Thailand PGT CMS

标签： pgt-a

  • PGT-A Testing Cost in Thailand: What a Quotation Should Include

    If you are comparing PGT-A quotations from clinics in Thailand, the total figure at the bottom of each page can be misleading. Two quotations with the same headline number may cover very different things. One may include biopsy handling and a set number of embryos; another may bill those separately. This guide explains the cost components you should expect to see itemised, which parts of a quotation commonly change, and the questions that help you compare fairly. It does not provide prices, because those depend on the clinic, the laboratory, and your own treatment plan. Use it as a checklist when you speak with each provider.

    At a glance

    • A useful PGT-A quotation separates IVF/ICSI fees, biopsy handling, genetic laboratory fees, freezing, storage, and medication.
    • Per-embryo pricing is common, but the number of embryos tested is rarely known in advance.
    • Re-biopsy, re-freezing, and shipping of samples are often excluded or conditional.
    • Ask whether the quotation is an estimate or a fixed package, and what triggers an additional charge.
    • Request the quotation in writing with a clear validity period.

    Why PGT-A quotations are hard to compare directly

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is not a single procedure with one price. It sits on top of an IVF cycle and involves several distinct steps: stimulating and monitoring the cycle, retrieving eggs, fertilising them, growing embryos to a suitable stage, taking a small sample of cells (a biopsy), freezing the embryos, and sending the biopsy samples to a genetics laboratory for analysis. Each step can be priced separately, bundled, or excluded.

    Clinics also differ in how they present the information. Some quote a package that covers a set number of embryos; others quote per embryo from the first one. Some include the genetic laboratory fee in the headline figure; others pass it through as a separate charge. This is why the same clinical plan can produce quotations that look very different on paper.

    What a PGT-A quotation should itemise

    When you request a quotation, ask for a written breakdown rather than a single total. The following categories are the ones most likely to appear. Not every clinic will use these exact labels, but the underlying costs should be identifiable.

    IVF cycle and embryology fees

    These cover the treatment that produces the embryos in the first place. They may include monitoring scans, blood tests, egg retrieval, sperm preparation, fertilisation (IVF or ICSI), embryo culture, and the embryologist’s time. PGT-A is an add-on to this cycle, so it is worth confirming whether the quotation you are comparing includes the IVF cycle itself or only the genetic testing portion.

    Embryo biopsy handling

    The biopsy is a laboratory procedure performed on each embryo that reaches the appropriate stage. It involves specialised equipment, an embryologist’s time, and careful handling to protect the embryo. Some quotations include biopsy handling in a package; others charge per embryo. Ask whether the biopsy fee is included, and whether it applies to every embryo or only to those that develop far enough to be sampled.

    Genetic laboratory fees per embryo

    This is the charge for analysing the biopsy samples at the genetics laboratory. It is often quoted per embryo, because the laboratory’s workload scales with the number of samples. The number of embryos available for testing is not known at the start of a cycle, so this part of the quotation is usually an estimate based on a range. Ask how the clinic handles the difference if fewer or more embryos are suitable for testing than expected.

    Embryo freezing (vitrification) and storage

    After biopsy, embryos are typically frozen while waiting for results. Freezing may be charged per embryo or as a batch. Storage is usually a recurring fee, often billed annually or monthly, and may start from the day the embryos are frozen. Ask when storage begins, how it is billed, and what happens if you transfer embryos at a later date or move them elsewhere.

    Medication

    Fertility medications are frequently excluded from quotations because the dose depends on your response to stimulation. Ask whether medication is included, estimated separately, or entirely your responsibility. If it is estimated, ask what that estimate is based on.

    Monitoring, blood tests, and consultations

    Some clinics include all monitoring visits in a package; others charge per visit or per scan. Confirm whether the quotation covers the full monitoring period or only a set number of appointments.

    Embryo transfer

    If you plan a frozen embryo transfer after PGT-A results, check whether that transfer is included. It may be quoted separately, and it may involve additional medication, monitoring, and laboratory fees.

    Components that commonly change

    Even a detailed quotation is usually an estimate, because several variables are not known until the cycle is underway. The table below lists common variables and the questions they raise.

    Variable Why it changes the quotation Question to ask
    Number of embryos suitable for biopsy Per-embryo fees scale with the number of samples Is there a minimum or maximum number of embryos included?
    Re-biopsy Some samples may not give a clear result and may need to be repeated Is re-biopsy included, and is there a charge if it is needed?
    Re-freezing Embryos may need to be frozen again after re-biopsy Does the quotation cover a second freeze?
    Storage duration Storage is often billed over time When does storage start, and how is it billed?
    Medication dose Dose depends on your response Is medication included or estimated separately?
    Additional procedures ICSI, assisted hatching, or other techniques may be added Are these included, and are they optional?
    Currency and payment timing Exchange rates and payment schedules affect the amount you pay Which currency is the quotation in, and when are payments due?

    Questions to ask when comparing quotations

    Use these questions consistently across clinics so you can compare like with like. Write down the answers and keep them with the quotation.

    1. Is this quotation a fixed package or an estimate? What could change it?
    2. Does the price include the IVF cycle, or only the PGT-A portion?
    3. How many embryos are included in the quoted price? What happens if there are more or fewer?
    4. Is the biopsy fee separate from the genetic laboratory fee?
    5. Are freezing and storage included? For how long?
    6. What happens if a sample needs to be re-biopsied or re-analysed?
    7. Are medication, monitoring, and the embryo transfer included?
    8. Are there any administrative, courier, or sample-shipping charges?
    9. What is the quotation’s validity period, and which currency is it in?
    10. What is the refund or credit policy if the cycle is cancelled or no embryos are suitable for testing?

    How to read a per-embryo fee

    A per-embryo fee is common for the genetic laboratory portion of PGT-A. It can be useful because it links the cost to the work performed. However, it also means the total is uncertain until the embryology team knows how many embryos have developed sufficiently. When you see a per-embryo fee, ask whether it applies to all embryos created or only to those that reach the biopsy stage, and whether there is a separate charge for embryos that are frozen but not tested.

    What quotations often leave out

    Even detailed quotations may exclude some items. These are worth asking about explicitly:

    • Pre-treatment consultations and any investigations required before the cycle
    • Medication, which is often a significant separate cost
    • Travel, accommodation, and time away from work
    • Embryo storage after the first included period
    • Future frozen embryo transfers
    • Genetic counselling, if it is recommended or required
    • Any fees related to shipping samples or records to another clinic

    Planning your comparison

    Start by asking each clinic for a written quotation with the categories above itemised. If a clinic cannot provide a breakdown, ask whether a more detailed estimate is available. Then compare the quotations side by side, noting which items are included, which are estimated, and which are excluded. A quotation that looks higher may include more; one that looks lower may leave out significant costs.

    It also helps to ask about the clinic’s process for keeping you informed if costs are likely to change during the cycle. A clear communication plan can reduce financial surprises.

    Next steps

    • Request written quotations from the clinics you are considering.
    • Use the questions above to fill in any gaps.
    • Ask for the quotation in a single currency and check the validity period.
    • Keep a simple spreadsheet to compare included, estimated, and excluded items.
    • Confirm your understanding with the clinic before you commit.

    For more context on treatment and planning, you may find our guides on PGT-A cost in Thailand and IVF cost in Thailand useful. You can also explore our patient resources or contact us with questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a PGT-A quotation in Thailand usually include the IVF cycle?

    It depends on the clinic. Some quotations cover only the genetic testing portion, while others bundle the IVF cycle and PGT-A together. Always ask whether the IVF cycle, medication, monitoring, and embryo transfer are included or billed separately.

    Why is the per-embryo fee uncertain at the start?

    The number of embryos that develop far enough to be biopsied is not known until the cycle is underway. Because the genetic laboratory fee is often charged per embryo, the final amount can differ from the initial estimate. Ask how the clinic handles this difference.

    What should I do if a quotation does not itemise costs?

    Ask the clinic for a written breakdown that separates IVF fees, biopsy handling, genetic laboratory fees, freezing, storage, and medication. If a detailed breakdown is not available, ask for a written explanation of what is included and what is not.

    Are storage fees for frozen embryos included in the quotation?

    Storage is often billed separately and may start from the day the embryos are frozen. Ask when storage begins, how it is billed, and whether an initial period is included in the quotation.

    What happens if a biopsy sample needs to be re-analysed?

    Re-biopsy or re-analysis may be possible, but it can involve additional laboratory work and freezing. Ask whether these contingencies are covered in the quotation or charged separately.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT Report Interpretation Checklist for Thailand: A Plain-English Guide for International Patients

    Reading a PGT report from a Thai clinic can feel like decoding a foreign language, especially when you are far from home and the results arrive by email. This checklist helps you review the report calmly, understand common terms such as euploid, aneuploid and mosaic, and prepare focused questions for a genetic counselor or clinician. It does not tell you what your results mean for your own treatment. Only a qualified professional who knows your history can do that. Use this guide to organize your reading, not to replace medical advice.

    At a glance

    • PGT reports describe laboratory findings about embryos, not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child.
    • Common result categories include euploid, aneuploid, mosaic and inconclusive or no result.
    • Check that the report identifies the clinic, laboratory, patient, cycle and date.
    • Look for the PGT type: PGT-A, PGT-M or PGT-SR.
    • Write down your questions before speaking with a genetic counselor or clinician.
    • Ask how the clinic will explain the report to you and whether a translated version is available.

    What a PGT report is and what it is not

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a laboratory test performed on cells taken from an embryo during IVF. The report summarizes what the laboratory observed. It is not a diagnosis of a future child, and it cannot promise that a transferred embryo will implant, develop normally or result in a live birth. PGT also cannot rule out all genetic conditions, because testing looks at specific things and has technical limits.

    There are different types of PGT. PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in a family. PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. Your report should state which type was performed, because the meaning of the results depends on the test.

    Checklist: details to confirm on the first page

    Before you read the results, confirm that the report belongs to you and your cycle. Missing or mismatched identifiers are a reason to contact the clinic before drawing any conclusions.

    • Patient name and date of birth, or another unique identifier.
    • Partner or donor information, if relevant to your case.
    • Clinic name and laboratory name.
    • Cycle number or embryo cohort identifier.
    • Date of embryo biopsy and date the report was issued.
    • Type of PGT performed: PGT-A, PGT-M or PGT-SR.
    • Method used, if stated, such as the technology platform or whether the lab used a fresh or thawed sample.
    • Number of embryos tested and number with a result.
    • Whether any embryos were not tested or gave no result.

    If any of these details are unclear, ask the clinic to clarify them in writing. A report that cannot be linked confidently to your cycle is difficult to interpret.

    Understanding the main result categories

    PGT reports often use a small set of terms. The exact wording varies by laboratory, so always ask the clinic to explain the terms used in your report.

    Term Plain-English meaning What it does not tell you
    Euploid The laboratory found the expected number of chromosomes for the type of test performed. It does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy or a healthy child.
    Aneuploid The laboratory found an extra or missing chromosome, or another chromosome number difference. It does not describe every possible feature of that embryo, and it does not predict how any future pregnancy would develop.
    Mosaic The laboratory found a mix of cells with different chromosome patterns in the sample. It does not mean the embryo will definitely develop in a particular way. Mosaic results are often discussed case by case.
    Inconclusive or no result The laboratory could not produce a clear result for that embryo. It does not mean the embryo is abnormal. It means the test did not give a clear answer.
    Affected or unaffected (PGT-M or PGT-SR) The laboratory found or did not find the specific genetic change being tested for. It does not rule out other genetic conditions that were not part of the test.

    Some reports include a percentage or a confidence note next to a mosaic result. These details can be technical. Ask the laboratory or your clinician to explain what the number means for your report rather than interpreting it yourself.

    Checklist: questions to ask about each embryo result

    For every embryo listed, you can note the result and then ask the clinic these questions. The answers help you understand the report without turning it into a self-diagnosis.

    1. What does this result mean in plain language for this specific embryo?
    2. Was the result clear, borderline or inconclusive?
    3. If the result is mosaic, how does the clinic usually discuss mosaic results with patients?
    4. Does the report include a recommendation, or is the decision left to me and my clinician?
    5. Are there any embryos with no result, and what are the options for those embryos?
    6. How does this result fit with the rest of my IVF cycle information?
    7. What would you want me to understand before I decide anything?

    PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR: why the type matters

    The same word can carry different weight depending on the test. A PGT-A report is usually about chromosome number across the embryo. A PGT-M report is usually about a specific inherited condition that was known before testing. A PGT-SR report is usually about a structural rearrangement that was identified in a parent or donor.

    Because of these differences, a result that looks simple on paper may need a more detailed explanation. For example, a PGT-M result may say an embryo is unaffected for the condition tested, but that does not mean all genetic risks are excluded. A PGT-A result may say an embryo is euploid, but that does not guarantee a pregnancy. Ask your clinician to explain the scope and limits of the specific test you had.

    Limitations to keep in mind

    PGT is a screening and diagnostic laboratory tool with technical limits. It cannot detect every possible genetic or health issue. It cannot predict how an embryo will develop after transfer. It cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy, a live birth or a healthy child. Some results are uncertain, and some embryos may be reported as mosaic or inconclusive.

    PGT is also not necessary or suitable for every patient or every IVF cycle. Whether PGT is appropriate depends on your medical history, your reasons for testing and the advice of your treating clinician. A PGT report is one piece of information among many, not a final answer.

    Preparing for your conversation with a genetic counselor or clinician

    Before your appointment, organize your questions in writing. If the report is in Thai or another language, ask the clinic whether an English version or a translated summary is available. If you are joining by phone or video, confirm the time zone and whether an interpreter can be arranged.

    • Ask who will explain the report: a genetic counselor, a clinician or both.
    • Ask whether the laboratory that performed the test can be contacted for technical questions.
    • Ask how the clinic handles results that are mosaic or inconclusive.
    • Ask what information the clinic needs from you before the discussion.
    • Ask for the explanation in writing if you may need to review it later.
    • Take notes and repeat back what you understood, so any misunderstanding can be corrected.

    You can also read more about the general process on our PGT in Thailand page, browse other patient guides in our guides section, or check common questions in our FAQ.

    Next-step checklist after reading the report

    1. Confirm the report belongs to your cycle and that all identifiers match.
    2. Note the PGT type and the result for each embryo.
    3. Mark any term you do not understand, especially mosaic or inconclusive results.
    4. Write down your questions before contacting the clinic.
    5. Ask for a conversation with a genetic counselor or clinician.
    6. Ask for a written summary or translated explanation if needed.
    7. Do not make treatment decisions based only on the report before speaking with your clinician.

    Practical notes for international patients

    Time zones, language and distance can make report discussions harder. Ask the clinic how they usually share results with international patients, whether they offer a scheduled call, and whether they can provide documents in a language you read comfortably. If you are planning travel or a follow-up cycle, ask what information you should bring to your next appointment. Keep copies of all reports and correspondence in one place.

    Costs, visa rules, legal requirements and clinic-specific policies can change. This guide does not state exact prices, documents or legal conclusions. Confirm those details directly with your clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authority.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does euploid mean on a PGT report?

    Euploid generally means the laboratory found the expected number of chromosomes for the type of test performed. It does not guarantee that an embryo will implant, lead to a pregnancy or result in a healthy child. Ask your clinician to explain what a euploid result means in your specific situation.

    What is the difference between aneuploid and mosaic?

    Aneuploid usually means the laboratory found an extra or missing chromosome, or another chromosome number difference. Mosaic usually means the laboratory found a mix of cells with different chromosome patterns in the sample. Mosaic results are often discussed case by case because the meaning can be less clear-cut. A genetic counselor or clinician can explain how these terms apply to your report.

    Can I interpret my PGT report without a clinician?

    You can read the report and note the terms, but you should not interpret the results on your own. PGT results need to be considered alongside your medical history, the type of test performed and the limits of the laboratory method. A genetic counselor or clinician can help you understand what the report does and does not tell you.

    What should I do if my PGT report is inconclusive?

    An inconclusive or no-result entry means the laboratory could not produce a clear result for that embryo. It does not automatically mean the embryo is abnormal. Ask your clinic what options exist for embryos with no result and how they usually discuss these situations with patients.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT is a laboratory test with technical limits. It cannot detect every possible genetic or health issue, and it cannot guarantee implantation, pregnancy, live birth or child health. It is one part of IVF care, not a guarantee of any outcome.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT Test Types Explained: PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR for International Patients in Thailand

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a group of laboratory tests performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilisation (IVF). The three main types are PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR. Each looks at a different kind of genetic or chromosomal question. PGT-A checks for extra or missing chromosomes across the embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in a family. PGT-SR looks at chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations, that can affect how chromosomes are distributed. No PGT test guarantees a healthy pregnancy or a live birth, and not every patient needs PGT. The right choice, if any, is a medical decision made with your clinic based on your history and goals.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A — screens for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy) across the embryo.
    • PGT-M — tests for a specific inherited condition caused by a known gene variant in the family.
    • PGT-SR — tests for chromosome structural rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions.
    • All three require an IVF cycle and a biopsy of embryo cells.
    • Results are reported as probabilities or classifications, not certainties.
    • Test selection depends on your history, prior testing, and the reason PGT is being considered.

    What PGT is and what it is not

    PGT is a screening and diagnostic tool used during IVF. It is not a treatment for infertility, and it does not improve the quality of an embryo. It provides information that you and your clinician can use when deciding which embryo(s) to transfer, if any.

    PGT is not a guarantee. A low-risk result does not promise a healthy baby, and a high-risk result does not always mean an embryo cannot produce a healthy pregnancy. Some results are uncertain, and some tests cannot detect every possible genetic condition. PGT also does not replace prenatal testing or newborn screening.

    PGT-A: chromosome number screening

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) counts chromosomes. Human embryos should have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. An embryo with an extra or missing chromosome is called aneuploid. Aneuploidy becomes more common with increasing maternal age and is a common reason IVF cycles do not lead to a live birth.

    PGT-A is usually considered when a clinic wants to estimate the chance that an embryo has a normal chromosome number. It may be discussed for patients with a history of recurrent implantation failure, recurrent pregnancy loss, or previous aneuploid pregnancies. It is also sometimes offered to patients without these histories, but the benefit in that situation is debated.

    PGT-A cannot tell you whether an embryo will implant, and it does not test for single-gene conditions. It also cannot detect all chromosomal problems, such as very small deletions or duplications, unless a different test is used.

    PGT-M: testing for a known inherited condition

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is used when a family is at risk of passing on a specific inherited condition caused by a change in a single gene. Examples include cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, thalassaemia, and Huntington’s disease. The list of possible conditions is long, and the test must be customised for the gene variant in the family.

    PGT-M usually requires a genetic counselling session and a DNA sample from one or both parents, and sometimes from an affected family member. The laboratory builds a specific test before the IVF cycle begins. This preparation can take time, so it is often started well before stimulation.

    PGT-M does not screen for all genetic conditions. It only looks for the specific variant it was designed to detect. If the family variant is not known, additional genetic testing may be needed first.

    PGT-SR: testing for chromosome rearrangements

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is used when one parent has a chromosome rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation, Robertsonian translocation, or inversion. People with these rearrangements are often healthy, but they may produce embryos with unbalanced chromosome material, which can lead to miscarriage or a child with health problems.

    PGT-SR is designed to identify embryos with unbalanced chromosome arrangements. Like PGT-M, it usually requires a custom laboratory setup and prior genetic testing of the parent(s) to characterise the rearrangement.

    PGT-SR does not correct the rearrangement. It only helps select embryos that appear balanced or normal for the chromosomes involved. It cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy.

    How PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR compare

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M PGT-SR
    What it looks at Chromosome number (extra or missing chromosomes) A specific gene variant linked to an inherited condition Chromosome structure (rearrangements such as translocations)
    Typical reason to consider History of miscarriage, implantation failure, or advanced maternal age Family history of a known single-gene condition Known chromosome rearrangement in a parent
    Preparation needed Usually none beyond standard IVF Genetic counselling, parental DNA, custom test design Genetic counselling, parental DNA, custom test design
    What it cannot do Detect single-gene conditions or all structural problems Detect conditions other than the one tested for Correct the rearrangement or guarantee balance in all cells

    This table is a general comparison. Your clinic may use different terms or combine tests. Some laboratories offer PGT-A and PGT-M together, or PGT-A plus PGT-SR, depending on the situation.

    Why a clinic may recommend one test over another

    Test selection is based on your medical and family history, previous genetic testing, and the reason PGT is being considered. For example:

    • If you have a known balanced translocation, PGT-SR may be discussed.
    • If you or your partner carry a gene variant for a serious inherited condition, PGT-M may be discussed.
    • If you have recurrent pregnancy loss or repeated implantation failure without a known genetic cause, PGT-A may be discussed.
    • If you have no specific risk factors, PGT may not be recommended at all.

    Clinics may also consider factors such as the number of embryos available, the cost and time required for custom test design, and whether the laboratory has the necessary expertise. There is no single correct answer for everyone.

    What PGT results can and cannot tell you

    PGT results are usually reported as low-risk (sometimes called euploid or normal) or high-risk (aneuploid or affected). Some results are inconclusive, meaning the test could not give a clear answer. In some cases, a result may be affected by mosaicism, where an embryo has a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. Mosaicism can make interpretation more complex.

    A low-risk result does not guarantee a healthy baby. A high-risk result does not always mean the embryo cannot produce a healthy pregnancy, but it may reduce the chance. Your clinic should explain what your specific result means and what your options are.

    Alternatives and limitations

    PGT is one option among several. Alternatives include:

    • IVF without PGT, with embryo selection based on appearance (morphology).
    • Prenatal testing during pregnancy, such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis.
    • Newborn screening after birth.
    • Genetic counselling to understand risks without PGT.

    PGT has limitations. It requires an embryo biopsy, which is an invasive procedure for the embryo. It adds cost and time to an IVF cycle. It may not be available for all conditions, and it cannot detect every genetic problem. Some embryos may be discarded or not transferred based on results that are later found to be inaccurate or uncertain.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    Before deciding on PGT, ask your clinic:

    • Which PGT test are you recommending for my situation, and why?
    • What will the test look for, and what will it not look for?
    • How will the results be reported, and what do uncertain results mean?
    • What are the alternatives to PGT in my case?
    • What are the additional costs, and what do they cover?
    • How long does test preparation take, and how does it fit with my travel plans?
    • What are the risks of embryo biopsy?
    • What happens to embryos that are not transferred?

    Next steps for international patients

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, start by gathering your medical and genetic records. Ask your current doctor for a summary of your fertility history, any genetic test results, and relevant family history. Then contact a clinic that offers PGT and ask the questions above. You can also read more about international patient coordination, PGT in Thailand, our guides, and our FAQ.

    Remember that PGT is a medical decision. This article is educational only and does not replace personalised advice from a qualified clinician.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for extra or missing chromosomes across the embryo. PGT-M tests for a specific inherited condition caused by a known gene variant in the family. PGT-SR tests for chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations, that can affect how chromosomes are distributed. Each test answers a different question, and a clinic may recommend one or more based on your history.

    Do I need PGT if I am doing IVF?

    Not necessarily. PGT is not required for IVF and is not appropriate for everyone. Whether PGT is useful depends on your medical history, family history, previous genetic testing, and the reason you are considering it. Your clinic can help you decide if PGT is right for your situation.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about the likelihood of certain chromosomal or genetic conditions, but it cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy or a healthy baby. Some results are uncertain, and PGT does not detect every possible condition. Prenatal testing and newborn screening may still be recommended.

    How long does PGT take, and does it affect my travel plans?

    The time required depends on the type of PGT. PGT-A is usually performed as part of the IVF cycle, while PGT-M and PGT-SR often require custom test preparation that can take additional weeks before the IVF cycle begins. Ask your clinic for a timeline that fits your travel plans.

    What should I ask a clinic in Thailand about PGT?

    Ask which PGT test they recommend and why, what the test can and cannot detect, how results are reported, what the additional costs are, how long preparation takes, and what alternatives exist. Also ask about the experience and accreditation of the laboratory performing the test.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read PGT IVF Success Rates in Thailand: A Guide for International Patients

    When you search for PGT IVF success rates in Thailand, you will find many different numbers. Some clinics quote a percentage for “success,” others for “ongoing pregnancy,” and others for “live birth.” These figures are not interchangeable, and they are rarely comparable across clinics. A success rate is only meaningful when you know exactly what was measured, in whom, and over what time period. This guide explains how to read those claims critically, what PGT can and cannot do, and which questions to ask before you rely on any number.

    At a glance

    • “Success rate” can mean several different things: positive pregnancy test, clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, or live birth.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR answer different questions and are not interchangeable.
    • PGT does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child; it changes which embryos are considered for transfer.
    • Clinic-reported rates often reflect selected patient groups, so they may not apply to your situation.
    • The most useful number for most patients is live birth rate per intended transfer, reported by age group and with the denominator explained.
    • Ask how many embryos were tested, how many were transferable, and how many transfers were needed.

    Why PGT success rates are hard to compare

    PGT, or preimplantation genetic testing, is a laboratory step added to an IVF cycle. It examines a small sample of cells from an embryo to look for chromosomal or genetic information. The result can influence which embryo is selected for transfer, but it does not change the underlying biology of the eggs, sperm, or uterus.

    Because PGT is an add-on rather than a standalone treatment, a “PGT success rate” is really an IVF success rate in a group of patients who used PGT. That distinction matters. Two clinics can report very different numbers while treating similar patients, simply because they define success differently or because they treat different age groups.

    What the different PGT tests actually do

    PGT is an umbrella term. The three main types answer different clinical questions.

    Test What it looks at Typical purpose
    PGT-A Number of chromosomes (aneuploidy screening) Helps identify embryos with an abnormal chromosome count for possible deselection
    PGT-M A specific known gene variant Used when a parent carries a known inherited condition
    PGT-SR Chromosome structure (rearrangements) Used when a parent has a known structural chromosome rearrangement

    PGT-A is the most commonly discussed in success-rate marketing, but it is also the most debated. It can reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with an abnormal chromosome count, but it cannot create a normal embryo, and it does not improve the quality of an individual embryo. PGT-M and PGT-SR are more targeted and are usually offered when there is a specific known risk.

    What a success rate is actually measuring

    Before you compare any two numbers, identify the endpoint. Common endpoints include:

    • Positive pregnancy test: a biochemical signal, not a pregnancy that will necessarily continue.
    • Clinical pregnancy: a pregnancy seen on ultrasound, usually with a heartbeat.
    • Ongoing pregnancy: a pregnancy that continues past a certain point, often past the first trimester.
    • Live birth: the outcome most patients care about, but the one least often quoted in advertising.

    A clinic that reports a high positive pregnancy test rate may have a much lower live birth rate. Neither number is dishonest on its own, but they are not the same claim.

    The denominator problem: per cycle, per retrieval, or per transfer?

    The same clinic can report three different percentages for the same group of patients, depending on what is counted in the denominator.

    • Per started cycle: includes everyone who began stimulation, even if the cycle was cancelled.
    • Per egg retrieval: excludes cancelled cycles, so the number is usually higher.
    • Per embryo transfer: excludes cycles with no transferable embryo, so the number is usually higher still.

    When a clinic says “our success rate is X%,” ask which denominator is being used. A rate per transfer can look impressive while a rate per started cycle tells a more complete story.

    Why PGT-A outcomes are especially easy to misread

    PGT-A selects embryos. If a clinic transfers only embryos that tested as chromosomally normal, the pregnancy rate per transfer may look higher than in a clinic that transfers all embryos. But that does not necessarily mean the clinic is better. It may mean the clinic had fewer embryos to choose from, or that it tested a group of patients with a better prognosis to begin with.

    There is also the question of what happens to embryos that test abnormal. Some may be truly abnormal, some may be mosaic, and some may be affected by laboratory limitations. A success-rate figure rarely captures this nuance. If you are considering PGT-A, ask how the clinic handles inconclusive or mosaic results, and whether it would ever transfer such an embryo.

    Patient selection: the hidden variable

    Success rates are strongly influenced by who is treated. Age, ovarian reserve, sperm quality, uterine factors, and previous IVF history all matter. A clinic that treats mostly younger patients with a good prognosis will often report higher rates than a clinic that accepts more complex cases.

    This is why a single headline percentage is not a reliable guide to your own chances. Ask whether the clinic can share outcomes for patients in your age group and with a similar diagnosis. If it cannot, treat the headline number as a general orientation rather than a personal prediction.

    Questions to ask a clinic about its success-rate claims

    1. What exactly is the endpoint: positive test, clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, or live birth?
    2. What is the denominator: started cycles, egg retrievals, or transfers?
    3. Is the rate reported by age group, and can I see the group closest to mine?
    4. Does the rate include PGT cycles only, or all IVF cycles?
    5. How many embryos were tested, and how many were transferable?
    6. How does the clinic handle mosaic or inconclusive PGT results?
    7. What proportion of patients have no embryo available for transfer after PGT?
    8. Are the figures internally audited, and over what time period?

    You do not need to be a statistician to ask these questions. A clinic that answers them clearly is giving you more useful information than one that repeats a single impressive number.

    What PGT can and cannot do

    PGT can provide information about an embryo’s chromosomes or a specific gene variant. That information may help a clinician and patient decide which embryo to transfer first, or whether to consider other options. PGT cannot guarantee that a transferred embryo will implant, that a pregnancy will continue, or that a child will be free of all health conditions. It also cannot improve the underlying quality of an embryo.

    For some patients, PGT is clearly indicated, such as when there is a known inherited condition or a structural chromosome rearrangement. For others, the benefit is less certain, and the decision depends on individual circumstances. A responsible clinic will explain both the potential advantages and the limitations, and will not present PGT as a required step for everyone.

    How to use success-rate information in your decision

    Use success rates as one input among several, not as a ranking. Consider the clinic’s willingness to explain its data, its approach to counselling, its laboratory arrangements, and how it handles uncertainty. Ask about the total cost of a PGT cycle, including testing fees, and whether there are additional costs for storage or subsequent transfers. Cost structures vary, so request a written breakdown rather than relying on a headline figure.

    If you are comparing clinics, use the same questions for each. Consistency in what you ask will give you more comparable answers than any single advertised percentage.

    Next steps

    • Write down your own priorities: live birth, avoiding a specific inherited condition, or reducing the number of transfers.
    • Ask each clinic for its definitions and denominators before you compare numbers.
    • Request information specific to your age group and diagnosis.
    • Ask how the clinic handles embryos with no result or mosaic results.
    • Request a written cost breakdown that separates IVF, PGT, medication, and storage.
    • Take time to consider whether PGT is appropriate for your situation, and ask what the alternatives are.

    For more context, see our guides on IVF success rates in Thailand, PGT in Thailand, and our patient guides. You can also review common questions in our FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Do PGT IVF success rates in Thailand tell me my own chance of having a baby?

    No. A clinic's reported success rate is an average for a group of patients, and it depends on how the clinic defines success and which patients it treats. Your own chance depends on factors such as your age, ovarian reserve, sperm quality, uterine health, and previous treatment history. Use published rates as general orientation, not as a personal prediction.

    Is PGT-A always recommended for international patients doing IVF in Thailand?

    No. PGT-A is an optional laboratory step, and its benefit varies by patient. Some clinics offer it routinely, while others discuss it only when there is a specific reason. It is not required for all patients, and it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy. Ask your treating clinician whether it is appropriate in your situation and what the alternatives are.

    Why do two clinics in Thailand report very different PGT success rates?

    Differences can come from the endpoint measured (for example, positive pregnancy test versus live birth), the denominator used (started cycles versus transfers), the age and diagnosis mix of patients, and whether the rate includes only PGT cycles or all IVF cycles. Without knowing these details, the numbers are not directly comparable.

    What should I ask a clinic before trusting its success-rate claim?

    Ask what the rate measures, what is included in the denominator, whether it is reported by age group, how many embryos were tested and transferable, how mosaic or inconclusive results are handled, and whether the figures are internally audited. A clinic that answers these questions clearly is giving you more useful information than one that repeats a single percentage.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about an embryo's chromosomes or a specific gene variant, but it cannot guarantee implantation, an ongoing pregnancy, or a child free of all health conditions. It also cannot improve the intrinsic quality of an embryo. It is a screening or diagnostic tool, not a guarantee.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Mosaic Embryo Results in Thailand: Questions to Ask Before Deciding Next Steps

    If you have received a mosaic PGT result from a clinic in Thailand, you are likely facing a decision that feels urgent but is rarely straightforward. A mosaic result means the laboratory detected a mix of cells with different chromosomal patterns in the same embryo biopsy. It is a laboratory category, not a diagnosis of a specific health outcome. The meaning depends on the type of PGT performed, how the result was reported, and what your clinic can explain about its own thresholds and follow-up options. This guide helps you prepare questions so you can have a more informed conversation with your treating team.

    At a glance

    • A mosaic result is a laboratory finding, not a guarantee of any particular pregnancy or child health outcome.
    • Different clinics may use different reporting categories and thresholds for calling a result mosaic.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR are different tests with different purposes; a mosaic finding is most commonly discussed in the context of PGT-A.
    • Your next steps depend on your full clinical picture, the specific embryo, and your clinic’s protocols.
    • You are allowed to ask for clarification, a second review, or more time before deciding.

    What “mosaic” means in a PGT report

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) involves testing a small sample of cells from an embryo. PGT-A looks at chromosome number, PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition, and PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. A mosaic result usually comes from PGT-A and means the laboratory saw evidence of more than one chromosomal pattern in the sampled cells.

    Mosaicism can be full or partial, and it can involve different chromosomes. Some laboratories report a percentage or a range, while others use descriptive categories such as low-level or high-level. These categories are not standardized across all laboratories, and the same raw data might be described differently in another setting. That is why the report itself is only one part of the picture.

    It is also important to know that a biopsy samples only a few cells from the outer layer of the embryo, while the inner cell mass — which can become the fetus — is not directly tested. This means a PGT result is an estimate, not a complete map of the embryo.

    Why the same result can be explained differently

    Clinics and laboratories vary in several ways that affect how a mosaic result is communicated:

    • Reporting thresholds: The percentage of abnormal cells that triggers a “mosaic” label can differ between laboratories.
    • Technology and analysis: Different platforms and software settings can influence what is detected and how it is classified.
    • Counseling approach: Some teams present mosaic results with a range of possible interpretations; others may frame them more narrowly.
    • Local practice norms: Professional guidelines and clinic policies in Thailand may differ from those in your home country.

    Because of these differences, a mosaic result from one clinic may not be directly comparable to a mosaic result from another. If you are considering a second opinion, ask whether the original laboratory data can be reviewed rather than repeating the test on a new biopsy.

    Questions to ask your clinic about the report

    Use these questions as a starting point. You may want to write them down and take notes during your appointment.

    1. Which type of PGT was performed on this embryo, and what was it looking for?
    2. How does your laboratory define and report mosaicism? Is there a percentage or a category in my report?
    3. Which chromosome or chromosomes were involved, and does that affect how you interpret the result?
    4. Was the result reviewed by a geneticist or a second analyst? Can I have a copy of the full laboratory report?
    5. How many cells were analyzed, and what is the margin of uncertainty in this result?
    6. Does this result change the recommended next step for this specific embryo compared with other embryos in my cohort?
    7. What would you tell a patient in my situation if she asked for your personal clinical view, separate from the laboratory category?

    Questions about counseling and decision-making

    Counseling should help you understand the range of possibilities, not push you toward a single choice. Consider asking:

    • Who will explain this result to me — a doctor, a genetic counselor, or both?
    • Can we schedule a dedicated counseling session rather than discussing it briefly during a monitoring visit?
    • What are the general options for an embryo with a mosaic result, and what does each option involve in practical terms?
    • What uncertainties remain even after counseling?
    • Can I take time to decide, or is there a clinical reason for urgency?
    • If I choose to transfer this embryo, what additional monitoring or testing would you recommend during pregnancy?
    • If I choose not to transfer, what are the alternatives for this embryo, and what are the rules in Thailand?

    You do not have to decide during the same appointment. It is reasonable to ask for a follow-up conversation or a written summary of what was discussed.

    What to clarify about transfer, storage, and legal categories

    Policies about embryo transfer, storage, donation, and disposal are clinic-specific and may also be shaped by Thai law and professional regulations. Because these details can change and vary between providers, confirm them directly with your clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authority. Ask:

    • What is your clinic’s policy on transferring embryos with a mosaic result?
    • Are there any additional consent forms or counseling requirements before a transfer of a mosaic embryo?
    • How long can this embryo be stored, and what are the costs and renewal timelines?
    • What are the options if we decide not to use this embryo — donation for research, donation to another patient, or disposal — and what does Thai law allow?
    • Can you provide this information in writing so I can review it with my partner or family?

    Preparing for a second opinion

    If you want another perspective, you can ask your current clinic to share the laboratory report and relevant clinical notes with a second provider or genetic counselor. A second opinion does not necessarily mean repeating the IVF cycle or the biopsy. In some cases, a review of the existing data is enough to clarify the interpretation.

    When seeking a second opinion, be clear about what you want: a review of the raw data, a counseling session, or a discussion of transfer options. Ask about any fees for record review or consultation, and confirm whether the second provider can communicate with your current clinic.

    Practical next-step checklist

    1. Request a copy of the full PGT laboratory report for the embryo in question.
    2. Write down your top three questions before your next appointment.
    3. Ask for a dedicated counseling session with someone qualified to explain mosaic results.
    4. Clarify your clinic’s reporting thresholds and what the mosaic category means in their laboratory.
    5. Ask about the range of options without being pressured to choose immediately.
    6. Confirm storage, consent, and legal categories in writing.
    7. Consider whether a second opinion or record review would help you feel more informed.
    8. Take notes or bring a trusted person to the appointment if that helps you remember details.

    Emotional and practical considerations

    Receiving a mosaic result can be stressful, and it is normal to feel uncertain. You may find it helpful to talk with a counselor, a patient support group, or others who have faced similar decisions. Be cautious about online forums that present definitive claims about mosaic embryos; individual experiences vary, and no single story predicts your outcome.

    If you are an international patient, also consider language barriers, time zone differences for follow-up calls, and the practicalities of staying in Thailand for additional appointments. Ask whether interpretation services are available and whether you can receive documents in your preferred language.

    Where to learn more

    For general background on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand page. You can also browse our guides for related topics and check the FAQ for common questions about testing and coordination.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a mosaic PGT result mean the embryo cannot be used?

    Not necessarily. A mosaic result is a laboratory category, and clinics vary in how they counsel patients about it. Some embryos with mosaic results have been transferred, but outcomes depend on many factors. Your clinic can explain its own policy and the uncertainties involved. This information is not a recommendation to transfer or not transfer.

    Can I get a second opinion on a mosaic result from a Thai clinic?

    Yes, you can ask your clinic to share the laboratory report and relevant records with another provider or genetic counselor. A second opinion may involve reviewing the existing data rather than repeating the biopsy. Ask about any fees and whether the second provider can communicate with your current clinic.

    Is mosaicism reported the same way in every laboratory?

    No. Laboratories may use different thresholds, technologies, and reporting categories. A mosaic result from one laboratory may not be directly comparable to a mosaic result from another. Ask your clinic how their laboratory defines and reports mosaicism.

    What should I ask about the legal and storage aspects of a mosaic embryo in Thailand?

    Policies on transfer, storage, donation, and disposal can vary by clinic and may be affected by Thai law. Ask your clinic for written information about their policies and confirm any legal questions with the appropriate authority. This article does not provide legal advice.

    Where can I find more general information about PGT in Thailand?

    You can start with our PGT in Thailand page, browse our guides, and check the FAQ for related topics. These resources provide general education and are not a substitute for personalized medical advice.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: How International Patients Can Tell Them Apart

    PGT-A and PGT-M are both preimplantation genetic tests, but they answer different questions. PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo, while PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in a family. Neither test is a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child, and neither is automatically right for every patient. The choice depends on your clinical history, your genetic context and what your treating clinic can offer. This guide explains how the two tests differ so you can ask clearer questions during your research.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A checks chromosome number (for example, whether there is an extra or missing chromosome).
    • PGT-M checks for a known gene change linked to a specific inherited condition.
    • PGT-SR is a related test for structural chromosome rearrangements.
    • Sample, timing and reporting differ between tests.
    • Test choice follows clinical and genetic context, not a ranking of better or worse.
    • Results are reported as risk information, not as a diagnosis of an embryo or a guarantee of outcome.

    What PGT-A and PGT-M are designed to do

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a group of laboratory tests performed on embryos created through IVF. Each type of PGT has a different purpose.

    PGT-A (aneuploidy) is designed to screen for an abnormal number of chromosomes. Chromosomes are the structures that carry genetic material. A typical embryo has a specific number of chromosomes, and PGT-A looks for extra or missing chromosomes. This kind of chromosome difference can occur in any pregnancy and becomes more common with age, but it is not the same as a specific inherited disease.

    PGT-M (monogenic) is designed to look for a specific gene change that is known to run in a family. It is usually considered when there is a known inherited condition, such as cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, thalassaemia or another single-gene disorder. PGT-M is not a general screen; it is targeted at a condition that has already been identified in the family or in the parents.

    PGT-SR (structural rearrangement) is a related test for families where a parent carries a balanced chromosome rearrangement, such as a translocation. It is sometimes grouped with PGT-A and PGT-M in patient information, but it addresses a different situation.

    How the tests differ: purpose, sample, indications and reporting

    The table below compares PGT-A and PGT-M across the categories that international patients most often ask about. It is a general orientation, not a clinical recommendation.

    Category PGT-A PGT-M
    Main purpose Screen for abnormal chromosome number Look for a specific inherited gene change
    What it looks at Number of chromosomes A known gene or gene region linked to a family condition
    Typical situation No known inherited condition; may be discussed based on age, history or prior IVF outcomes Known inherited condition in the family or in one or both parents
    Sample Cells taken from the embryo during IVF Cells taken from the embryo during IVF, plus a DNA sample from the parents or family for test design
    Timing After embryo development reaches a certain stage; timing is set by the clinic After embryo development reaches a certain stage; test design may need to be prepared before the IVF cycle
    Reporting Result describes chromosome number findings for the tested embryo Result describes whether the specific gene change was found, not found, or could not be clearly determined
    Limitations Does not test for all genetic conditions; may not give a clear result in every case Only tests for the condition it was designed for; may not give a clear result in every case

    Both tests are performed on a small sample of cells removed from an embryo. This is called an embryo biopsy. The exact laboratory process, the number of cells taken and the timing of the biopsy are determined by the treating clinic and its laboratory. You should ask your clinic to explain its own protocol.

    Why the choice is not a ranking

    PGT-A and PGT-M are not competing options where one is better than the other. They answer different questions. A patient with a known inherited condition may be offered PGT-M, while a patient without a known inherited condition may discuss PGT-A. Some patients may be offered both, depending on their situation. The decision is clinical and genetic, and it should be made with your treating team.

    It is also important to understand that PGT is not a guarantee. A test result can reduce uncertainty about a specific question, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a child without any health condition. PGT does not replace other prenatal testing or clinical care.

    Questions to ask your clinic about PGT-A and PGT-M

    When you contact a clinic in Thailand or elsewhere, these questions can help you compare what is actually offered and how it fits your situation.

    • Which PGT tests does your clinic and laboratory offer?
    • For my situation, what information would PGT-A or PGT-M provide, and what would it not provide?
    • What are the limitations and possible unclear results for each test?
    • What sample is needed from me or my family, and when does it need to be provided?
    • How and when will results be reported, and who will explain them to me?
    • What are the alternatives if I choose not to do PGT, or if PGT is not suitable for my situation?
    • What costs are involved, and what do they cover? (Ask for a written breakdown.)
    • What are the legal and regulatory requirements for international patients in your location?

    How to prepare for a PGT conversation

    Preparation can make your consultation more productive. Consider the following steps:

    1. Gather your personal and family medical history, including any known genetic conditions.
    2. Collect any previous genetic test results or reports you have.
    3. Write down your main questions and concerns before the appointment.
    4. Ask whether a genetic counsellor is available, and whether an interpreter is needed.
    5. Confirm the clinic’s process for international patients, including how records are shared and how follow-up is arranged.
    6. Ask for a written summary of any recommended tests, including their purpose and limitations.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand page. If you are planning your first contact with a clinic, our international patients page outlines common steps. You can also browse our guides for related topics, and check the FAQ for answers to frequent questions.

    What PGT does not tell you

    PGT-A and PGT-M have limits. PGT-A does not detect every possible genetic condition, and it does not test for single-gene disorders unless a specific test is designed. PGT-M only tests for the condition it was designed for; it does not screen for other conditions. Both tests can sometimes produce a result that is not clear, and in those cases the clinic may discuss what the result means for that embryo. Neither test can guarantee that an embryo will implant, that a pregnancy will continue, or that a child will be free of all health conditions.

    Because of these limits, PGT is usually one part of a broader IVF plan. Your clinic may also discuss other factors such as embryo development, uterine factors and your overall health. The decision to use PGT, and which type, should be based on your individual clinical and genetic context.

    Next steps for international patients

    If you are researching PGT-A and PGT-M from outside Thailand, a practical next step is to contact a clinic that treats international patients and ask for a consultation. Prepare your questions, ask for written information, and confirm any legal, travel or documentation requirements directly with the clinic or the relevant authority. Because requirements can change, always verify current details before making plans.

    This article is for general education and does not replace advice from your treating clinician or a genetic counsellor. Test selection should be individualised.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done at the same time?

    In some situations, a clinic may discuss using both tests together, but this depends on the laboratory's capabilities and your clinical and genetic context. Ask your treating clinic whether combined testing is possible for your case and what the limitations would be.

    Does PGT-A test for inherited diseases like thalassaemia?

    PGT-A looks at chromosome number, not at specific gene changes. Conditions like thalassaemia are usually investigated with PGT-M, which is designed for a known gene change. If you have a family history of a specific condition, tell your clinic so they can advise on the appropriate test.

    Is PGT-M only for couples where both partners are carriers?

    PGT-M may be considered when there is a known inherited condition in the family, which can include situations where one or both parents carry a gene change. The decision depends on the specific condition and your genetic evaluation. A genetic counsellor or your treating clinician can explain whether PGT-M is relevant for you.

    What does an unclear PGT result mean?

    Sometimes a PGT result does not give a clear answer about the embryo. This can happen for technical reasons. Your clinic will explain what an unclear result means for that embryo and what options you have. It does not automatically mean the embryo is affected or unaffected.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about specific chromosome or gene questions, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a child without any health condition. It is one part of IVF care, and other factors also affect outcomes.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand: Who May Benefit and What It Cannot Tell You

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test performed on a small sample of cells from an embryo created through IVF. It counts chromosomes to identify embryos with an abnormal number, such as an extra or missing chromosome. It does not diagnose a specific disease, measure embryo quality, or guarantee a pregnancy. In Thailand, as elsewhere, PGT-A is one option your fertility team may discuss, not a required step for every IVF cycle.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens for chromosome number, not for gene mutations or structural rearrangements.
    • It is usually considered when the chance of chromosome errors is higher, but individual suitability is a clinical judgment.
    • A “normal” result does not guarantee a healthy pregnancy or baby.
    • An “abnormal” result does not always mean the embryo could never produce a pregnancy, but it does change the information available.
    • Costs, timelines, and legal or documentation requirements vary and should be confirmed directly with your clinic and relevant authorities.

    What PGT-A actually screens

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in the embryo. Human embryos should have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with an extra or missing chromosome is called aneuploid. Aneuploidy becomes more common with increasing maternal age, but it can occur at any age.

    The test is typically done on a few cells removed from the trophectoderm, the outer layer of a blastocyst-stage embryo. The embryo itself is not changed by the biopsy. Results are reported as euploid (normal chromosome number), aneuploid (abnormal chromosome number), or sometimes mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells). Some clinics also report a result as inconclusive, meaning the sample did not give a clear answer.

    PGT-A does not look for single-gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease. It does not look for structural chromosome rearrangements such as translocations. Those are addressed by different tests: PGT-M for monogenic disorders and PGT-SR for structural rearrangements. If you are considering PGT-A, it is worth asking your clinic which test is relevant to your situation.

    Who may be offered PGT-A

    PGT-A is not automatically recommended for everyone. Guidelines from professional fertility societies generally suggest it may be considered in specific circumstances, but they do not mandate it as a routine add-on for all IVF cycles. Your fertility specialist can explain whether it is likely to add useful information in your case.

    Situations where PGT-A may be discussed include:

    • Advanced maternal age. The chance of aneuploidy increases with age, so some clinics offer PGT-A to help select embryos for transfer.
    • Recurrent pregnancy loss. If you have had multiple miscarriages, your doctor may suggest PGT-A as part of an evaluation, though it does not explain all causes of loss.
    • Repeated implantation failure. When several IVF transfers have not led to a pregnancy, PGT-A may be considered, but evidence for its benefit in this situation is not uniform.
    • Previous pregnancy with a chromosome abnormality. A prior aneuploid pregnancy may prompt a discussion about screening future embryos.
    • Patient preference after counseling. Some people choose PGT-A to gain more information before transfer, even without a specific risk factor.

    PGT-A is not a substitute for standard prenatal testing. It cannot replace ultrasound, blood tests, or diagnostic procedures during pregnancy. It also does not improve the quality of an embryo; it only provides information about chromosome number.

    What PGT-A cannot tell you

    Understanding the limits of PGT-A is as important as understanding its purpose. The test has several important limitations.

    • It does not guarantee a pregnancy. A euploid embryo may still fail to implant or may result in a miscarriage for reasons unrelated to chromosome number.
    • It does not guarantee a healthy baby. Many health conditions are caused by factors other than chromosome number, including gene mutations, environmental influences, and events during pregnancy.
    • It does not detect all chromosome problems. Some small deletions or duplications, and some structural rearrangements, may not be seen with standard PGT-A.
    • It can produce mosaic results. A mosaic result means the biopsy found a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The meaning of mosaicism is still an area of active research, and counseling can be complex.
    • It can be inconclusive. Sometimes the sample does not yield enough DNA for a clear result.
    • It does not measure embryo potential beyond chromosome number. Two embryos with the same chromosome result can have different developmental potential for reasons not captured by the test.

    Because of these limits, PGT-A is best understood as one piece of information among many. It does not replace a thorough fertility evaluation or a discussion of all available options.

    PGT-A compared with PGT-M and PGT-SR

    PGT-A is part of a family of preimplantation genetic tests. Each has a different purpose.

    Test What it looks for Typical situation
    PGT-A Extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy) Advanced maternal age, recurrent loss, repeated implantation failure, or patient preference
    PGT-M Specific single-gene disorders Known inherited condition in the family
    PGT-SR Structural chromosome rearrangements Known translocation or similar rearrangement

    If you have a known genetic condition in your family, PGT-M may be more relevant than PGT-A. If you carry a balanced translocation, PGT-SR may be discussed. Your clinic can help determine which test, if any, fits your situation.

    Alternatives and additional considerations

    PGT-A is not the only way to approach embryo selection. Some people choose to transfer embryos without PGT-A and rely on standard embryo grading, which looks at appearance under a microscope. Others may consider transferring a mosaic embryo after counseling, as some mosaic embryos can lead to healthy births. These decisions are highly individual and should be made with your fertility team.

    It is also important to consider the practical aspects. PGT-A adds cost, requires embryo biopsy and freezing, and may extend the time to transfer. Not all embryos survive biopsy or thawing. These are not reasons to avoid PGT-A, but they are factors to weigh.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, asking clear questions can help you make an informed decision. Consider asking:

    • What is the specific reason PGT-A is being recommended in my case?
    • What are the alternatives, and what are their trade-offs?
    • How does your laboratory handle mosaic or inconclusive results?
    • What are the costs, including biopsy, testing, and embryo storage?
    • What are the success rates for my age group and diagnosis at your clinic?
    • What paperwork or legal requirements apply to me as an international patient?
    • What happens to embryos that are not transferred?

    These questions can help you understand the clinical and practical picture. They are not a substitute for personalized medical advice.

    Next steps

    If you are researching PGT-A, start by clarifying your own priorities and medical history. Gather any relevant records, such as previous IVF cycles, miscarriage history, or genetic test results. Then schedule a consultation with a fertility specialist who can review your situation and explain whether PGT-A is likely to be useful for you. You can also read more about PGT in Thailand and explore our guides for related topics. If you have general questions, our FAQ may help.

    Remember that PGT-A is a tool, not a promise. It can provide useful information, but it cannot guarantee an outcome. A thoughtful discussion with your clinic is the best way to decide whether it fits your path.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A screens for chromosome number, but it cannot detect all genetic or health conditions. Many factors affect pregnancy and child health, and a euploid result does not guarantee a healthy baby.

    Who is a candidate for PGT-A?

    PGT-A may be discussed for people with advanced maternal age, recurrent pregnancy loss, repeated implantation failure, or a previous aneuploid pregnancy. Some people also choose it without specific risk factors. Suitability is a clinical judgment, so talk with your fertility specialist.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at chromosome number (aneuploidy). PGT-M looks for specific single-gene disorders. PGT-SR looks for structural chromosome rearrangements. Your clinic can help determine which test, if any, is relevant for you.

    Can PGT-A detect all chromosome abnormalities?

    No. PGT-A detects extra or missing whole chromosomes, but it may not detect small deletions or duplications, and some structural rearrangements may be missed. It also cannot detect gene mutations.

    What does a mosaic PGT-A result mean?

    A mosaic result means the biopsy found a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The implications are complex and still being studied. Your clinic can explain what a mosaic result might mean for your specific situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing Cost in Thailand: How to Read a Quotation as an International Patient

    If you are comparing PGT-A quotations from clinics in Thailand, the headline number is rarely the full story. A quotation may cover the genetic laboratory fee but not the embryo biopsy, or it may include a set number of embryos and charge separately for additional ones. Because PGT-A is usually part of an IVF cycle, the quotation may also sit alongside IVF fees, medication, monitoring, and storage. This guide explains the categories that commonly appear in a PGT-A quotation, the boundaries that are often left unstated, and the questions that help you compare quotes on equal terms. It does not provide prices, because those depend on the clinic, the laboratory, and your individual treatment plan.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A is a laboratory test performed on embryos created during IVF, so its cost is usually quoted alongside IVF costs, not instead of them.
    • A quotation may separate the biopsy procedure, the genetic laboratory analysis, and any embryo storage or re-biopsy fees.
    • Some quotes are per embryo, some are per cycle, and some combine both. Ask which model applies.
    • Written boundaries matter more than a single total, because they show what would trigger an additional charge.
    • Cost is only one part of the decision. Ask how results are reported, what happens if no embryo is suitable for testing, and how the clinic communicates with patients abroad.

    Why a PGT-A quotation is not a single price

    PGT-A, or preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, is a screening test that examines the number of chromosomes in an embryo. It is not a treatment on its own. It is performed in a laboratory after embryos have been created through IVF and usually after they have reached a certain stage of development. Because of this, the cost of PGT-A is layered on top of the IVF cycle rather than replacing any part of it.

    For international patients, this layering is where confusion often starts. A clinic may present one figure for the IVF cycle and another for PGT-A, or it may present a package that combines several services. Neither approach is wrong, but they are not directly comparable unless you know what each figure covers. The useful question is not only “How much is PGT-A?” but “What exactly is included in this quotation, and what would cause the cost to change?”

    Common cost components in a PGT-A quotation

    The exact structure varies by clinic and laboratory. The categories below are the ones most often separated in quotations, and they are the ones worth checking line by line.

    Embryo biopsy

    Before the genetic laboratory can analyse an embryo, a small sample of cells must be removed. This is the biopsy. In some quotations the biopsy is included in the PGT-A fee; in others it is billed as a separate procedure. It may also be charged per embryo, which means the total depends on how many embryos are suitable for biopsy. Ask whether the biopsy fee is included, and whether it is charged per embryo or per cycle.

    Genetic laboratory analysis

    This is the part most people think of as “the PGT-A test.” It covers the laboratory work that examines the biopsy sample and produces a result. The fee may be quoted per embryo, per batch of embryos, or as a flat fee for the cycle. If the quotation is per embryo, ask what happens if more embryos are available than expected, or fewer.

    Embryo storage

    Embryos that are biopsied are usually frozen while waiting for results, and they may remain in storage afterwards. Storage is often billed separately and may be charged monthly, annually, or for an initial period. Ask when storage begins, how it is billed, and what happens if you need to continue storage longer than the initial period.

    Re-biopsy or repeat testing

    Occasionally a sample may not give a clear result, and the clinic may discuss whether a repeat biopsy or repeat analysis is possible. This is not a routine part of every cycle, but it is a boundary worth clarifying in advance. Ask whether a repeat test would be charged again, and under what circumstances.

    IVF cycle costs that sit alongside PGT-A

    PGT-A does not replace the IVF cycle. Monitoring, egg retrieval, laboratory fertilisation, medication, and embryo freezing may all be quoted separately. If you are comparing PGT-A quotations, make sure you are also comparing the IVF quotation, because a lower PGT-A figure may sit next to a higher IVF figure, or vice versa.

    What a quotation may leave out

    Quotations are usually written for a typical pathway, and real cycles do not always follow the typical pathway. The following items are commonly excluded or only partly covered. They are not hidden fees in every case, but they are the questions that most often change the final amount.

    • Number of embryos tested. If the quote is per embryo, the total depends on how many embryos are available and suitable for biopsy.
    • Medication. Fertility medication is often quoted separately and can vary with your response to treatment.
    • Additional monitoring or visits. Extra scans, blood tests, or consultations may be billed individually.
    • Storage beyond an initial period. Storage is often time-limited in the quotation.
    • Shipping or transport of samples. If samples are sent to an external laboratory, transport may be a separate line.
    • Administrative or coordination fees. Some clinics charge for international patient coordination, translation, or records handling.
    • Travel, accommodation, and living costs. These are rarely included in a medical quotation but are part of your overall budget.

    How to compare quotations fairly

    Comparing quotations is easier when you use the same criteria for each one. The table below lists the questions that turn a headline figure into a comparable set of boundaries. It does not contain prices, because those must come from the clinic in writing.

    Question Why it matters
    Is the PGT-A fee per embryo or per cycle? Determines how the total changes with the number of embryos.
    Is the biopsy included? Biopsy may be billed separately or per embryo.
    Is embryo storage included, and for how long? Storage often continues after the test and may be billed over time.
    What happens if a sample needs to be repeated? Clarifies whether a repeat test would be charged again.
    Are IVF, medication, and monitoring included? PGT-A sits alongside IVF costs, not instead of them.
    Are there administrative or coordination fees? International patient services may be billed separately.
    How and when will results be communicated? Affects planning and follow-up, even if it is not a cost line.

    Questions to ask a clinic before you commit

    These questions are designed to produce written answers you can compare. Ask for them in writing, and keep the replies with your quotation.

    1. Can you send a written quotation that separates the IVF cycle, the PGT-A laboratory fee, the biopsy, and storage?
    2. Is the PGT-A fee charged per embryo, per cycle, or in another way?
    3. What is the maximum number of embryos covered by the quotation, if any?
    4. What would cause the quotation to increase, and how would I be told before the increase happens?
    5. Is embryo storage included, and if so, for how long and at what point does it renew?
    6. If a sample cannot be analysed, what are the options and would there be an additional charge?
    7. Which costs are paid to the clinic and which, if any, are paid to an external laboratory?
    8. What is your process for communicating results and next steps to patients who are not in Thailand?
    9. Are there any administrative, coordination, or records fees for international patients?
    10. What is your cancellation and refund policy if the cycle changes or is stopped?

    Planning your budget beyond the quotation

    A PGT-A quotation is one part of a larger budget. International patients usually also plan for flights, accommodation, local transport, meals, and time away from work. Some clinics may ask for a deposit before treatment starts, and payment schedules can vary. Ask how and when payments are due, what currency is used, and whether any bank or transfer fees apply. These are practical boundaries that affect your total outlay even though they are not medical fees.

    It is also worth asking how the clinic handles communication while you are abroad. A clear point of contact, a written summary of your plan, and an agreed way to share results can reduce uncertainty. These are not cost items, but they are part of comparing clinics as a whole.

    What PGT-A can and cannot tell you

    PGT-A is a screening test. It provides information about the number of chromosomes in the cells sampled, and it is used to help decide which embryos may be considered for transfer. It does not guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a healthy child, and it does not test for every possible genetic condition. A clinic should explain the limitations of the test, what a result can and cannot show, and how the result fits into your wider treatment plan. If a quotation is presented as a guarantee of an outcome, that is a reason to ask more questions rather than fewer.

    Next steps

    Start by requesting written quotations from the clinics you are considering, using the same list of questions for each. Compare the boundaries, not just the totals. If a quotation is unclear, ask for it to be rewritten with the inclusions and exclusions stated separately. You can read more about the wider cost picture in our guide to PGT-A cost in Thailand and our overview of IVF cost in Thailand. For general planning tools and background reading, see our patient resources, and if you would like help organising your questions, you can contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a PGT-A quotation in Thailand usually include the embryo biopsy?

    It varies. Some clinics include the biopsy in the PGT-A fee, while others bill it separately or per embryo. Ask for the quotation to state clearly whether the biopsy is included, and whether it is charged per embryo or per cycle.

    Is PGT-A charged per embryo or per cycle?

    Both models exist. A per-embryo fee means the total depends on how many embryos are available and suitable for testing. A per-cycle fee is a single charge for the cycle. Ask which model applies and what happens if the number of embryos differs from what was expected.

    What costs might appear in addition to the PGT-A fee?

    Common additions include IVF cycle costs, medication, monitoring, embryo storage, administrative or coordination fees, and travel. The exact list depends on the clinic. Ask for a written quotation that separates each category so you can see what is included.

    Can I get a fixed total price for PGT-A before I start?

    Some clinics may offer a package, but many quotations are estimates because the number of embryos and your response to treatment can vary. Ask what would cause the quotation to change and how you would be informed before any additional charge is made.

    What should I do if a quotation is unclear?

    Ask the clinic to rewrite it with inclusions and exclusions stated separately. Use the same questions for each clinic you contact so you can compare like with like. Keep all written replies with your quotation for reference.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read a PGT Report from a Thai Clinic: A Plain-English Guide for International Patients

    If you have received a PGT report from a clinic in Thailand, the first step is to understand what the report is and what it is not. A PGT report summarises laboratory findings from a small sample of cells taken from an embryo. It is a technical document, not a diagnosis of your health or a guarantee of any outcome. This guide explains the common structure and terminology you may see, the categories of results that are typically reported, and the questions that can help you and your clinician interpret the findings in your specific situation. It does not replace a conversation with your treating clinic or a qualified genetics professional.

    At a glance

    • PGT reports describe laboratory findings from embryo samples; they do not predict pregnancy or child health with certainty.
    • Different PGT types (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR) answer different questions and use different reporting language.
    • Result categories such as “euploid,” “aneuploid,” “mosaic,” and “inconclusive” have specific meanings that your clinician should explain in context.
    • Reports may include technical caveats, limitations, and recommendations for confirmatory testing or genetic counselling.
    • Ask your clinic for a translated or explained version of the report if the original is not in a language you read comfortably.

    What a PGT report is — and what it is not

    A PGT report is a laboratory summary. It typically describes the type of test performed, the sample analysed, the methodology used, and the findings for each embryo tested. It may also include quality indicators, limitations, and a disclaimer about the scope of the test.

    It is not a diagnosis of you or your partner. It is not a guarantee that an embryo will implant, develop normally, or result in a healthy child. It is not a complete picture of all possible genetic conditions. And it is not a substitute for genetic counselling, especially when a specific inherited condition is involved.

    Because PGT is a screening or diagnostic adjunct, not a treatment, the report should always be interpreted alongside your clinical history, the reason PGT was recommended, and the limitations of the technology used.

    The three main types of PGT and what their reports cover

    PGT is an umbrella term. The type of PGT performed determines what the report can and cannot tell you. The table below outlines the general focus of each type. Your clinic can confirm which type was used in your case.

    PGT type General focus Typical report content
    PGT-A Screening for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy) Chromosome copy number findings per embryo; may include mosaic or inconclusive categories
    PGT-M Testing for a specific inherited condition known to be present in the family Presence or absence of the specific gene variant tested; may include affected, carrier, or unaffected categories
    PGT-SR Testing for structural chromosome rearrangements Findings related to the specific rearrangement; may include balanced, unbalanced, or inconclusive categories

    Some reports combine more than one type, for example PGT-A plus PGT-M. In that case, the report may have separate sections for each test. Ask your clinic which sections apply to your embryos.

    Common sections you may see in a PGT report

    Report formats vary by laboratory and clinic, but many include the following sections. The exact headings may differ, and some reports may omit sections that are not relevant to your test.

    • Patient and sample identification: Your name or identifier, the clinic’s identifier, the date of the biopsy, and the date the report was issued.
    • Test requested: The specific PGT type and any additional tests ordered.
    • Methodology: A brief description of the laboratory technique used, such as the platform or the number of cells analysed. This section may include technical limitations.
    • Results table: A list of embryos tested, often identified by a code or number, with the finding for each. This is usually the core of the report.
    • Interpretation or comments: A narrative explanation of the findings, including any caveats or recommendations.
    • Limitations and disclaimer: A statement about what the test cannot detect, the possibility of false results, and the need for clinical correlation.
    • Recommendations: Suggestions for next steps, such as genetic counselling, confirmatory testing, or discussion with your clinician.

    If any section is unclear or missing, ask your clinic for clarification. You are entitled to understand the information that affects your care.

    Understanding result categories

    The language used in PGT reports can be technical. Below are some common categories and what they generally mean. Your clinician should explain how these categories apply to your specific embryos and your treatment plan.

    Euploid

    This term generally means the embryo has a typical number of chromosomes for its stage of development, based on the cells sampled. It does not guarantee implantation or a healthy pregnancy. It means the test did not detect an abnormal chromosome number in the sample.

    Aneuploid

    This term generally means the embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes in the sample. Aneuploidy can involve an extra chromosome (trisomy), a missing chromosome (monosomy), or more complex patterns. The report may specify which chromosome(s) are involved. The clinical significance depends on the specific finding and is best discussed with your clinician.

    Mosaic

    Mosaicism means the sample contains a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The report may describe the percentage of cells affected or use terms like “low-level” or “high-level” mosaic. Mosaic results are often complex, and their interpretation depends on the specific chromosomes involved and the proportion of affected cells. Your clinic may recommend genetic counselling to discuss the implications.

    Inconclusive or no result

    Sometimes the laboratory cannot obtain a clear result from the sample. This may be due to technical factors, insufficient DNA, or other reasons. An inconclusive result does not mean the embryo is abnormal; it means the test did not provide a definitive answer. Your clinic may discuss options such as re-biopsy, re-testing, or proceeding without a result, depending on your situation.

    Carrier or affected (for PGT-M)

    For PGT-M, the report may use terms like “affected,” “carrier,” or “unaffected” in relation to the specific condition tested. These terms describe the presence or absence of the gene variant in the sample. The meaning for your family depends on the inheritance pattern of the condition and should be explained by a genetics professional.

    Why the same result can be interpreted differently

    PGT results are not interpreted in isolation. The same laboratory finding may lead to different clinical recommendations depending on:

    • The reason PGT was performed (for example, advanced maternal age, recurrent pregnancy loss, or a known familial condition).
    • The number and quality of embryos available.
    • Your reproductive history and previous treatment outcomes.
    • The specific chromosomes or gene variants involved.
    • The limitations of the testing platform used.
    • Your personal values and preferences, which may be informed by genetic counselling.

    This is why a report should not be read as a standalone verdict. It is one piece of information among many that your care team will consider.

    Questions to ask your clinic about your PGT report

    Bring your report to your next consultation and consider asking the following questions. You may want to request a translated copy or an explanation in a language you understand well.

    1. Which type of PGT was performed, and what was it looking for?
    2. Can you explain the result for each embryo in plain language?
    3. What do the terms “euploid,” “aneuploid,” “mosaic,” or “inconclusive” mean for my specific embryos?
    4. What are the limitations of this test for my situation?
    5. Are there any findings that suggest I should consider genetic counselling?
    6. How might these results affect the options available to me?
    7. What would you recommend as next steps, and what alternatives exist?
    8. Can I have a copy of the full report, including any technical appendices?
    9. Is there a genetics professional or counsellor I can speak with?
    10. What costs, if any, are associated with further testing or counselling?

    Write down the answers. If something is still unclear, ask again. It is reasonable to take time to understand the information before making decisions.

    Limitations of PGT and report interpretation

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it has limitations. No test can detect every possible genetic or chromosomal issue. Some conditions are not detectable by the methods used. Mosaic results can be difficult to interpret because the sample may not represent the whole embryo. Technical errors, though uncommon, can occur. And a “normal” result does not guarantee a healthy pregnancy or child.

    Because of these limitations, PGT reports should always be interpreted by qualified professionals in the context of your overall care. If you are considering PGT or have received a report, ask your clinic about the specific limitations of the test you used.

    Next steps for international patients

    If you are reviewing a PGT report from a clinic in Thailand, here is a short checklist to help you move forward:

    • Request a full copy of the report, including any technical sections, in a language you read comfortably.
    • Ask your clinic to schedule a consultation to explain the results.
    • Prepare your questions in advance, using the list above as a starting point.
    • Ask whether genetic counselling is available, either at the clinic or remotely.
    • Take notes during the consultation and ask for clarification on any point you do not understand.
    • Consider seeking a second opinion if you feel uncertain or if the findings are complex.
    • Keep all reports and correspondence in a safe place for your records.

    Understanding your PGT report is a process, not a single event. You are entitled to clear explanations and to make decisions at your own pace. For more general information about PGT in Thailand, you can explore our PGT in Thailand page, browse our guides, or check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does an inconclusive PGT result mean?

    An inconclusive result means the laboratory could not obtain a clear finding from the sample. This can happen for technical reasons, such as insufficient DNA or poor sample quality. It does not mean the embryo is abnormal. Your clinic may discuss options such as re-testing or proceeding without a result, depending on your situation.

    Can a PGT report tell me whether my embryo will implant?

    No. A PGT report describes laboratory findings from a sample of cells. It cannot predict whether an embryo will implant, develop normally, or result in a healthy child. Implantation depends on many factors, including embryo quality, uterine environment, and maternal health. Your clinician can explain how the report fits into your overall treatment plan.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for a specific inherited condition known to be present in the family. PGT-SR tests for structural chromosome rearrangements. Each type uses different laboratory methods and produces different types of reports. Your clinic can confirm which type was used in your case.

    Should I get genetic counselling after receiving a PGT report?

    Genetic counselling can be helpful, especially if your report shows a mosaic result, a specific chromosome abnormality, or a finding related to an inherited condition. A genetics professional can explain the implications for you and your family and help you understand your options. Ask your clinic whether genetic counselling is available.

    Can I get my PGT report translated into English?

    Many clinics in Thailand can provide reports or explanations in English, but this varies. If your report is not in a language you read comfortably, ask your clinic for a translated copy or for a consultation with an interpreter. It is important that you understand the information that affects your care.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT for Male Factor Infertility in Thailand: When It Helps and What It Cannot Do

    PGT, or preimplantation genetic testing, is a laboratory step performed on embryos created through IVF. It is not a treatment for low sperm count, poor motility or abnormal sperm shape, and it does not repair sperm or improve fertilisation. For male factor infertility, PGT becomes relevant mainly when there is a known or suspected genetic cause, such as an inherited chromosome rearrangement or a single-gene condition that can be passed to a child. In many cases, male factor infertility is managed through IVF or ICSI without PGT. Whether PGT adds value depends on your diagnosis, your history and what a genetic test can actually detect.

    At a glance

    • PGT tests embryos, not sperm. It cannot treat male factor infertility itself.
    • PGT-A counts chromosomes; PGT-M looks for a specific known gene change; PGT-SR looks for a known chromosome rearrangement.
    • Male factor infertility alone is not usually an indication for PGT unless a genetic cause is identified or strongly suspected.
    • Severe male factor may be linked to chromosome conditions such as Klinefelter syndrome or Y chromosome microdeletions, which can affect the chance of passing a condition to a child.
    • PGT is not a guarantee of pregnancy, live birth or a healthy child.
    • Availability, eligibility and legal rules vary. Confirm details directly with the treating clinic and relevant authorities in Thailand.

    What PGT is and what it is not

    PGT is performed on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo during IVF, usually at the blastocyst stage. The sample is tested in a genetics laboratory, and the result is used to help decide which embryos may be suitable for transfer. PGT does not change the embryo, and it does not treat the cause of male factor infertility.

    It is important to separate three ideas:

    • Fertilisation is the joining of sperm and egg. Male factor infertility affects this step, which is why ICSI is often used.
    • Embryo development is how the fertilised egg grows in the laboratory. PGT does not improve development.
    • Genetic testing looks for specific chromosome or gene findings in the embryo. This is where PGT sits.

    PGT is not a screening test for all possible health conditions, and it cannot predict intelligence, appearance or future health in general.

    Why male factor infertility may raise genetic questions

    Male factor infertility is a broad term. It can include low sperm concentration, low motility, abnormal morphology, or a combination. In some men, the cause is genetic or chromosomal. Examples that may be relevant to family planning include:

    • Klinefelter syndrome and other sex chromosome variations, which can affect sperm production.
    • Y chromosome microdeletions, which can affect sperm production and may be passed to sons.
    • Balanced chromosome rearrangements in the man, which may not affect his health but can increase the chance of miscarriage or a child with a chromosome condition.
    • Single-gene conditions that run in the family, such as cystic fibrosis or spinal muscular atrophy, where the man carries a known change.

    These are examples, not a complete list. A genetic evaluation, often including a blood test and a review of family history, is needed to know whether any of these apply to you. PGT is only useful when there is a specific finding to test for.

    PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR: what each one does

    The three main types of PGT answer different questions. They are not interchangeable.

    Type What it looks at Typical male-factor link Main limitation
    PGT-A Number of chromosomes in an embryo (for example, extra or missing chromosomes) Not specific to male factor. May be discussed with advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage or repeated IVF failure. Does not detect single-gene conditions or balanced rearrangements. Some embryos with normal test results still do not implant.
    PGT-M A specific single-gene condition that is known to run in the family Relevant when the man carries a known gene change that could be passed on. Requires a known gene change and a custom test. It does not screen for other conditions.
    PGT-SR A known chromosome rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation Relevant when the man has a confirmed balanced rearrangement linked to miscarriage or chromosome conditions in children. Requires a confirmed rearrangement and a custom test. It does not detect unrelated conditions.

    In practice, a clinic may combine PGT-A with PGT-M or PGT-SR, depending on the case. The choice should follow from a genetic diagnosis, not from male factor infertility alone.

    When PGT may add value in male factor infertility

    PGT may be worth discussing when at least one of the following applies:

    • A man has a confirmed chromosome rearrangement, and the couple wants to reduce the chance of passing an unbalanced chromosome condition to a child.
    • A man carries a known single-gene change, and the couple wants to avoid passing that condition to a child.
    • A couple has a history of recurrent miscarriage or repeated IVF failure, and a genetic cause is suspected or confirmed.
    • A couple is already having IVF with ICSI for male factor infertility, and a separate genetic indication exists.

    In these situations, PGT can provide information that helps prioritise embryos for transfer. It does not remove all risk, and it does not guarantee a healthy child.

    When PGT is unlikely to help

    PGT is unlikely to change management when:

    • The only issue is low sperm count, poor motility or abnormal shape, with no known genetic cause.
    • There is no specific condition to test for.
    • The couple would not change their decision about which embryo to transfer based on the result.
    • The clinic does not offer the specific test, or the laboratory cannot validate it for the condition in question.

    In these cases, the focus is usually on IVF or ICSI, sperm retrieval if needed, and standard embryo selection by a embryologist. PGT adds cost and complexity without a clear benefit.

    What PGT cannot do

    • It cannot fix sperm problems or improve fertilisation.
    • It cannot guarantee pregnancy, live birth or a healthy child.
    • It cannot detect every genetic condition.
    • It cannot predict how an embryo will develop after transfer.
    • It cannot replace a genetic consultation or a full fertility assessment.

    Some embryos tested as normal may still fail to implant, and some pregnancies may still be affected by a condition that was not tested for. These are limits of the technology, not failures of the clinic.

    Alternatives and complementary steps

    Depending on your situation, options other than PGT may include:

    • Genetic counselling to understand inheritance patterns and reproductive options.
    • Donor sperm, which may be considered when the man has a condition that could be passed on and PGT is not suitable or available.
    • Prenatal testing during pregnancy, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, which can detect certain conditions after natural or assisted conception.
    • IVF or ICSI without PGT, which may be appropriate when there is no genetic indication.

    These are not mutually exclusive. A genetic counsellor or fertility specialist can help you weigh them.

    What to ask a clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, ask direct questions and ask for written answers where possible:

    • Does my case have a specific genetic indication for PGT, and which type?
    • What genetic testing do you recommend for me before we decide?
    • Does your laboratory perform the specific test I need, or does it send samples elsewhere?
    • What are the limitations of the test in my case?
    • What are the costs, including genetic counselling, embryo biopsy, laboratory testing and any repeat testing?
    • What happens to embryos that are not transferred?
    • What are the legal and regulatory requirements for international patients in Thailand?
    • What support is available in my language?

    Costs, documents, timelines and legal rules change. Confirm them directly with the clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authority. Do not rely on general guides for time-sensitive details.

    Planning steps for international patients

    1. Clarify the male diagnosis. Ask for a full semen analysis, a review of medical and family history, and any recommended genetic tests.
    2. Meet a genetic counsellor or specialist. Understand whether there is a condition that PGT can detect and what the inheritance pattern is.
    3. Confirm the indication for PGT. If there is no specific genetic finding, ask why PGT is being recommended.
    4. Check laboratory capability. Not every clinic offers every PGT type. Ask how the test is validated and how long results take.
    5. Compare options. Discuss IVF or ICSI with and without PGT, donor sperm, and prenatal testing.
    6. Plan travel and logistics. Ask about the number of visits, monitoring, and how results are communicated.
    7. Confirm costs and legal requirements. Request a written breakdown and check current rules for international patients.

    Where to read more

    For a broader overview of testing options in the country, see PGT in Thailand. For step-by-step planning guides, visit Guides. For common questions about fertility testing and treatment, see FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does male factor infertility always mean I need PGT?

    No. Male factor infertility alone is not usually an indication for PGT. PGT is considered when there is a specific genetic finding, such as a known chromosome rearrangement or a single-gene condition, that can be tested in embryos. If no such finding exists, IVF or ICSI without PGT may be more appropriate. A genetic evaluation can help clarify whether PGT is relevant for you.

    Can PGT improve sperm quality or fix male infertility?

    No. PGT tests embryos, not sperm. It does not improve sperm count, motility or shape, and it does not treat the cause of male factor infertility. Sperm problems are usually managed through IVF with ICSI, sometimes with sperm retrieval. PGT is a separate step that looks for specific genetic findings in embryos.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo and is not specific to male factor infertility. PGT-M looks for a known single-gene condition that runs in the family. PGT-SR looks for a known chromosome rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation. Each test requires a different type of genetic finding, and they are not interchangeable.

    Is PGT available in Thailand for international patients?

    Many fertility clinics in Thailand offer IVF and some form of genetic testing, but availability varies by clinic and by the specific test. Legal and regulatory requirements for international patients can also change. You should confirm directly with the clinic whether they offer the PGT type you need, what the current requirements are, and what costs and timelines apply.

    Does a normal PGT result guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with a specific chromosome or gene finding, but it cannot guarantee pregnancy, live birth or a healthy child. Some conditions are not tested for, and some embryos with normal results still do not implant. Your clinic can explain the limits of the test in your specific case.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.