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  • Why a PGT Result Rate Is Not an IVF Pregnancy Rate

    A PGT result rate and an IVF pregnancy rate often appear side by side in clinic brochures and patient forums, and it is tempting to read them as two steps on one ladder: first the test, then the pregnancy. They are not. One is a laboratory finding about sampled embryos; the other is a clinical event after a transfer. Comparing them directly, or subtracting one from the other, mixes different numerators, different denominators and different moments in time.

    This guide walks through what each figure actually counts, why the gap between them can look surprisingly large, and what to ask so that any number you are shown arrives with its definition attached.

    Two different questions, two different counts

    PGT-A assesses chromosome number in cells sampled from an embryo, and the test has limitations, including the possibility of incorrect findings (HFEA: PGT-A). That sentence already tells you the unit of measurement: embryos, or more precisely biopsy samples from embryos. A PGT result rate answers a laboratory question — of the embryos we sampled, how many produced a usable result, and of those, how many were reported as having the expected chromosome number?

    An IVF pregnancy rate answers a clinical question — of some defined group of treatment episodes, how many produced a clinical pregnancy? The unit might be a started cycle, an egg retrieval, or a single embryo transfer. Each choice changes the number.

    Neither figure is a statement about the other. A high proportion of embryos reported as chromosomally normal does not tell you how many transfers will happen, and a pregnancy rate per transfer does not tell you how many embryos were available to test.

    Step one: unpack the PGT result rate

    “PGT result rate” is itself a bundle of at least three separate figures, and clinics do not always say which one they mean.

    • Biopsy and laboratory success. Not every sampled embryo yields a reportable result. Some samples fail to amplify or are otherwise uninformative. The proportion with a usable result is one rate.
    • Reported chromosome findings. Among embryos with a result, some are reported as having the expected chromosome number, some as having an unexpected number, and some as mosaic — an intermediate finding inferred from the biopsy sample. A mosaic result does not establish the cell composition of the whole embryo, and technical factors can contribute to such findings (ASRM: mosaic PGT-A results).
    • Inconclusive or no-result embryos. These are usually reported separately, but sometimes they are quietly folded into a denominator or left out of one. Where they sit changes the percentage.

    So when someone says “our PGT normal rate is X%,” the honest follow-up is: normal per what? Per embryo retrieved? Per embryo biopsied? Per embryo with a result? The same laboratory output can produce three noticeably different percentages depending on that choice.

    Step two: unpack the IVF pregnancy rate

    Clinical outcome rates carry the same ambiguity, and the fertility field has long struggled with it. A clinical pregnancy rate per transfer counts only cycles that reached transfer, which excludes everyone whose cycle stopped earlier. A live birth rate per started cycle counts everyone who began treatment, including those who never reached retrieval or transfer. These are not rival statistics; they answer different questions, and the denominator is the whole story.

    For a fuller treatment of how pregnancy, live birth and denominators differ, see IVF success-rate definitions: pregnancy, live birth and denominators. The key point here is narrower: a per-transfer pregnancy rate has already passed through several filters — stimulation response, retrieval, fertilisation, embryo development, testing, and the decision to transfer — before its denominator even begins.

    Step three: why the two cannot be subtracted

    Put the two figures side by side and the mismatch becomes structural rather than mysterious.

    Feature PGT result rate IVF pregnancy rate
    Numerator Embryos with a particular laboratory report Cycles or transfers with a clinical pregnancy
    Denominator Embryos sampled, biopsied or with a result Cycles started, retrievals, or transfers performed
    Time point Before any transfer Weeks after a transfer
    What it describes A laboratory finding in a sample A clinical event in a patient

    Because the units differ, “50% normal embryos” and “60% pregnancy per transfer” are not two halves of a whole. You cannot subtract one from the other to estimate your own chances, and you cannot multiply them to predict an outcome. Each describes a different population at a different stage.

    There is also a selection effect worth naming. If only embryos reported as having the expected chromosome number are transferred, the per-transfer pregnancy rate is calculated in a group that has already been filtered. That filtering may raise or lower the per-transfer figure relative to an untested group, but the comparison depends on the population, the clinic and the definitions used — and a PGT result does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child (HFEA: PGT-A).

    A worked illustration, with invented numbers

    The figures below are illustrative only. They are not data from any clinic, and they are not a prediction for any patient. Their purpose is to show how arithmetic works when denominators are handled honestly.

    Imagine a hypothetical cycle that starts with ten eggs retrieved. Six fertilise and develop into blastocysts suitable for biopsy. Of those six, five yield a reportable PGT-A result, and one is inconclusive. Of the five with results, suppose half — two or three embryos — are reported as having the expected chromosome number. That is a 50% figure, but note its denominator: embryos with a result, not eggs retrieved and not cycles started.

    Now suppose one of those embryos is transferred, and the clinic reports a 60% clinical pregnancy rate per transfer. That 60% is calculated across many transfers, not this one. For this hypothetical cycle, the outcome is binary: pregnant or not.

    If you instead ask “what proportion of started cycles reached a transfer and a pregnancy?”, the denominator becomes cycles started — and the figure is far lower than either 50% or 60%, because most started cycles in this illustration never produced a transferable tested embryo at all. Nothing has gone wrong mathematically. The three percentages simply answer three different questions.

    This is why a clinic can truthfully report a strong per-transfer rate alongside a modest per-started-cycle rate, and why a laboratory can truthfully report a 50% normal rate that feels discouraging next to a 60% pregnancy headline. The numbers are not in conflict; they are measuring different things.

    What to ask so each number arrives with its definition

    You do not need statistical training to get clarity. A short set of questions, asked once and written down, usually does the job.

    1. For the PGT figure: is the denominator embryos retrieved, embryos biopsied, or embryos with a reportable result? How are inconclusive and mosaic results counted?
    2. For the pregnancy figure: is the denominator cycles started, egg retrievals, or embryo transfers? Is the numerator a clinical pregnancy or a live birth?
    3. Over what time period were these figures collected, and do they describe all patients or a selected subgroup?
    4. Are the PGT and pregnancy figures drawn from the same group of patients, or from different periods and populations?
    5. How does the clinic report embryos that were tested but never transferred?

    These are clinical and laboratory questions, and your treating clinician and genetic counsellor are the right people to answer them for your situation. A coordination service can help you organise records, prepare the question list and route it to the hospital, but it does not interpret results or advise on treatment.

    Keeping your own record straight

    If you are comparing information from more than one clinic, note the exact wording each one uses, the date of the figures, and whether the denominator was stated or inferred. Approximate dates and quoted phrases are more useful later than a remembered impression. If you are preparing for a consultation, PGT and IVF terminology: questions to ask before you speak with Thai clinicians covers vocabulary that helps you describe what you have already been told.

    It also helps to separate what a test can and cannot tell you. Embryo appearance vs genetic test results explains why morphology and PGT can point in different directions, and how to read PGT IVF success rates in Thailand sets out reporting conventions that affect how headline figures are built. For the broader picture of what outcome statistics can and cannot support, Understanding IVF success rates is a useful companion.

    The practical takeaway is simple. When you see a PGT result rate, ask what it is a rate of. When you see a pregnancy rate, ask the same. Once both denominators are visible, the two figures stop competing and start doing their proper jobs: describing a laboratory step and a clinical outcome, each on its own terms.

  • IVF in Thailand with Diminished Ovarian Reserve: Is Travelling Reasonable, and What to Discuss First?

    Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) means the ovaries hold fewer eggs than expected for your age, or respond less strongly to stimulation. It is a description of ovarian reserve, not a verdict on whether IVF can work for you. Whether travelling to Thailand for treatment is reasonable depends less on the destination than on your own results, your history of response, and whether a clinic can offer a plan you understand and accept before you commit to flights.

    No article can tell you your chances. Those depend on factors only a licensed clinician can assess with your records in hand. What this guide can do is show you which factors are usually reviewed together, what can be sorted out remotely, and what to raise in the first serious conversation with a doctor.

    Why one number does not answer the question

    Patients often arrive at a consultation with a single figure — an AMH value, an FSH level, or a follicle count — and expect it to settle the matter. Clinicians generally look at several results side by side, because each captures something different and none predicts an individual cycle on its own.

    • Age, which affects both egg quantity and the proportion of embryos with normal chromosome number.
    • AMH and antral follicle count, which estimate how many follicles may be available to respond to stimulation.
    • FSH and estradiol on an early-cycle blood test, which give context to the reserve picture.
    • Previous stimulation cycles, if you have had any: how many follicles grew, how many eggs were retrieved, how many embryos formed, and how they developed.
    • Embryo yield and chromosome screening discussions, since a low number of eggs can mean few embryos reach the stage where testing is even possible.
    • Uterine factors and male-factor findings, which influence the plan independently of ovarian reserve.

    A prior cycle is often the most informative item in the file, because it shows how your ovaries actually behaved rather than how they might. If you have never been stimulated, the clinician is working from predictions, and the first cycle itself becomes a source of information.

    What “reasonable” means when you are travelling

    For a patient with low ovarian reserve, the practical question is not simply whether IVF exists in Thailand. It is whether the treatment plan can be organised around the monitoring a cycle requires, how many trips that implies, and what happens if a cycle responds poorly or is cancelled.

    Some preparation can be done before you fly: reviewing records, discussing protocol options by video, and completing baseline tests locally or in Thailand depending on the clinic’s preference. Stimulation monitoring, the retrieval procedure and any transfer must happen in person. Ask directly how many days in Thailand the clinic would expect for your situation, and whether monitoring could begin at home with a local clinic before travel. Answers will vary by protocol and by clinic, so treat any estimate as provisional until confirmed in writing.

    It is also worth asking what a poor response would mean in practice. If few follicles develop, would the clinic continue, convert the plan, or recommend cancelling? Knowing this in advance helps you judge whether the trip carries an acceptable level of uncertainty for you. A separate guide on handling IVF cycle cancellation in Thailand covers the logistics of that scenario.

    What to raise with the doctor first

    Bring your records — hormone results with dates, scan reports, and details of any previous stimulation and its outcome — and ask for a view on suitability before discussing price or dates. The questions below are grouped by what they are meant to settle.

    Understanding your own situation

    • How do my age, AMH, follicle count and hormone results fit together, and what do they suggest about how I might respond?
    • Given my history, what would you expect in terms of follicle growth, egg numbers and embryo development — and how uncertain is that estimate?
    • Are there any findings, such as a uterine or male-factor issue, that change the priority of treatment?

    Protocol and treatment options

    • Which stimulation approaches would you consider for someone with my profile, and why?
    • What alternatives exist if my response is low — a different protocol, a further cycle, or treatment with donor eggs?
    • If chromosome screening of embryos is being discussed, would it be feasible with the number of embryos I am likely to have, and what would a result — or no result — mean for my options? The HFEA’s patient information on PGT-A explains that testing samples cells from an embryo, has limitations, and cannot guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child.

    Risks, limits and communication

    • What are the main risks for me in a stimulation cycle, and what would you do if they appeared?
    • What would make you advise against proceeding, and what would make you suggest pausing?
    • How and when will results be communicated to me, and who answers my questions between appointments?
    • What would you want my home clinic to know, and what records would you send back with me?

    These are clinical questions, and they belong with the treating doctor. A coordination service can help you organise records and put the questions in front of the right person, but it does not diagnose, interpret results or prescribe.

    Where PGT fits — and where it does not

    Diminished ovarian reserve is not itself a reason for preimplantation genetic testing. PGT-A examines chromosome number in cells sampled from an embryo; the HFEA notes that biopsy carries a risk of damage and that testing has limitations. PGT-M and PGT-SR address different questions — a known single-gene condition and a chromosomal structural rearrangement, respectively — and the HFEA explains that a treating team and genetic counsellor should discuss the relevant history and test design. With few embryos, the practical value of screening may be limited, and that is a conversation for your clinician rather than an assumption either way.

    Preparing the file before you contact anyone

    A well-organised record set makes a remote consultation more useful. Aim to gather:

    • Hormone results with the cycle day they were taken.
    • Ultrasound reports, including follicle counts and any uterine findings.
    • A short written summary of previous cycles: stimulation used, follicle numbers, eggs retrieved, embryos formed, transfers and outcomes.
    • Relevant male-factor results and any genetic testing already done.
    • Dates of any medication you are currently taking, so the clinician can see the timeline.

    Our guide to initial diagnostic tests for infertility treatment in Thailand explains what these tests are for. If you are over 40, the consultation questions in IVF in Thailand for patients over 40 overlap closely with this situation.

    A practical sequence

    1. Assemble records and note the dates of each result.
    2. Request a remote consultation with a clinic whose plan you want to hear, and ask what they need beforehand. Our page on requesting a case review sets out how that request can be coordinated.
    3. Ask about suitability and protocol before asking about cost or booking dates.
    4. Compare written plans on inclusions, monitoring arrangements, cancellation policy and what is excluded — not on headline prices alone.
    5. Confirm travel only after the clinical plan and its uncertainties are clear to you.

    If you later want to research providers more broadly, a neutral starting point is our overview of IVF hospitals and clinics in Thailand; it is a comparison resource, not evidence that any provider will give you better results.

    What cannot be promised in advance

    No clinic, coordinator or article can tell you your individual chance of pregnancy, guarantee a particular number of eggs or embryos, or promise that a cycle will not be cancelled. What a good consultation can offer is a reasoned view of your situation, a plan with named alternatives, and clear communication about what would change the approach. That is the standard to hold a prospective clinic to — and the reason to have the clinical conversation before you book a flight.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I start stimulation at home and travel to Thailand partway through?

    Some clinics arrange part of the monitoring locally before travel, but this depends on the protocol, the clinic's requirements and whether a local clinic will cooperate. Ask the treating clinic to confirm the arrangement in writing rather than assuming it is possible.

    Does low ovarian reserve mean donor eggs are the only option?

    Not necessarily, but it is a discussion worth having early. A clinician can explain what your own cycle might realistically yield and when donor eggs would be raised as an alternative, so you are not hearing it for the first time after a disappointing response.

  • Few Usable Embryos: What to Prepare and Ask Before IVF in Thailand

    A low number of usable embryos is not a single problem with a single fix. It is the end result of a chain: how many eggs were collected, how many were mature, how they were fertilised, how many reached the blastocyst stage, and — if testing was used — how many survived that step. Each link in that chain can be reviewed, and each raises different questions for a licensed clinician.

    This guide is for the preparation stage: the weeks before you commit to a cycle in Thailand. It does not tell you what treatment to have. It helps you arrive at a consultation with the right records, a realistic set of questions, and a plan for how many cycles you might need to budget for.

    Start with the records, not the protocol

    Before any discussion about changing stimulation drugs or adding a laboratory technique, a clinician needs to see what actually happened last time. Ask your previous clinic for a written cycle summary and the laboratory report, not just a discharge letter. If you are gathering documents from more than one clinic, keep them in date order.

    A useful record set usually includes:

    • Oocyte yield and maturity: how many eggs were retrieved, and how many were mature at the time of insemination.
    • Fertilisation method and result: standard insemination or ICSI, and how many eggs fertilised normally.
    • Cleavage and blastocyst conversion: how many embryos were still developing on each recorded day, and how many reached blastocyst.
    • Embryo grading and freezing: which embryos were transferred, frozen or discarded, and the stated reason.
    • Stimulation record: starting dose, adjustments, number of monitoring days, trigger type and timing.
    • Any genetic testing: how many embryos were biopsied, how many returned a result, and how the report described each one.
    • Relevant background: age at the cycle, prior surgery, known diagnoses, and any male-factor findings.

    These records do not diagnose anything on their own. What they do is let a clinician see where attrition happened, which is the starting point for any conversation about what might be adjusted.

    Where embryos are lost, and what each point raises

    It helps to think in stages rather than in one lump. The table below is a discussion map, not a treatment plan.

    Stage What the record shows Question for the clinician
    Egg collection Total eggs retrieved against the stimulation record Was the response what you expected from my protocol, and what would you change next time?
    Maturity Mature eggs as a share of those retrieved Does the maturity pattern suggest anything about trigger timing or protocol choice?
    Fertilisation Fertilised eggs by method used Was ICSI used, and what was the reasoning? Would you reason differently now?
    Blastocyst development Embryos reaching blastocyst, with grading How do you read the development pattern, and does laboratory practice play a part?
    Testing (if used) Embryos biopsied and results reported Given how few embryos we had, was testing the right trade-off?

    Each row is a place where a clinician may see something worth adjusting — or may see nothing that a change would reliably improve. Both answers are useful. A plan built on the assumption that every cycle can be improved is not a plan; it is a hope with a schedule attached.

    Clinical discussion points to raise in consultation

    These are categories to ask about, not recommendations. Which apply to you depends on your history, and only the treating clinician can judge that.

    Stimulation protocol review

    Ask how your previous starting dose, drug choice and monitoring frequency compare with what the clinic would propose now, and why. Ask specifically whether a different protocol is expected to change egg numbers, egg quality, or neither. A protocol change that only increases the number of eggs collected without improving the number of usable embryos may not change the outcome you care about.

    Trigger timing

    The trigger decides when eggs are collected. Ask whether the maturity figures from your last cycle suggest the timing was right, and how the clinic monitors for that.

    Sperm selection and ICSI rationale

    If male-factor findings are part of your history, ask whether ICSI is planned and on what basis. If a laboratory technique beyond standard ICSI is being suggested, ask what evidence supports it. Regulators have looked at some of these add-ons and found the evidence insufficient to show they improve the chance of having a baby; the HFEA review of IMSI, for example, reports insufficient moderate- or high-quality evidence that it improves outcomes over standard ICSI, including in male-factor infertility. That does not make it forbidden — it makes it something to ask about rather than assume.

    Laboratory culture and freezing practice

    When embryos are few, laboratory handling matters more, simply because there is less margin. Ask how the laboratory decides which embryos to culture to blastocyst and which to freeze earlier, how vitrification is handled, and who you can speak to if you have questions about the embryology report. You are not expected to audit a laboratory; you are entitled to ask how decisions about your embryos are made and recorded.

    Whether PGT is worth the attrition

    This is the hardest trade-off in a low-yield situation. PGT-A assesses chromosome number in cells sampled from an embryo, and the HFEA notes that testing has limitations and can produce incorrect findings, and that a result does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child. Biopsy itself carries a risk: the same regulator states that biopsy can cause damage and prevent further development. With many embryos, that risk is spread across a pool. With two or three, it is concentrated.

    Ask your clinician directly: given my embryo numbers, what do I gain and what might I lose by testing? Ask what happens to embryos with an uncertain or mosaic result, and whether a reported finding from a sample can be treated as a whole-embryo diagnosis. The ASRM committee opinion on mosaic results is clear that a sampled result does not establish the cell composition of the whole embryo, and that technical factors can contribute to such findings. If your reason for testing is a known inherited condition rather than chromosome number, that is a different test with a different design conversation — see our guide to PGT-M testing in Thailand for couples at risk of genetic disorders.

    Planning how many cycles, and in what order

    With few usable embryos, the practical question shifts from “will this cycle work” to “how many cycles might this take, and how do I want to sequence them”. Ask about:

    • Cumulative planning: how the clinic thinks about chances across more than one cycle rather than a single transfer.
    • Embryo banking: whether collecting and freezing across cycles before any transfer is an option in your situation, and what that means for timing and cost.
    • Fresh versus frozen transfer: whether a fresh transfer is planned or whether all embryos will be frozen, and why. Our article on fresh and frozen transfer pathways explains how these are planned as separate stages.
    • Stopping rules: what the clinic would want to see after a cycle to decide whether to continue, change approach, or discuss other routes. Agreeing this in advance makes later decisions less reactive.

    Ask for the answer in ranges and contingencies, not a single number. Any clinician who gives you a firm figure for a low-yield situation is guessing more confidently than the evidence allows.

    Pre-treatment preparation you can actually do

    Much of the preparation for a low-yield cycle is administrative and informational rather than physical. What you can do before travel:

    1. Assemble the record set described above, in English where available, and note anything missing.
    2. Write your question list in priority order, with the two or three questions you most need answered at the top.
    3. Request a remote consultation and confirm the format, who will attend, the fee, and which records to send ahead.
    4. Ask what the quotation includes — specifically laboratory fees, freezing and storage, biopsy and testing fees if relevant, and what happens to the price if a cycle is cancelled before collection.
    5. Check the timeline against your own commitments. A low-yield plan may involve more than one trip; our guide to how long to stay in Thailand for a PGT cycle is a useful starting point for that conversation.
    6. Decide who will hold your records and how results will reach you and your home clinic afterwards.

    On the clinical side, ask your treating clinician what, if anything, they want you to do or avoid in the weeks before a cycle. Do not start, stop or change any medication on the basis of general reading, including this article; that instruction belongs to your prescriber.

    What coordination can and cannot do

    If you use a coordination service, the useful split is straightforward. A coordinator can help organise your records into a dated set, draft and translate your question list, request appointments and remote consultations, confirm what a quotation includes and what remains unconfirmed, and help arrange records handover after you return home. A coordinator does not interpret your results, recommend a protocol, or tell you whether to test your embryos — those are conversations with your treating clinician and, where relevant, a genetic counsellor.

    If you would like help preparing a case summary and question list before approaching a hospital in Thailand, you can request a case review. If you are still at the stage of comparing where to be treated, our article on researching IVF hospital options across Thailand sets out comparison criteria; it is a starting point for your own shortlist, not a statement about which provider is better.

    The preparation checklist

    • Previous cycle summary and laboratory report requested, in date order
    • Oocyte, maturity, fertilisation, blastocyst and testing figures written down
    • Question list drafted, with the PGT trade-off question included if testing is on the table
    • Remote consultation requested; format, attendees and fee confirmed
    • Quotation inclusions checked, including laboratory, freezing, storage and testing lines
    • Number of cycles you could realistically consider discussed, with contingencies
    • Records recipient and handover method agreed for after you return home

    Few usable embryos is a reason to prepare carefully, not a reason to expect a particular result. The most useful thing you can bring to a consultation in Thailand is a clear record of what happened before and a short list of questions you have not yet had answered.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a low number of embryos in a previous cycle mean the next cycle will be the same?

    Not necessarily, but it is not predictable from one cycle alone. A clinician reviewing your records may identify a specific point — maturity, fertilisation or blastocyst development — where something could be adjusted, or may find nothing that a change would reliably improve. Ask what your records suggest and what evidence supports any proposed change.

    Should I freeze embryos across several cycles before transferring any?

    That is a clinical and personal decision. Embryo banking is a planning option some patients discuss when yield is expected to be low, but whether it suits you depends on your history, age, response and what you can practically commit to. Ask your clinician how they would sequence it and what it means for timing and cost.

  • Doctor Expertise or Laboratory Quality: How Older IVF Patients in Thailand Can Weigh Both

    When you compare IVF clinics in Thailand as an older patient, the question is rarely “doctor or laboratory?” It is closer to: which parts of my treatment does each one actually shape, and where would a weakness cost me the most? For women with advanced maternal age, the honest answer is that both matter, but they matter at different moments — and the margin for error can be thinner because fewer eggs and fewer embryos may be available to work with.

    This guide sets out a practical way to weigh the two, what to ask each clinic, and how to tell a verifiable answer from a marketing one. It does not tell you which clinic to choose, and no single factor guarantees a pregnancy.

    Start with what each side actually does

    Doctor expertise and laboratory quality are not competing brands of the same thing. They cover different decisions.

    The treating doctor’s side

    • Protocol and stimulation strategy: choosing an approach, adjusting it as monitoring results come in, and deciding when to proceed or pause.
    • Low-yield planning: how to handle a cycle that produces few eggs or few embryos, including whether to continue, convert or reconsider.
    • Embryo and transfer decisions: how many embryos to transfer, which ones, and how to interpret the clinic’s own results in your situation.
    • PGT counselling: explaining what a test can and cannot show, and what a result means for your options. Patients can and should ask licensed clinicians about diagnosis, risks, reports and their own chances.

    The embryology laboratory’s side

    • Blastocyst culture: whether embryos develop to the stage needed for transfer or biopsy, and how the laboratory manages that process.
    • Vitrification and thaw survival: how frozen embryos are stored and warmed, since a lost embryo can matter more when few exist.
    • Biopsy technique: how cells are sampled for PGT. The HFEA notes that biopsy can cause damage and prevent further development, so technique and judgement are part of the conversation.
    • Quality control and staffing: who handles your embryos, what checks the laboratory runs, and how it monitors its own performance.

    If you are still orienting yourself to testing, a pre-treatment orientation to PGT-A in Thailand explains the test’s purpose before you compare providers.

    Why the balance shifts for older patients

    With advanced maternal age, the practical concern is often not having many embryos to spare. That changes how you weigh risk. A laboratory problem that would be absorbed in a high-yield cycle — a failed thaw, an embryo that does not reach blastocyst — can remove a larger share of a small starting number.

    At the same time, a skilled clinician’s decisions about stimulation and transfer can shape how many embryos you have in the first place. Neither side can compensate fully for the other. A strong laboratory cannot create embryos that were never produced; a strong clinician cannot recover an embryo lost to a laboratory process.

    PGT-A adds a further layer. It assesses chromosome number in cells sampled from an embryo, but testing has limitations and can produce incorrect findings. Whether to use it should be discussed for your individual situation, and a result does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child. A mosaic result in particular is inferred from intermediate findings in a biopsy sample and does not establish the cell composition of the whole embryo — the ASRM advises discussing such results and their uncertainty with your treating clinician and a genetic counsellor.

    A practical way to weigh the two

    Rather than scoring clinics on a single axis, try this sequence.

    1. Identify your likely embryo numbers. Ask the clinician what your own history and test results suggest about expected egg and embryo yield. This is a clinical question for the treating doctor, not a coordinator.
    2. Ask where the margin is thinnest for you. If your concern is producing embryos at all, the stimulation and culture discussion matters most. If you expect to freeze and later thaw, ask about vitrification and thaw processes.
    3. Check that both sides can answer specifically. A clinic that talks only about its doctor, or only about its laboratory, has told you half of what you need.
    4. Separate verifiable information from claims. Ask for the process behind a statement, not just the statement.

    Questions that produce useful answers

    Topic What to ask What a useful answer looks like
    Doctor’s experience How do you approach stimulation and transfer decisions for patients in my age group? A described approach with reasoning, not a success-rate slogan
    Low-yield cycles What happens if we retrieve very few eggs or embryos? A clear decision process and who is involved
    Laboratory quality control What internal checks and monitoring does the embryology laboratory use? Named processes and who is responsible
    Embryologist involvement Who handles biopsy, vitrification and thawing? Roles described without inventing credentials
    PGT counselling Who explains results, including uncertain or mosaic findings? A named clinical and counselling route
    Outcome data Can you share results broken down by age group, and how are they collected? An explanation of the data’s source and limits

    On accreditation and credentials, ask what the laboratory is accredited for and by whom, and ask how you can verify a doctor’s registration independently. A guide to verifying a fertility doctor’s credentials in Thailand walks through that check.

    Reading the answers without over-reading them

    Age-stratified outcome figures can be genuinely useful, but only if you know what they describe: a clinic’s own patients, a particular definition of success, and a particular period. Treat any single number as one input, not a prediction of your result. The same caution applies to laboratory claims — a modern facility is not evidence of better outcomes for you specifically.

    Watch for answers that stay general when you asked something specific. “We have an excellent laboratory” is not a process description. “Our embryologists review culture conditions daily and here is how thaw outcomes are tracked” is closer to something you can evaluate.

    If you want to understand how age shapes reported results before comparing, the age-based comparison of PGT success rates in Thailand sets out the context. For the transfer stage after testing, frozen embryo transfer for women over 40 covers what to consider.

    Where coordination help fits — and where it stops

    Preparing these questions before you contact clinics makes consultations more productive. A coordination service can help you organise your goals, timing and priorities into a question list, and can compare what each clinic’s written response actually includes, marking anything unconfirmed.

    It can also help organise existing records and request documents, coordinate appointment and remote-consultation arrangements, assist with travel and language needs around confirmed appointments, and support records handover and follow-up questions after you return home. What it does not do is interpret your results, recommend a protocol or tell you which clinic will work for you — those are conversations with licensed clinicians, and medical instructions and urgent-care routes come from them.

    If you are still at the shortlisting stage, a step-by-step guide to choosing a fertility clinic in Bangkok can help you structure the comparison without treating any list as evidence of better outcomes.

    The short version

    Weigh the doctor and the laboratory by asking which one carries more of the risk in your particular situation. For many older patients that means close attention to stimulation and low-yield planning on the clinical side, and to culture, biopsy, vitrification and quality control on the laboratory side. Ask for processes rather than promises, verify what can be verified, and keep the final clinical judgement with the treating team.

  • Embryo Appearance vs Genetic Test Results: Why Morphology and PGT Can Tell Different Stories

    An embryologist looking down a microscope and a genetics laboratory reading a biopsy sample are answering two different questions. Morphology asks, “How does this embryo look and how is it developing?” PGT asks, “What do the chromosomes in this small sample look like?” Neither answer is a complete description of the embryo, and that is the main reason the two can seem to disagree.

    If you have been given a high morphology grade alongside an abnormal PGT-A result — or the reverse — this guide explains the layers of information separately, then shows how they are usually weighed together in a conversation with your treating clinician.

    What a morphology grade actually describes

    Morphology is a visual assessment made at a particular moment. For a blastocyst, embryologists typically comment on expansion, the number and tightness of cells in the inner cell mass, and the number and cohesion of cells in the trophectoderm (the outer layer that later forms the placenta). A grading system condenses these observations into a score.

    Three features of morphology matter for interpretation:

    • It is a snapshot. The embryo was observed at one time point; it continues to change in culture and, later, in the uterus.
    • It is an appearance, not a measurement of chromosomes. Cell number, symmetry, fragmentation and expansion describe structure and developmental progress. They do not read the DNA inside those cells.
    • It is a proxy. A good grade is associated with developmental potential in the aggregate, but it cannot confirm the chromosomal content of an individual embryo.

    This is why morphology is best read as a description of how the embryo looks and is progressing, not as a verdict on its genetic makeup.

    What PGT-A actually reports

    PGT-A assesses chromosome number in cells sampled from an embryo. In a typical blastocyst biopsy, a few trophectoderm cells are removed and analysed, and the report describes chromosome copy-number findings for that sample.

    The HFEA, the UK fertility regulator, notes that PGT-A has limitations and can produce incorrect findings, and that a result does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child. Those two points are worth holding alongside any report you receive.

    Several features of a PGT-A result shape how much it can tell you:

    • It is a sample, not the whole embryo. The biopsy represents a small number of cells from one region. The ASRM committee opinion on mosaic PGT-A results notes that a sampled result does not establish the cell composition of the whole embryo.
    • Mosaicism complicates the picture. A mosaic result is inferred from intermediate chromosome copy-number findings. ASRM notes that technical factors can contribute to such findings, and that results and relevant uncertainty should be discussed with the treating clinician and genetic counsellor.
    • “No result” happens. Sometimes the sample does not yield enough interpretable information, and the laboratory cannot issue a clear finding. That is a limitation of the test, not a statement about the embryo’s health.
    • Scope is limited. PGT-A looks at chromosome number. It does not screen for every possible genetic condition, and it is not the same test as PGT-M or PGT-SR.

    Why a top-graded embryo can test aneuploid

    This is the scenario that surprises patients most. An embryo can look textbook-perfect under the microscope and still carry an abnormal number of chromosomes, because chromosomal content is invisible to the eye. Cell division can proceed neatly while the chromosomes inside those dividing cells are misdistributed.

    The reverse also occurs: an embryo with a lower morphology grade can test euploid (a normal chromosome number for the sample). A lower grade describes appearance and developmental pace; it does not by itself indicate a chromosomal abnormality.

    Put simply, morphology and PGT-A are not two measurements of the same thing. One describes structure; the other describes a chromosome finding from a sample. Expecting them to agree is like expecting a photograph and a blood test to tell the same story.

    Where interpretation gets harder: mosaicism and no-result reports

    Not every PGT-A report is a clean “euploid” or “aneuploid.” Two categories deserve particular care.

    Mosaic results

    A mosaic result sits between the two poles: the sample shows an intermediate chromosome pattern rather than a uniform one. ASRM’s guidance emphasises that such findings are inferred from the biopsy and may be influenced by technical factors, and that the uncertainty should be discussed with your clinician and a genetic counsellor. A mosaic report is therefore a prompt for a careful conversation, not a simple label.

    No-result reports

    When a sample cannot be interpreted, the laboratory may report that no result was obtained. This says something about the test’s technical limits, not about the embryo’s chromosomes. Your clinic can explain what options exist in that situation, which may include further discussion rather than an automatic decision.

    PGT-A is not the only genetic test — and the questions differ

    It helps to separate the PGT family, because each addresses a different question:

    Test Question it addresses
    PGT-A Chromosome number in sampled cells
    PGT-M A known monogenic (single-gene) condition in the family
    PGT-SR Chromosomal structural rearrangements

    The HFEA describes PGT-M as concerning a known monogenic condition and PGT-SR as concerning chromosomal structural rearrangements, noting that these tests address different questions and that a treating team and genetic counsellor should discuss the relevant history, test design and suitability. None of these tests is a guarantee, and none is automatically appropriate for every patient; suitability is a clinical judgement.

    Bringing both reports into one conversation

    Morphology and PGT results are usually considered together, alongside your history, age, the number of embryos available and your own priorities. How much weight each piece carries is a clinical decision your treating team makes with you — not something a report decides on its own.

    Before a consultation, it can help to gather both reports and note the date of each, so the discussion starts from the same documents. Useful questions for your clinician include:

    • Which information would most influence a transfer decision in my case, and why?
    • How should I understand this specific morphology grade alongside this specific PGT result?
    • If the result is mosaic or shows no result, what does that mean for my options, and what would you recommend discussing next?
    • What are the alternatives to using PGT in my situation, and what are their trade-offs?
    • What does the test not tell us?

    These are clinical questions, and your treating clinician and a genetic counsellor are the right people to answer them. A coordination service can help you organise records and prepare questions, but it does not interpret results or recommend treatment.

    A practical way to hold the two kinds of information

    When you read your reports, it can help to keep three columns in mind: what was observed (morphology), what was sampled and found (PGT), and what remains uncertain (mosaicism, no result, test limits). Writing these out before an appointment often makes the conversation clearer and helps you notice which questions are still open.

    If you are comparing clinics or laboratories, it is reasonable to ask how each explains its reports and what counselling is available. A neutral starting point is our guide to reading PGT-A results, and for laboratory questions, the checklist on verifying a fertility clinic’s genetics laboratory. If you are weighing whether testing fits your situation at all, see whether PGT is worth it, and for mosaic findings specifically, what mosaic embryo results mean.

    The short answer to the original question: morphology and PGT describe different layers of the same embryo, each with its own limits. Disagreement between them is not a contradiction to resolve, but information to discuss.

  • PGT-A Result Categories: What to Ask a Thai Clinician to Explain in Plain Language

    PGT-A reports often use short category labels such as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or no result. These labels describe what the laboratory observed in the small sample it tested, but they do not by themselves tell you what to do next. The most useful step is to ask your Thai clinician to explain each category on your own report in plain language: what was tested, what the label means, what it does not mean, and how it may affect the choices available to you. This guide lists the categories you are likely to see and gives you specific questions to ask, so the conversation stays with your clinical team rather than with internet interpretation.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number in the cells sampled from an embryo; it is not a diagnosis of a future child’s health.
    • Reports usually group results into a few categories, but laboratories may use different words or thresholds.
    • Ask your clinician to explain each category on your report, not a generic definition.
    • No category guarantees or rules out a pregnancy, live birth, or healthy child.
    • PGT-A is one option among several; it is not required for every patient or every cycle.
    • Write down your questions before the appointment and ask for the explanation in your preferred language if needed.

    Why the category labels can be confusing

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test performed on a small number of cells taken from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage. The laboratory examines those cells for extra or missing chromosomes. The result is then summarised into a category. The difficulty is that different laboratories may use slightly different category names, different thresholds, or different ways of describing uncertainty. A word that sounds definitive on a report may actually describe a probability or a laboratory convention.

    This is why the most reliable explanation comes from the clinician who ordered the test and knows your history. A Thai clinician can tell you how their laboratory defines each term and what that definition means for your specific situation. If you are reading a report in a second language, ask for the explanation in plain language and, if helpful, in your first language through an interpreter.

    The main PGT-A result categories you may see

    The categories below are common in PGT-A reporting. Your report may use different words, combine categories, or add subcategories. Treat this list as a starting point for questions, not as a substitute for your clinician’s explanation.

    Euploid

    In general, a euploid result means the laboratory did not detect an abnormal number of chromosomes in the cells it tested. It is often described as a chromosomally normal result for the sample. It does not mean the embryo is guaranteed to implant, develop normally, or result in a healthy child. It also does not rule out all genetic conditions, because PGT-A looks at chromosome number rather than every possible gene change.

    Questions to ask: How does your laboratory define euploid? Does the result come with a confidence level or a note about the number of cells tested? What does this result change about my options?

    Aneuploid

    An aneuploid result generally means the laboratory detected an extra or missing chromosome in the tested cells. Aneuploidy is common in embryos and becomes more common with age. An aneuploid result is usually described as a reason the embryo may be less likely to develop into a healthy pregnancy, but the exact implications depend on which chromosome is involved and other clinical factors.

    Questions to ask: Which chromosome or chromosomes were affected? How does that specific finding relate to my history? What are the alternatives if this embryo is not used?

    Mosaic

    A mosaic result means the laboratory found a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers in the sample. Mosaicism can be full or partial, and the proportion of abnormal cells may be reported. Mosaic results are often the most difficult to interpret because the sample is small and may not represent the whole embryo. Many clinics discuss mosaic results with additional caution and may offer further counselling.

    Questions to ask: What percentage of cells showed the change? How does your clinic usually counsel patients with this type of mosaic result? What follow-up or additional testing might be considered?

    No result / inconclusive / failed amplification

    Sometimes the laboratory cannot produce a clear result. This may be described as no result, inconclusive, or failed amplification. It does not necessarily mean the embryo is abnormal; it means the test did not give enough information. Clinics may discuss whether to repeat testing, transfer without a result, or consider other options.

    Questions to ask: Why did the test not produce a result? What are the options for this embryo? What would you recommend in my situation, and why?

    Other or additional categories

    Some laboratories use categories such as low-level mosaic, high-level mosaic, segmental aneuploidy, or complex abnormal. These labels describe specific patterns, but their meaning depends on the laboratory’s definitions and the evidence behind them. Ask your clinician to explain any category that is not clear to you.

    What PGT-A does not tell you

    PGT-A is a screening test for chromosome number, not a complete assessment of embryo health. It does not detect every genetic condition, it does not measure the embryo’s ability to implant, and it cannot predict the health of a future child. A euploid result does not guarantee a pregnancy or a live birth. An aneuploid result does not always mean an embryo cannot produce a pregnancy, although it may be associated with lower chances. Mosaic results fall somewhere in between and are often discussed with uncertainty.

    Because of these limits, PGT-A is usually described as one tool that may be considered alongside other clinical information. It is not required for every patient or every cycle. Your clinician can explain whether it is relevant to your situation and what alternatives exist.

    How to prepare for the conversation with your Thai clinician

    Before your appointment, gather your report and any previous test results. Write down the category labels exactly as they appear. Then prepare questions that ask for explanation rather than interpretation. For example:

    • Can you explain what this category means in plain language?
    • What exactly was tested, and how many cells were analysed?
    • What does this result not tell us?
    • How does this result relate to my age, history, and previous cycles?
    • What are the alternatives to using this embryo, and what are the trade-offs?
    • If we decide to transfer this embryo, what monitoring or follow-up would you recommend?
    • Can you provide the explanation in writing or in my first language?

    If you are working with a coordination service, you can ask them to help arrange an interpreter or to prepare a written summary of your questions. The goal is to leave the appointment with a clear understanding of what each label means for you, not to interpret the report on your own.

    Questions to ask about the laboratory and the report

    The meaning of a category can depend on how the laboratory performs and reports the test. You may want to ask:

    • Which laboratory performed the test, and what method was used?
    • How does this laboratory define each category on the report?
    • Does the report include a confidence level or a note about limitations?
    • How do you usually explain these categories to international patients?
    • Can I have a copy of the full report and any accompanying notes?

    These questions help you understand the context behind the labels. They are not a substitute for clinical advice, but they can make the conversation more productive.

    Terminology you may hear

    PGT-A is sometimes confused with PGT-M and PGT-SR. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition, and PGT-SR looks for structural chromosome rearrangements. PGT-A looks at chromosome number across the embryo’s chromosomes. If your clinician uses these terms, ask them to clarify which test was performed and why. Understanding the difference can help you ask more precise questions.

    You may also hear terms such as blastocyst, trophectoderm biopsy, mosaicism, and aneuploidy. Ask for a plain-language definition of any term you do not recognise. A good explanation should connect the term to your own report and your own situation.

    Next steps

    1. Collect your PGT-A report and note the exact category labels used.
    2. Write down your questions, focusing on explanation rather than interpretation.
    3. Ask your Thai clinician to explain each category on your report in plain language.
    4. Ask what each result does and does not mean for your situation.
    5. Discuss alternatives and trade-offs, including the option of not using PGT-A.
    6. Request written information or an interpreter if that helps you understand.
    7. Take time to consider the information before making decisions.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, you can explore PGT in Thailand, browse guides, review frequently asked questions, and compare hospitals that offer fertility services. These resources can help you prepare questions, but they do not replace personalised clinical advice.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a euploid PGT-A result mean?

    A euploid result generally means the laboratory did not detect an abnormal number of chromosomes in the cells it tested. It is often described as chromosomally normal for the sample. It does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a healthy child, and it does not rule out all genetic conditions. Ask your clinician to explain what this result means for your specific situation.

    What is a mosaic PGT-A result?

    A mosaic result means the laboratory found a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers in the sample. The proportion of abnormal cells may be reported. Mosaic results are often difficult to interpret because the sample is small and may not represent the whole embryo. Your clinician can explain how their clinic usually counsels patients with this type of result.

    What if my PGT-A report says no result or inconclusive?

    A no result or inconclusive result means the laboratory could not produce a clear answer. It does not necessarily mean the embryo is abnormal. Your clinic may discuss options such as repeating the test, transferring without a result, or considering other embryos. Ask your clinician what they recommend and why.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A is a screening test for chromosome number, not a complete assessment of embryo health. It cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a healthy child. It also does not detect every genetic condition. Your clinician can explain the limits of the test in your situation.

    How should I ask my Thai clinician to explain my PGT-A report?

    Ask for a plain-language explanation of each category on your own report. You can say: 'Can you explain what this category means in simple terms? What does it not tell us? How does it relate to my history?' If language is a barrier, ask for an interpreter or a written summary. The goal is to understand, not to interpret the report yourself.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • No Result or Inconclusive PGT in Thailand: What It Means and What to Do Next

    An inconclusive or “no result” PGT report means the laboratory could not produce a clear, reliable interpretation for that embryo. It is not the same as an abnormal result, and it is not a diagnosis of the embryo. In many cases the cause is technical, such as too little DNA in the sample, and the embryo itself may still be suitable for transfer or further testing. Your clinic should explain which test was used, why the result was unclear, and what options remain.

    At a glance

    • “No result” usually reflects a laboratory or sample issue, not a confirmed problem with the embryo.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR are different tests with different purposes and different failure modes.
    • Options may include re-biopsy, re-testing the same sample, transferring without a result, or leaving the embryo in storage.
    • Ask your clinic for the specific reason code or lab note, not just the summary.
    • Any decision should weigh the uncertainty of the result against the risks of another biopsy and the realities of your own situation.

    What “no result” and “inconclusive” actually mean

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a group of tests performed on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage. The sample is sent to a genetics laboratory, where DNA is extracted and analysed. A result can come back in several forms:

    • Informative result: the laboratory reports a clear finding for the chromosomes or gene region being tested.
    • Inconclusive result: some data were obtained, but not enough to make a confident call.
    • No result: the analysis could not produce usable data for that embryo.

    These categories are not always used identically by every laboratory. Ask your clinic to show you the actual report wording and explain what it means for your embryo.

    Why results can fail: common technical reasons

    PGT relies on a very small amount of starting material. That makes it sensitive to several technical factors. Commonly discussed reasons include:

    • Low or absent DNA in the sample. The biopsy may have contained too few cells, or DNA may not have amplified well.
    • Degraded sample. Handling, transport or storage conditions can affect sample quality.
    • Laboratory or assay limitations. Some regions of the genome are harder to read than others, and some tests have known technical limits.
    • Mosaicism or ambiguous signals. Mixed signals can make an interpretation uncertain rather than clearly normal or abnormal.
    • Embryo-specific factors. Occasionally the embryo itself does not yield enough analysable material.

    Your clinic should be able to tell you which of these is most likely in your case, based on the laboratory’s notes.

    PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR: different tests, different failure modes

    It helps to know which test was performed, because the meaning of an inconclusive result differs by test type.

    Test What it looks at Typical purpose
    PGT-A Chromosome number (aneuploidy screening) To estimate the chance that an embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes
    PGT-M A specific inherited condition or gene variant For couples with a known genetic condition in the family
    PGT-SR Chromosome structure (translocations, inversions) For couples where one partner carries a structural rearrangement

    An inconclusive PGT-A result is often about DNA quantity or quality. An inconclusive PGT-M or PGT-SR result may also reflect the difficulty of reading a specific region of the genome. The next steps your clinic recommends can differ accordingly.

    What happens next: options your clinic may discuss

    There is no single correct path after a no-result or inconclusive PGT report. The options below are commonly discussed, but availability and suitability depend on your clinic, the laboratory, the embryo, and your own medical situation.

    1. Re-testing the original sample

    Sometimes the laboratory can re-run the same sample with a different method or more careful analysis. This does not require another biopsy. It may or may not be possible depending on how much sample remains and the laboratory’s protocols.

    2. Re-biopsy of the embryo

    A second biopsy takes a new sample of cells from the same embryo. This can sometimes produce a clearer result. However, re-biopsy is not always technically possible, and it involves additional handling of the embryo. Your clinic should explain the specific risks and the likelihood of success in your case.

    3. Transfer without a result

    Some patients choose to transfer an embryo without a conclusive PGT result, accepting the uncertainty. This decision depends on many factors, including your age, your reasons for testing, and what you and your clinician consider acceptable. It is a personal decision, not a default.

    4. Continued storage

    If you are unsure, you may be able to keep the embryo in storage while you gather more information or consider other options. Storage terms, limits and costs vary by clinic and should be confirmed directly.

    5. Discarding the embryo

    Some patients decide not to keep an embryo with an unclear result. This is a significant decision and should only be made after a full discussion with your clinic and, if you wish, a genetic counsellor.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    Bring these questions to your next appointment or email them in advance:

    • Which PGT test was performed, and what exactly did the report say?
    • What is the laboratory’s stated reason for the no-result or inconclusive finding?
    • Can the original sample be re-tested? If so, what is the process and expected timeline?
    • Is re-biopsy technically possible for this embryo? What are the risks?
    • If we transfer without a result, how should we interpret the uncertainty?
    • Are there any changes to our plan that might improve the chance of a clearer result in a future cycle?
    • What are the costs associated with each option? (Ask for a written breakdown.)
    • Can we speak with a genetic counsellor about what this result means for our family planning?

    What not to assume

    An inconclusive result is not proof that the embryo is abnormal. It is also not a guarantee that the embryo is normal. It is a gap in information. Avoid treating a no-result as a diagnosis, and avoid making irreversible decisions based only on a summary line. Ask for the full report and a clear explanation.

    Planning and practical considerations

    If you are an international patient, you may also need to think about travel, time away from work, and coordination between your home clinic and the clinic in Thailand. These are logistics, not medical decisions, but they affect how quickly you can act. Ask your clinic about:

    • How results are communicated and how quickly.
    • Whether re-testing or re-biopsy can be done remotely or requires travel.
    • What documents or consent forms are needed for each option.
    • How storage and transport of samples are handled.

    Because policies and practical arrangements vary, confirm these details directly with your treating clinic rather than relying on general information.

    Next-step checklist

    1. Request the full laboratory report, not just the summary.
    2. Ask for the specific reason the result was inconclusive or absent.
    3. Clarify which options are available for this embryo at your clinic.
    4. Ask about the risks, costs and timelines for each option.
    5. Consider speaking with a genetic counsellor if you have one available.
    6. Take time to decide; ask about storage if you need it.
    7. Document your questions and the answers you receive for future reference.

    For more background on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also browse our guides and FAQ for related topics.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a no-result PGT mean the embryo is abnormal?

    No. A no-result or inconclusive PGT report means the laboratory could not produce a clear interpretation. It is not the same as an abnormal result. The embryo may still be suitable for transfer, but the uncertainty should be discussed with your clinic.

    Can an embryo be re-biopsied in Thailand?

    Re-biopsy is technically possible in some cases, but it depends on the embryo, the laboratory and the clinic's protocols. It is not always successful and carries some risk to the embryo. Your clinic can tell you whether it is an option for your specific embryo.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for chromosome number, PGT-M tests for a specific inherited condition, and PGT-SR looks at chromosome structure such as translocations. Each test has different purposes and different reasons why a result might be inconclusive.

    Should I transfer an embryo with an inconclusive PGT result?

    That is a personal decision that depends on your medical situation, your reasons for testing, and what you and your clinician consider acceptable. There is no universal right answer. Ask your clinic to explain the uncertainty and the possible outcomes so you can make an informed choice.

    Can I get a second opinion on a PGT report from Thailand?

    Many patients seek a second opinion from a genetic counsellor or another genetics laboratory. Your clinic may be able to share the raw data or report with another provider. Ask your clinic about the process and any associated costs.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Mosaic Embryo Transfer in Thailand: How to Understand a Mosaic PGT-A Result

    A mosaic PGT-A result means the embryo biopsy showed a mixture of cells: some with the expected number of chromosomes and some with an extra or missing chromosome. Mosaicism is a result category, not a diagnosis of the embryo or a prediction of a child’s health. It sits between “euploid” (no detected chromosome number change) and “aneuploid” (a chromosome number change detected in the sampled cells). Many clinics will discuss mosaic embryos as a possible transfer option after counselling, but policies differ. In Thailand, as elsewhere, the decision depends on the specific mosaic finding, your history, and the clinic’s laboratory and clinical approach.

    At a glance

    • Mosaic PGT-A results describe the biopsy sample, not the whole embryo.
    • The proportion and type of mosaic cells, and which chromosome is involved, matter for counselling.
    • Some mosaic embryos can be considered for transfer; others may be prioritised differently.
    • No PGT-A result can guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a child’s health.
    • Ask how your clinic reports, classifies, and counsels mosaic results before you decide.

    What a mosaic PGT-A result actually means

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) looks at a small number of cells taken from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage. The laboratory counts chromosomes in those cells. When the result is mosaic, the report indicates that the sampled cells did not all show the same chromosome pattern.

    Several practical points follow from that:

    • The biopsy is a sample. It may not represent every cell in the embryo.
    • Mosaicism can be reported at different levels (for example, low-level or higher-level), depending on the laboratory’s thresholds.
    • The chromosome involved can influence how the result is discussed.
    • Laboratory methods, validation, and reporting categories vary between clinics.

    Because of these variables, a mosaic result is best understood as a finding that needs context, not a simple yes-or-no label.

    Why mosaic results happen and why they are reported

    Chromosome errors can arise during early cell division. Some embryos correct or dilute these errors as they develop; others do not. PGT-A aims to identify embryos with a higher chance of chromosome number changes, but it cannot read every cell.

    Mosaic reporting became more common as laboratories improved resolution and adopted standardized categories. Different laboratories may use different cut-offs to call a result mosaic, which is one reason two clinics can describe the same embryo differently. If you are comparing options, ask how each laboratory defines and reports mosaicism.

    How mosaic results are usually classified

    Clinics and laboratories often use descriptive categories rather than a single scale. You may see terms such as:

    • Low-level mosaicism – a smaller proportion of sampled cells show the chromosome change.
    • High-level mosaicism – a larger proportion of sampled cells show the change.
    • Whole-chromosome versus segmental – whether the finding involves an entire chromosome or a part of one.
    • Single chromosome versus multiple chromosomes – how many chromosomes are involved.

    These categories are descriptive. They do not by themselves tell you what will happen in a pregnancy. Your clinic should explain how its laboratory classifies your specific result and what that classification means in its counselling framework.

    What mosaic PGT-A does and does not tell you

    PGT-A is a screening test performed on a biopsy. It does not diagnose an embryo, and it does not guarantee an outcome.

    What PGT-A can indicate What PGT-A cannot do
    Whether the sampled cells show a chromosome number pattern Confirm the chromosome status of every cell in the embryo
    A laboratory category such as euploid, mosaic, or aneuploid Guarantee implantation, pregnancy, live birth, or child health
    Information that may inform which embryo to prioritise Replace genetic counselling or prenatal testing
    A result that should be interpreted with your history Predict how a specific pregnancy will develop

    If you are considering transferring a mosaic embryo, the conversation should include what is known, what is uncertain, and what alternatives exist.

    Questions to ask before transferring a mosaic embryo in Thailand

    Use these questions to structure your consultation. Write down the answers and ask for them in writing where possible.

    1. What exactly does my report say? Ask for the chromosome involved, the estimated percentage of mosaic cells, and the laboratory’s category.
    2. How does this laboratory define and validate mosaicism? Ask about its thresholds and reporting standards.
    3. What does the clinic recommend for this specific result, and why? Ask how the recommendation would change if the mosaic level or chromosome were different.
    4. What are the alternatives? This may include transferring a euploid embryo if available, further IVF cycles, or choosing not to transfer.
    5. What counselling is available? Ask whether genetic counselling is offered before and after transfer.
    6. What prenatal testing options exist if the transfer leads to a pregnancy? Ask how the clinic coordinates with obstetric care.
    7. What are the clinic’s policies on mosaic embryo transfer? Policies can differ between clinics and may change over time.
    8. What costs are involved? Ask for a written breakdown of transfer, monitoring, and any additional counselling or testing.

    How to weigh the decision

    There is no single right answer for every patient. A structured approach can help:

    • Clarify the result. Ask for the full report and an explanation in plain language.
    • Understand the uncertainty. Mosaic results carry uncertainty about the embryo and about pregnancy outcomes. Ask your clinician to explain what is known and what is not.
    • Compare options. Discuss transferring the mosaic embryo, waiting, or considering another cycle. Ask how each option fits your priorities.
    • Consider counselling. Genetic counselling can help you understand chromosome findings and prenatal testing choices.
    • Check the practicalities. Confirm the clinic’s consent process, monitoring plan, and what follow-up is available.

    If you feel rushed or if the information is unclear, it is reasonable to ask for more time or a second consultation.

    Practical and legal points to confirm

    Requirements for treatment, documentation, and travel can change. This guide does not state specific rules, prices, or timelines because those depend on your situation and on current clinic and authority policies. Instead, confirm the following directly:

    • What documents the clinic requires from international patients.
    • Whether any legal or regulatory requirements apply to your case.
    • What the current cost estimate includes and excludes.
    • How long the process may take, including monitoring and follow-up.
    • What travel and accommodation arrangements are realistic for your treatment plan.

    For general planning, see our guides and FAQ. For background on testing, see PGT in Thailand. For transfer logistics, see embryo transfer in Thailand.

    Next steps

    1. Request the full PGT-A report and ask your clinic to explain the mosaic finding.
    2. Ask the questions above and take notes.
    3. Discuss alternatives and ask about genetic counselling.
    4. Confirm practical details in writing before committing.
    5. Take time to decide; a mosaic result is a complex finding, not an emergency.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a mosaic PGT-A result mean the embryo is abnormal?

    A mosaic result means the biopsy sample showed a mix of cells with different chromosome patterns. It does not diagnose the embryo as a whole, and it does not predict a child's health. Your clinic should explain the specific finding and what is known and uncertain about it.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred in Thailand?

    Some clinics may offer transfer of certain mosaic embryos after counselling, but policies differ and can change. Ask your treating clinic whether it transfers mosaic embryos, how it classifies your result, and what its consent and monitoring process involves.

    What is low-level mosaicism?

    Low-level mosaicism generally means a smaller proportion of the sampled cells showed the chromosome change. Laboratories use different thresholds, so ask your clinic how it defines low-level mosaicism and how that definition applies to your report.

    Should I have genetic counselling before transferring a mosaic embryo?

    Genetic counselling can help you understand chromosome findings, uncertainty, and prenatal testing options. Ask your clinic whether counselling is available and whether it is included in your care plan.

    Will PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A is a screening test on a biopsy sample. It cannot guarantee implantation, pregnancy, live birth, or child health. It is one part of a broader clinical picture that should be discussed with your care team.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT for Severe Male Factor Infertility in Thailand: Indications, Limits, and What to Confirm

    PGT (preimplantation genetic testing) is a laboratory add-on to IVF that examines embryos for specific chromosomal or genetic issues before transfer. In severe male factor infertility, PGT is not a routine fix and does not correct sperm problems. It may be considered only when there is a defined genetic or chromosomal indication, or when a clinic recommends it after reviewing the couple’s history. PGT cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a healthy child, and it is not required for every couple with severe male factor infertility.

    At a glance

    • Severe male factor infertility usually points first to ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection), not PGT.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR answer different questions; they are not interchangeable.
    • PGT does not repair sperm DNA fragmentation or improve sperm quality.
    • Whether PGT is appropriate depends on your history, prior results, and genetic findings.
    • Ask the clinic to explain the indication, the limits, and what happens if results are inconclusive.

    What PGT is and what it is not

    PGT involves removing a small number of cells from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage, and testing those cells in a laboratory. The goal is to identify embryos with certain chromosomal or genetic findings so that transfer decisions can be made with more information.

    PGT is not a treatment for male infertility. It does not change sperm, improve fertilisation, or repair DNA damage in sperm. It also does not guarantee that a transferred embryo will implant, that a pregnancy will continue, or that a child will be free of all health conditions. Some conditions cannot be detected by the tests available, and some results may be uncertain or require confirmation.

    Why severe male factor infertility is different

    Severe male factor infertility can include very low sperm count, very low motility, a high proportion of abnormal sperm forms, or sperm that must be retrieved surgically. In these situations, ICSI is often used to inject a single sperm directly into an egg. ICSI addresses fertilisation, while PGT addresses embryo testing. They are separate steps with separate purposes.

    Some men with severe male factor infertility also have a chromosomal finding, such as a translocation, or a known genetic cause. In those cases, PGT may be discussed because the risk of passing on a specific condition could be higher. However, the presence of severe male factor infertility alone does not automatically mean PGT is indicated.

    PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR: different questions

    Type What it looks at Typical situation Important limits
    PGT-A Number of chromosomes in embryo cells Sometimes discussed with advanced maternal age, recurrent implantation failure, or recurrent pregnancy loss Does not diagnose all genetic conditions; may give uncertain results; does not guarantee pregnancy
    PGT-M A specific known gene variant When one or both parents are known carriers of a specific condition Requires a known variant and a validated test; cannot screen for unknown conditions
    PGT-SR Chromosomal rearrangements such as translocations When a parent has a known structural chromosome rearrangement Requires a confirmed diagnosis in a parent; does not cover all possible imbalances

    In severe male factor infertility, PGT-SR may be relevant if the man has a known chromosomal rearrangement. PGT-M may be relevant if there is a known inherited condition. PGT-A is a broader chromosome check and is not specific to male factor infertility. The choice of test should follow a clear clinical question, not a general desire to test.

    What PGT can and cannot tell you

    PGT can provide information about the tested cells. It cannot tell you whether an embryo will implant, whether a pregnancy will be healthy, or what a child’s future health will be. Testing is not perfect: some embryos may be misclassified, and some results may be inconclusive. In some cases, a clinic may recommend confirmatory testing during pregnancy.

    PGT also does not replace a full genetic evaluation. If a specific condition runs in the family, a genetic counsellor or specialist can help clarify whether testing is possible and what it would involve.

    Sperm DNA fragmentation and PGT

    Sperm DNA fragmentation is a separate measure of sperm quality. It is not the same as PGT, and PGT does not directly test for sperm DNA fragmentation. Some clinics may discuss sperm DNA fragmentation testing as part of a male factor evaluation, but its role in treatment planning is debated and should be interpreted with caution. If you see claims that PGT can overcome sperm DNA fragmentation, treat them sceptically and ask for the reasoning.

    ICSI with PGT in Bangkok: how the steps fit together

    In a typical IVF cycle with ICSI, eggs are collected, sperm is prepared, and a single sperm is injected into each mature egg. Embryos that develop are monitored. If PGT is planned, cells are removed from suitable embryos and tested. Embryos may be frozen while results are pending. Transfer is then planned based on the results and the clinic’s protocol.

    Not every embryo will be suitable for testing, and not every cycle will produce embryos for transfer. The number of embryos available, their stage, and the laboratory’s criteria all affect whether testing can be done. Ask the clinic to explain what happens if no embryo is suitable for testing or if results are inconclusive.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    • What is the specific indication for PGT in our case?
    • Which type of PGT are you recommending, and why?
    • What are the limits of the test you are proposing?
    • What proportion of embryos typically remain available for transfer after testing in similar cases?
    • What happens if results are inconclusive or if no embryo is suitable for transfer?
    • Are there alternative approaches if we decide not to do PGT?
    • What are the costs, including any separate charges for testing, freezing, and storage?
    • What documents or legal requirements apply to us as international patients?
    • Who will explain the results to us, and will genetic counselling be available?

    Alternatives and limits of PGT

    For some couples with severe male factor infertility, the main decision is not about PGT but about ICSI, sperm retrieval, or donor sperm. Others may consider not testing embryos and transferring based on standard embryo assessment. There is no single right path. The choice depends on the medical facts, your values, and what the clinic can offer.

    PGT adds cost, laboratory steps, and waiting time. It may reduce the number of embryos available for transfer. It does not improve embryo quality. For some couples, the information gained is valuable; for others, it may not change the plan. A candid discussion with a fertility specialist and, where relevant, a genetic counsellor can help you weigh the trade-offs.

    Next steps

    1. Gather your medical records, including semen analysis results, any genetic testing, and prior IVF cycles.
    2. Ask for a clear explanation of whether PGT is indicated and what it would change.
    3. Confirm the type of PGT, the laboratory arrangements, and the costs in writing.
    4. Ask about genetic counselling before and after testing.
    5. Check the clinic’s policy on inconclusive results, embryo freezing, and transfer planning.
    6. Review the legal and documentation requirements for international patients with the clinic and relevant authorities.

    For more background, see our guides on PGT in Thailand, patient guides, and frequently asked questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does severe male factor infertility always mean PGT is needed?

    No. Severe male factor infertility often leads to ICSI, but PGT is not automatically required. PGT may be considered when there is a specific genetic or chromosomal indication, such as a known translocation or inherited condition. The decision should be based on your history and a clear clinical question.

    Can PGT improve sperm DNA fragmentation?

    No. PGT tests embryos, not sperm. It does not repair or improve sperm DNA fragmentation. Sperm DNA fragmentation is a separate measure, and its role in treatment planning should be discussed with your clinician.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in embryo cells. PGT-M looks for a specific known gene variant. PGT-SR looks for chromosomal rearrangements such as translocations. Each answers a different question and has different limits.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about the tested cells, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a child free of all health conditions. Some conditions cannot be detected, and results can be uncertain.

    What should we ask a clinic in Thailand about PGT?

    Ask about the specific indication for PGT, which type is recommended, the limits of the test, what happens if results are inconclusive, the costs, and the legal or documentation requirements for international patients. Also ask whether genetic counselling is available.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand: Common Patient Questions Answered

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test performed on a small number of cells taken from an embryo during IVF. It looks for extra or missing chromosomes, a condition called aneuploidy. PGT-A does not diagnose a disease in the future child, does not guarantee a pregnancy, and does not replace other fertility assessments. It is one tool among many that you and your clinician may consider. In Thailand, as elsewhere, availability, laboratory arrangements, costs and legal requirements can vary, so confirm details directly with the clinic you are considering.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A examines chromosome number in an embryo, not specific gene mutations.
    • It is usually done as part of an IVF cycle, with a biopsy at a defined embryo stage.
    • Results are reported as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic or sometimes inconclusive.
    • PGT-A cannot guarantee implantation, live birth or a healthy child.
    • Ask each clinic how it performs the test, who analyses the sample, and what happens to embryos with different results.

    What is PGT-A and what does it screen for?

    PGT-A is a chromosome screening test. It counts chromosomes or looks for large missing or extra chromosome segments in the cells sampled from an embryo. The typical human embryo has 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. A result showing a different number is called aneuploidy. Common examples include trisomy (an extra chromosome) and monosomy (a missing chromosome).

    PGT-A is different from PGT-M, which looks for a specific inherited condition, and from PGT-SR, which looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. If you are researching PGT-A questions in Thailand, make sure the clinic is clear about which test is being discussed, because the purpose and the laboratory method differ.

    How is PGT-A performed during an IVF cycle?

    The exact protocol is clinic-specific, but the general sequence is similar in most settings:

    1. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval — eggs are collected after a stimulation cycle.
    2. Fertilisation — eggs are fertilised in the laboratory, either by conventional insemination or by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), depending on the clinical situation.
    3. Embryo culture — embryos are grown for several days. Biopsy is often performed at the blastocyst stage, commonly around day 5 or day 6, but timing can vary.
    4. Biopsy — a few cells are removed from the trophectoderm, the outer layer that later forms the placenta. The embryo itself is not usually destroyed by this procedure.
    5. Sample analysis — the biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory. Some clinics analyse in-house; others send samples to a partner laboratory, sometimes abroad.
    6. Embryo freezing and storage — because analysis takes time, embryos are typically vitrified (frozen) while waiting for results.
    7. Results and transfer planning — once results are available, you and your clinician discuss which embryo(s), if any, to transfer in a later cycle.

    Ask your clinic who performs the biopsy, which laboratory analyses the sample, how long results usually take, and how embryos are stored in the meantime. These are practical questions that affect planning and cost.

    What do PGT-A results mean?

    Results are usually placed into a few broad categories. Wording varies between laboratories, so ask for the exact terms your clinic uses.

    Result category General meaning What it does not tell you
    Euploid The sample showed the expected number of chromosomes. It does not guarantee implantation, ongoing pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    Aneuploid The sample showed an extra or missing chromosome. It does not predict the exact health outcome of that embryo, and clinics differ in whether such embryos are transferred, discarded or used for research.
    Mosaic The sample contained a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The clinical significance can be uncertain, and counselling is important before deciding what to do.
    Inconclusive or no result The laboratory could not produce a clear result. It does not mean the embryo is abnormal; it means the test did not give a usable answer.

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test for every possible genetic issue. It does not detect all chromosomal abnormalities, single-gene disorders, or structural problems. A euploid result reduces, but does not eliminate, the chance of miscarriage or chromosome-related conditions. For these reasons, PGT-A is best understood as one part of a broader clinical picture.

    Who might consider PGT-A?

    PGT-A is not routinely recommended for every IVF patient. Guidelines and professional opinions differ, and the decision is individual. Some situations where it may be discussed include:

    • A history of recurrent pregnancy loss.
    • Previous IVF cycles with unsuccessful implantation.
    • Advanced maternal age, where the proportion of aneuploid embryos tends to be higher.
    • A preference to prioritise embryos for transfer based on chromosome screening, after counselling about the limitations.

    This is not a complete list, and it is not a set of eligibility criteria. Whether PGT-A is appropriate for you depends on your medical history, your goals, and the advice of your treating clinician. No website, including this one, can determine that for you.

    PGT-A for international patients: practical planning questions

    If you are travelling to Thailand for IVF and considering PGT-A, the logistics matter as much as the science. Because rules, prices and paperwork can change, treat the following as categories to confirm rather than fixed facts.

    • Clinic and laboratory arrangements — Does the clinic perform PGT-A on site, or send samples to another laboratory? Who communicates results to you?
    • Cost components — Ask for a written breakdown: biopsy, genetic analysis, embryo freezing, storage, and any courier or administrative fees. Prices vary and are not standardised.
    • Timeline — How many days after biopsy are results typically available? Does this affect your travel dates or require a second trip?
    • Consent and counselling — What counselling is offered before testing and before decisions about mosaic or aneuploid embryos?
    • Documents and legal requirements — What identification, consent forms or other documents does the clinic require from international patients? Confirm current requirements with the clinic and, where relevant, official authorities.
    • Language and follow-up — Is interpretation available? Who do you contact with questions after you return home?

    Questions to ask a clinic about PGT-A

    Bring a written list. Clear answers help you compare clinics and understand what you are agreeing to.

    1. Which specific PGT test do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    2. At what embryo stage is the biopsy taken, and who performs it?
    3. Which laboratory analyses the sample, and what is its experience with PGT-A?
    4. How are results reported, and what do you do with mosaic or inconclusive results?
    5. What are the known limitations of PGT-A in your practice?
    6. What are all the costs involved, including storage and any repeat testing?
    7. What happens if no embryo is suitable for transfer after testing?
    8. What support is available if we need to make difficult decisions about embryo disposition?

    Next steps for your research

    PGT-A is a laboratory tool that can provide useful information in some situations, but it is not a guarantee of any outcome. A careful decision usually involves reviewing your medical history with a qualified clinician, asking how the test would change your treatment plan, and understanding the emotional and financial implications.

    To continue learning, you can read our overview of PGT in Thailand, browse the frequently asked questions, explore other patient guides, or contact us with general questions. For medical advice, always speak with your treating clinic.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A screens for extra or missing chromosomes in the sampled cells, but it cannot guarantee implantation, a live birth, or a child without health conditions. It does not detect every genetic or structural issue, and pregnancy outcomes depend on many factors beyond chromosome number.

    Is PGT-A the same as PGT-M or PGT-SR?

    No. PGT-A looks at chromosome number across the embryo's chromosomes. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition, and PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. The laboratory methods and the reasons for testing differ, so ask your clinic which test is being recommended and why.

    What happens if my embryo is reported as mosaic?

    A mosaic result means the sample contained a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The clinical significance can be uncertain, and practices vary. Ask your clinic for counselling about what a mosaic result may mean for your specific embryo and what options are available.

    Can I have PGT-A done in Thailand as an international patient?

    Many international patients travel to Thailand for IVF, and some clinics offer PGT-A. Availability, laboratory arrangements, costs, timelines and documentation requirements vary. Confirm current details directly with the clinic you are considering and, where relevant, with official authorities.

    How long does it take to get PGT-A results?

    Turnaround time depends on the clinic and the laboratory analysing the sample. Some results may be available within a few days, while others take longer, especially if samples are sent to another laboratory. Ask your clinic for a realistic estimate and how it affects your travel plans.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.