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  • PGT-A vs. PGT-M: Understanding Embryo Genetic Testing in Thailand

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) allows embryos created through IVF to be analyzed for genetic or chromosomal conditions before transfer. Two common types are PGT-A (for aneuploidy) and PGT-M (for monogenic disorders). While both involve embryo biopsy and genetic analysis, they answer different questions and are used in different clinical scenarios. This guide explains the purpose, process, and indications for each test, including when both may be recommended.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs. PGT-M

    • PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), such as trisomy 21 or monosomy X. It is often used to improve implantation rates and reduce miscarriage risk, especially in older mothers or those with recurrent pregnancy loss.
    • PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, thalassemia) when one or both parents carry a known mutation. It aims to select embryos free of that particular condition.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements) is a related test for embryos from parents with balanced translocations or inversions, often grouped with PGT-A in discussion.
    • Both tests require IVF with embryo biopsy, usually on day 5 or 6 (blastocyst stage), and involve a short period of embryo freezing while analysis is completed.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) evaluates embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 23 pairs (46 total). An extra or missing chromosome (aneuploidy) is a common cause of implantation failure, miscarriage, and conditions like Down syndrome. PGT-A identifies which embryos are euploid (normal chromosome count) and which are aneuploid. It does not detect single-gene disorders or small genetic changes.

    Who Might Consider PGT-A?

    • Women of advanced maternal age (typically over 35)
    • Couples with recurrent pregnancy loss
    • Repeated IVF implantation failure
    • Previous pregnancy with a chromosomal abnormality
    • Severe male factor infertility

    Limitations of PGT-A

    • It cannot detect all genetic conditions, only large chromosomal gains or losses.
    • Mosaicism (a mix of normal and abnormal cells in the embryo) can lead to uncertain results.
    • It does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or live birth.
    • Embryo biopsy carries a small risk of damage, though modern techniques minimize this.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) looks for a specific genetic mutation known to cause a hereditary disease. It requires prior knowledge of the mutation in the parents. The test is customized for each family, often using linkage analysis or direct mutation detection. PGT-M can dramatically reduce the risk of having a child affected by a serious genetic condition.

    Who Might Consider PGT-M?

    • Couples where one or both partners carry a mutation for an autosomal dominant disorder (e.g., Huntington’s disease, Marfan syndrome)
    • Carriers of autosomal recessive conditions (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, spinal muscular atrophy)
    • X-linked disorders (e.g., Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemophilia)
    • Couples with a family history of a known genetic condition

    Limitations of PGT-M

    • It only tests for the specific mutation(s) requested; other genetic or chromosomal issues are not assessed unless combined with PGT-A.
    • Test development can take weeks to months and requires genetic information from both parents and sometimes other family members.
    • Not all embryos may be free of the mutation; the chance of having a transferable embryo depends on inheritance patterns.
    • It does not eliminate the possibility of other genetic or health problems.

    When Are Both PGT-A and PGT-M Used?

    In some cases, a couple may benefit from both tests simultaneously. For example, a woman over 35 who carries a BRCA1 mutation might want PGT-M to select embryos without the mutation and PGT-A to identify chromosomally normal embryos. Combined testing can be performed on the same biopsy sample, though it adds to the complexity and cost. Discuss with your clinic whether dual testing is appropriate for your situation.

    Key Differences at a Glance

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M
    What it detects Chromosomal aneuploidy (extra/missing chromosomes) Specific single-gene mutations
    Indication Age, recurrent loss, implantation failure Known genetic disorder risk
    Customization Standardized test Family-specific test development required
    Results Euploid, aneuploid, mosaic Affected, unaffected, or inconclusive
    Time for results Typically 1–2 weeks May take longer due to test setup
    Cost Varies by clinic; confirm directly Generally higher due to customization

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the biopsy technique used (day 5 trophectoderm biopsy)?
    • How many cells are taken, and what is the risk of embryo damage?
    • How long does it take to receive results?
    • Can PGT-A and PGT-M be performed together on the same biopsy?
    • What is the cost for each test, and are there additional fees for transport or storage?
    • What happens to embryos with inconclusive or mosaic results?
    • Is genetic counseling available before and after testing?

    Next Steps

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist and genetic counselor to determine if PGT is appropriate for your situation.
    2. If considering PGT-M, arrange for carrier screening or confirm known mutations with your doctor.
    3. Choose a clinic experienced in PGT and discuss their laboratory protocols and success rates (note: success rates vary and should be interpreted cautiously).
    4. Review the legal and ethical framework for PGT in Thailand, as regulations may affect which conditions can be tested.
    5. Plan for the additional time and cost involved in PGT cycles.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, other patient guides, and frequently asked questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done at the same time?

    Yes, both tests can be performed on the same embryo biopsy sample. This is often called combined PGT. However, it requires a laboratory capable of both analyses and may increase the overall cost and time for results. Discuss with your clinic whether combined testing is suitable for your case.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A only screens for chromosomal aneuploidy; it does not detect all genetic disorders, birth defects, or health conditions. A euploid embryo still has a risk of other problems. PGT-A can improve the chances of a successful pregnancy but does not guarantee a healthy child.

    Is PGT-M available for all genetic conditions?

    PGT-M can be developed for most single-gene disorders where the specific mutation is known. However, test development may not be feasible for very rare conditions or when family genetic samples are unavailable. Your clinic and genetic counselor can advise on feasibility.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR (structural rearrangements) is used when a parent carries a balanced translocation or inversion. It detects embryos with unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, which can cause miscarriage or birth defects. PGT-A screens for aneuploidy, while PGT-SR focuses on structural changes. Some laboratories combine both.

    How long does it take to get PGT results?

    Results typically take 1–2 weeks for PGT-A and may take longer for PGT-M due to the need for test customization. The exact timeline depends on the laboratory and whether combined testing is performed. Embryos are frozen while awaiting results.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Choose Between PGT-A and PGT-M in Thailand

    If you are planning IVF in Thailand and have concerns about genetic conditions, you may be considering preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). Two common types are PGT-A (for aneuploidy) and PGT-M (for monogenic disorders). This article explains the differences, helps you understand which test may apply to your situation, and provides questions to discuss with your fertility clinic.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. Aneuploidy is a leading cause of implantation failure, miscarriage, and conditions such as Down syndrome. PGT-A is often recommended for women of advanced maternal age (typically over 35), couples with recurrent pregnancy loss, or those with repeated IVF failure. It does not detect specific single-gene disorders.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) looks for specific inherited genetic conditions caused by a single gene mutation, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It is used when one or both partners are known carriers of a genetic disorder. PGT-M requires a customized test developed for the family’s specific mutation, which takes additional time and planning.

    Key Differences Between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screen for chromosome number abnormalities Detect specific single-gene disorders
    Who needs it Advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, repeated IVF failure Known carriers of a genetic condition, family history of monogenic disease
    Test development Standardized protocol, no customization needed Requires custom probe or test for the specific mutation
    Timeline Results in 1–2 weeks after biopsy Test development may take weeks to months before embryo biopsy
    Cost Varies by clinic; confirm directly Typically higher due to customization; confirm directly

    Can You Have Both PGT-A and PGT-M?

    Yes. Many clinics offer combined testing, where embryos are screened for both aneuploidy and a specific monogenic condition. This can reduce the number of embryos that need to be biopsied and provides more comprehensive information. However, combined testing may increase cost and requires coordination between the PGT-A and PGT-M laboratories.

    How to Decide Which Test Is Right for You

    Step 1: Assess Your Genetic Risk

    If you have no known genetic condition but are concerned about age-related chromosome abnormalities, PGT-A may be appropriate. If you or your partner are carriers of a monogenic disorder, PGT-M is necessary to avoid passing it on.

    Step 2: Consult with a Genetic Counselor

    A genetic counselor can review your family history, recommend carrier screening if not already done, and help interpret test results. Many Thai IVF clinics offer genetic counseling as part of the PGT process.

    Step 3: Discuss with Your Fertility Clinic

    Ask your clinic about their experience with PGT-A and PGT-M, turnaround times, success rates (note: clinics may not provide specific figures), and whether they offer combined testing. Also inquire about the biopsy technique and embryo freezing protocols.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • Do you offer both PGT-A and PGT-M? Are they performed in-house or sent to an external lab?
    • How long does it take to develop a custom PGT-M test for our specific mutation?
    • What is the estimated timeline from egg retrieval to embryo transfer with PGT?
    • What are the costs for PGT-A, PGT-M, and combined testing? Are there any additional fees for biopsy or freezing?
    • How many embryos typically survive biopsy and freezing? What is the risk of damage?
    • Do you provide genetic counseling before and after testing?

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT-A and PGT-M are screening tools, not guarantees. A normal result does not ensure a healthy baby, and an abnormal result does not always mean the embryo is nonviable. Mosaicism (a mix of normal and abnormal cells) can occur, and interpretation may vary. Additionally, PGT-M can only test for the specific mutation requested; it does not screen for other genetic conditions. Discuss the limitations thoroughly with your clinic and genetic counselor.

    Next Steps

    • Complete carrier screening if not already done.
    • Schedule a consultation with a fertility clinic in Thailand that offers PGT.
    • Ask about the need for a custom PGT-M test and the timeline.
    • Review costs and plan your budget accordingly.
    • Consider a genetic counseling session to clarify your options.

    For more information, see our PGT in Thailand guide, other guides, and FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A or PGT-M more expensive?

    PGT-M is generally more expensive because it requires a customized test for the specific genetic mutation. PGT-A uses a standardized protocol and is typically less costly. Exact prices vary by clinic and should be confirmed directly.

    Can PGT-A detect genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis?

    No, PGT-A only screens for chromosome number abnormalities (aneuploidy). It does not detect single-gene disorders. For conditions like cystic fibrosis, PGT-M is required.

    Do I need both PGT-A and PGT-M?

    It depends on your situation. If you are a carrier of a monogenic disorder and also have risk factors for aneuploidy (e.g., advanced maternal age), combined testing may be recommended. Discuss with your clinic and genetic counselor.

    How long does it take to get PGT results?

    PGT-A results typically take 1–2 weeks after embryo biopsy. PGT-M may take longer because the custom test must be developed first, which can add weeks or months to the timeline. Confirm with your clinic.

    Is PGT guaranteed to produce a healthy baby?

    No. PGT is a screening tool that reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain genetic abnormalities, but it cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy or baby. Other factors, such as uterine environment and overall embryo health, also play a role.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Success Rates in Thailand: What Patients Should Know

    What Does “Success Rate” Mean for PGT-A?

    When patients ask about the success rate of PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy), they often have different expectations. Unlike a pregnancy rate, PGT-A success is typically measured by the test’s ability to correctly identify embryos with a normal number of chromosomes (euploid) or an abnormal number (aneuploid). Key metrics include:

    • Accuracy: How often the test result matches the true chromosomal status of the embryo.
    • No-result rate: The percentage of biopsied embryos that do not yield a conclusive result, often due to DNA amplification failure or mosaicism.
    • Clinical utility: Whether using PGT-A improves the chance of a live birth per transfer, especially for specific patient groups.

    It is important to understand that PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby. The test reduces the risk of transferring an aneuploid embryo, which is a major cause of implantation failure and miscarriage, but other factors such as maternal age, embryo quality, and uterine environment also play critical roles.

    Factors Influencing PGT-A Accuracy

    Several factors can affect the reliability of PGT-A results:

    • Embryo biopsy technique: The skill of the embryologist and the stage at which cells are removed (day 5 or day 6 blastocyst) can impact DNA quality.
    • Laboratory protocols: Different labs use varying methods for whole genome amplification and analysis (e.g., next-generation sequencing, array CGH). Validation and quality control measures differ.
    • Mosaicism: Some embryos contain both normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A may detect mosaicism, but its interpretation and clinical significance are still evolving.
    • Number of cells biopsied: Typically 3–10 trophectoderm cells are taken. Too few cells may lead to amplification failure or inaccurate results.

    Because of these variables, success rates can vary between clinics and laboratories. Patients should ask their clinic about their specific validation data, no-result rates, and how they handle mosaic results.

    What to Expect from Thai Laboratories

    Thailand has several IVF centers that offer PGT-A with in-house or partnered genetic laboratories. While specific success rates are not standardized or publicly reported in a uniform way, patients can expect:

    • Use of modern technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), which is widely considered the gold standard for PGT-A.
    • Turnaround times typically ranging from 7 to 14 days for results, depending on the lab’s workflow and whether the biopsy is sent to an external facility.
    • Counseling from genetic counselors or fertility specialists to interpret results and discuss transfer options.

    It is advisable to ask the clinic directly about their laboratory’s accreditation, experience, and quality control measures. Some clinics may also offer PGT-M (for monogenic disorders) or PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements) alongside PGT-A.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About PGT-A Success

    To make an informed decision, consider asking the following questions:

    • What is your laboratory’s no-result rate for PGT-A? How often do you get inconclusive results?
    • How do you define a “normal” embryo? Do you report mosaicism, and if so, how do you counsel patients?
    • What is your clinic’s live birth rate per euploid embryo transfer for patients in my age group?
    • Do you have internal validation studies comparing PGT-A outcomes to non-tested cycles?
    • How do you handle discrepancies between PGT-A results and prenatal testing (e.g., chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis)?

    Remember that PGT-A is not recommended for all patients. It is most often considered for women over 35, those with recurrent pregnancy loss, previous aneuploid conceptions, or severe male factor infertility. Discuss with your doctor whether PGT-A is appropriate for your situation.

    Alternatives and Limitations

    PGT-A is not the only way to assess embryo health. Alternatives include:

    • Morphological grading: Selecting embryos based on appearance under a microscope. This is less precise but non-invasive.
    • Time-lapse imaging: Monitoring embryo development continuously to identify abnormal division patterns.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) itself: The most accurate method currently available, but still with limitations.

    Limitations of PGT-A include the inability to detect all genetic abnormalities (e.g., small deletions, uniparental disomy), the risk of embryo damage from biopsy (though low with experienced labs), and the possibility of false positives or false negatives. Confirmatory prenatal testing is recommended after pregnancy is achieved.

    Next Steps for Patients

    • Consult with a fertility specialist to determine if PGT-A is right for you.
    • Ask for detailed information about the laboratory that will process your biopsies.
    • Request data on the clinic’s outcomes with PGT-A, including no-result rates and live birth rates per transfer.
    • Consider the cost and whether it fits your budget, as PGT-A adds significant expense to an IVF cycle.

    For more general information, see our PGT in Thailand overview, patient guides, and frequently asked questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the average success rate of PGT-A in Thailand?

    There is no single average success rate because outcomes depend on the clinic’s laboratory, patient age, and embryo quality. Success is measured by accuracy (e.g., concordance with prenatal diagnosis) and clinical pregnancy rates per euploid transfer. Ask your clinic for their specific data.

    Can PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A reduces the risk of transferring an embryo with an abnormal number of chromosomes, but it cannot detect all genetic conditions, and other factors (uterine environment, maternal health) affect pregnancy outcome. Prenatal testing is still recommended.

    How long does it take to get PGT-A results in Thailand?

    Typically 7–14 days after biopsy, depending on the laboratory’s workflow and whether the sample is sent to an external lab. Confirm the expected timeline with your clinic.

    Is PGT-A recommended for all IVF patients?

    No. It is most often recommended for women over 35, those with recurrent miscarriage, previous aneuploid pregnancies, or severe male factor infertility. Discuss with your doctor whether the potential benefits outweigh the costs and risks for your specific case.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Risks of IVF with PGT in Thailand: What Patients Should Know

    Understanding the Risks of IVF with PGT

    In vitro fertilization (IVF) combined with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a sophisticated procedure that can help identify genetic abnormalities in embryos before transfer. However, like all medical interventions, it carries certain risks. This article explains the potential risks of IVF with PGT in Thailand, how they compare to standard IVF, and what steps clinics take to minimize them. It is important to discuss these risks with your fertility specialist to make an informed decision.

    At a Glance: Key Risks of IVF with PGT

    • Embryo biopsy risks: Removal of cells may affect embryo development or viability.
    • Mosaicism: Mixed cell populations can lead to inconclusive or false results.
    • False positives/negatives: Testing limitations may misclassify embryos.
    • No embryo for transfer: All embryos may be abnormal or damaged.
    • Added cost and time: PGT increases the IVF cycle duration and expense.

    Medical Risks of IVF with PGT

    Embryo Biopsy Risks

    PGT requires a biopsy of cells from the embryo, typically at the blastocyst stage (day 5 or 6). This involves removing 3–5 cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta). While studies suggest the procedure is safe when performed by experienced embryologists, there is a small risk of damaging the embryo, potentially reducing its implantation potential or causing developmental arrest. Thai clinics with skilled embryology teams use laser-assisted biopsy to minimize trauma.

    Mosaicism and Inconclusive Results

    Mosaicism occurs when an embryo contains both normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A (aneuploidy testing) may report an embryo as mosaic, meaning it has a mix of euploid and aneuploid cells. This can create uncertainty: mosaic embryos may still result in a healthy pregnancy, but some clinics may advise against transfer. Inconclusive results due to failed amplification or poor DNA quality can also occur, requiring re-biopsy or discarding the embryo.

    False Positives and False Negatives

    No genetic test is 100% accurate. A false positive (embryo labeled abnormal but actually normal) may lead to discarding a viable embryo. A false negative (embryo labeled normal but actually abnormal) could result in transfer of an affected embryo. The accuracy of PGT depends on the laboratory’s quality control, the number of cells biopsied, and the specific condition tested. Thai clinics often use next-generation sequencing (NGS) to improve accuracy, but limitations remain.

    Risk of No Embryos for Transfer

    Because PGT identifies genetic abnormalities, it may reveal that all embryos are abnormal or mosaic, leaving no suitable embryo for transfer. This risk is higher for older women or carriers of certain genetic conditions. Patients should be prepared for this possibility and discuss alternative options, such as using donor eggs or embryos.

    Risks Specific to PGT-M and PGT-SR

    PGT-M for Monogenic Disorders

    PGT-M (monogenic testing) targets specific single-gene disorders. Risks include misdiagnosis due to recombination, allele dropout (failure to amplify one allele), or contamination. These can lead to transferring an affected embryo. To mitigate this, Thai clinics require prior genetic workup of both parents and use linked markers to confirm results.

    PGT-SR for Structural Rearrangements

    PGT-SR (structural rearrangement testing) is used for chromosomal translocations or inversions. The main risk is that the test may not detect all unbalanced rearrangements, especially if the breakpoints are not well characterized. Additionally, carriers of balanced translocations often produce a high proportion of unbalanced embryos, reducing the number of transferable embryos.

    How Thai Clinics Mitigate Risks

    Thai fertility clinics that offer PGT typically follow international guidelines to minimize risks. Key mitigation strategies include:

    • Experienced embryologists: Skilled biopsy techniques reduce embryo damage.
    • Advanced technology: NGS and comprehensive chromosome screening improve accuracy.
    • Genetic counseling: Pre- and post-test counseling helps patients understand results and limitations.
    • Quality control: Accredited laboratories with rigorous protocols reduce contamination and errors.
    • Mosaic embryo management: Some clinics offer transfer of mosaic embryos after counseling, with prenatal testing recommended.

    Patients should ask about the clinic’s experience, laboratory accreditation, and policies on mosaic embryos and inconclusive results.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About PGT Risks

    • What is your clinic’s experience with embryo biopsy? How many cycles have you performed?
    • What is your policy on mosaic embryos? Do you offer transfer and what are the outcomes?
    • What is the accuracy rate of your PGT testing for the specific condition I am concerned about?
    • What happens if all embryos are abnormal? What options do I have?
    • Do you provide genetic counseling before and after testing?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    If you are considering IVF with PGT in Thailand, take the following steps:

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to determine if PGT is appropriate for your situation.
    2. Ask about the specific risks and success rates at the clinic you are considering.
    3. Discuss the possibility of no embryos for transfer and alternative plans.
    4. Ensure you understand the limitations of testing, including mosaicism and false results.
    5. Consider the added cost and time commitment of PGT.

    For more information, explore our guides on PGT in Thailand and fertility treatment guides. You may also find our FAQ section helpful.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT safe for embryos?

    PGT involves removing cells from the embryo, which carries a small risk of damage. However, when performed by experienced embryologists using laser-assisted biopsy, the risk is low. Most embryos that survive biopsy develop normally.

    Can PGT give wrong results?

    Yes, PGT can produce false positives or false negatives due to mosaicism, technical errors, or biological factors. Accuracy is high but not 100%. Confirmatory prenatal testing is recommended after pregnancy.

    What happens if all embryos are abnormal?

    If all embryos are found to be abnormal, no embryo will be available for transfer. Your doctor may discuss options such as using donor eggs or sperm, or attempting another cycle.

    Does PGT increase the risk of miscarriage?

    PGT itself does not increase miscarriage risk. In fact, by selecting euploid embryos, PGT may reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities. However, the biopsy procedure does not affect the uterus.

    How do Thai clinics ensure PGT quality?

    Thai clinics often use next-generation sequencing (NGS) and follow international standards. They employ experienced embryologists and genetic counselors. Patients should verify the clinic's accreditation and ask about their quality control measures.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A for Mosaic Embryos in Thailand: Retesting Options and Lab Practices

    Understanding Mosaic Embryos and PGT-A

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities. A mosaic embryo contains a mix of normal and abnormal cells. The degree of mosaicism (low, medium, high) influences how the embryo is classified and whether it may be considered for transfer.

    If you have a mosaic embryo from a previous cycle, you may wonder whether Thai clinics can retest it or offer alternative options. This article explains how Thai labs typically handle mosaic embryos and what steps you can take.

    How Thai Labs Classify Mosaic Embryos

    Thai IVF laboratories generally follow international guidelines for mosaicism classification. Mosaic embryos are often categorized as:

    • Low-level mosaicism (20-40% abnormal cells)
    • Medium-level mosaicism (40-60% abnormal cells)
    • High-level mosaicism (60-80% abnormal cells)

    Classification may vary by lab, so it is important to ask your clinic about their specific criteria. Some labs may also use terms like “aneuploid” or “euploid” with a mosaic comment.

    Retesting Options for Mosaic Embryos

    Retesting a mosaic embryo is possible in some cases, but it depends on the embryo’s quality and the lab’s protocols. Options may include:

    • Thaw and re-biopsy: The embryo is thawed, a new cell sample is taken, and PGT-A is repeated. This carries risks of damage to the embryo.
    • Transfer without retesting: Some clinics may offer transfer of low-level mosaic embryos after counseling, as they can sometimes result in healthy pregnancies.
    • Additional testing: Some labs may offer extended culture or other techniques to clarify mosaicism, but availability varies.

    Not all Thai clinics offer retesting for mosaic embryos. Confirm directly with the clinic whether they perform re-biopsy and what their success rates are for thawed embryos.

    Questions to Ask Your Thai Clinic

    Before deciding on retesting or transfer, consider asking the following questions:

    • What is your lab’s classification system for mosaic embryos?
    • Do you offer re-biopsy and retesting for mosaic embryos? If so, what is the survival rate after thaw?
    • What are your criteria for considering a mosaic embryo for transfer?
    • Do you provide genetic counseling to discuss the risks and outcomes of mosaic embryo transfer?
    • Can you coordinate with my previous clinic to obtain the original biopsy sample or results?

    Alternatives to Retesting

    If retesting is not possible or not recommended, alternatives may include:

    • Starting a new cycle: Creating new embryos and testing them with PGT-A may yield euploid embryos for transfer.
    • Using donor embryos: Some patients opt for donated embryos that have been tested and confirmed euploid.
    • Transferring the mosaic embryo: After thorough counseling, some patients choose to transfer a low-level mosaic embryo, understanding the potential risks.

    Each option has its own considerations. Discuss with your fertility specialist and genetic counselor to determine the best path for your situation.

    Key Takeaways

    • Thai labs classify mosaic embryos based on the percentage of abnormal cells, but criteria may differ.
    • Retesting via re-biopsy is possible in some clinics but carries risks and is not universally offered.
    • Transfer of low-level mosaic embryos may be an option after genetic counseling.
    • Always confirm specific lab protocols, success rates, and costs directly with the clinic.

    For more general information on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide and other guides. For common questions, visit our FAQ page.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can a mosaic embryo be retested in Thailand?

    Some Thai clinics may offer retesting of mosaic embryos through thawing and re-biopsy, but this is not standard practice. The embryo must survive the thaw, and the lab must have protocols for re-biopsy. Confirm directly with the clinic whether they offer this service and what the associated risks are.

    What is the success rate of transferring a mosaic embryo?

    Success rates for mosaic embryo transfer vary widely and depend on the level of mosaicism, the embryo's quality, and the patient's age. Some low-level mosaic embryos can result in healthy live births, but there is an increased risk of miscarriage or chromosomal abnormalities. Genetic counseling is essential before making a decision.

    Do Thai clinics accept mosaic embryos from overseas?

    Many Thai clinics accept embryos shipped from overseas, including mosaic embryos. However, they will need to review the embryo's genetic report and may have specific criteria for acceptance. Contact the clinic to discuss logistics, legal requirements, and shipping procedures.

    Is PGT-A mandatory for all IVF cycles in Thailand?

    No, PGT-A is optional and not required for all IVF cycles. It is typically recommended for patients of advanced maternal age, those with recurrent pregnancy loss, or those with a history of chromosomal abnormalities. Discuss with your doctor whether PGT-A is appropriate for your situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read a Thai Fertility Clinic’s PGT Report

    What Is a PGT Report?

    A preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) report is a laboratory document that summarizes the genetic analysis of embryos created during an IVF cycle. In Thailand, fertility clinics offer three main types of PGT:

    • PGT-A (Aneuploidy) – screens for abnormal numbers of chromosomes.
    • PGT-M (Monogenic) – tests for specific inherited single-gene disorders.
    • PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangement) – detects unbalanced chromosome rearrangements.

    Each report is unique to the embryo and the condition being tested. This guide explains the common terminology and how to interpret results for transfer decisions.

    Key Terms in a PGT Report

    Euploid

    A euploid embryo has the correct number of chromosomes (46 in humans) and no detectable abnormalities for the tested condition. Euploid embryos are generally considered suitable for transfer, but a euploid result does not guarantee pregnancy, live birth, or a healthy child.

    Aneuploid

    An aneuploid embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes (e.g., missing or extra copies). These embryos are typically not recommended for transfer because they are unlikely to result in a viable pregnancy or may lead to miscarriage or genetic disorders. However, some aneuploidies may be compatible with life (e.g., trisomy 21), and transfer decisions should be made with genetic counseling.

    Mosaic

    A mosaic embryo contains a mixture of euploid and aneuploid cells. The report may indicate the percentage of abnormal cells (e.g., low-level mosaic: 20-40%; high-level mosaic: >40%). Mosaic embryos may still have the potential to develop into a healthy baby, but the risk of abnormalities is higher. Transfer decisions for mosaic embryos require careful discussion with your doctor and genetic counselor.

    How to Read the Report Sections

    Most PGT reports include the following sections:

    • Embryo ID – a unique identifier for each embryo.
    • Biopsy date and stage – when the cells were taken (usually day 5 or 6 blastocyst).
    • Testing method – e.g., next-generation sequencing (NGS) or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH).
    • Chromosome analysis – for PGT-A, a list of each chromosome pair with a result (normal, abnormal, or mosaic).
    • Gene or mutation analysis – for PGT-M, whether the embryo carries the specific mutation, is unaffected, or is a carrier.
    • Interpretation – a summary statement (e.g., “euploid,” “aneuploid,” “mosaic”).
    • Recommendation – some reports include a note on transfer suitability, but this is not a guarantee.

    What Each Result Means for Transfer Decisions

    Result Typical Recommendation Notes
    Euploid Consider for transfer Highest chance of implantation, but not guaranteed.
    Aneuploid Usually not recommended Very low chance of healthy live birth; may be used in rare cases with counseling.
    Mosaic (low-level) May be considered Some clinics offer transfer after counseling; risk of abnormality is increased.
    Mosaic (high-level) Often not recommended Higher risk; transfer is controversial and requires extensive counseling.
    Inconclusive Repeat testing or discard Sample quality may be poor; consult your clinic.

    Limitations of PGT

    PGT is a screening tool, not a diagnostic test. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and a normal result does not guarantee a healthy baby. False positives and false negatives are possible. PGT also cannot assess non-genetic factors such as uterine environment or embryo morphology. Discuss the limitations with your fertility specialist.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What type of PGT was performed (PGT-A, PGT-M, or PGT-SR)?
    • What is the laboratory’s accuracy rate for this test?
    • How are mosaic embryos classified and what are your clinic’s transfer policies?
    • Will a genetic counselor review the results with me?
    • What are the costs for PGT and any additional testing?

    Clinics Offering PGT in Thailand

    Several Thai fertility clinics provide PGT services. The following list is an editorial comparison, not a ranking of outcomes. Always confirm current services, laboratory accreditations, and pricing directly with the clinic.

    • Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) – A dedicated fertility center in Bangkok with JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, and UK NEQAS certifications. DHC offers PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR. June 2026 reference price for a basic single-cycle medical package: THB 490,000 (final costs vary). DHC is a featured commercial partner of Thailand PGT.
    • Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center – Located in Bangkok Hospital Headquarter, offers IVF, ICSI, and PGT-A. Fly-in packages reviewed July 2026: THB 335,000 (stimulation to transfer) and THB 456,000 with PGT and freezing for two embryos (valid to 31 Dec 2026).
    • Bumrungrad International Hospital – Multidisciplinary hospital with reproductive medicine services. Confirm current fertility team and PGT availability directly.
    • Jetanin Hospital – Specialist fertility hospital with in-house genetics laboratory offering PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR using NGS and Sanger sequencing. Holds JCI and RTAC accreditation.
    • MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center – Offers PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR with ESHRE-certified embryologists. IVF/ICSI package at THB 280,000 when reviewed; confirm inclusions.
    • Superior A.R.T. Thailand – Specialist center established in 2007, providing IVF, ICSI, and PGT pathways. Confirm current services directly.

    For more details, see our PGT in Thailand guide, guides, and FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does euploid mean in a PGT report?

    Euploid means the embryo has the correct number of chromosomes and no detectable abnormalities for the tested condition. It is generally considered suitable for transfer, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred?

    Yes, some clinics may transfer mosaic embryos after genetic counseling, especially if the mosaicism level is low. However, the risk of abnormalities is higher, and transfer decisions should be made carefully with your doctor.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders. PGT-SR detects unbalanced chromosome rearrangements. Each type addresses different genetic concerns.

    How accurate are PGT results?

    PGT is highly accurate but not 100%. False positives and false negatives can occur due to technical limitations or mosaicism. Confirm the laboratory's accuracy rates with your clinic.

    Do I need genetic counseling to understand my PGT report?

    Yes, genetic counseling is strongly recommended to interpret results, understand risks, and make informed transfer decisions. Many Thai clinics offer counseling as part of their PGT service.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How Are PGT Results Reported by Thai Labs? A Guide for Patients

    Introduction

    After undergoing preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) as part of your IVF cycle in Thailand, you will receive a laboratory report detailing the genetic status of each biopsied embryo. Understanding how these results are reported and what they mean is crucial for making informed decisions with your fertility team. This guide explains the typical format of PGT reports from Thai laboratories, how to interpret common terms like euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic, and what to consider when discussing your results with your doctor.

    Types of PGT and What They Test

    Thai laboratories offer three main types of PGT:

    • PGT-A (Aneuploidy): Screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes (23 pairs). Aneuploidy (extra or missing chromosomes) is a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage.
    • PGT-M (Monogenic): Tests for specific single-gene disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, thalassemia) when one or both parents carry a known mutation.
    • PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangement): Detects unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements (e.g., translocations, inversions) that can lead to abnormal embryos.

    Some labs offer combined testing (e.g., PGT-A + PGT-M) from a single biopsy.

    Typical Report Format

    While each laboratory may have its own template, most PGT reports from Thai clinics include the following sections:

    • Patient and Cycle Information: Your name, date of birth, cycle number, and date of biopsy.
    • Embryo Identification: Each biopsied embryo is assigned a unique ID or number, often linked to its developmental stage (e.g., day 5 or day 6 blastocyst).
    • Testing Method: The technology used (e.g., next-generation sequencing, NGS; or array comparative genomic hybridization, aCGH). NGS is now the most common method in Thailand.
    • Results per Embryo: A table or list showing each embryo’s genetic status. For PGT-A, this includes the chromosome copy number (e.g., 46,XX or 46,XY for normal) and any abnormalities detected. For PGT-M, the report indicates whether the embryo carries the mutation, is unaffected, or is a carrier (if applicable). For PGT-SR, it shows whether the embryo has a balanced or unbalanced rearrangement.
    • Interpretation: A summary classifying each embryo as euploid, aneuploid, or mosaic (for PGT-A). For PGT-M/SR, terms like “affected,” “unaffected,” or “carrier” may be used.
    • Quality Metrics: Some reports include DNA amplification success, contamination checks, and confidence scores.
    • Recommendations: The lab may suggest genetic counseling or further testing (e.g., confirmatory prenatal diagnosis if pregnancy occurs).

    Interpreting PGT-A Results: Euploid, Aneuploid, Mosaic

    PGT-A results fall into three main categories:

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46,XX or 46,XY). These embryos have the highest chance of implantation and developing into a healthy baby, but they are not guaranteed to result in a live birth.
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has extra or missing chromosomes (e.g., trisomy 21, monosomy X). These embryos are unlikely to implant or will likely miscarry; they are generally not recommended for transfer.
    • Mosaic: The embryo contains a mixture of euploid and aneuploid cells. Mosaicism is reported as a percentage (e.g., 20% mosaic). The clinical significance depends on the level and type of mosaicism. Some mosaic embryos may still result in a healthy baby, but the risk of abnormalities is higher. Discuss with your doctor whether a mosaic embryo is suitable for transfer.

    Note: PGT-A cannot detect all genetic conditions (e.g., microdeletions, uniparental disomy) and has a small error rate (typically <5%).

    Interpreting PGT-M and PGT-SR Results

    For PGT-M, the report will indicate whether the embryo inherited the mutation(s) tested. Results may be:

    • Unaffected: The embryo does not carry the mutation.
    • Carrier: The embryo carries one copy of a recessive mutation but is not expected to develop the disease.
    • Affected: The embryo carries the mutation(s) and is expected to develop the disorder.

    For PGT-SR, the report will state whether the embryo has a balanced (normal or carrier) or unbalanced (abnormal) chromosomal rearrangement. Balanced carriers are generally healthy but may have fertility issues later.

    Turnaround Time

    The time from embryo biopsy to receiving results varies by laboratory and testing complexity. For PGT-A, results are typically available within 1–2 weeks. PGT-M and PGT-SR may take longer (2–4 weeks) because they require custom probe development or family studies. Your clinic will provide an estimated timeline. Note that turnaround times can be affected by sample transport, lab workload, and the need for repeat testing.

    Discussing Results with Your Doctor

    Once you receive your PGT report, schedule a consultation with your fertility specialist and/or genetic counselor. Key points to discuss:

    • Which embryos are suitable for transfer: Euploid embryos are prioritized. For mosaic or carrier embryos, your doctor will explain the risks and success rates based on your specific situation.
    • Number of embryos available: PGT can reduce the number of transferable embryos, especially for older patients or those with genetic conditions. Discuss your options if few or no euploid embryos are available.
    • Limitations of testing: PGT is a screening tool, not a diagnostic test. It cannot guarantee a healthy baby or prevent all genetic disorders. Confirmatory prenatal testing (e.g., chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) is recommended if pregnancy occurs.
    • Next steps: Your doctor will advise on whether to proceed with a frozen embryo transfer (FET) in a subsequent cycle, or if additional testing (e.g., re-biopsy for inconclusive results) is needed.

    Alternatives and Limitations

    PGT is not suitable for everyone. Alternatives include:

    • No testing: Transferring embryos based on morphology alone.
    • Prenatal diagnosis: Testing during pregnancy (e.g., NIPT, amniocentesis).
    • Donor gametes: Using donor eggs or sperm to avoid genetic risks.

    Limitations of PGT include:

    • Not all embryos can be biopsied (e.g., poor-quality blastocysts).
    • Mosaicism can lead to false-positive or false-negative results.
    • PGT does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before proceeding with PGT, consider asking your Thai clinic:

    • Which laboratory will perform the testing? Is it accredited (e.g., ISO 15189)?
    • What is the typical turnaround time for results?
    • How are mosaic results reported and managed?
    • What is the policy for inconclusive or failed results?
    • Are genetic counseling services available?

    Conclusion

    PGT results from Thai laboratories are reported in a detailed, standardized format that helps you and your doctor make informed decisions about embryo transfer. Understanding terms like euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic, as well as the limitations of testing, is essential. Always discuss your results with a qualified professional who can interpret them in the context of your medical history and treatment plan.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a euploid embryo mean?

    A euploid embryo has the correct number of chromosomes (46,XX or 46,XY). It has the highest chance of implantation and developing into a healthy baby, but it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or live birth.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred?

    In some cases, mosaic embryos may be considered for transfer if no euploid embryos are available. The decision depends on the level and type of mosaicism, and should be made after thorough genetic counseling with your doctor.

    How long does it take to get PGT results in Thailand?

    Turnaround time varies by lab and test type. PGT-A results typically take 1–2 weeks, while PGT-M and PGT-SR may take 2–4 weeks. Your clinic will provide an estimated timeline.

    Is PGT 100% accurate?

    No, PGT has a small error rate (typically <5%) due to factors like mosaicism or technical limitations. Confirmatory prenatal testing is recommended if pregnancy occurs.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • The Role of a PGT Genetic Counselor in Thailand

    What Is a PGT Genetic Counselor?

    A PGT genetic counselor is a healthcare professional with specialized training in genetics and counseling. In the context of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), they help patients and couples understand the purpose, process, results, and limitations of genetic testing on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF). Their role is educational and supportive, not prescriptive. They do not guarantee outcomes or determine eligibility for treatment.

    When Is Genetic Counseling Needed for PGT?

    Genetic counseling is recommended before and after PGT. Common scenarios include:

    • Carrier screening results: If you or your partner are carriers of a genetic condition, counseling helps explain the risk of passing it on and whether PGT-M (for monogenic disorders) is appropriate.
    • Chromosomal abnormalities: If you have a history of recurrent miscarriage, a balanced translocation, or other chromosomal rearrangements, counseling can clarify the role of PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements).
    • Advanced maternal age: Women over 35 may consider PGT-A (for aneuploidy) to screen for chromosomal number abnormalities. Counseling addresses the benefits and limitations.
    • Previous affected pregnancy or child: If you have had a pregnancy or child with a genetic condition, counseling helps assess recurrence risks and testing options.
    • Unexplained infertility or IVF failure: Counseling can explore whether PGT might provide insights, while emphasizing it is not a guaranteed solution.

    What Does a PGT Genetic Counselor Cover?

    The counseling process typically includes several key components:

    1. Education About PGT Types

    The counselor explains the three main types of PGT:

    • PGT-A (Aneuploidy Testing): Screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. It can reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities but does not guarantee a healthy baby.
    • PGT-M (Monogenic Testing): Tests for specific single-gene disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease). It requires prior knowledge of the familial mutation.
    • PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangement Testing): Detects unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions.

    2. Interpretation of Results

    PGT results are reported as euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic (mixed). The counselor explains what each result means for embryo transfer potential and the likelihood of a healthy pregnancy. They also discuss the possibility of inconclusive results and the need for confirmatory prenatal testing.

    3. Discussion of Alternatives and Limitations

    Counseling includes a balanced view of alternatives, such as:

    • Not using PGT and proceeding with embryo transfer based on morphology alone.
    • Using donor gametes or embryos.
    • Prenatal diagnosis (e.g., chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) after pregnancy.

    Limitations of PGT are also addressed:

    • PGT cannot detect all genetic conditions.
    • Mosaic embryos may have uncertain outcomes.
    • Testing errors (though rare) can occur.
    • PGT does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects entirely.

    4. Emotional and Ethical Support

    Genetic counselors provide a safe space to discuss emotional concerns, ethical dilemmas (e.g., what to do with affected embryos), and the impact of results on family planning. They may also refer patients to mental health professionals if needed.

    Availability of PGT Genetic Counseling in Thailand

    In Thailand, PGT genetic counseling is typically offered through IVF clinics that provide PGT services. Counselors may be on staff or available via referral. Patients should confirm with their chosen clinic whether genetic counseling is included in the PGT package or available as a separate service. Some clinics may offer counseling in English, while others may require a translator. It is advisable to ask about the counselor’s qualifications, such as certification from an international genetic counseling board.

    Questions to Ask Your Genetic Counselor

    To make the most of your session, consider preparing these questions:

    • What type of PGT is recommended for my situation, and why?
    • What are the success rates and limitations of this test?
    • How are mosaic embryos handled?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any additional fees for counseling?
    • How long does it take to receive results?
    • What follow-up testing is recommended after a pregnancy?

    Conclusion

    A PGT genetic counselor in Thailand plays a vital role in helping patients navigate the complexities of preimplantation genetic testing. By providing clear, unbiased information and emotional support, they empower patients to make decisions aligned with their values and medical circumstances. If you are considering PGT, scheduling a genetic counseling session is an important first step.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, other guides, and frequently asked questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Do I need genetic counseling before PGT in Thailand?

    Genetic counseling is strongly recommended before PGT to understand the testing options, risks, and limitations. Many clinics in Thailand offer counseling as part of the PGT process, but you should confirm availability and whether it is included in the package.

    What qualifications should a PGT genetic counselor have?

    Ideally, a genetic counselor should have a master's degree in genetic counseling and certification from a recognized board (e.g., American Board of Genetic Counseling). In Thailand, some counselors may have international training. Ask the clinic about the counselor's credentials.

    Can I get genetic counseling in English in Thailand?

    Many clinics catering to international patients offer genetic counseling in English. However, it is best to confirm with the clinic beforehand. If English is not available, a translator may be arranged.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal aneuploidies (abnormal number of chromosomes), while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders. PGT-M requires prior knowledge of the familial mutation. A genetic counselor can help determine which test is appropriate for your situation.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain genetic abnormalities, but it cannot detect all conditions. There is still a risk of miscarriage, birth defects, or other complications. Genetic counseling helps you understand these limitations.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A in Thailand for Women Under 35: What to Consider

    What Is PGT-A and How Does It Relate to Women Under 35 in Thailand?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. For women under 35, the chance that a biopsied embryo is chromosomally normal (euploid) is generally higher than for older women. However, exact rates vary by individual and clinic. No specific euploidy rates for women under 35 in Thailand are available from approved sources. It is important to discuss your personal situation with your clinic.

    PGT-A helps select which embryos to transfer first, but it does not guarantee pregnancy. Success depends on many factors including embryo quality, uterine health, and the transfer process.

    General Euploidy Trends by Age

    While exact rates differ between clinics and patient populations, published data show a clear decline in euploidy with advancing maternal age. For women under 35, the majority of embryos are expected to be euploid. However, no specific rates for Thai clinics are provided in approved sources. Your personal rate depends on ovarian reserve, response to stimulation, and embryo development. No clinic can guarantee a specific number of euploid embryos.

    Key Uncertainties and Limitations

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It involves removing a few cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta) of a blastocyst-stage embryo. Limitations include:

    • Mosaicism: Some embryos have both normal and abnormal cells, which can lead to inconclusive results.
    • Embryo biopsy risk: Although rare, biopsy may damage the embryo.
    • No test for all conditions: PGT-A only screens for chromosome number abnormalities, not single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements.
    • False positives/negatives: A small chance that a euploid embryo is actually abnormal, or vice versa.

    Success also depends on the transfer of a single euploid embryo. Pregnancy and live birth rates per transfer are generally high for women under 35, but no outcome can be guaranteed.

    Questions to Ask Clinics in Thailand

    When considering PGT-A at a Thai fertility center, ask these questions directly:

    • What is your laboratory’s euploidy rate for women under 35 in the last year? (Note: This data may not be publicly available; ask if they can provide it.)
    • Do you use next-generation sequencing (NGS) for PGT-A? What is your reporting turnaround time?
    • How do you handle mosaic embryos? Do you offer re-biopsy or additional testing?
    • What is your embryo survival rate after biopsy and vitrification?
    • What is your ongoing pregnancy rate per single euploid embryo transfer for women under 35?
    • Are your embryologists certified by ESHRE or similar bodies?
    • What is included in the PGT-A package? Are there additional costs for biopsy, freezing, or shipping?

    Confirm current requirements and outcomes directly with the treating clinic.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is a good euploidy rate for PGT-A in women under 35?

    Euploidy rates vary by individual and clinic. For women under 35, the majority of embryos are expected to be euploid, but no specific rate is guaranteed. Discuss your personal chances with your doctor.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No. PGT-A helps select chromosomally normal embryos, which may reduce miscarriage risk, but pregnancy depends on many factors including uterine health, embryo quality, and implantation.

    How long does PGT-A take in Thailand?

    PGT-A results typically take 7–14 days after biopsy, depending on the laboratory and shipping logistics. Confirm turnaround time with your clinic.

    Is PGT-A recommended for all women under 35?

    PGT-A is often considered for women under 35 with recurrent miscarriage, previous aneuploidy, or severe male factor infertility. For others, the benefit may be smaller. Discuss with your doctor.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Success Rates in Thailand by Maternal Age: What to Know

    How Age Affects PGT-A Euploidy Rates

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities. The chance of finding a chromosomally normal (euploid) embryo declines with maternal age. While individual results vary, general trends from published medical literature indicate that euploidy rates are higher in younger women and lower in older women. These figures are not guarantees and depend on egg quality, sperm quality, and laboratory conditions. Ask your clinic for age-stratified data specific to their laboratory.

    Interpreting Clinic-Reported Data

    Clinics may report success rates differently. Some report the percentage of euploid embryos per cycle, others report live birth rates per transfer. Always ask:

    • Is the rate based on all cycles or only those reaching biopsy?
    • Does the rate include frozen embryo transfers?
    • What is the denominator (patients, cycles, or embryos)?
    • Are the data age-stratified?

    No clinic can guarantee a euploid embryo or a live birth. Use reported rates as a general benchmark, not a personal prediction.

    Hospital Comparison: PGT-A Services in Thailand

    The following hospitals offer PGT-A in Thailand. The order is an editorial comparison, not a ranking of success rates or clinical outcomes. Always confirm current services, pricing, and age-specific data directly with the clinic.

    1. Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) — Featured Partner

    DHC is a dedicated fertility center in Bangkok’s Rama 9 area. It holds JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, and UK NEQAS certifications or quality credentials. DHC provides IVF, ICSI, PGT, and embryo freezing. Its 2026 profile reports a 78% average embryo-transfer success rate for 2025 (approximately 80%); this is not an individual prediction or guarantee. DHC uses Embryoscope+, Geri incubators, IVF Witness, IMSI, and MACS. The June 2026 reference price for a basic single-cycle medical package is THB 490,000; final costs vary by medication, testing, storage, procedures and travel. Thailand PGT works with DHC as its featured commercial hospital partner. This relationship does not guarantee suitability or outcomes.

    2. Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center

    Located on the 5th Floor of D Building at Bangkok Hospital Headquarters. Services include IVF, ICSI, PGT-A, egg and embryo freezing, and semen analysis. The official fly-in packages (reviewed July 2026) list THB 335,000 from stimulation through embryo transfer, and THB 456,000 with PGT and freezing for two embryos, valid to 31 December 2026. Terms and exclusions apply.

    3. Bumrungrad International Hospital

    A large multidisciplinary hospital in central Bangkok offering IVF, ICSI, and reproductive medicine. Dr. Phattaraphum Phophong is named in provider listings. Current fertility team, laboratory, PGT, and price details should be confirmed directly.

    4. Jetanin Hospital

    A specialist fertility hospital in central Bangkok with over 30 years of experience. Services include IVF/ICSI, PGT, egg freezing, IUI, IMSI, and EmbryoScope. Jetanin states it achieved JCI and RTAC accreditation. Confirm current certificates, treating doctor, and written quotation.

    5. MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center

    Located within MedPark Hospital in Bangkok. Services include IVF/ICSI, PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR, and fertility preservation. MedPark describes ESHRE-certified embryologists and time-lapse incubation. An IVF/ICSI package was listed at THB 280,000 when reviewed; validity, inclusions, and exclusions require written confirmation.

    6. Superior A.R.T. Thailand

    A specialist assisted-reproduction and genetics center established in 2007. Emphasizes IVF, ICSI, and PGT pathways. Confirm treating doctor, laboratory plan, PGT method, and age-specific outcome definitions directly.

    Key Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is your euploidy rate for my age group?
    • How many PGT-A cycles did you perform last year?
    • Do you report per cycle, per retrieval, or per transfer?
    • What is your live birth rate per euploid embryo transfer for my age?
    • Are your embryologists certified by ESHRE or similar bodies?

    Always request a written quotation and treatment plan before committing.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is a good euploidy rate for PGT-A?

    Euploidy rates vary by age. For women under 35, rates of 50–70% are common; for women 40–42, rates may be 20–30%. These are general trends, not guarantees. Ask your clinic for age-stratified data.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities but cannot detect all genetic disorders or guarantee a live birth. Embryo transfer success also depends on uterine health and other factors.

    How do I choose a clinic for PGT-A in Thailand?

    Consider accreditation, embryology lab standards, age-specific success rates, and transparent pricing. Request a written quotation and confirm the treating doctor and laboratory pathway.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.