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  • PGT for Recurrent Miscarriage in Thailand: An Indication-Based Guide for International Patients

    PGT, or preimplantation genetic testing, is a laboratory add-on to IVF that examines embryos for certain chromosomal or genetic features before transfer. For people with recurrent miscarriage, it is sometimes discussed as one possible way to reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality that could lead to another loss. It is not a guarantee, not a diagnosis of why losses happened, and not automatically recommended for everyone. Whether it is appropriate depends on your history, prior testing and what a fertility specialist concludes after review.

    At a glance

    • Recurrent miscarriage is a distinct indication for discussing PGT, separate from maternal age or repeated IVF failure.
    • PGT-A counts chromosomes; PGT-M looks for a known inherited condition; PGT-SR looks at known structural chromosome rearrangements.
    • PGT requires IVF, because embryos must be created and biopsied in a laboratory.
    • A normal PGT result lowers but does not eliminate the chance of miscarriage.
    • Guidelines do not treat PGT as a routine first-line answer for every case of recurrent loss.
    • Ask the clinic how it defines recurrent miscarriage, what testing it recommends first, and how it would use PGT in your situation.

    Why recurrent miscarriage is its own conversation

    Recurrent pregnancy loss is usually defined as a certain number of consecutive miscarriages, though definitions vary between organizations and clinics. The causes are often mixed: chromosomal factors in the pregnancy, uterine anatomy, hormonal or metabolic conditions, blood-clotting disorders, infection, and sometimes no identifiable cause. Because the reasons differ from person to person, the evaluation matters as much as any single treatment.

    PGT enters this conversation only after the broader picture is considered. If a couple has had losses and prior testing has identified a specific chromosomal issue, PGT may be more directly relevant. If no cause has been found, the role of PGT is less clear and should be discussed carefully rather than assumed.

    What PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR actually test

    PGT is an umbrella term. The three main types answer different questions.

    Type What it looks at Typical context
    PGT-A Number of chromosomes in an embryo (aneuploidy screening) Discussed when chromosomal abnormality in the pregnancy is a concern, including some recurrent loss situations
    PGT-M A specific gene variant known to run in the family When one or both parents carry a known inherited condition
    PGT-SR Structural chromosome rearrangements such as translocations When a parent has a known balanced rearrangement linked to losses

    PGT-A is the type most often raised in recurrent miscarriage discussions, because many early losses are associated with chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo. PGT-M and PGT-SR are more targeted and depend on prior genetic findings in the parents or family.

    How PGT fits into an IVF cycle

    1. Consultation and review. The clinic reviews your loss history, prior tests and any genetic results.
    2. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval. Medication is used to mature multiple eggs, which are collected in a minor procedure.
    3. Fertilization and embryo development. Eggs and sperm are combined in the laboratory, and embryos are monitored as they grow.
    4. Biopsy. A few cells are removed from each embryo at a suitable stage.
    5. Genetic analysis. The biopsy sample is tested for the specific question being asked.
    6. Results and transfer planning. The clinic discusses which embryos are available and how results may inform transfer.

    Each step has its own uncertainties. Not every cycle produces embryos suitable for biopsy or transfer, and testing itself can sometimes yield an unclear result.

    What a PGT result can and cannot tell you

    A PGT result is information about the cells that were sampled, not a complete picture of the embryo or a prediction of the future. A result reported as normal for the tested feature reduces the chance of a loss related to that feature, but it does not rule out miscarriage from other causes. A result reported as abnormal usually means that embryo would not be selected for transfer, though clinics handle specific findings differently.

    Some results are inconclusive. In those cases, the clinic may discuss whether re-testing is possible, whether the embryo can still be considered, or whether the result should be set aside. These decisions are clinical and should be made with the treating team.

    Evidence limits and why guidelines are cautious

    Professional guidance generally does not present PGT as a routine, first-line solution for all recurrent miscarriage. The evidence is strongest in specific situations, such as when a known parental chromosomal rearrangement is present, and less clear when losses have no identified cause. Even where PGT is used, it does not replace a full evaluation for other contributing factors.

    This is why an indication-based approach matters. The question is not simply whether PGT exists in Thailand, but whether it addresses the likely cause in your case. A clinic should be able to explain the reasoning, the alternatives, and what would change if you chose not to test.

    Alternatives and complementary steps

    Depending on your history, a clinic may discuss other evaluations or approaches alongside or instead of PGT. These can include:

    • Testing of pregnancy tissue from a previous loss, where available
    • Parental chromosome analysis (karyotyping)
    • Assessment of uterine structure
    • Screening for hormonal, metabolic or clotting conditions
    • Expectant management or further spontaneous conception with monitoring
    • Other IVF-related options, such as transferring without testing

    No single option is right for everyone. The goal is to match the approach to the likely cause and to your priorities.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    • How do you define recurrent miscarriage, and does my history meet that definition?
    • What evaluations do you recommend before discussing PGT?
    • Which type of PGT are you considering for me, and why?
    • What proportion of embryos typically reach biopsy and transfer in your laboratory?
    • How do you handle inconclusive or unusual results?
    • What are the alternatives if I decide not to use PGT?
    • What costs are involved, and which are not included in a quoted figure?
    • What documents or preparations should international patients plan for?

    Practical planning for international patients

    Travel, visas, length of stay, medical records and payment arrangements vary by clinic and by individual situation. Because these details are time-sensitive and personal, confirm them directly with the clinic and, where relevant, with official Thai authorities. Ask for a written summary of the proposed plan, the tests involved, and the expected timeline so you can compare options clearly.

    It also helps to request your prior medical records in advance, including any genetic test results, and to ask whether translation is needed. Planning around work, childcare and travel should account for the possibility that a cycle may not proceed exactly as hoped.

    Next steps

    1. Gather your loss history and any prior test results.
    2. Ask a fertility specialist whether PGT is indicated in your case, and why.
    3. Clarify which type of PGT is being proposed and what it can and cannot show.
    4. Discuss alternatives and the option of not testing.
    5. Confirm practical details, costs and timelines in writing before committing.

    For more background, see our PGT in Thailand overview, browse the guides, or check the FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT prevent miscarriage?

    No. PGT can reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with a specific chromosomal or genetic feature being tested, but it does not prevent miscarriage from other causes. Miscarriage can still occur for reasons PGT does not detect.

    Is PGT always recommended after recurrent miscarriage?

    No. Professional guidance generally does not treat PGT as a routine first-line option for every case of recurrent loss. Whether it is appropriate depends on your history, prior testing and the judgment of your treating clinician.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited gene variant known in the family. PGT-SR looks at known structural chromosome rearrangements. The right type, if any, depends on what has been found in prior testing.

    Can I have PGT without IVF?

    No. PGT requires embryos created through IVF, because the test is performed on cells taken from an embryo in the laboratory. If you conceive without IVF, PGT is not applicable to that pregnancy.

    What should I ask a clinic in Thailand about PGT?

    Ask how they define recurrent miscarriage, what evaluations they recommend first, which type of PGT they propose and why, how they handle unclear results, what alternatives exist, and what costs and practical arrangements apply to international patients.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT vs No PGT in Thailand: How to Decide About Embryo Testing

    PGT (preimplantation genetic testing) is an optional laboratory step added to IVF. It examines a small sample of cells from an embryo before transfer. Choosing PGT versus no PGT in Thailand is not a simple right-or-wrong decision. It depends on your medical history, the reason for IVF, what information you want, and how you weigh possible benefits against added cost, waiting time, and uncertainty. PGT can reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with a specific chromosomal or genetic finding, but it cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy, a live birth, or a healthy child. Some patients choose testing; others reasonably choose untested transfer.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-M looks for a known single-gene condition that runs in a family.
    • PGT-SR looks at chromosome structure, such as translocations.
    • PGT is optional. It is not required for every IVF cycle and is not a guarantee of success.
    • Testing adds laboratory work, cost, and usually a wait for results before transfer.
    • No test can remove all uncertainty. Some embryos with normal results still do not implant, and some untested embryos do.

    What PGT can and cannot tell you

    PGT is a screening or diagnostic tool used during IVF. It does not treat infertility, improve embryo quality, or make an embryo more likely to implant. It provides information that you and your clinician can use when deciding which embryo or embryos to transfer.

    What PGT may offer:

    • Information about chromosome number (PGT-A) or a known gene change (PGT-M) or chromosome structure (PGT-SR).
    • A way to consider avoiding transfer of embryos with certain findings, when alternatives exist.
    • Possibly fewer transfers or a lower chance of miscarriage in some situations, depending on the reason for testing and the clinic’s protocols.

    What PGT cannot do:

    • Guarantee pregnancy, live birth, or a child without a health condition.
    • Detect every possible genetic or chromosomal problem.
    • Replace prenatal testing or newborn screening.
    • Tell you whether an embryo will definitely implant.
    • Make an untested embryo unsafe or a tested embryo safe in absolute terms.

    Because PGT is a laboratory test, results can be affected by sample quality, the technology used, and the specific condition being tested. Your clinic should explain the limitations for your situation.

    PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR: different questions, different decisions

    These are not interchangeable tests. Each answers a different question, and each has its own reasons for being considered.

    Test What it looks at Common reason it is discussed Key limitation
    PGT-A Number of chromosomes in the embryo sample Advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, repeated implantation failure, or previous pregnancy with a chromosome condition Does not test for single-gene disorders; may not detect all chromosome changes; some results are uncertain
    PGT-M A specific gene change known to run in the family Family history of a single-gene condition, such as cystic fibrosis or spinal muscular atrophy Requires a known gene change and often a custom test setup; does not screen for unrelated conditions
    PGT-SR Chromosome structure, such as a translocation Known chromosome rearrangement in a parent, or repeated pregnancy loss linked to a structural issue Does not detect all chromosome problems; interpretation depends on the specific rearrangement

    If you are considering PGT, ask which test is being proposed and why. The answer should connect to your history, not to a general rule.

    PGT versus no PGT: a decision-framing comparison

    This comparison is about the choice to test or not to test. It is not a ranking of clinics or a promise of outcomes. Use it to organize your own questions.

    Decision factor Choosing PGT Choosing no PGT
    Information before transfer You receive laboratory information about the embryo sample before deciding which embryo to transfer. You transfer based on embryo appearance and development, without that genetic information.
    Time to transfer Usually requires waiting for laboratory results, which can extend the cycle or lead to a frozen transfer. Transfer may be scheduled sooner, depending on your protocol and clinic schedule.
    Cost Adds laboratory and possibly storage or biopsy-related fees. Ask for a written breakdown. Avoids PGT-specific laboratory fees, though IVF costs remain.
    Embryo handling Involves embryo biopsy and often freezing while results are pending. Avoids biopsy and the associated laboratory steps.
    Uncertainty May reduce some uncertainty about specific chromosome or gene findings, but does not remove all uncertainty. Leaves chromosome or gene status unknown before transfer; some uncertainty remains either way.
    Emotional load Waiting for results and interpreting them can be stressful; results may be inconclusive. Avoids result-waiting, but may leave questions unanswered.
    Best fit Often discussed when there is a specific medical reason, such as a known familial condition or a history that raises concern. Often reasonable when there is no specific indication, when few embryos are available, or when a patient prefers to avoid testing.

    Neither column is automatically better. The right choice for you depends on your medical situation, your values, and what your clinic can support.

    When PGT is more likely to be discussed

    Clinics may raise PGT when certain factors are present. These are conversation starters, not eligibility rules.

    • A known single-gene condition in the family, where PGT-M could be considered.
    • A known chromosome rearrangement, where PGT-SR could be considered.
    • Recurrent pregnancy loss or repeated implantation failure, where PGT-A may be discussed.
    • Advanced maternal age, where the chance of chromosome differences in embryos is higher.
    • A previous pregnancy or child with a chromosome condition.
    • Preference for more information before transfer, after counseling about limits.

    Even when these factors are present, PGT is a choice. Your clinician should explain the possible benefits and the possible downsides for your specific case.

    When no PGT may be a reasonable path

    Some patients decide against PGT. This can be a considered decision, not a failure to try hard enough.

    • There is no specific genetic or chromosomal indication.
    • Very few embryos are available, and the patient prefers to transfer without waiting or biopsy.
    • The added cost or time is a significant burden.
    • The patient prefers to avoid biopsy or freezing for personal reasons.
    • The patient understands that PGT would not remove all uncertainty and chooses not to add the step.

    If you choose no PGT, your clinic may still recommend other assessments or prenatal testing later. Ask what monitoring is appropriate for you.

    Understanding PGT results

    PGT results are usually reported in categories. Exact wording varies by laboratory and test.

    • Normal or euploid: The sample did not show the specific finding being tested for. This does not guarantee implantation or a healthy baby.
    • Abnormal or aneuploid: The sample showed a chromosome difference. Some findings are more serious than others, and some may be confined to the sample.
    • Mosaic: The sample showed a mix of cells with different chromosome patterns. The meaning can be uncertain, and counseling is important.
    • Inconclusive or no result: The test could not give a clear answer. This can happen for technical reasons.
    • Carrier or affected (PGT-M): For single-gene conditions, results describe whether the embryo is predicted to be affected, a carrier, or unaffected, depending on the condition and test.

    Ask your clinic who will explain the result, what it means for transfer decisions, and whether confirmatory testing during pregnancy is recommended.

    Alternatives and complements to PGT

    PGT is one option among several. Depending on your situation, your clinician may discuss:

    • Transferring untested embryos, with or without additional embryo assessment.
    • Prenatal screening or diagnostic testing during pregnancy, such as ultrasound, blood tests, chorionic villus sampling, or amniocentesis.
    • Carrier screening for parents before or during IVF planning.
    • Genetic counseling to understand risks and options.
    • Donor gametes or embryos, where relevant and lawful.

    These are not mutually exclusive. Some patients use PGT and later prenatal testing; others use neither and rely on standard prenatal care.

    Practical questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    Use these questions to compare what different clinics offer and how they communicate. You can also review general guidance in our PGT in Thailand resource and guides.

    1. Which PGT test are you recommending for my situation, and why?
    2. What are the possible benefits and limitations for someone with my history?
    3. What is the full cost of PGT, including biopsy, laboratory fees, freezing, storage, and any re-testing?
    4. How long do results usually take, and how does that affect my transfer plan?
    5. What happens if the result is inconclusive or mosaic?
    6. Who will counsel me on results, and in what language?
    7. What are my options if I choose not to test?
    8. What prenatal testing do you recommend after transfer, whether or not I use PGT?
    9. What are your laboratory’s accreditation and quality-control practices?
    10. What documents, visas, or legal steps should I confirm before traveling?

    Next-step checklist

    • Clarify your main reason for considering IVF and whether a specific genetic risk is known.
    • Ask your clinician whether PGT is medically indicated, optional, or not recommended for you.
    • Request a written cost estimate that separates IVF, PGT, medication, storage, and travel.
    • Ask how PGT would change your timeline and whether a frozen transfer would be needed.
    • Consider genetic counseling if you have a family history or a known chromosome finding.
    • Decide what level of uncertainty you are comfortable with before transfer.
    • Confirm legal, visa, and documentation requirements with the clinic and relevant authorities.
    • Review our FAQ for common patient questions.

    The bottom line

    PGT versus no PGT in Thailand is a personal medical decision, not a test of commitment. PGT can provide useful information in some situations, but it is not required for everyone and does not guarantee outcomes. No PGT is also a valid path when testing is not indicated, not affordable, or not aligned with your preferences. The best next step is a detailed conversation with a qualified clinician who can review your history, explain the limits of testing, and help you weigh the trade-offs.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT required for IVF in Thailand?

    No. PGT is an optional laboratory step. Whether it is recommended depends on your medical history, the reason for IVF, and your preferences. Some patients have a specific indication, such as a known familial genetic condition or a history of recurrent pregnancy loss. Others proceed without testing. Your clinic should explain whether PGT is medically indicated, optional, or not recommended for your situation.

    Does PGT improve the chance of a successful pregnancy?

    PGT does not guarantee pregnancy or a live birth, and it does not improve embryo quality. In some situations, testing may help avoid transferring an embryo with a specific chromosomal or genetic finding. However, tested embryos can still fail to implant, and untested embryos can result in healthy pregnancies. The effect on success depends on the reason for testing, the clinic's protocols, and individual factors.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at chromosome number and is often discussed in cases of advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, or repeated implantation failure. PGT-M looks for a specific single-gene condition known to run in a family. PGT-SR looks at chromosome structure, such as a translocation. Each test answers a different question and has different limitations. Your clinic can explain which, if any, is relevant for you.

    Can I choose no PGT and still have a healthy pregnancy?

    Yes. Many patients transfer untested embryos and have healthy pregnancies. Choosing no PGT is a reasonable option, especially when there is no specific genetic indication, when few embryos are available, or when the added cost or waiting time is a concern. Your clinic may still recommend standard prenatal screening or diagnostic testing during pregnancy.

    What should I ask about the cost of PGT in Thailand?

    Ask for a written breakdown that separates IVF costs from PGT-specific costs, such as embryo biopsy, laboratory testing, freezing, storage, and any re-testing. Costs vary by clinic and by the type of test. Because prices change and are clinic-specific, confirm current fees directly with the clinic rather than relying on general figures.

    How long does PGT take, and will it delay my transfer?

    PGT usually requires waiting for laboratory results, which can extend the cycle or lead to a frozen embryo transfer. The exact timeline depends on the laboratory, the test, and the clinic's schedule. Ask your clinic how long results typically take and how that affects your transfer plan.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT Lab Quality and Accreditation in Thailand: A Comparison Guide for International Patients

    When you are considering PGT (preimplantation genetic testing) in Thailand, the laboratory that performs the embryo biopsy and genetic analysis is as important as the clinic you choose. Accreditation, embryologist credentials, and the genetic testing pathway all affect how your embryos are handled. This guide compares selected Thai providers on lab-related criteria using publicly available information, and explains what to confirm directly. It is an editorial comparison, not a ranking of success rates or clinical outcomes.

    At a glance

    • PGT lab quality depends on accreditation, embryologist training, genetic testing methods, and quality-control systems.
    • Not all Thai fertility clinics perform PGT in-house; some send samples to external genetics laboratories.
    • Accreditation bodies you may see include JCI, RTAC, ISO 15189, CAP, and UK NEQAS, but the scope of each certificate matters.
    • Ask for written confirmation of who performs the biopsy, where the genetic analysis happens, and which PGT method is used.
    • Costs and success rates are not compared here; request a personalized quotation and outcome definitions from each clinic.

    How to assess PGT lab quality

    PGT involves removing a few cells from an embryo and analyzing them for chromosomal or genetic conditions. The laboratory’s environment, equipment, and protocols directly influence the reliability of those results. When evaluating a clinic, look beyond the main hospital’s reputation and focus on the specific laboratory that will handle your embryos.

    Key areas to examine include:

    • Accreditation and certification: Which external bodies have inspected the laboratory, and what is the scope of that accreditation? For example, JCI accredits hospitals, while ISO 15189 applies specifically to medical laboratories. RTAC focuses on assisted reproduction. CAP and UK NEQAS relate to proficiency testing and quality assurance.
    • Embryologist credentials: Are embryologists certified by recognized bodies such as ESHRE? What is their experience with embryo biopsy for PGT?
    • Genetic testing methods: Is the lab using NGS (next-generation sequencing), Sanger sequencing, or another method? Is PGT-A, PGT-M, or PGT-SR offered, and for which indications?
    • In-house vs. external genetics lab: Does the clinic perform genetic analysis on-site, or send samples to a partner laboratory? If external, how are samples transported and tracked?
    • Quality control: Does the lab participate in external proficiency testing? How often are audits performed?
    • Technology: Time-lapse incubators, witness systems, and other tools can support embryo tracking and culture stability, but their impact on outcomes should be discussed with your doctor.

    Editorial comparison of selected Thai providers

    The following providers are listed in an editorial order that begins with DHC, a hospital partner of Thailand PGT. This order is not a ranking of clinical outcomes, success rates, or overall quality. It is intended to help you compare laboratory-related information that is publicly available. Other providers are drawn from our published hospital library. Always confirm current details directly with each clinic.

    1. Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC)

    DHC is a dedicated fertility center in Bangkok’s Rama 9 area, located at 2483 Phetchaburi Rd, Khwaeng Bang Kapi, Khet Huai Khwang, Bangkok. It provides IVF, ICSI, embryo culture, PGT, egg freezing, embryo freezing, and embryo transfer services. DHC holds JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, and UK NEQAS certifications or quality credentials. Its materials list Embryoscope+, Geri incubators, IVF Witness, IMSI, and MACS. DHC’s 2026 hospital profile reports a 78% average embryo-transfer success rate for 2025, approximately 80%; this is not an individual prediction or guarantee. A June 2026 reference price for the basic single-cycle medical package is THB 490,000; final costs vary by medication, testing, storage, procedures, and travel. Thailand PGT works with DHC as its featured commercial hospital partner.

    Lab-related points to confirm: Which specific accreditation certificates are current and what they cover; whether PGT is performed in-house or through a partner lab; the PGT methods offered (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR); embryologist credentials; and how quality control is documented.

    2. Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center

    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center is based on the 5th Floor of D Building at Bangkok Hospital Headquarter. The official center page describes reproductive endocrinologists, embryologists, an in-house embryology laboratory, male-factor testing, and multidisciplinary care. Published services include IVF, ICSI, PGT-A, egg and embryo freezing, semen analysis, and gynaecologic surgery support. The official fly-in packages reviewed in July 2026 list THB 335,000 from stimulation through embryo transfer and THB 456,000 with PGT and freezing for two embryos, stated as valid to 31 December 2026. Hospital terms and exclusions apply.

    Lab-related points to confirm: The accreditation status of the embryology and genetics laboratories; whether PGT is performed in-house; the specific PGT methods available; and how the in-house laboratory participates in external quality assurance.

    3. Jetanin Hospital

    Jetanin Hospital is a specialist fertility hospital in central Bangkok founded in December 1995. Its official history describes more than 30 years of fertility care and a team spanning reproductive physicians, embryologists, molecular geneticists, laboratory staff, nurses, and counsellors. Published services include IVF/ICSI, IUI, IMSI, PESA/TESE, egg and embryo freezing, blastocyst culture, EmbryoScope, sperm testing, and genetic carrier screening. Jetanin’s genetics laboratory describes PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR using NGS and Sanger sequencing. Its embryo, genetics, and sperm laboratories are presented as in-house services. Jetanin states that it became the first IVF centre in Southeast Asia accredited by both JCI and RTAC. Its facilities page also describes ISO 15189 and ISO 15190 laboratory standards and annual quality-control audits.

    Lab-related points to confirm: The current scope of each accreditation certificate; which PGT methods are offered for your specific situation; the credentials of the molecular geneticists; and how the in-house genetics laboratory participates in proficiency testing.

    4. MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center

    MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center is located within MedPark Hospital in Bangkok. Its official center page describes reproductive medicine, urology, infertility nursing, and embryology support. Published services include IVF/ICSI, IUI, egg, sperm, and embryo freezing, PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR, recurrent miscarriage evaluation, and fertility preservation. MedPark describes ESHRE-certified embryologists, time-lapse incubation, and AI-assisted embryo assessment. The official page listed an IVF/ICSI package at THB 280,000 when reviewed; validity, medication, PGT, freezing, storage, transfer, and exclusions require written confirmation.

    Lab-related points to confirm: Whether the genetics laboratory holds specific accreditation such as ISO 15189 or CAP; whether PGT is performed in-house; the details of the AI-assisted embryo assessment and how it is used in decision-making; and the current scope of ESHRE certification for embryologists.

    5. Superior A.R.T. Thailand

    Superior A.R.T. is a specialist assisted-reproduction and genetics center in Bangkok. Its official website states that it was established in 2007 and provides fertility and genetic services through assisted-reproduction laboratories. Published materials emphasize IVF, ICSI, and PGT pathways.

    Lab-related points to confirm: The accreditation status of the genetics laboratory; which PGT methods are offered; the treating doctor’s role in laboratory oversight; and the written package boundary for PGT.

    6. Prime Fertility Clinic

    Prime Fertility Clinic is located at Pearl Bangkok in Bangkok. The referenced provider listing describes IVF, ICSI, embryo freezing, assisted hatching, and international-patient care. The listing names Dr. Poonkiat Punyamitr and reports 19 years of experience and more than 900 fertility procedures. The listing describes JCI Ambulatory Care accreditation. Current services, inclusions, and pricing should be confirmed in a written quotation.

    Lab-related points to confirm: Whether the clinic performs PGT in-house or through a partner laboratory; the accreditation of the genetics laboratory; the specific PGT methods available; and how quality control is maintained.

    7. Bumrungrad International Hospital

    Bumrungrad International Hospital is a large multidisciplinary hospital in central Bangkok. The referenced provider listing describes IVF, ICSI, and reproductive medicine services. The listing names Dr. Phattaraphum Phophong and describes training in reproductive medicine and prenatal genetics. Its integrated setting may interest patients who need access to other medical specialties. Current fertility-team, laboratory, PGT, and price details should be confirmed directly.

    Lab-related points to confirm: Whether PGT is offered and where it is performed; the accreditation of the genetics laboratory; the specific PGT methods available; and the credentials of the embryology team.

    Comparison table: laboratory-related information

    The table below summarizes publicly available information from our hospital library. It is not exhaustive and should be verified directly with each provider.

    Provider Accreditation / quality credentials listed PGT methods listed In-house genetics lab? Embryologist credentials listed Technology listed
    DHC JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, UK NEQAS PGT (specific methods not listed) Not specified in library Not specified in library Embryoscope+, Geri incubators, IVF Witness, IMSI, MACS
    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center Not specified in library PGT-A In-house embryology lab described; genetics lab not specified Not specified in library Not specified in library
    Jetanin Hospital JCI, RTAC, ISO 15189, ISO 15190 PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR (NGS, Sanger) Yes (embryo, genetics, sperm labs in-house) Molecular geneticists on team EmbryoScope
    MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center Not specified in library PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR Not specified in library ESHRE-certified embryologists Time-lapse incubation, AI-assisted embryo assessment
    Superior A.R.T. Thailand Not specified in library PGT pathways emphasized Assisted-reproduction laboratories described Not specified in library Not specified in library
    Prime Fertility Clinic JCI Ambulatory Care Not specified in library Not specified in library Not specified in library Not specified in library
    Bumrungrad International Hospital Not specified in library Not specified in library Not specified in library Not specified in library Not specified in library

    Questions to ask each clinic about PGT lab quality

    Use these questions to gather consistent information from each provider you consider. Request written answers where possible.

    1. Which specific accreditation certificates does your genetics laboratory hold, and what is the scope of each?
    2. Is PGT performed in-house, or are samples sent to an external laboratory? If external, which laboratory, and how are samples tracked?
    3. Which PGT methods do you offer (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR), and what technology do you use (e.g., NGS, Sanger sequencing)?
    4. What are the credentials and experience of the embryologists who perform embryo biopsy?
    5. How does your laboratory participate in external quality assurance or proficiency testing?
    6. What is your protocol for embryo tracking and identification throughout the PGT process?
    7. Can you provide a written quotation that specifies what is included for PGT, including any separate laboratory fees?
    8. How do you define and report outcomes for PGT cycles, and what are the limitations of those figures for my individual situation?

    Next steps for international patients

    Before committing to a clinic, take these steps to compare PGT laboratory quality:

    • Request the laboratory’s most recent accreditation certificates and clarify their scope.
    • Ask whether the clinic’s genetics laboratory is independent or part of a larger hospital, and who oversees it.
    • Confirm the specific PGT method recommended for your case and the rationale.
    • Ask for a written quotation that separates medical, laboratory, medication, and storage costs.
    • Inquire about the clinic’s process for international patients, including remote consultations and coordination of testing.
    • Review our hospital directory and hospital rankings for more context, and see our partner disclosure page for information about commercial relationships.

    PGT is a complex process, and laboratory quality is one of several factors that may influence your experience. No clinic can guarantee a specific outcome. Use the information here as a starting point for direct conversations with providers, and make decisions based on your own medical advice and priorities.

    Frequently asked questions

    What accreditation should a PGT laboratory in Thailand have?

    There is no single required accreditation for PGT laboratories in Thailand. You may see hospital-level accreditation such as JCI, assisted-reproduction accreditation such as RTAC, or laboratory-specific standards such as ISO 15189. Some laboratories also participate in external quality assurance programs like CAP or UK NEQAS. The importance of each depends on its scope and how it applies to the specific laboratory performing your PGT. Ask each clinic which certificates are current and what they cover.

    Is PGT performed in-house at Thai fertility clinics?

    It varies. Some clinics, such as Jetanin Hospital, describe in-house embryo, genetics, and sperm laboratories. Others may perform embryo biopsy in-house but send samples to an external genetics laboratory for analysis. The location of genetic testing can affect turnaround time and coordination. Always ask directly whether PGT is performed on-site or through a partner laboratory, and how samples are tracked.

    How can I compare embryologist qualifications across clinics?

    Ask each clinic about the certifications and experience of the embryologists who will handle your embryos, particularly those performing biopsy for PGT. Some clinics list ESHRE-certified embryologists, while others may not specify credentials publicly. You can request this information directly and ask how the laboratory maintains ongoing training and competency assessments.

    Does a higher accreditation mean better PGT outcomes?

    Accreditation indicates that a laboratory or hospital has met certain standards for quality and safety, but it does not guarantee a specific outcome for your treatment. Outcomes depend on many factors, including your individual medical situation, the clinic's protocols, and the laboratory's experience. Use accreditation as one piece of information among many, and discuss expected outcomes with your treating doctor.

    What should I ask about PGT methods and technology?

    Ask which PGT methods are available (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR) and what technology is used, such as NGS or Sanger sequencing. You can also ask about embryo culture equipment, time-lapse imaging, and witness systems. These details can help you understand the laboratory's capabilities, but their impact on your individual cycle should be discussed with your doctor.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT for Advanced Maternal Age in Thailand: What It Can and Cannot Tell You

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a laboratory step that can be added to an IVF cycle to examine embryos before transfer. For patients over 35, the main reason PGT is discussed is that the chance of an embryo having the wrong number of chromosomes — called aneuploidy — tends to rise with age. PGT-A is the version most often raised in this context. It is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child, and it is not automatically right for everyone. In Thailand, as elsewhere, whether PGT is offered and which type is used depends on your history, your embryos and the clinic’s own protocols.

    At a glance

    • Age matters mainly for PGT-A, which looks at chromosome number. The likelihood of aneuploidy increases with maternal age, but age alone does not decide whether you should test.
    • PGT-M and PGT-SR are different. They are used when there is a known inherited condition or a known structural chromosome rearrangement, not simply because of age.
    • PGT is a screening or diagnostic tool, not a treatment. It cannot create healthy embryos or fix an embryo.
    • Results can be uncertain. Some embryos give a “no result” or “mosaic” outcome, and clinics differ in how they handle these.
    • Costs, legal rules and paperwork vary. Confirm all of these directly with the clinic and relevant authorities before you travel.

    Why age is linked to PGT-A discussions

    Eggs are formed before birth and age with the person. Over time, the machinery that separates chromosomes during cell division becomes less reliable, so an embryo created from an older egg is more likely to have an extra or missing chromosome. This is a biological tendency, not a personal failing, and it does not mean every embryo will be affected.

    Because aneuploidy is more common with age, some clinics are more likely to discuss PGT-A with patients over 35, especially those with previous IVF cycles that did not lead to a live birth, or previous miscarriages. However, guidance from professional bodies does not recommend PGT-A for every patient based on age alone. It is usually a shared decision that weighs the possible benefits against the costs, the extra laboratory steps, and the possibility that no embryo will be available to transfer after testing.

    What PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR actually look at

    These three tests are often grouped together, but they answer different questions.

    Test Main question Typical reason it is discussed
    PGT-A Does this embryo have the expected number of chromosomes? Age-related risk of aneuploidy, recurrent miscarriage, repeated unsuccessful transfers
    PGT-M Does this embryo carry a specific gene variant linked to a known condition? A known inherited condition in the family or in one or both parents
    PGT-SR Does this embryo have an unbalanced form of a known chromosome rearrangement? A known structural rearrangement such as a translocation in a parent

    PGT-A is the type most connected to age. PGT-M and PGT-SR are usually considered because of a specific genetic finding, not because of age. A clinic may sometimes combine tests, but the reasons and the laboratory work are different.

    How Thai clinics may frame PGT-A for patients over 35

    Thailand has a well-developed IVF sector, and many clinics follow international laboratory standards. Even so, individual clinics set their own internal policies. When age is the main reason PGT-A is being discussed, you may hear some of the following framings. Treat them as conversation points, not as rules that apply everywhere.

    • “We usually discuss PGT-A from a certain age.” Some clinics use an age threshold as a prompt for discussion, but the decision should still be individual.
    • “Testing may help us choose which embryo to transfer first.” This is a common rationale, but it depends on how many embryos you have and whether any give a clear result.
    • “Testing may reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with an abnormal chromosome number.” This is plausible, but it does not remove all risk, and it does not guarantee a pregnancy.
    • “We may recommend not testing if you have very few embryos.” Some clinics raise this because testing a small number of embryos can leave nothing to transfer.
    • “We may offer a fresh or frozen transfer plan.” PGT usually requires embryos to be biopsied and then frozen while results are awaited, but protocols vary.

    Because these are clinic-level practices, ask directly how the clinic decides, what its laboratory does, and what happens if results are unclear.

    What a PGT result can and cannot tell you

    A PGT result is information about the cells that were sampled, not a complete picture of the embryo or the future child.

    • Euploid: the expected number of chromosomes was seen in the sampled cells. This does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • Aneuploid: an abnormal chromosome number was seen. This usually means the embryo is not recommended for transfer, but the clinic will explain what it found.
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells was seen. Some clinics may consider transferring certain mosaic embryos after counselling; others may not. This is a clinic-specific and case-specific decision.
    • No result or inconclusive: the test could not give a clear answer. The clinic may offer re-biopsy, repeat testing or a different plan.

    PGT-A does not test for every possible genetic condition. It does not measure embryo quality in general. It does not predict intelligence, appearance or future health beyond the chromosomes examined. PGT-M and PGT-SR are more targeted, and their meaning depends on the specific condition or rearrangement being tested.

    Possible alternatives and additions to PGT

    PGT is one option among several. Depending on your situation, you and your clinician might also discuss:

    • IVF without PGT, with embryo selection based on standard laboratory grading.
    • Expectant management or further natural attempts, if that is medically appropriate for you.
    • Donor eggs, which changes the age-related chromosome risk profile because the eggs come from a younger donor. This is a significant decision with its own legal, ethical and emotional considerations.
    • Genetic counselling, especially if there is a known inherited condition or a history of recurrent miscarriage.
    • Additional testing during pregnancy, such as screening or diagnostic tests, which are separate from PGT.

    None of these is universally better. The right path depends on your medical history, your values and what is available to you.

    Practical questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    Bring these questions to your consultation. Write down the answers so you can compare clinics fairly.

    1. Based on my age and history, why are you recommending or not recommending PGT-A?
    2. Which PGT type are you proposing, and what exactly will it test for?
    3. What proportion of embryos typically give a clear result in your laboratory, and what happens if mine do not?
    4. How do you handle mosaic results? Do you transfer them, and under what conditions?
    5. What are the total costs, including biopsy, testing, freezing, storage and any re-testing?
    6. What are the legal and consent requirements for international patients using PGT in Thailand?
    7. What documents do I need to bring, and how long should I plan to stay?
    8. Who will explain the results to me, and in what language?
    9. What are my options if no embryos are suitable for transfer after testing?
    10. Can I speak with a genetic counsellor if needed?

    Planning checklist for international patients

    • Gather your medical records, including previous IVF cycles, miscarriage history and any genetic test results.
    • Ask the clinic for a written summary of its PGT approach, costs and consent process.
    • Confirm visa, travel and accommodation requirements with the relevant authorities and the clinic; rules can change.
    • Ask how results will be communicated and what follow-up is included.
    • Consider independent genetic counselling before you decide, especially for PGT-M or PGT-SR.
    • Plan for uncertainty: testing may reduce the number of embryos available for transfer.

    Where to read more

    For a broader overview of PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. Our patient guides cover related planning topics, and the FAQ section answers common questions about testing, travel and clinic communication.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does every IVF patient over 35 need PGT-A in Thailand?

    No. Age increases the chance of aneuploidy, but professional guidance does not recommend PGT-A for everyone based on age alone. Whether it is offered depends on your history, the number of embryos you have, and the clinic's protocols. It is usually a shared decision after discussing benefits, costs and limitations.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes and is the type most often discussed in relation to age. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition, and PGT-SR looks for a known structural chromosome rearrangement. PGT-M and PGT-SR are usually considered because of a known genetic finding, not because of age.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about the cells sampled from an embryo, but it cannot guarantee implantation, pregnancy, live birth or a child without any health condition. It does not test for every possible genetic or health issue, and some results are uncertain.

    What happens if my PGT result is mosaic or inconclusive?

    A mosaic result means a mix of normal and abnormal cells was seen, and an inconclusive result means the test could not give a clear answer. Clinics differ in how they handle these situations. Some may consider transferring certain mosaic embryos after counselling, while others may not. Ask your clinic about its specific policy before you start.

    How should I compare clinics in Thailand for PGT?

    Ask each clinic the same questions: why it recommends or does not recommend PGT for your situation, what the total costs include, how it handles unclear results, what legal and consent steps apply to international patients, and how results will be explained. Compare the answers in writing rather than relying on general impressions.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Mosaic Embryo Results in Thailand: What They Mean for International Patients

    A mosaic embryo result means the PGT sample showed a mixture of cells with typical chromosome patterns and cells with atypical patterns. It is not a simple positive or negative. Mosaicism exists on a spectrum, and the laboratory report usually describes the percentage of atypical cells and the type of chromosome change. Thai clinics vary in how they counsel international patients about these results. Some may discuss transfer, some may recommend further review, and some may suggest a different embryo. The right next step depends on your full clinical picture, the specific mosaic finding, and the clinic’s own laboratory and counseling protocols. This guide explains the categories and the questions that help you make an informed decision.

    At a glance

    • A mosaic result is a spectrum finding, not a yes-or-no diagnosis.
    • Reports usually include the percentage of atypical cells and whether the change is a full chromosome gain or loss, a segment, or a mix.
    • Lower-level mosaicism is often discussed differently from higher-level mosaicism, but thresholds and terminology can differ between laboratories.
    • Thai clinics may have different counseling approaches, so ask how your clinic classifies and reports mosaicism.
    • Transfer decisions are individual and depend on your history, the specific embryo, and what your clinic can support.
    • No PGT result can guarantee a healthy pregnancy or child.

    What a mosaic PGT result actually means

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) examines a small sample of cells from an embryo. In a typical result, the report describes whether the tested cells showed a normal number of chromosomes (euploid) or an abnormal number (aneuploid). A mosaic result falls between these two categories: some tested cells appear euploid and some appear aneuploid.

    Mosaicism can arise during early embryo development. It does not necessarily mean the whole embryo is affected, and it does not predict with certainty how the embryo will develop. The laboratory report is a snapshot from a small sample, not a complete map of every cell.

    PGT-M (for monogenic conditions) and PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements) are different tests with different purposes. A mosaic finding on a PGT-A report is not the same as a PGT-M or PGT-SR result. If you are unsure which test was used, ask your clinic to clarify before interpreting the result.

    How mosaic results are classified

    Laboratories use different systems, but most mosaic reports include some combination of the following information. The exact terms and thresholds can vary, so always ask your clinic to explain the specific language on your report.

    Report element What it usually describes Why it matters for counseling
    Mosaic level or percentage The estimated proportion of cells with an atypical chromosome pattern Lower and higher levels may be discussed differently, but there is no universal cutoff that applies to every clinic or every chromosome
    Chromosome involved Which chromosome or chromosomes showed the mosaic finding Some chromosomes are associated with different counseling considerations than others
    Type of change Full chromosome gain or loss, a segmental change, or a combination Segmental and full-chromosome findings may be reported and interpreted differently
    Number of cells analyzed How many cells were examined in the sample A small sample size can affect how confidently a mosaic result can be interpreted
    Laboratory comments Any notes about the finding, limitations, or recommendations These comments often contain the most practical guidance for your clinic

    Some laboratories use categories such as low-level, high-level, or a specific percentage range. Others may report a mosaic finding without a precise percentage. If your report uses a term you do not recognize, ask your clinic for a plain-language explanation.

    Why Thai clinics may counsel mosaic results differently

    Thailand has many IVF clinics, and each may have its own approach to mosaic embryo counseling. Differences can include:

    • Which laboratory performs the PGT testing and how that laboratory defines and reports mosaicism.
    • Whether the clinic has an internal policy on transferring mosaic embryos and at what mosaic level.
    • How the clinic weighs the mosaic finding against other factors such as your age, embryo quality, and previous cycles.
    • Whether the clinic offers additional counseling, genetic counseling, or a review of the raw data.
    • How the clinic communicates uncertainty and what it recommends when evidence is limited.

    Because these approaches vary, a mosaic result that one clinic describes as transferable may be described differently at another. This does not necessarily mean one clinic is right and another is wrong. It often reflects different laboratory protocols, different interpretations of the same evidence, and different clinical policies.

    For international patients, it can help to ask for the clinic’s written policy on mosaic embryos before you travel or before you make a transfer decision. If the clinic does not have a written policy, ask how the decision is typically made and who is involved.

    What a mosaic result does not tell you

    A mosaic PGT result cannot tell you with certainty:

    • Whether the embryo will implant.
    • Whether a pregnancy would continue.
    • Whether a child would be born healthy.
    • Whether the mosaic finding is confined to the placenta or affects the fetus.
    • Whether another embryo from the same cycle would have a different result.

    PGT is a screening test, not a diagnostic test for every cell of the embryo. It can reduce uncertainty in some situations, but it cannot eliminate it. This is one reason why mosaic counseling focuses on probabilities, trade-offs, and your individual priorities rather than guarantees.

    Questions to ask your Thai clinic about a mosaic result

    These questions can help you understand your clinic’s approach and make a more informed decision. You may want to ask them in writing so you have a record of the answers.

    1. Which laboratory performed the PGT, and how does that laboratory define and report mosaicism?
    2. What is the exact mosaic level or percentage on my report, and what does that mean in plain language?
    3. Which chromosome or chromosomes are involved, and does that change the counseling?
    4. How many cells were analyzed, and how confident is the laboratory in the result?
    5. Does the clinic have a policy or guideline for transferring mosaic embryos? If so, what is it?
    6. What are the possible next steps if we decide not to transfer this embryo?
    7. Are there additional tests or counseling options that could provide more information?
    8. How does this mosaic result fit with my overall history and other embryos from this cycle?
    9. What would you recommend if this were your own embryo, and why?
    10. What follow-up or monitoring would you recommend if we proceed with transfer?

    If you are working with a clinic in Thailand from another country, also ask how communication will be handled, who your main contact will be, and how you will receive updated reports or recommendations.

    Decision points for international patients

    After receiving a mosaic result, you may face several decisions. There is rarely a single correct path, and the best choice depends on your circumstances.

    Transfer the mosaic embryo

    Some patients and clinics decide to transfer a mosaic embryo after weighing the alternatives. This decision may be influenced by the mosaic level, the chromosome involved, the number of other available embryos, your age, your history, and your willingness to accept uncertainty. If you choose this path, ask your clinic what monitoring or follow-up they recommend.

    Choose another embryo

    If you have other embryos that are not mosaic, you and your clinic may discuss prioritizing those first. This is a common consideration, but it depends on how many embryos you have and their individual results.

    Consider another cycle

    Some patients consider another IVF cycle to try to obtain additional embryos. This is a significant decision with its own medical, emotional, and practical considerations. Ask your clinic how another cycle might be approached and what factors would be considered.

    Seek a second opinion

    If you are unsure about your clinic’s interpretation, you may wish to seek a second opinion from another qualified professional. A second opinion can help you understand the range of views on mosaic embryos, but it may also reflect the same uncertainties. Ask for the raw data or a detailed report if you want another professional to review the finding.

    What to confirm before you travel or decide

    If you are an international patient planning to travel to Thailand for a transfer or consultation, confirm the following with your clinic:

    • How the clinic will communicate the mosaic result and any recommendations.
    • Whether a consultation can be done remotely before travel.
    • What documents or records the clinic needs from you, and how to send them securely.
    • What the clinic’s policy is on mosaic embryo transfer, including any consent process.
    • What follow-up care is available after transfer, and how it can be coordinated with your home clinic.
    • What costs are associated with the consultation, transfer, and any additional testing, and how payment is handled.
    • Whether there are any legal or regulatory considerations for your situation, and who can confirm them.

    Because policies and requirements can change, always confirm current details directly with the clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authorities. This guide does not provide legal, financial, or medical advice for your individual situation.

    Next steps

    Receiving a mosaic result can feel uncertain. A practical next step is to gather clear information from your clinic and write down your questions before your next conversation. Ask for the specific details of your report, the clinic’s policy, and the reasoning behind any recommendation. If you are considering transfer, ask what follow-up would be recommended. If you are considering another option, ask what that process would involve. You do not have to decide immediately, and you can take time to review the information with people you trust.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also browse our guides and FAQ for related topics.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a mosaic embryo result mean the embryo is abnormal?

    A mosaic result means the tested sample contained a mix of cells with typical and atypical chromosome patterns. It is not the same as a uniformly abnormal result, and it does not predict with certainty how the embryo will develop. The meaning depends on the specific finding, the laboratory's definitions, and your clinic's interpretation.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred in Thailand?

    Some Thai clinics may offer transfer of mosaic embryos, while others may not, and policies can vary. There is no single national rule that applies to every clinic or every mosaic finding. Ask your clinic directly about its policy, how it makes transfer decisions, and what consent or counseling it requires.

    What is the difference between low-level and high-level mosaicism?

    Laboratories may use different thresholds to describe mosaic levels. In general, a lower percentage of atypical cells may be discussed differently from a higher percentage, but there is no universal cutoff that applies to all chromosomes or all clinics. Ask your clinic to explain the specific level on your report and how it affects their counseling.

    Should I get a second opinion on my mosaic result?

    A second opinion can be helpful if you want another professional's perspective on the report or the clinic's recommendation. It may not resolve all uncertainty, because mosaic interpretation involves judgment and varies between laboratories and clinics. If you seek a second opinion, ask your clinic for the detailed report or raw data that the reviewer would need.

    Does a mosaic result affect future IVF cycles?

    A mosaic result in one embryo does not necessarily predict the results of a future cycle. Mosaicism can vary between embryos and between cycles. If you are considering another cycle, ask your clinic how they would approach it and what factors they would consider based on your history.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT Cost in Thailand for International Patients: A Planning Guide

    PGT cost in Thailand for international patients is not a single fixed price. It is a bundle of laboratory, clinical and administrative components that vary by clinic, by the type of PGT you need, and by how many embryos are tested. Because no approved pricing evidence is available for this guide, we do not quote figures. Instead, this article explains the cost categories you will see, the questions that reveal what a quote really includes, and how to compare clinics fairly.

    At a glance

    • PGT pricing usually combines IVF cycle costs with separate genetic testing fees.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR differ in laboratory work, so their pricing structures differ too.
    • Quotes may be per embryo, per batch, or bundled — always ask which.
    • Medication, monitoring, biopsy, shipping and follow-up can sit inside or outside the quote.
    • Currency, payment timing and refund rules matter as much as the headline number.

    Why PGT pricing is not one number

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a laboratory step added to an IVF cycle. The IVF cycle itself involves ovarian stimulation, monitoring, egg retrieval, fertilisation and embryo culture. PGT then involves removing a small number of cells from an embryo, preparing those cells for analysis, running the genetic test, and interpreting the result. Each of these steps has its own cost driver.

    For international patients, there is also a planning layer: travel, accommodation, time away from work, and sometimes a need to stay longer than expected if the cycle timeline shifts. These are not clinic fees, but they belong in your budget.

    The main cost components

    When you receive a quote, try to map every line to one of the categories below. If a category is missing, ask whether it is included or billed separately.

    Category What it typically covers Why it varies
    IVF cycle Stimulation, monitoring, retrieval, fertilisation, embryo culture Protocol, number of visits, clinic setting
    Medication Stimulation and support drugs Dose, duration, brand, pharmacy
    Embryo biopsy Lab work to sample embryos Number of embryos, lab technique
    Genetic analysis PGT-A, PGT-M or PGT-SR laboratory testing Test type, number of embryos, platform
    Embryo storage Cryopreservation and storage of biopsied embryos Storage duration, number of embryos
    Administrative Consultations, coordination, records, translation Clinic policy, language support
    Travel and stay Flights, accommodation, local transport Origin, season, length of stay

    Some clinics present a single package price; others itemise. Neither approach is automatically better, but itemised quotes are easier to compare.

    PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR: how the cost structure differs

    These three tests answer different questions, and their laboratory workflows are not identical.

    PGT-A

    PGT-A looks at chromosome number. It is often priced per embryo or in batches, because the laboratory work scales with the number of embryos tested. Ask whether the price changes if fewer embryos reach biopsy than expected.

    PGT-M

    PGT-M is used when a specific inherited condition is known in the family. It usually requires preparatory work before the IVF cycle, such as building a genetic probe or validating markers. That preparatory phase can be a separate fee, and it may need to be completed before stimulation begins. Because the preparation is case-specific, PGT-M quotes are often custom rather than published.

    PGT-SR

    PGT-SR relates to structural chromosome rearrangements. Like PGT-M, it may need custom laboratory setup, so the cost structure can resemble PGT-M more than PGT-A. Ask whether the clinic performs this in-house or sends samples to a partner laboratory, and how that affects both cost and timeline.

    What can change the final amount

    • Number of embryos tested: more embryos usually means more laboratory work.
    • Test type: PGT-M and PGT-SR often involve custom preparation.
    • Cycle outcome: if no embryos reach biopsy, testing fees may or may not be charged.
    • Repeat testing: inconclusive results may require re-analysis, which can carry an extra fee.
    • Storage duration: storage is often billed periodically.
    • Additional procedures: any extra clinical step is usually billed separately.
    • Exchange rate and payment method: international transfers and card fees can add to your total.

    How to compare quotes from different clinics

    Comparing headline numbers alone can be misleading. Use the same checklist for every clinic so you compare like with like.

    1. Ask for a written quote that separates IVF, biopsy, genetic analysis, storage and administrative fees.
    2. Confirm whether the genetic testing price is per embryo, per batch, or a flat package.
    3. Ask what happens financially if fewer embryos are available than planned.
    4. Ask whether preparatory work for PGT-M or PGT-SR is included or billed separately.
    5. Confirm the currency, the exchange-rate policy, and when payments are due.
    6. Ask about refund or credit policies for cancelled or incomplete cycles.
    7. Request an estimate of non-clinic costs, such as accommodation and local transport, if the clinic provides this.

    Questions to ask a clinic before you commit

    • Which PGT tests do you offer, and which do you send to an external laboratory?
    • Is the genetic testing fee per embryo or per cycle?
    • What is included in the quoted price, and what is routinely billed separately?
    • How long does PGT-M or PGT-SR preparation take before a cycle can start?
    • What are the payment milestones, and which currencies do you accept?
    • How do you communicate results, and is there a cost for follow-up consultations?
    • Can you provide a sample quote so I can see the structure before I decide?

    Budgeting beyond the clinic invoice

    International patients should plan for costs that do not appear on a clinic quote. These include flights, accommodation for the duration of monitoring and retrieval, meals, local transport, travel insurance, and the possibility of staying longer if the timeline changes. It is also wise to keep a contingency for repeat testing or an additional cycle, since IVF outcomes are not predictable.

    If you are comparing overall treatment costs, our IVF cost in Thailand page explains the wider IVF pricing picture. For practical preparation, see patient resources. If you would like help understanding how to request quotes, you can contact us.

    Next steps

    1. Decide which PGT test is relevant to your situation with your treating clinician.
    2. Request written, itemised quotes from more than one clinic.
    3. Use the comparison checklist above to normalise the quotes.
    4. Confirm payment timing, currency and refund rules in writing.
    5. Build a travel and contingency budget alongside the clinic budget.

    Cost is only one part of the decision. Clinical suitability, laboratory arrangements and communication matter too. For a broader orientation, see our international patients page.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT included in the price of an IVF cycle in Thailand?

    Not always. Some clinics bundle PGT into a package, while others bill it separately. Ask for a written quote that shows whether biopsy, genetic analysis and storage are included or charged as separate items.

    Why do PGT-M and PGT-SR quotes differ from PGT-A quotes?

    PGT-M and PGT-SR often require preparatory laboratory work that is specific to the case, such as building a probe or validating markers. That preparation can be a separate fee and may need to be completed before the IVF cycle begins. PGT-A is usually priced per embryo or in batches because it follows a more standard workflow.

    What should I check before paying a deposit?

    Confirm what the deposit covers, when the remaining balance is due, which currency is used, and what happens if the cycle is cancelled or fewer embryos are available than expected. Ask for these terms in writing.

    Can I get a refund if no embryos are suitable for testing?

    Refund and credit policies vary by clinic. Some may credit part of the fee toward a future cycle, while others may not. This is a key question to ask before you commit, and the answer should be documented in your quote or agreement.

    Are there costs outside the clinic that I should budget for?

    Yes. International patients should plan for flights, accommodation, local transport, meals, travel insurance and the possibility of a longer stay if the treatment timeline changes. It is also sensible to keep a contingency for repeat testing or an additional cycle.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: Which Test Is Right for You?

    PGT-A and PGT-M are two types of preimplantation genetic testing used during IVF. PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes, while PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in your family. The right test depends on your medical history, family history, and what you and your clinician aim to learn. Neither test guarantees a healthy pregnancy or baby, and not every patient needs either test. In Thailand, availability and laboratory protocols vary by clinic, so you will need to confirm details directly with your chosen provider.

    At a glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A checks the number of chromosomes in an embryo. It is often considered when age or history suggests a higher chance of chromosomal issues.
    • PGT-M looks for a specific gene change linked to a known inherited condition in the family.
    • PGT-A is broader but less specific; PGT-M is highly targeted.
    • Both require an IVF cycle and a biopsy of embryo cells.
    • Neither test can guarantee a successful pregnancy or a child without health issues.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. Aneuploidy means an embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes—either too many or too few. Chromosome number errors are common in human embryos and become more frequent with increasing maternal age. PGT-A is used to identify embryos with a normal number of chromosomes (euploid) versus those with an abnormal number (aneuploid).

    PGT-A does not look for specific gene mutations. It is a screening test, not a diagnostic test for a particular disease. It may be offered to patients who have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss, repeated IVF failure, or who are of advanced maternal age. However, the use of PGT-A remains debated, and it is not universally recommended for all IVF patients. Some embryos with abnormal results can sometimes self-correct, and some normal embryos may fail to implant for other reasons.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M stands for preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders. Monogenic means caused by a single gene. PGT-M is used when there is a known risk of passing on a specific inherited condition, such as cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, or Huntington’s disease. It requires that the exact gene mutation in the family has been identified through genetic testing of the parents or an affected family member.

    PGT-M is highly targeted. The laboratory builds a custom test to look for that specific mutation in the embryo. This means PGT-M is not a general screen; it is only useful when the mutation is known. Without prior genetic testing, PGT-M cannot be performed. PGT-M can reduce the chance of implanting an embryo affected by the condition, but it does not eliminate all risks, and it cannot guarantee a healthy child.

    How do PGT-A and PGT-M differ in purpose?

    The core difference is scope. PGT-A looks at all chromosomes broadly to detect numerical abnormalities. PGT-M looks at one specific gene to detect a known familial mutation. PGT-A is often used when there is no known inherited condition but there is a concern about chromosomal errors. PGT-M is used when a specific inherited condition is known to be present in the family.

    Another difference is the starting point. PGT-A can be done without prior genetic testing of the parents. PGT-M requires prior identification of the mutation, usually through a blood test of the parents or a relative. This makes PGT-M a more personalized and labor-intensive process.

    When might each test be considered?

    PGT-A may be discussed if you are of advanced maternal age, have a history of recurrent miscarriage, or have had multiple unsuccessful IVF cycles. Some clinics also offer it as an optional add-on for any IVF cycle, though its benefit for all patients is not firmly established.

    PGT-M is considered when you or your partner carry a known genetic mutation that could be passed on, or when you already have a child affected by a genetic condition. It is also an option for couples who are both carriers of the same recessive condition. In these cases, PGT-M can help select embryos that are not affected by the condition.

    It is important to note that neither test is a requirement for IVF. Many healthy babies are born from IVF without any genetic testing. The decision should be made with a genetic counselor and your fertility doctor, based on your individual circumstances.

    How are the laboratory processes different?

    Both PGT-A and PGT-M begin with an IVF cycle, where eggs are retrieved and fertilized to create embryos. The embryos are cultured for a few days until they reach the blastocyst stage. At that point, a few cells are removed from the outer layer (trophectoderm) in a procedure called a biopsy. The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis.

    For PGT-A, the lab uses techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) to count the chromosomes. This process can be done relatively quickly and does not require a custom probe.

    For PGT-M, the lab must first develop a personalized test that can detect the specific mutation. This often involves building a probe using DNA from the parents or a reference sample. The process takes longer and requires more specialized expertise. In some cases, PGT-M may be combined with PGT-A to also check chromosome number, but this is a separate decision.

    In Thailand, not all clinics offer PGT-M, and those that do may have different laboratory protocols. You will need to ask your clinic about their experience and whether they perform the test in-house or send samples abroad.

    What are the limitations of each test?

    PGT-A can sometimes produce results that are difficult to interpret, such as mosaicism, where an embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance of mosaicism is not fully understood, and some mosaic embryos can lead to healthy pregnancies. PGT-A also cannot detect all genetic problems; it only looks at chromosome number, not gene mutations or structural rearrangements.

    PGT-M is limited to the specific mutation it was designed to detect. It cannot rule out other genetic conditions that were not tested for. It also requires that the mutation is known and that a reliable test can be built. In some cases, the test may not be informative for all embryos. Like PGT-A, PGT-M cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a child free of all health issues.

    Both tests involve a biopsy, which carries a small risk of damage to the embryo, though this risk is considered low. Neither test improves the quality of the embryos themselves; they only provide information to help select which embryos to transfer.

    How to decide which test is right for you

    The choice between PGT-A and PGT-M is not a simple either/or. Some patients may be advised to have PGT-M alone, PGT-A alone, both, or neither. The decision should be based on your medical and family history, the reason for your IVF, and your goals.

    Start by discussing your family history with your doctor. If you have a known genetic condition in the family, PGT-M may be relevant. If you have a history of miscarriage or are older, PGT-A might be discussed. A genetic counselor can help you understand your risks and the implications of testing.

    Ask your clinic about their experience with each test, their laboratory partners, and how they handle results. Because PGT is a rapidly evolving field, protocols and availability can change. What is offered today may differ from what is available next year.

    Questions to ask your clinic in Thailand

    • Do you offer PGT-A and PGT-M? If not, do you refer to another clinic?
    • What laboratory do you use for genetic testing? Is it in Thailand or overseas?
    • What is your experience with PGT-M for my specific condition?
    • How do you handle mosaic results from PGT-A?
    • What are the costs involved? (Ask for a detailed breakdown.)
    • What are the success rates for my age and diagnosis? (Understand how they define success.)
    • What are the risks and limitations of each test?
    • How long does it take to get results?
    • Do you provide genetic counseling before and after testing?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT-A or PGT-M in Thailand, begin by gathering your personal and family medical history. Speak with a genetic counselor if you have a known inherited condition. Then consult with a fertility clinic that offers the test you are interested in. Remember that PGT is a tool, not a guarantee. It can provide useful information, but it does not replace a thorough discussion with your healthcare team about your individual chances and options.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, explore our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also browse our guides and FAQ for additional support.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I have PGT-M without PGT-A?

    Yes, PGT-M can be performed alone. Some clinics may recommend combining it with PGT-A to also check chromosome number, but this is a separate decision based on your situation.

    Is PGT-A always necessary for IVF?

    No. PGT-A is not required for all IVF cycles. It may be offered in certain cases, such as advanced maternal age or recurrent miscarriage, but its benefit for all patients is still debated. Discuss with your doctor whether it is appropriate for you.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M in terms of what they detect?

    PGT-A detects extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy) across all chromosomes. PGT-M detects a specific gene mutation that is known to run in your family. PGT-A is a broad screen; PGT-M is a targeted test.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about embryos, but it cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a child without health issues. Other factors, including maternal health and embryo quality, also play a role.

    How do I know if I need PGT-M?

    PGT-M is considered when there is a known inherited condition in your family or if you and your partner are carriers of the same genetic condition. A genetic counselor can help assess your risk and whether PGT-M is appropriate.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand for International Patients: Who It May Help and What It Screens

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test that can be performed on embryos created during IVF. It looks for extra or missing chromosomes — a condition called aneuploidy — before an embryo is transferred. It is not a treatment, not a guarantee of pregnancy, and not automatically necessary for everyone. Whether it is useful depends on your age, your IVF history, how many embryos you have, and what you and your clinician are trying to learn. This guide explains what PGT-A screens, how it differs from other PGT tests, who may reasonably consider it, and what to confirm directly with a clinic in Thailand.

    At a glance

    • What it is: A lab test on a small sample of embryo cells, usually at the blastocyst stage.
    • What it screens: Extra or missing whole chromosomes (aneuploidy), not single-gene disorders and not all structural chromosome problems.
    • What it does not do: It cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy, a live birth, or a healthy child. It does not diagnose a disease in you.
    • Who may consider it: Often discussed with older patients, those with repeated implantation failure or recurrent pregnancy loss, or those with many embryos who want more information before transfer.
    • Key trade-off: More information about chromosome number, but also possible embryo loss from testing, biopsy risk, cost, and the chance of a result that is hard to interpret.
    • In Thailand: Availability, lab arrangements, and which patients are offered PGT-A vary by clinic. Confirm details directly.

    What PGT-A actually screens

    Human cells normally contain 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. Aneuploidy means there is an extra or missing chromosome. Common examples include trisomy 21 (an extra copy of chromosome 21), trisomy 18, and trisomy 13, as well as missing or extra sex chromosomes. Aneuploidy is a common cause of miscarriage and can also be present in embryos that fail to implant.

    PGT-A estimates the number of chromosomes in the cells sampled from an embryo. It does not read the full DNA sequence, so it does not detect most single-gene conditions such as cystic fibrosis or spinal muscular atrophy. It also has limits for certain structural rearrangements, small deletions or duplications, and mosaic results (where different cells in the same embryo have different chromosome numbers).

    Because only a few cells are removed, PGT-A is a screening test, not a definitive diagnosis. A “normal” result reduces but does not eliminate the chance of aneuploidy, and it cannot predict whether an embryo will implant, grow normally, or result in a healthy baby.

    PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR: how they differ

    PGT is an umbrella term. The three main types answer different questions:

    Test What it looks for Typical situation
    PGT-A Extra or missing whole chromosomes (aneuploidy) General embryo screening during IVF; often discussed with older patients or those with repeated IVF failure or miscarriage
    PGT-M A specific single-gene condition known to run in the family When one or both parents carry a gene variant for a condition such as thalassemia or cystic fibrosis
    PGT-SR Structural chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations When a parent has a known balanced translocation or similar rearrangement

    Some clinics combine PGT-A with PGT-M or PGT-SR when both are relevant. The choice of test should follow a clinical discussion, not a default package.

    Who may benefit from PGT-A — and who may not

    PGT-A is not recommended for every IVF patient. Professional guidance generally supports discussing it in specific situations rather than offering it universally. It may be more relevant if you:

    • Are older, since the proportion of aneuploid embryos tends to rise with age.
    • Have a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, where aneuploidy is a common contributing factor.
    • Have had repeated IVF cycles without implantation, after other causes have been reviewed.
    • Have several embryos and want more information to help prioritize which to transfer.
    • Have a previous pregnancy or pregnancy loss known to have been aneuploid.

    It may be less clearly beneficial if you:

    • Have very few embryos, because testing can reduce the number available for transfer.
    • Are younger with a good prognosis and no history suggesting higher aneuploidy risk.
    • Prefer to avoid the possibility of losing embryos to the testing process.
    • Have a mosaic or uncertain result that could complicate decision-making.

    These are general considerations, not eligibility rules. Your own situation should be assessed by your treating clinician.

    How PGT-A fits into an IVF cycle

    1. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval — standard IVF steps.
    2. Fertilization and embryo culture — embryos grow in the lab for several days, often to the blastocyst stage.
    3. Embryo biopsy — a small number of cells are removed from the trophectoderm (the outer layer that becomes the placenta). This is a lab procedure, not a treatment for the embryo.
    4. Sample analysis — the cells are tested for chromosome number. Some clinics send samples to a partner laboratory; others use an in-house lab.
    5. Embryo freezing and storage — because testing takes time, embryos are usually frozen and transferred in a later cycle.
    6. Results discussion — you and your clinician review which embryos are available and how to proceed.
    7. Transfer — one or more embryos may be transferred, depending on your plan and clinic guidance.

    Timelines vary. Ask your clinic how long testing takes, how embryos are stored, and what happens if results are inconclusive.

    Limitations and uncertainties to understand

    • It is a screening test. A low-risk result does not guarantee a chromosomally normal pregnancy or a healthy child.
    • Mosaic results. Some embryos show a mix of normal and abnormal cells. These results can be difficult to interpret, and policies on transferring mosaic embryos vary.
    • Embryo loss. Biopsy and freezing can reduce the number of embryos available for transfer. Not every embryo survives the process.
    • No improvement guarantee. Studies have not consistently shown that PGT-A improves live birth rates for all patients. It may reduce miscarriage risk in some groups, but it does not treat infertility itself.
    • Technical limits. PGT-A does not detect all genetic conditions, and it cannot assess non-chromosomal causes of implantation failure.
    • Cost and access. PGT-A adds laboratory and biopsy costs. These vary by clinic and are not covered here.

    Alternatives and add-ons to discuss

    Depending on your situation, your clinician may discuss:

    • IVF without PGT-A — transferring untested embryos, with standard ultrasound and, where appropriate, other screening during pregnancy.
    • PGT-M or PGT-SR — if a specific inherited condition or structural rearrangement is relevant.
    • Embryo grading — a visual assessment that does not test chromosomes but can inform transfer decisions.
    • Donor eggs or sperm — in some cases, this changes the aneuploidy risk profile.
    • Prenatal testing — such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, which can confirm chromosome status during pregnancy.

    No single option is right for everyone. The goal is to match the test to your question, not to add tests by default.

    How PGT-A is discussed in Thailand

    Thailand has a well-established IVF sector serving international patients, and PGT-A is offered at many clinics. However, practices differ. Some clinics offer PGT-A routinely to certain age groups; others discuss it case by case. Laboratory arrangements — whether testing is done in-house or through a partner lab — also vary, and this can affect turnaround time and how results are reported.

    Because regulations, clinic policies, and laboratory practices can change, treat any specific claim about availability, eligibility, or process as something to verify directly with the clinic you are considering. For general guidance on preparing for treatment in Thailand, see our international patients page and PGT in Thailand overview.

    Questions to ask a clinic before deciding

    • Do you recommend PGT-A for my situation, and why or why not?
    • What exactly does your PGT-A test screen for, and what does it not detect?
    • Is testing done in your laboratory or sent elsewhere? Who analyzes the samples?
    • How do you handle mosaic or inconclusive results?
    • What proportion of embryos typically remain available for transfer after biopsy and freezing at your clinic?
    • What are the additional costs, and what do they include?
    • How long does testing take, and how are embryos stored in the meantime?
    • What are my alternatives if I choose not to test?
    • Who will explain the results to me, and in what language?
    • What follow-up or prenatal testing do you recommend after transfer?

    Next-step checklist

    1. Clarify your own reasons for considering PGT-A — what question are you trying to answer?
    2. Ask your clinician whether PGT-A is likely to change your treatment plan.
    3. Request written information about the test, its limits, and the clinic’s laboratory arrangements.
    4. Ask about costs, timelines, and what happens to embryos that are not transferred.
    5. Consider a second opinion if the recommendation feels routine rather than personalized.
    6. Review our guides and FAQ for more context on IVF and PGT decisions.

    PGT-A can provide useful information in some situations, but it is one part of a larger decision. The most reliable next step is a direct conversation with a qualified clinician who can review your history and explain what testing can and cannot do for you.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A the same as PGT-M or PGT-SR?

    No. PGT-A screens for extra or missing whole chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M looks for a specific single-gene condition known to run in a family. PGT-SR looks for structural chromosome rearrangements such as translocations. They answer different questions and may be used together in some cases.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A is a screening test. A low-risk result reduces but does not eliminate the chance of aneuploidy, and it cannot predict implantation, pregnancy, or child health. It does not detect all genetic conditions.

    Who is usually offered PGT-A?

    It is often discussed with patients who are older, have a history of recurrent pregnancy loss or repeated IVF failure, or have several embryos and want more information before transfer. It is not universally recommended, and eligibility is a clinical decision.

    Can PGT-A results be uncertain?

    Yes. Some embryos show mosaic results, where different cells have different chromosome numbers. These can be difficult to interpret, and clinic policies on transferring mosaic embryos vary. Ask your clinic how they handle uncertain results.

    What should I ask a clinic in Thailand about PGT-A?

    Ask whether they recommend it for your situation, what the test screens for, whether testing is done in-house or sent to a partner lab, how mosaic results are handled, what the additional costs are, how long results take, and what alternatives exist if you choose not to test.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT for Recurrent Implantation Failure in Thailand: A Cautious Guide

    PGT, or preimplantation genetic testing, is sometimes discussed when IVF has not led to implantation after several transfers. It is not a guaranteed solution and it is not automatically right for everyone. PGT can provide extra information about an embryo’s chromosomes or a known inherited condition, but it cannot explain every case of recurrent implantation failure (RIF), and it cannot promise a pregnancy. In Thailand, as elsewhere, the decision should follow an individual medical review rather than a general rule.

    At a glance

    • RIF is usually defined after repeated transfers of apparently suitable embryos without implantation; definitions vary, so your clinic should explain the one it uses.
    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number; PGT-M looks for a known inherited condition; PGT-SR looks at a known structural chromosome rearrangement.
    • PGT is one part of a wider fertility review, not a standalone answer.
    • Results can be affected by embryo quality, laboratory technique and the limits of the test itself.
    • Ask how a result would change your treatment plan before you agree to testing.

    What recurrent implantation failure means

    Recurrent implantation failure is a working term, not a single diagnosis. It generally describes a situation where several embryos have been transferred in IVF cycles and none has implanted. The exact number of transfers and the type of embryos counted can differ between clinics and studies. Because the definition is not fixed, two clinics may label the same history differently.

    RIF is also not the same as recurrent pregnancy loss. RIF concerns implantation; recurrent pregnancy loss concerns pregnancies that begin but do not continue. The two can overlap, but they are assessed differently. If you are unsure which category your history fits, ask your clinic to explain its reasoning in plain language.

    What PGT can and cannot show

    Preimplantation genetic testing is carried out on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo, usually during an IVF cycle. There are three main types:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) estimates whether an embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. It is the type most often discussed in relation to RIF.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disease) looks for a specific inherited condition that is already known in the family.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement) looks for chromosome rearrangements that are already known in a parent.

    PGT-A does not diagnose the cause of infertility, and it does not measure embryo quality in a complete way. It gives an estimate based on the cells sampled. Some embryos are mosaic, meaning they contain a mix of cells with different chromosome patterns. Mosaic results can be difficult to interpret, and clinics may handle them differently. PGT-M and PGT-SR are used when a specific inherited condition or rearrangement is already identified; they are not general screening tests for RIF.

    Why PGT is sometimes considered in RIF

    Chromosome errors in embryos are common, and they can affect whether an embryo implants. Because of this, some clinicians discuss PGT-A when a patient has had repeated transfers without implantation. The hope is that selecting embryos with a more typical chromosome pattern may improve the chance of implantation.

    However, the evidence is not clear-cut. Studies have reached different conclusions, and the benefit may depend on the patient’s age, the number of embryos available, the clinic’s laboratory, and the reason for the previous failures. PGT-A is not a treatment for RIF; it is a way of gathering information that may or may not change the plan. It also does not address other possible factors, such as the uterine environment, hormonal timing, immune factors, or sperm-related issues.

    How PGT fits into a broader RIF review

    A thorough review before PGT usually includes:

    • A detailed history of previous IVF cycles, including embryo stage, grading, and transfer technique.
    • Assessment of the uterine cavity, such as imaging or hysteroscopy, where appropriate.
    • Review of hormone levels and the timing of the transfer cycle.
    • Discussion of sperm health and any male-factor findings.
    • Consideration of genetic testing for the parents if a specific condition is suspected.
    • Review of lifestyle, medication, and general health factors that may affect implantation.

    PGT may be one part of this review, but it should not replace it. If a clinic suggests PGT without first looking at these other areas, it is reasonable to ask why.

    What PGT involves in practice

    PGT is performed as part of an IVF cycle. Embryos are created through IVF or ICSI, cultured for a few days, and a small number of cells are removed for testing. The embryos are usually frozen while the results are processed, and a later cycle is used to transfer an embryo. This means PGT adds steps, time, and cost to treatment.

    Not every embryo will be suitable for biopsy, and not every embryo will have a result that can be clearly interpreted. Some cycles may end with no embryo available for transfer after testing. These possibilities should be discussed before starting.

    Limitations and uncertainties

    • PGT-A cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy or a live birth.
    • It does not detect every genetic or chromosomal condition.
    • Mosaic results can be uncertain, and policies for transferring mosaic embryos vary.
    • Testing may reduce the number of embryos available for transfer.
    • The evidence for PGT-A in RIF is mixed, and it may not improve outcomes for every patient.
    • PGT does not treat uterine, hormonal, or immune factors that may contribute to RIF.

    Because of these limits, PGT should be presented as an option with possible benefits and possible downsides, not as a required step or a promise.

    Alternatives and additional considerations

    Depending on your history, your clinic may discuss other options alongside or instead of PGT. These can include:

    • Further evaluation of the uterus, such as hysteroscopy or endometrial testing.
    • Changes to the transfer cycle, such as a different protocol or timing.
    • Review of embryo culture and transfer techniques.
    • Testing for conditions that may affect implantation, if clinically indicated.
    • Consideration of donor eggs or sperm in some situations.
    • Supportive care and counselling, since RIF can be emotionally difficult.

    No single approach works for everyone. The right plan depends on your individual medical situation, your preferences, and what your clinic can offer.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, these questions can help you understand what is being proposed:

    • How do you define recurrent implantation failure, and does my history fit that definition?
    • What other assessments do you recommend before PGT?
    • Which type of PGT are you suggesting, and why?
    • What are the possible results, including uncertain or mosaic results, and how would each affect my plan?
    • What happens if no embryo is available for transfer after testing?
    • What are the costs involved, including testing, freezing, storage, and the transfer cycle?
    • What are the success rates for patients with a similar history at your clinic, and how are those rates measured?
    • What are the alternatives if I decide not to have PGT?
    • Who will explain the results to me, and what support is available?

    Practical next steps

    1. Gather your previous IVF records, including embryo reports and transfer notes.
    2. Ask your current or prospective clinic to review your history and explain whether PGT is likely to change your care.
    3. Request a clear written summary of the proposed plan, including tests, timelines, and costs.
    4. Consider a second opinion if you feel unsure or if PGT is presented as the only option.
    5. Take time to weigh the possible benefits and burdens with your partner or support person.

    PGT may be helpful for some patients with RIF, but it is not a cure and not a guarantee. The most useful step is a careful, individual discussion with a qualified fertility specialist who can review your full history and explain the uncertainties honestly.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT improve the chance of pregnancy in recurrent implantation failure?

    The evidence is mixed. Some studies suggest PGT-A may help in certain situations, while others do not show a clear benefit. Whether it helps depends on individual factors such as age, embryo number, and the reason for previous failures. It is not a guaranteed solution.

    Is PGT always recommended for recurrent implantation failure?

    No. PGT is one option among several. Guidelines do not universally recommend it for RIF, and the decision should be based on your individual medical history and a discussion with your specialist.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A estimates chromosome number in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that is already known in the family. PGT-SR looks for a known structural chromosome rearrangement. PGT-M and PGT-SR are used when a specific condition or rearrangement has been identified.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about certain chromosome or genetic features, but it cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy or baby. It does not detect every possible condition, and some results can be uncertain.

    What should I ask a clinic in Thailand about PGT for RIF?

    Ask how they define RIF, which type of PGT they recommend and why, what other assessments they suggest, how they handle uncertain results, what the costs are, and what alternatives exist if you decide not to have PGT.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Preparing for PGT Counselling in Thailand: Questions to Ask

    PGT counselling is a conversation with a qualified genetics professional or fertility clinician about what preimplantation genetic testing can and cannot tell you. Before you attend, it helps to write down your questions about test types, possible results, what those results may mean for your embryos, and what decisions you might face. This checklist covers the main topics to raise, so you can use your appointment to clarify your own situation rather than trying to absorb everything on the day.

    At a glance

    • PGT is a group of laboratory tests performed on embryos during IVF; it is not a treatment that guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy child.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR are different tests used for different reasons.
    • Results can be informative, uncertain, or inconclusive, and some embryos may have no result.
    • Counselling should cover consent, costs, what happens to embryos, and where to get support after testing.
    • Bring your questions in writing and ask for explanations in plain language.

    What PGT counselling is and is not

    PGT counselling is an opportunity to discuss the purpose and limits of preimplantation genetic testing in your specific situation. It is not a session that decides for you whether to test, and it is not a guarantee of any particular outcome. A counsellor or clinician can explain how PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR differ, what information each test may provide, and what remains uncertain.

    PGT is not required for all patients undergoing IVF. Whether it is relevant depends on your medical history, your reasons for considering it, and the advice of your treating team. Counselling should help you weigh the possible benefits against the limitations and the decisions that may follow.

    Questions about test types

    Ask your clinic to explain, in plain language, which test or tests they are recommending and why.

    • What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?
    • Which of these tests is being considered for my situation, and what is the reason?
    • What does each test look for, and what does it not look for?
    • Are there alternative approaches, including not testing, that we should discuss?
    • How is the sample taken from an embryo, and what are the limitations of that method?
    • What is the difference between screening and diagnosis in this context?

    Questions about possible results

    Results are not always a simple yes or no. Ask what types of results are possible and how each might be explained.

    • What results could come back, and what would each type mean in general terms?
    • What does it mean if a result is inconclusive, uncertain, or has no result?
    • Could a result be affected by factors such as embryo mosaicism or laboratory technique?
    • How will the clinic explain a result that is not clear-cut?
    • Will we have a chance to ask questions after the results are available?
    • What follow-up testing or counselling might be suggested if a result is unclear?

    Questions about consent and decision-making

    PGT consent is an important part of preparation. Ask how consent is documented and what choices you are being asked to make.

    • What information will be provided before we sign a consent form?
    • What are we consenting to, and can we change our mind later?
    • Who will have access to our genetic information and test results?
    • What are the options for embryos that are not transferred?
    • How are decisions made if we disagree with each other or with the clinic?
    • What support is available if we find the decision difficult?

    Questions about costs and practical arrangements

    Costs and logistics vary between clinics and over time. Ask for a written breakdown of what is included and what is not, and confirm details directly with your clinic.

    • What is included in the quoted price for PGT, and what might cost extra?
    • Are there separate charges for counselling, laboratory work, storage, or follow-up?
    • How and when will we receive results, and who will explain them?
    • What documents or identification do we need to bring?
    • Are there any travel or timing considerations we should plan for?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on refunds or cancellations if testing cannot proceed?

    Questions about post-test genetic support

    Post-test genetic support in Thailand may include a follow-up consultation to discuss results and next steps. Ask what is available and how to access it.

    • Who will explain the results to us, and when?
    • Will we have access to a genetics professional after testing?
    • What emotional or psychological support is available if results are unexpected?
    • Can you provide a written summary of the results for our records?
    • What are the next steps if we decide to pursue further testing or treatment?
    • How can we contact the clinic with questions after the appointment?

    How to prepare for your appointment

    Preparation can make your counselling session more productive. Consider these steps:

    1. Write down your questions in advance, starting with the ones that matter most to you.
    2. Bring a partner or support person if you would like help remembering the discussion.
    3. Ask for explanations in plain language, and request clarification if something is unclear.
    4. Take notes or ask if you can record the session, if that is permitted.
    5. Ask for written information or a summary you can review later.
    6. Confirm any follow-up appointments or contact details before you leave.

    Next steps

    After counselling, you may want to review the information you received, discuss it with your partner or support network, and decide whether you need another appointment. You can also read more about PGT in Thailand in our PGT in Thailand guide, browse our patient guides, or check the frequently asked questions for general orientation. Always confirm clinical, legal, and financial details directly with your treating clinic or the relevant authority.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in a family. PGT-SR looks at chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations. Your clinic can explain which, if any, is relevant to your situation.

    Is PGT required for all IVF patients?

    No. PGT is not required for everyone undergoing IVF. Whether it is appropriate depends on your medical history, your reasons for considering it, and the advice of your treating team. Counselling can help you understand the potential benefits and limitations.

    What does an inconclusive PGT result mean?

    An inconclusive or uncertain result means the test did not provide a clear answer. This can happen for technical reasons or because of biological factors such as mosaicism. Your clinic should explain what the result may mean and whether further testing or counselling is available.

    Can I get emotional support after PGT results?

    Many clinics offer follow-up consultations and may be able to refer you to a counsellor or psychologist. Ask your clinic what support is available and how to access it if you receive unexpected results.

    What should I bring to a PGT counselling appointment?

    Bring a written list of your questions, any relevant medical records, and a partner or support person if you wish. You may also want to bring a notebook or ask if you can record the session, if permitted.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.