, PGT-M for a particular condition) currently offered to international patients?
    • Are there any restrictions on the number of embryos tested or transferred?
    • Do you offer PGT for sex selection or other non-medical traits? If so, what are the legal and ethical guidelines?
    • What documentation or consent forms are required for international patients undergoing PGT?
    • How do you handle embryos that are not transferred (e.g., disposal, donation, or research)?

    Related Reading

    For more information on planning your fertility journey, see our FAQ and Guides. If you have specific questions, contact us.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A legal in Thailand for international patients?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is available in Thailand for medical reasons, such as improving IVF success rates or reducing the risk of miscarriage. International patients can access this service at licensed fertility centers. Confirm current regulations with your clinic.

    Can I do PGT for gender selection in Thailand?

    Some clinics in Thailand may offer sex selection for family balancing, but regulations are not uniform. You should confirm directly with your chosen clinic whether this is permitted and under what conditions.

    What documents do I need for PGT as an international patient?

    Requirements vary by clinic. Typically, you will need a valid passport, medical records, and signed consent forms. Some clinics may require a referral letter or genetic counseling. Always check with your clinic.

    Are there any restrictions on the number of embryos I can test?

    Thai clinics generally allow testing of all viable embryos, but policies may differ. Some clinics may have limits based on ethical guidelines or laboratory capacity. Confirm with your provider.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read Your PGT Results from a Thailand Lab

    Understanding PGT Results

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) is a technique used during IVF to screen embryos for genetic abnormalities before transfer. Results from a Thailand lab typically fall into categories such as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or inconclusive. This guide explains these terms and what they mean for your next steps.

    Types of PGT

    PGT-A (Aneuploidy Screening)

    PGT-A checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. A normal result is called euploid, meaning the embryo has the expected 46 chromosomes. An abnormal result is aneuploid, indicating missing or extra chromosomes. Some embryos show a mix of normal and abnormal cells, known as mosaic. Occasionally, the lab cannot give a clear result, labeled inconclusive.

    PGT-M (Monogenic Disorders)

    PGT-M screens for specific single-gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia. Results indicate whether the embryo carries the disease-causing mutation, is unaffected, or is a carrier (if relevant).

    PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangements)

    PGT-SR detects chromosomal structural changes like translocations or inversions. Results show whether the embryo has a balanced or unbalanced rearrangement.

    Interpreting Your Results

    Euploid

    A euploid embryo has the correct number of chromosomes and is considered chromosomally normal. For PGT-A, this is generally the preferred category for transfer, as it has the highest chance of implantation and a healthy pregnancy. However, euploid does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    Aneuploid

    An aneuploid embryo has an abnormal chromosome count, such as trisomy (extra chromosome) or monosomy (missing chromosome). Most aneuploid embryos will not implant or will miscarry. Some may result in a child with a condition like Down syndrome. Transfer of aneuploid embryos is generally not recommended, but you should discuss all options with your doctor.

    Mosaic

    A mosaic embryo contains both normal and abnormal cells. The proportion of abnormal cells is reported as a percentage (e.g., 20% mosaic). Mosaic embryos may have reduced implantation potential and a small risk of a chromosomal condition. Some clinics consider transfer of low-level mosaics (<20-30%) after counseling. The decision is complex and should involve a genetic counselor.

    Inconclusive

    An inconclusive result means the lab could not determine the embryo’s chromosomal status due to technical issues, such as failed amplification or poor DNA quality. Your doctor may recommend retesting or consider the embryo for transfer after discussing risks.

    What Each Result Means for Transfer Decisions

    • Euploid: Highest priority for transfer. Discuss with your doctor.
    • Aneuploid: Typically not transferred. Confirm with your clinic’s policy.
    • Mosaic: May be considered for transfer if no euploid embryos are available. Requires genetic counseling.
    • Inconclusive: Options include retesting or transfer after counseling. Not all labs offer retesting.

    Limitations of PGT

    PGT is a screening tool, not a diagnostic test. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and a normal result does not guarantee a healthy baby. Embryo biopsy carries a small risk of damage. PGT is not recommended for everyone; your doctor can help determine if it is appropriate for your situation.

    Alternatives to PGT

    If PGT is not suitable or you prefer not to test, alternatives include prenatal testing (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy, or using donor eggs or sperm. Discuss these options with your fertility specialist.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What type of PGT was performed (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR)?
    • How are mosaic embryos classified and what are your transfer criteria?
    • What is the lab’s inconclusive rate?
    • Do you offer retesting for inconclusive embryos?
    • What genetic counseling is available?

    Additional Resources

    For more information, see our guides on PGT in Thailand and IVF guides, or visit our FAQ page.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does euploid mean in PGT results?

    Euploid means the embryo has the correct number of chromosomes (46) and is considered chromosomally normal. It is the preferred category for transfer.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred?

    Yes, some clinics may transfer mosaic embryos, especially if no euploid embryos are available. The decision involves genetic counseling and depends on the level of mosaicism.

    What should I do if my PGT result is inconclusive?

    Discuss with your doctor whether retesting is possible or if transfer of the embryo is an option after counseling. Not all labs offer retesting.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Choose Between PGT-A and PGT-M for IVF in Thailand

    What Are PGT-A and PGT-M?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) before transfer to the uterus. Two common types are PGT-A and PGT-M.

    • PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) screens embryos for abnormal numbers of chromosomes (aneuploidy). It helps identify embryos with the correct chromosome count (euploid), which may have a higher chance of implantation and lower risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal errors.
    • PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic Disorders) detects specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation.

    A third type, PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements), identifies embryos with balanced or unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations. This article focuses on PGT-A and PGT-M, as they are the most commonly discussed.

    Key Differences in Purpose and Technique

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screen for chromosome number abnormalities Detect specific single-gene disorders
    Who needs it Often recommended for advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, repeated implantation failure, or severe male factor infertility; also used for any patient wanting to reduce aneuploidy risk Couples known to carry a genetic mutation for a serious inherited condition
    Technique Biopsy of 5–10 cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta) on day 5/6; analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) Same biopsy method; then uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other mutation-specific methods to test for the known mutation
    Result Euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic (mixed cell lines) Affected, unaffected (carrier or non-carrier), or inconclusive
    Limitations Cannot detect all genetic disorders; mosaicism can complicate interpretation; does not guarantee pregnancy or live birth Requires prior knowledge of the specific mutation; test must be custom-developed for each family; may have technical limitations

    When Are Both PGT-A and PGT-M Needed?

    In some cases, a couple may benefit from both tests. For example:

    • A woman of advanced maternal age who also carries a BRCA1 mutation may want PGT-A to reduce aneuploidy risk and PGT-M to select embryos without the mutation.
    • A couple with a history of recurrent miscarriage and a known single-gene disorder may use PGT-A to identify chromosomally normal embryos and PGT-M to avoid the inherited condition.

    When both tests are performed, the embryo biopsy is the same, but the genetic analysis includes both aneuploidy screening and mutation detection. This is often called combined PGT or PGT-A+PGT-M.

    Example Scenarios

    Scenario 1: Advanced Maternal Age

    A 40-year-old woman with no known genetic disorders may choose PGT-A to select euploid embryos, potentially improving implantation rates and reducing miscarriage risk. PGT-M is not needed.

    Scenario 2: Known Genetic Mutation

    A couple where both partners are carriers of cystic fibrosis may opt for PGT-M to identify embryos that are unaffected. If the female partner is under 35 with no fertility issues, PGT-A may not be necessary, though some clinics offer it as an optional add-on.

    Scenario 3: Both Indications

    A 38-year-old woman who carries a mutation for Huntington’s disease may choose both PGT-A and PGT-M to maximize the chance of a healthy pregnancy.

    How to Decide: Questions to Discuss With Your Doctor

    Choosing between PGT-A and PGT-M—or deciding to use both—requires careful counseling. Consider asking your fertility specialist and genetic counselor:

    • What is my risk of having an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality or a specific genetic disorder?
    • Does my age, medical history, or family history suggest a benefit from PGT-A?
    • Have I or my partner been tested for carrier status of common genetic conditions?
    • What are the success rates and limitations of each test at the clinic I am considering?
    • How will the results affect embryo transfer decisions?
    • What are the costs and timelines for each test?

    Remember that PGT does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a screening tool that can reduce certain risks but cannot eliminate all possibilities of genetic or chromosomal conditions.

    Alternatives and Additional Considerations

    For patients who do not wish to undergo PGT, alternatives include:

    • Prenatal testing (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy to diagnose chromosomal or genetic conditions.
    • Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for common aneuploidies, though it is a screening test, not diagnostic.
    • Donor eggs or sperm to avoid passing on genetic disorders.
    • Natural conception with or without carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis.

    Each option has its own benefits, risks, and limitations. A genetic counselor can help you weigh these choices based on your personal values and medical situation.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering IVF with PGT in Thailand, start by consulting a fertility clinic that offers comprehensive genetic testing services. Ask about their experience with PGT-A and PGT-M, the laboratory they use, and the counseling support available. For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand overview, guides, and FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic disorders?

    No, PGT-A only screens for abnormal numbers of chromosomes. It does not detect single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. For specific genetic conditions, PGT-M or PGT-SR is required.

    Is PGT-M always necessary if I am a carrier of a genetic mutation?

    Not necessarily. If the condition is recessive and your partner is not a carrier, the risk of an affected child is low. However, if both partners are carriers, or if you have an autosomal dominant condition, PGT-M may be recommended. Discuss your specific situation with a genetic counselor.

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, many clinics offer combined PGT (PGT-A+PGT-M) using the same embryo biopsy. This allows screening for both chromosomal abnormalities and a specific genetic mutation.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain chromosomal or genetic abnormalities, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, live birth, or a child free from all health conditions. Some abnormalities may not be detectable, and there is always a small risk of misdiagnosis.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT for Chromosomal Abnormalities in Thailand: A Guide for Patients

    What Is Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a technique used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to screen embryos for genetic or chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. It is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or live birth, but it can help select embryos with a lower risk of certain conditions. In Thailand, PGT is available at several fertility centers, and the technology is broadly divided into three main types: PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR.

    PGT-A: Testing for Aneuploidy

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes, known as aneuploidy. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). An extra or missing chromosome can lead to conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Turner syndrome (monosomy X), and often results in implantation failure or miscarriage.

    How PGT-A Works

    During an IVF cycle, embryos are cultured for 5–6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage. A few cells are biopsied from the trophectoderm (the outer layer that becomes the placenta) and sent for genetic analysis. The embryo is then frozen while the results are processed. PGT-A uses techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to count the chromosomes.

    Who Might Consider PGT-A?

    PGT-A is often recommended for patients with:

    • Advanced maternal age (typically 35 or older)
    • Recurrent miscarriage (two or more pregnancy losses)
    • Previous aneuploid pregnancy
    • Severe male factor infertility
    • Repeated IVF failure

    However, not all patients need PGT-A. Younger patients with no history of miscarriage or genetic disorders may have a low risk of aneuploidy, and the added cost and procedure may not be justified. Discuss your individual risk factors with your fertility specialist.

    Understanding PGT-A Results

    Results are reported as:

    • Euploid: Normal number of chromosomes. These embryos have the highest chance of implantation and a healthy pregnancy.
    • Aneuploid: Abnormal number of chromosomes. These embryos are unlikely to result in a live birth and are typically not transferred.
    • Mosaic: A mix of normal and abnormal cells. Mosaic embryos may have reduced potential, but some can still lead to healthy pregnancies. The decision to transfer a mosaic embryo should be made with genetic counseling.

    It is important to note that PGT-A cannot detect all genetic disorders, and a euploid result does not guarantee a healthy baby.

    PGT-SR: Testing for Structural Rearrangements

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is designed for patients who carry balanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions. These individuals have a normal total amount of genetic material but have chromosomes that are rearranged. While they are usually healthy, they are at increased risk of producing embryos with unbalanced rearrangements, which can lead to miscarriage or birth defects.

    How PGT-SR Works

    The process is similar to PGT-A: embryos are biopsied at the blastocyst stage, and the cells are analyzed to determine whether the chromosomal rearrangement is balanced or unbalanced. PGT-SR often uses the same technology as PGT-A (e.g., NGS) but with specialized analysis to detect the specific rearrangement.

    Who Might Consider PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR is typically offered to:

    • Individuals or couples known to carry a balanced translocation or inversion
    • Patients with recurrent miscarriage or a history of a child with an unbalanced rearrangement

    If you have a known chromosomal rearrangement, genetic counseling can help you understand the risks and whether PGT-SR is appropriate.

    Understanding PGT-SR Results

    Results indicate whether the embryo has:

    • Balanced (normal or balanced carrier): The embryo has a normal chromosome structure or carries the same balanced rearrangement as the parent. These embryos are suitable for transfer.
    • Unbalanced: The embryo has extra or missing genetic material due to the rearrangement. These embryos are unlikely to result in a healthy pregnancy and are typically not transferred.

    As with PGT-A, PGT-SR cannot detect all genetic issues, and a balanced result does not guarantee a healthy baby.

    PGT-M: Testing for Monogenic Disorders

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is used to detect single-gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It is relevant for patients with a known genetic mutation in the family. PGT-M requires a custom test to be developed for each family, which takes time and additional cost. While not directly about chromosomal abnormalities, PGT-M may be combined with PGT-A or PGT-SR in some cases.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT is a powerful tool but has important limitations:

    • Not 100% accurate: There is a small risk of misdiagnosis due to mosaicism, technical error, or contamination.
    • Embryo biopsy risk: Although rare, the biopsy procedure may damage the embryo.
    • No guarantee of pregnancy: Even a euploid embryo may fail to implant or miscarry due to other factors.
    • Cost: PGT adds significant expense to an IVF cycle. In Thailand, costs vary by clinic and the number of embryos tested. Confirm exact pricing with your chosen clinic.
    • Time: Testing takes several weeks, so embryos must be frozen and transferred in a subsequent cycle.

    Alternatives to PGT

    For some patients, alternatives may be considered:

    • Prenatal testing: Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis during pregnancy can diagnose chromosomal abnormalities, but these tests carry a small risk of miscarriage and cannot be used to select embryos.
    • Donor eggs or sperm: Using gametes from a screened donor can reduce the risk of chromosomal abnormalities, especially in cases of advanced maternal age or known genetic disorders.
    • Natural conception with genetic counseling: Some couples may choose to conceive naturally and undergo prenatal testing, accepting the risk of miscarriage or affected pregnancy.

    Your fertility specialist can help you weigh the options based on your medical history and personal values.

    What to Discuss with Your Clinic in Thailand

    When considering PGT in Thailand, ask your clinic about:

    • Which types of PGT are offered (PGT-A, PGT-SR, PGT-M)
    • The laboratory’s experience and accreditation
    • Costs for biopsy, testing, and embryo freezing
    • Turnaround time for results
    • Success rates for PGT cycles (note: these vary widely and should be interpreted cautiously)
    • Genetic counseling services

    For more information, see our PGT in Thailand overview, patient guides, and frequently asked questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-SR detects unbalanced structural rearrangements like translocations. PGT-A is used for general aneuploidy risk, and PGT-SR is for patients with known balanced rearrangements.

    Who should consider PGT for chromosomal abnormalities?

    Patients with advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, previous aneuploid pregnancy, or known chromosomal rearrangements may benefit. However, not everyone needs PGT; discuss your specific situation with a fertility specialist.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain chromosomal abnormalities, but it cannot detect all genetic conditions, and there is still a chance of miscarriage or other complications.

    How long does PGT take in Thailand?

    After embryo biopsy, results typically take 1–2 weeks. Embryos are frozen while waiting, so transfer occurs in a later cycle. Confirm exact timelines with your clinic.

    What are the risks of embryo biopsy?

    The biopsy is generally safe, but there is a small risk of embryo damage or reduced viability. The procedure is performed by experienced embryologists to minimize risk.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How Does PGT Work in Thailand IVF? A Step-by-Step Guide

    What Is PGT and Why Is It Used in IVF?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a screening tool used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to analyze embryos for genetic abnormalities before transfer. It is not a treatment or a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child. PGT helps fertility specialists and patients make more informed decisions about which embryos to transfer, potentially reducing the risk of certain genetic disorders or chromosomal issues.

    In Thailand, PGT is available at several fertility centers and hospitals. The process involves three main steps: embryo biopsy, genetic analysis, and result interpretation to guide transfer decisions.

    Step 1: Embryo Biopsy

    After egg retrieval and fertilization (usually via ICSI), embryos are cultured in the laboratory for about 5–6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage. At this stage, the embryo has two distinct cell types: the inner cell mass (which becomes the fetus) and the trophectoderm (which becomes the placenta).

    A skilled embryologist uses a laser to create a small opening in the zona pellucida (the outer shell of the embryo) and gently removes 3–5 trophectoderm cells. This is called a trophectoderm biopsy. The biopsied cells are sent for genetic analysis, while the embryo is frozen (vitrified) to await results.

    Biopsy is a delicate procedure. While studies show it is generally safe, there is a small risk of damage to the embryo. Not all embryos survive the biopsy and freezing process.

    Step 2: Genetic Analysis

    The biopsied cells are analyzed in a genetics laboratory using one of several techniques, depending on the type of PGT being performed:

    • PGT-A (Aneuploidy): Screens for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with too many or too few chromosomes (aneuploid) often fail to implant or miscarry. PGT-A can identify embryos with a normal chromosome count (euploid).
    • PGT-M (Monogenic): Tests for specific single-gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis, thalassemia, or Huntington’s disease. This requires prior knowledge of the genetic mutation in the family.
    • PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangement): Detects unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations, which can cause implantation failure or miscarriage.

    Analysis typically takes 1–2 weeks. Results are reported as:

    • Euploid: Normal chromosome number (for PGT-A) or unaffected (for PGT-M/SR).
    • Aneuploid: Abnormal chromosome number.
    • Mosaic: A mix of normal and abnormal cells in the biopsied sample. Mosaic embryos may still have potential for a healthy pregnancy, but the outcome is less predictable.
    • Inconclusive: The sample could not be analyzed, often due to insufficient or degraded DNA.

    Step 3: Result Interpretation and Transfer Decision

    Your fertility specialist will discuss the results with you. Euploid embryos are typically prioritized for transfer. Aneuploid embryos are usually not transferred, though some patients may consider transfer in exceptional circumstances after thorough counseling. Mosaic embryos require careful discussion of risks and benefits.

    PGT results are not 100% accurate. There is a small chance of a false positive or false negative. Additionally, PGT cannot detect all genetic conditions, and a normal result does not guarantee a healthy baby.

    Types of PGT: Which One Is Right for You?

    Not all patients need PGT. Your doctor may recommend it based on:

    • Maternal age (advanced maternal age increases risk of aneuploidy)
    • Recurrent pregnancy loss or implantation failure
    • Known genetic disorder in the family
    • Severe male factor infertility
    • Previous pregnancy with a chromosomal abnormality

    PGT-A is the most common type. PGT-M and PGT-SR are used for specific genetic indications. Some patients may choose not to test and rely on embryo morphology (appearance) alone.

    Alternatives to PGT

    PGT is not the only option. Alternatives include:

    • Morphological assessment: Selecting embryos based on their appearance under a microscope. This is less precise but avoids the cost and risk of biopsy.
    • Preimplantation genetic screening without biopsy: Experimental techniques like spent culture medium analysis are not yet standard practice.
    • Prenatal testing: Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis during pregnancy can diagnose genetic conditions, but these tests occur after implantation.

    Limitations of PGT

    It is essential to understand what PGT cannot do:

    • It does not guarantee pregnancy, live birth, or a healthy child.
    • It cannot detect all genetic disorders or birth defects.
    • Biopsy may harm the embryo in rare cases.
    • Mosaic results can be difficult to interpret.
    • PGT is an additional cost (typically THB 50,000–100,000 or more per cycle in Thailand, but confirm with your clinic).

    PGT in Thailand: What to Expect

    Thailand has several fertility centers offering PGT, including dedicated IVF clinics and multidisciplinary hospitals. The process is similar to other countries, but you should verify:

    • The laboratory’s accreditation and experience with PGT.
    • Whether the center uses next-generation sequencing (NGS) or other platforms.
    • Costs for biopsy, analysis, and embryo freezing.
    • Legal considerations: Thailand’s regulations on PGT are generally permissive, but confirm with your clinic regarding PGT-M for non-medical sex selection or other uses.

    For more details, see our PGT in Thailand guide and other resources. Common questions are answered in our FAQ.

    Key Takeaways

    • PGT is a screening tool, not a guarantee.
    • The process involves embryo biopsy, genetic analysis, and result-based transfer decisions.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR serve different purposes.
    • Discuss risks, benefits, and alternatives with your fertility specialist.
    • Confirm all details directly with your chosen clinic in Thailand.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for the correct number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders. PGT-SR detects unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements. Each type is used for different indications.

    Is PGT mandatory for IVF in Thailand?

    No, PGT is optional. It is recommended for certain medical indications but not required for all patients. You can choose to transfer embryos based on morphology alone.

    How long does PGT take in Thailand?

    After embryo biopsy, genetic analysis typically takes 1–2 weeks. Embryos are frozen during this time. The entire IVF cycle with PGT may take 6–8 weeks from start to transfer.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of certain genetic conditions but cannot detect all disorders. There is also a small chance of error. A normal PGT result does not guarantee a healthy pregnancy or child.

    What are the risks of embryo biopsy?

    Risks include potential damage to the embryo, reduced viability, and inconclusive results. However, with experienced embryologists, the risk is low. Discuss with your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR: Which Genetic Test Is Right for Your IVF in Thailand

    What Is Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used to screen embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) for genetic abnormalities before transfer to the uterus. PGT is performed on a few cells biopsied from an embryo at the blastocyst stage (typically day 5 or 6 of development). The goal is to help select embryos that are more likely to result in a healthy pregnancy, but it is important to understand that PGT does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child. The three main types of PGT are PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR, each designed for different clinical scenarios.

    PGT-A: Screening for Chromosomal Aneuploidy

    What PGT-A Screens For

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. A normal human cell should have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Aneuploidy—having too many or too few chromosomes—is a common cause of implantation failure, miscarriage, and conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21). PGT-A identifies embryos with a normal chromosome count (euploid) versus those with an abnormal count (aneuploid).

    Who Might Consider PGT-A

    • Women of advanced maternal age (typically 35 and older), as the risk of aneuploidy increases with age.
    • Couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage, which may be due to chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Couples with repeated IVF implantation failure.
    • Individuals with a known balanced translocation (though PGT-SR is more specific for structural rearrangements).
    • Any patient who wishes to reduce the chance of transferring an aneuploid embryo, though it is not a guarantee.

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A cannot detect all genetic disorders, such as single-gene diseases (e.g., cystic fibrosis) or structural chromosomal rearrangements. It also cannot guarantee that a euploid embryo will implant or result in a live birth. Mosaicism—where an embryo has both normal and abnormal cells—can lead to ambiguous results. Additionally, the biopsy process carries a small risk of embryo damage, though this is low in experienced laboratories.

    PGT-M: Testing for Single-Gene Disorders

    What PGT-M Screens For

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is used to detect specific inherited single-gene conditions. This test is tailored to a particular genetic mutation known to run in a family, such as cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, sickle cell anemia, or Tay-Sachs disease. PGT-M requires prior knowledge of the specific mutation and often involves creating a customized test for the couple.

    Who Might Consider PGT-M

    • Couples where one or both partners carry a known genetic mutation for a serious inherited disorder.
    • Couples who have had a child with a genetic condition and wish to avoid passing it on.
    • Individuals with a family history of a genetic disease who have undergone genetic counseling and testing.

    Limitations of PGT-M

    PGT-M is highly specific and cannot screen for other genetic abnormalities unless combined with PGT-A. The test development process can take weeks to months, and not all mutations are testable. PGT-M reduces but does not eliminate the risk of having an affected child; rare recombination events or technical errors can occur. Genetic counseling is essential before and after testing.

    PGT-SR: Detecting Structural Chromosomal Rearrangements

    What PGT-SR Screens For

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is designed for individuals who carry a balanced structural chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation (where a piece of one chromosome attaches to another) or an inversion (where a chromosome segment is reversed). While carriers of balanced rearrangements are usually healthy, their embryos may inherit unbalanced rearrangements, leading to miscarriage or birth defects. PGT-SR identifies embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome structure.

    Who Might Consider PGT-SR

    • Couples where one partner is a known carrier of a balanced translocation or inversion.
    • Couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage or infertility linked to a structural rearrangement.
    • Individuals who have been diagnosed through karyotype testing.

    Limitations of PGT-SR

    PGT-SR cannot detect all types of chromosomal abnormalities; it focuses on the specific rearrangement. It may be combined with PGT-A for comprehensive screening. As with other PGT methods, there is a small risk of misdiagnosis, and not all embryos will be suitable for transfer.

    How to Choose the Right Test

    The decision between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR depends on your medical history, genetic background, and reproductive goals. Here are some general considerations:

    • If you have no known genetic condition but are concerned about age-related chromosomal abnormalities, PGT-A may be appropriate.
    • If you or your partner carries a specific single-gene disorder, PGT-M is the test of choice, often combined with PGT-A.
    • If you have a balanced translocation or inversion, PGT-SR is recommended, sometimes alongside PGT-A.
    • If you have both a single-gene mutation and a structural rearrangement, a combination of tests may be possible.

    It is essential to consult with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor to determine which test—or combination of tests—is right for you. They will review your medical history, order necessary carrier screening or karyotyping, and explain the implications of test results.

    PGT in Thailand: What to Expect

    Thailand has become a popular destination for IVF with PGT due to its advanced medical facilities and competitive costs. Several fertility centers in Bangkok offer PGT services, including Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC), Bumrungrad International Hospital, Gift Fertility Clinic, Intrarat Hospital, PMG Hospital, and Prime Fertility Clinic. Each provider has its own laboratory capabilities, genetic testing partnerships, and pricing structures. It is important to verify directly with the clinic whether they offer the specific type of PGT you need, the turnaround time for results, and what is included in the quoted price.

    PGT is typically performed on embryos created through IVF with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to avoid contamination from sperm cells. After biopsy, embryos are frozen (vitrified) while awaiting test results, which can take 1–2 weeks depending on the laboratory. A subsequent frozen embryo transfer (FET) is then scheduled.

    Alternatives and Important Considerations

    PGT is not the only option for genetic screening. Alternatives include:

    • Prenatal diagnostic testing (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy, which can confirm genetic abnormalities but carries a small risk of miscarriage.
    • Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), a blood test that screens for common aneuploidies but is not diagnostic.
    • Carrier screening before conception to identify genetic risks.

    PGT is an elective procedure and is not medically necessary for all patients. It does not guarantee a live birth or a healthy child, and there are ethical considerations regarding embryo selection. Discuss all options thoroughly with your healthcare team.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic problems?

    No, PGT-A only screens for the correct number of chromosomes. It does not detect single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. For those, PGT-M or PGT-SR is needed.

    Is PGT covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Insurance coverage for PGT varies widely. Most international patients pay out-of-pocket. Check with your clinic and insurance provider for specific coverage details.

    How long does PGT take?

    After embryo biopsy, results typically take 1–2 weeks. The entire IVF cycle, including PGT and frozen embryo transfer, may take 2–3 months.

    Does PGT harm the embryo?

    The biopsy removes a few cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta), and studies suggest the risk of damage is low when performed by experienced embryologists. However, no procedure is risk-free.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT as part of your IVF journey in Thailand, start by consulting with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor. They can help you understand which test is appropriate based on your personal and family medical history. For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, other guides, and FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic problems?

    No, PGT-A only screens for the correct number of chromosomes. It does not detect single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. For those, PGT-M or PGT-SR is needed.

    Is PGT covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Insurance coverage for PGT varies widely. Most international patients pay out-of-pocket. Check with your clinic and insurance provider for specific coverage details.

    How long does PGT take?

    After embryo biopsy, results typically take 1–2 weeks. The entire IVF cycle, including PGT and frozen embryo transfer, may take 2–3 months.

    Does PGT harm the embryo?

    The biopsy removes a few cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta), and studies suggest the risk of damage is low when performed by experienced embryologists. However, no procedure is risk-free.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.