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  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand: What the Test Can and Cannot Tell You

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test performed on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo during IVF. It can screen for extra or missing copies of whole chromosomes, a condition called aneuploidy. It cannot tell you whether an embryo will implant, whether a pregnancy will continue, or whether a child will be healthy. It is a screening test, not a guarantee, and it is not necessary or suitable for every patient. If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, the most useful step is to understand its scope and limits before you decide.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number, not at specific genes or all possible genetic conditions.
    • It is a screening test, so results are probabilistic, not absolute.
    • A “normal” result does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a healthy child.
    • An “abnormal” result does not always mean the embryo could never produce a healthy pregnancy; some findings are uncertain.
    • PGT-A is not the same as PGT-M or PGT-SR, which look for different things.
    • Whether PGT-A is appropriate depends on your history, age, embryo availability, and clinic guidance.

    What PGT-A screens for

    PGT-A is designed to detect whole-chromosome aneuploidy, meaning an embryo has an extra or missing copy of one or more chromosomes. Human cells usually have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. Aneuploidy can involve any chromosome, and some aneuploidies are more common than others. PGT-A does not routinely look for single-gene mutations, small deletions or duplications, or structural rearrangements. Those are addressed by different tests.

    The test is usually performed on a few cells removed from an embryo, typically at the blastocyst stage. The sample is analysed in a laboratory, and the result is reported as a classification, such as euploid (no aneuploidy detected), aneuploid (aneuploidy detected), or sometimes mosaic (a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers). Some reports also include a category for inconclusive or no result.

    What PGT-A cannot tell you

    PGT-A cannot confirm that an embryo will implant or that a pregnancy will result in a live birth. It cannot rule out all genetic conditions, because it does not examine every gene or every possible chromosome change. It cannot predict childhood health, development, or future medical conditions. It also cannot tell you whether an embryo will be affected by conditions caused by factors other than chromosome number, such as environmental influences or multifactorial conditions.

    In addition, PGT-A cannot guarantee that the embryo chosen for transfer is the “best” one in every respect. Embryo quality, uterine environment, and many other factors influence outcomes. A euploid result reduces the probability of certain chromosome-related issues, but it does not eliminate them.

    PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR: different tests, different questions

    PGT-A is one of several preimplantation genetic tests. PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene, such as cystic fibrosis or spinal muscular atrophy. PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) looks for chromosome structural changes, such as translocations, that may be present in a parent. Each test requires different laboratory methods and answers a different question. If you are considering PGT in Thailand, ask which test is being recommended and why.

    How PGT-A results are interpreted

    PGT-A results are usually reported as a classification. A euploid result means no aneuploidy was detected in the sampled cells. An aneuploid result means aneuploidy was detected. A mosaic result means the sample contained a mixture of euploid and aneuploid cells. Mosaic results can be difficult to interpret because the proportion and type of mosaic cells matter, and the clinical significance is not always clear. Some clinics may consider transferring mosaic embryos after counselling, while others may not. An inconclusive result means the test did not provide a clear answer, and repeat testing or another approach may be discussed.

    It is important to understand that a result applies to the sampled cells, not necessarily to the whole embryo. The embryo may be mosaic even if the sample appeared uniform. This is one reason why PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test for the embryo as a whole.

    Limitations and uncertainties

    PGT-A has technical limitations. The sample size is small, and the test may miss some chromosome changes or detect changes that are not present in the whole embryo. Some embryos may be classified as mosaic, which creates uncertainty about transfer decisions. The test does not detect all genetic conditions, and it does not assess non-chromosomal causes of pregnancy loss or implantation failure. It also does not improve the quality of an embryo or change the underlying reasons for infertility.

    Another limitation is that PGT-A requires embryos to be created and cultured to a suitable stage, which may not be possible for every patient. It also adds cost and time to an IVF cycle. Whether the potential information is worth these trade-offs is a personal decision that should be discussed with a qualified clinician.

    Who might consider PGT-A

    PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. It may be discussed with patients who have a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, repeated implantation failure, or advanced maternal age, or when there are other clinical reasons. However, guidelines and professional opinions vary, and the evidence for benefit in different groups is not uniform. Some patients may choose PGT-A to gain information, while others may decide against it. There is no single right answer.

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, ask the clinic about their experience, their laboratory methods, and how they interpret and report results. Ask what they do with mosaic or inconclusive results, and what alternatives exist if you decide not to test.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    • Which PGT test are you recommending, and why?
    • What does the test screen for, and what does it not screen for?
    • How do you report mosaic and inconclusive results?
    • What are the possible next steps if the result is abnormal or uncertain?
    • What are the costs, and what do they include?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy procedure?
    • How do you counsel patients about the limitations of PGT-A?
    • What alternatives are available if we decide not to do PGT-A?

    Next steps for international patients

    Before travelling to Thailand for IVF with PGT-A, gather information from the clinic in writing. Ask for a clear explanation of the test, its limitations, and the costs involved. Confirm what documents you need, what visas or entry requirements apply, and how long you may need to stay. These details can change, so verify them with the clinic and relevant authorities. It is also wise to ask about follow-up care and how results will be communicated to you.

    You can learn more about PGT in Thailand in our PGT in Thailand guide, browse other patient guides, or check our FAQ for general information. Always discuss your individual situation with a qualified healthcare provider.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a normal PGT-A result guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A is a screening test that looks for extra or missing whole chromosomes in a small sample of cells. A normal result reduces the chance of certain chromosome-related issues, but it cannot guarantee implantation, a continuing pregnancy, or a healthy child. Other genetic and non-genetic factors can still affect outcomes.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for whole-chromosome aneuploidy, such as an extra or missing chromosome. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene. They are different tests used for different purposes, and sometimes both may be considered.

    Can PGT-A tell me if my embryo is mosaic?

    PGT-A can sometimes detect mosaicism, which means the embryo has a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers. However, the result applies only to the sampled cells, and the clinical significance of mosaicism can be uncertain. Your clinic should explain what a mosaic result means for your situation.

    Is PGT-A recommended for everyone doing IVF?

    No. PGT-A is not universally recommended. It may be discussed for specific situations, such as recurrent pregnancy loss or advanced maternal age, but guidelines vary and the evidence is not uniform. Whether to use PGT-A is a personal decision to discuss with your clinician.

    What should I ask a clinic in Thailand about PGT-A?

    Ask which test is recommended and why, what it screens for and does not screen for, how mosaic and inconclusive results are handled, what the costs include, and what alternatives exist. Also ask about the biopsy procedure, counselling, and how results will be communicated.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR in Thailand: How to Understand the Differences

    PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR are three different types of preimplantation genetic testing used during IVF. They are not interchangeable. PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in a family. PGT-SR looks at chromosome structure, usually when a parent carries a known rearrangement. Which one, if any, may be relevant depends on your history and is a clinical decision. This guide explains the differences in plain language and lists what to confirm with a clinic in Thailand.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A — checks chromosome number (for example, extra or missing chromosomes).
    • PGT-M — checks for a specific gene variant or condition known to run in the family.
    • PGT-SR — checks for chromosome structural rearrangements, such as translocations.
    • All three require an IVF cycle and a biopsy of embryo cells.
    • None of them guarantees a pregnancy, a live birth or a healthy child.
    • Suitability is determined by a clinician, often with a genetic counsellor.

    What PGT means in plain language

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a group of laboratory tests performed on embryos created through IVF, before any embryo is transferred to the uterus. A small number of cells is removed from the embryo (a biopsy), and those cells are tested in a laboratory. The results are used to help decide which embryo(s) might be considered for transfer.

    PGT is not a treatment for infertility, and it does not improve the quality of an embryo. It is a screening or diagnostic tool that provides additional information. It also has limitations: it cannot detect every possible genetic or health issue, and it cannot guarantee an outcome.

    The three main types of PGT testing in Thailand

    Clinics in Thailand, like clinics elsewhere, generally group PGT into three categories. The names can be confusing because they sound similar, but each answers a different question.

    PGT-A: chromosome number

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. Aneuploidy means an embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes — for example, an extra copy or a missing copy of a particular chromosome. PGT-A is used to count chromosomes, not to read individual genes.

    PGT-A may be discussed with patients in a range of situations, such as when there is a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, when the woman is older, or when previous IVF cycles have not led to a successful pregnancy. However, professional guidance varies, and PGT-A is not automatically recommended for everyone. Some clinics offer it routinely; others reserve it for specific situations. It is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy.

    PGT-M: a specific inherited condition

    PGT-M stands for preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders. Monogenic means caused by a change in a single gene. PGT-M is used when a family is known to be at risk of passing on a specific inherited condition, such as cystic fibrosis, thalassaemia, spinal muscular atrophy, or certain other conditions.

    Before PGT-M can be performed, the laboratory usually needs information about the specific gene variant in the family. This often involves a genetic test on the parents or an affected family member. PGT-M is therefore highly individualised: the test is built around one family’s specific variant. It is not a general screen for all genetic conditions.

    PGT-SR: chromosome structure

    PGT-SR stands for preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements. Structural rearrangements are changes in the way chromosome material is arranged — for example, a translocation, where part of one chromosome is attached to another. A person can carry a balanced translocation and be healthy, but it can increase the chance of miscarriage or of a child being affected by an unbalanced chromosome arrangement.

    PGT-SR is usually considered when a parent is known to carry a structural rearrangement, often identified after recurrent miscarriage or after a chromosome test. Like PGT-M, it is targeted to a known finding in the family.

    PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR: a comparison

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M PGT-SR
    What it looks at Number of chromosomes A specific gene variant Chromosome structure (rearrangements)
    Typical reason it is discussed Chromosome number concerns, history of loss, age-related risk Known inherited condition in the family Known structural rearrangement in a parent
    Is it targeted to one family? No — general chromosome count Yes — built around a specific variant Yes — built around a specific rearrangement
    Does it require prior genetic information? Usually not Usually yes Usually yes
    Does it guarantee a healthy child? No No No

    This table is a general orientation only. A clinic will explain which test, if any, fits your situation.

    Why a clinic might recommend one over another

    The choice is not a matter of one test being “better” than another. Each test is designed for a different question. A clinic may recommend:

    • PGT-A when the main concern is chromosome number, for example in the context of recurrent miscarriage or a previous aneuploid pregnancy.
    • PGT-M when there is a known single-gene condition in the family and the specific variant has been identified.
    • PGT-SR when a parent carries a known structural rearrangement, such as a translocation.

    In some cases, more than one type of PGT may be relevant, or none may be recommended. The decision depends on medical history, genetic test results, the number and quality of embryos available, and the clinic’s laboratory capabilities. It is a clinical judgement, not a patient preference alone.

    What PGT can and cannot tell you

    PGT provides information about the cells that were biopsied. It cannot tell you everything about the embryo. Limitations include:

    • It does not detect all genetic conditions.
    • It does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, live birth or a healthy child.
    • It may produce results that are unclear or that require interpretation.
    • It does not replace prenatal testing, which may still be offered during pregnancy.
    • It adds cost and complexity to an IVF cycle.

    Your clinic should explain the specific limitations of the test they are offering.

    Alternatives and other options

    PGT is one option among several. Depending on your situation, alternatives may include:

    • IVF without PGT, with embryo selection based on standard laboratory criteria.
    • Using donor gametes (sperm or eggs), if medically appropriate and legally available.
    • Prenatal diagnosis during pregnancy, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis.
    • Genetic counselling to understand risks and options without proceeding to PGT.

    These options have their own benefits, risks and limitations. A clinician and a genetic counsellor can help you weigh them.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, these questions can help you compare clinics and understand what is being offered:

    • Which type of PGT are you recommending for my situation, and why?
    • What information do you need from me or my family before the test can be performed?
    • What are the limitations of this test in your laboratory?
    • What happens if the result is unclear or inconclusive?
    • What are the costs involved, and what do they include?
    • What are the success rates for my age and diagnosis at your clinic?
    • Do you provide genetic counselling, and is it included?
    • What are the legal and regulatory requirements for PGT in Thailand for international patients?
    • What documents do I need to bring, and what is the expected timeline?
    • What alternatives do I have if I decide not to proceed with PGT?

    Next steps

    1. Gather your medical and genetic history, including any previous genetic test results.
    2. Ask your current doctor for a referral or summary that you can share with a clinic in Thailand.
    3. Contact one or more clinics and ask the questions above.
    4. Request a consultation with a genetic counsellor if available.
    5. Confirm costs, timeline, legal requirements and travel arrangements directly with the clinic.
    6. Take time to consider the information before making a decision.

    For more general information, see our PGT in Thailand page and our guides. You can also check our FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the main difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene variant. PGT-SR looks at the structure of chromosomes, such as translocations. Each test answers a different question and is chosen based on your medical and family history.

    Can I choose which PGT test I want?

    PGT is a medical test, so the decision is made with a clinician. You can discuss your preferences, but the recommended test depends on your history, genetic findings and the clinic's assessment. In some cases, no PGT may be recommended.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide useful information, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a healthy child. It does not detect all genetic conditions, and it does not replace prenatal testing.

    Is PGT available in Thailand for international patients?

    Many clinics in Thailand offer PGT, but availability, legal requirements and eligibility can vary. You should confirm directly with the clinic you are considering, and check any current regulations with the relevant authorities.

    What should I ask a clinic before deciding on PGT?

    Ask which type of PGT they recommend and why, what information they need from you, the limitations of the test, what happens if results are unclear, the costs, and whether genetic counselling is included. Also ask about legal requirements and timelines for international patients.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing Cost in Thailand: What Is Included and What Is Not

    PGT-A testing cost in Thailand is rarely a single number. Most quotations combine several services: embryo biopsy, laboratory genetic analysis, and sometimes IVF cycle components. What is included varies by clinic and by how many embryos are tested. This guide explains the common cost categories, why quotations differ, and the questions that help you compare them fairly. It does not provide prices, because those depend on your clinic, your protocol, and the number of embryos involved.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A quotations usually bundle biopsy, genetic analysis, and reporting, but the boundaries differ.
    • IVF cycle costs, medication, embryo freezing, and storage are often separate.
    • Ask whether the quote is per embryo, per batch, or per cycle.
    • Confirm what happens if no embryos are suitable for testing or transfer.
    • Request a written quotation that lists inclusions, exclusions, and payment timing.

    Why PGT-A quotations are not directly comparable

    Two clinics can quote for the same treatment and still produce very different totals. One may include biopsy and analysis in a single package; another may charge separately for each embryo. Some quotations include the IVF cycle, while others assume you already have embryos in storage. Currency, exchange rates, and payment schedules add further variation.

    For international patients, the practical approach is to compare categories rather than headline figures. Ask each clinic to break the quotation into the components below, then check which items are included, which are optional, and which are billed only if certain steps occur.

    Common cost components in a PGT-A quotation

    The table below lists categories that may appear in a quotation. It does not show amounts, because those are clinic-specific and can change. Use it as a checklist when you review a written quote.

    Category What it usually covers What to confirm
    IVF cycle Monitoring, egg retrieval, laboratory fertilisation, and embryo culture Is the cycle included, or is the quote only for testing?
    Embryo biopsy Removing a small number of cells from each embryo for testing Is the fee per embryo, or included in a package?
    Genetic analysis Laboratory screening of the biopsy sample for chromosomal number Is the analysis done in-house or sent to another laboratory?
    Reporting Written results and interpretation for your treating doctor Is a consultation to discuss results included?
    Embryo freezing and storage Cryopreservation of tested embryos and ongoing storage Are freezing and storage included for a set period?
    Medication Ovarian stimulation and related prescriptions Is medication included, or billed separately by a pharmacy?
    Monitoring and blood tests Ultrasound scans and hormone blood tests during the cycle Are all monitoring visits included, or charged per visit?
    Additional procedures Techniques such as ICSI or assisted hatching, if recommended Are these optional, and how would they change the total?

    What is often bundled

    Many quotations group the laboratory side of PGT-A into one line. That may include biopsy, analysis, and a results report. Some clinics also bundle a certain number of embryos into a package, with a separate fee for each additional embryo. If you see a single figure for PGT-A, ask what it covers and whether it has an embryo limit.

    Bundling can make a quotation easier to read, but it can also hide the cost of extra steps. For example, a package may include biopsy and analysis but not the IVF cycle that produced the embryos. Always ask which parts of the pathway are inside the package and which are outside.

    What is often billed separately

    Items outside the PGT-A package commonly include:

    • The IVF cycle itself, including monitoring and retrieval
    • Fertility medication and pharmacy costs
    • Embryo freezing and storage after testing
    • Pre-treatment consultations, scans, and blood tests
    • Additional laboratory techniques recommended for your case
    • Follow-up consultations to discuss results
    • Any travel, accommodation, and administrative costs

    Some clinics also charge separately for shipping samples to an external genetics laboratory. If the laboratory is not on site, ask who handles the sample, how long results take, and whether transport is included.

    How to compare quotations from different clinics

    Use the same questions for every clinic so you can compare like with like. A written quotation is more useful than a verbal estimate, because it gives you a document to check.

    1. Ask for a written quotation that lists every included service and every exclusion.
    2. Confirm whether the PGT-A fee is per embryo, per batch, or per cycle.
    3. Ask how many embryos are covered before extra fees apply.
    4. Check whether the IVF cycle, medication, and monitoring are inside or outside the quote.
    5. Ask what happens if no embryos are available for biopsy or if testing yields no result.
    6. Confirm whether freezing, storage, and a results consultation are included.
    7. Ask about payment timing, currency, and whether any refund or credit applies if a step is not performed.

    Questions to ask before you commit

    These questions help you understand the financial and practical shape of treatment. They are not a substitute for clinical advice from your treating doctor.

    • What exactly does the PGT-A fee include, and what is excluded?
    • Is the price fixed, or can it change during treatment?
    • How many embryos does the quotation cover, and what is the fee for each additional embryo?
    • Is the genetic analysis performed at the clinic or at another laboratory?
    • How long do results usually take, and does that affect storage fees?
    • What costs should I expect if the cycle needs to be adjusted or repeated?
    • Are there separate charges for consultations, scans, or blood tests?
    • What payment methods are accepted, and when is payment due?

    Planning beyond the quotation

    Cost is one part of planning. International patients also need to consider travel, accommodation, time away from work, and how many visits a cycle may require. Those costs are rarely included in a PGT-A quotation, so it helps to estimate them separately.

    It is also worth asking how the clinic communicates results and follow-up plans if you return home. Some patients prefer to stay until results are available; others arrange a remote consultation. Confirm what is possible before you book travel.

    For a broader view of IVF cost categories in Thailand, see our guide to IVF cost in Thailand. For more detail on PGT-A specifically, visit PGT-A cost in Thailand. You can also explore patient resources for planning tools, or contact us if you have questions about comparing quotations.

    Next steps

    Before you commit to a clinic, request a written quotation and compare it against the categories above. Ask the clinic to confirm inclusions, exclusions, and what happens if a step is not performed. If a quotation is unclear, ask for a revised version with each item listed separately. Taking this step can help you avoid surprises and make a more informed decision.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a PGT-A quotation in Thailand usually include the IVF cycle?

    Not always. Some quotations cover only the biopsy and genetic analysis, while others bundle the IVF cycle. Ask the clinic to state clearly whether monitoring, retrieval, fertilisation, and embryo culture are included or billed separately.

    Is PGT-A charged per embryo or as a package?

    Both approaches exist. Some clinics charge per embryo tested, while others offer a package that covers a set number of embryos with an additional fee for each extra embryo. Confirm the basis of the fee and any embryo limit before you compare quotations.

    What costs are commonly not included in a PGT-A quotation?

    Medication, embryo freezing and storage, pre-treatment consultations, monitoring scans, blood tests, and follow-up consultations are often separate. Travel and accommodation are almost never included. Ask for a written list of exclusions.

    How can I compare quotations from different clinics fairly?

    Use the same checklist for each clinic: ask what is included, what is excluded, whether the fee is per embryo or per cycle, how many embryos are covered, and what happens if no embryos are suitable for testing. A written quotation makes comparison easier.

    Can the cost change after I receive a quotation?

    It can, depending on your treatment plan, the number of embryos, and any additional procedures your doctor recommends. Ask whether the quotation is fixed or an estimate, and request that any changes be explained in writing before you agree.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT Lab Quality in Thailand: How to Assess Accreditation, Validation and Biopsy Technique

    When you are considering PGT during IVF in Thailand, the laboratory that performs the genetic testing matters as much as the clinic you choose. PGT lab quality depends on accreditation, validation records, biopsy technique and quality-control systems. This guide explains what to look for, what questions to ask, and how to compare providers using consistent criteria. It is an editorial comparison, not a ranking of clinical outcomes or success rates.

    At a glance

    • Accreditation signals: Look for ISO 15189, CAP, JCI, RTAC or UK NEQAS credentials, but confirm the exact scope covers the genetics laboratory.
    • Validation: Ask how the lab validates its PGT-A, PGT-M or PGT-SR workflows and how it handles inconclusive results.
    • Biopsy technique: Ask who performs the trophectoderm biopsy, how many cells are taken, and how the sample is handled before testing.
    • Error rate: No lab can promise zero errors. Ask about internal quality controls, external proficiency testing and how discrepancies are investigated.
    • Transparency: Request written details about the laboratory pathway, not just the clinic name.

    Why PGT lab quality is a separate question from clinic reputation

    A clinic may have a well-known name, but the PGT testing itself may be performed in an in-house genetics laboratory or sent to a partner lab. The quality of that specific laboratory—its accreditation, validation and quality-control practices—directly affects the reliability of the genetic result you receive. For international patients, it is easy to focus on the clinic’s overall reputation and overlook the laboratory details. This guide helps you ask the right questions so you can make a more informed comparison.

    Key signals of PGT laboratory quality

    Accreditation and certification

    Accreditation is one signal that a laboratory follows defined standards. For genetics laboratories, ISO 15189 is a common international standard for medical laboratories. CAP (College of American Pathologists) accreditation is another. Some clinics also hold JCI (Joint Commission International) or RTAC (Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee) certification, but these often cover the clinic or the IVF laboratory rather than the genetics laboratory specifically. Always ask which part of the service the certificate covers and whether it is current.

    Validation of PGT workflows

    Before a laboratory offers a PGT test, it should validate the test’s performance. Validation includes establishing the test’s accuracy, limits of detection and reproducibility. Ask whether the laboratory has validation data for the specific PGT test you need (PGT-A, PGT-M or PGT-SR) and whether it participates in external proficiency testing schemes such as UK NEQAS. These are signs that the laboratory monitors its performance against external benchmarks.

    Biopsy technique and embryology interface

    The biopsy is the step where a few cells are removed from the embryo for testing. The quality of the biopsy can affect the amount of DNA available for analysis. Ask who performs the biopsy—an embryologist or a technician—and how many cells are typically taken. Also ask how the sample is prepared and transported to the genetics laboratory. A seamless, documented handover between the embryology and genetics teams reduces the risk of sample mix-up or degradation.

    Quality control and error rate

    No laboratory can guarantee a zero error rate. Instead, ask about internal quality controls, how often the laboratory runs control samples, and how it investigates discrepancies between the PGT result and later clinical findings. A laboratory that tracks and reviews its error rate is more likely to be transparent about limitations. Be cautious of any provider that claims a perfect record without offering details.

    Comparing PGT laboratory signals at selected Thai providers

    The following comparison is based on publicly available information from each provider’s official materials or approved listings. It is an editorial overview, not a clinical outcome ranking. The order reflects our editorial sequence, with DHC first. Always confirm current details directly with the provider.

    Provider Genetics laboratory arrangement Accreditation signals (as listed) PGT services listed Points to confirm
    Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) Dedicated fertility center; provides PGT among other services. Ask how its laboratories are organised. JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP and UK NEQAS certifications or quality credentials. PGT; ask which test categories are offered. Which PGT tests are offered; whether the genetics laboratory is in-house or partnered; validation data; biopsy protocol; error-rate monitoring.
    Jetanin Hospital In-house genetics laboratory described; PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR using NGS and Sanger sequencing. JCI and RTAC (first IVF centre in Southeast Asia accredited by both, as stated); ISO 15189 and ISO 15190 laboratory standards; annual quality-control audits. PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR. Current certificate scope for the genetics laboratory; named molecular geneticist; validation records; biopsy technique details.
    MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center Genetics center within MedPark Hospital; ESHRE-certified embryologists; time-lapse incubation and AI-assisted embryo assessment. Ask the clinic to confirm. PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR. Accreditation of the genetics laboratory; validation data; biopsy protocol; error-rate monitoring.
    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center In-house embryology laboratory; PGT-A listed among services. Ask the clinic to confirm. PGT-A. Whether PGT is performed in-house or sent to a partner lab; accreditation of the genetics laboratory; validation data; biopsy technique.
    Superior A.R.T. Thailand Specialist assisted-reproduction and genetics center; PGT pathways emphasized. Ask the clinic to confirm. PGT; ask which test categories are offered. Which PGT tests are offered; laboratory accreditation; validation data; biopsy protocol; error-rate monitoring.
    Prime Fertility Clinic Fertility clinic; IVF, ICSI, embryo freezing, assisted hatching listed. Confirm whether PGT is available. JCI Ambulatory Care accreditation (as listed). Ask the clinic to confirm. Whether PGT is offered; laboratory arrangement; accreditation of genetics laboratory; validation data.
    Bumrungrad International Hospital Multidisciplinary hospital; IVF, ICSI and reproductive medicine services listed. Confirm whether PGT is available. Ask the clinic to confirm. Ask the clinic to confirm. Whether PGT is offered; laboratory arrangement; accreditation of genetics laboratory; validation data.

    Note: This table includes only providers from our published hospital library. It is not a ranking of clinical quality or success rates. The order is an editorial comparison. Always confirm current details directly with the provider.

    Questions to ask a clinic about its PGT laboratory

    Use these questions when you contact a clinic. Request written answers where possible.

    • Is the PGT testing performed in your own laboratory or sent to a partner laboratory? If partnered, which laboratory and what is its accreditation?
    • Which PGT tests do you offer (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR) and what technology do you use (e.g., NGS, Sanger sequencing)?
    • What accreditation does the genetics laboratory hold, and what is the scope of that accreditation?
    • How do you validate your PGT tests? Do you participate in external proficiency testing (e.g., UK NEQAS)?
    • Who performs the embryo biopsy, and what is the typical number of cells taken?
    • How do you handle inconclusive or failed PGT results?
    • How do you monitor and investigate discrepancies between PGT results and clinical outcomes?
    • Can you provide a written quotation that clearly separates laboratory fees from other costs?

    How to use this information in your decision

    Start by listing the clinics you are considering. For each, gather written answers to the questions above. Compare the clarity and completeness of the responses. A clinic that provides specific, documented information about its laboratory is easier to evaluate than one that gives only general assurances. Remember that accreditation and validation are signals, not guarantees of a successful outcome. Your decision should also consider your medical situation, the treating doctor’s recommendations and the overall care model.

    Next steps

    1. Review the hospital profiles on our hospitals page to identify providers that offer PGT.
    2. Use the questions above to request written details from each clinic’s laboratory or international patient team.
    3. Compare the responses side by side, focusing on accreditation scope, validation practices and biopsy protocol.
    4. Discuss the laboratory information with your treating doctor to understand how it applies to your specific situation.
    5. Check our hospital rankings page for more comparison guides.

    For information about how we work with partners, see our partner disclosure page.

    Frequently asked questions

    What accreditation should a PGT laboratory in Thailand have?

    There is no single required accreditation for PGT laboratories in Thailand. Common quality signals include ISO 15189 for medical laboratories, CAP accreditation, and participation in external proficiency testing such as UK NEQAS. Some clinics also hold JCI or RTAC certification, but these may cover the clinic or IVF laboratory rather than the genetics laboratory specifically. Ask which part of the service the certificate covers and whether it is current.

    How can I check if a clinic's PGT lab is validated?

    Ask the clinic for details about its validation process for the specific PGT test you need. Validation should include data on accuracy, limits of detection and reproducibility. Also ask whether the laboratory participates in external proficiency testing. A clinic that can provide clear validation information is more transparent about its laboratory practices.

    Does biopsy technique affect PGT results?

    Yes, biopsy technique can affect the amount and quality of DNA available for testing. Factors include who performs the biopsy, how many cells are taken, and how the sample is handled before it reaches the genetics laboratory. Ask about the biopsy protocol and the handover process between the embryology and genetics teams.

    Can a PGT laboratory guarantee a zero error rate?

    No laboratory can guarantee a zero error rate. Instead, ask about internal quality controls, how often control samples are run, and how discrepancies between PGT results and clinical outcomes are investigated. A laboratory that tracks and reviews its error rate is more likely to be transparent about limitations.

    Is PGT lab quality the same as clinic success rates?

    No. PGT lab quality refers to the laboratory's accreditation, validation and quality-control practices. Clinic success rates are a separate measure that can be influenced by many factors, including patient characteristics. A clinic with high success rates may still use a partner laboratory for PGT, so it is important to ask about the specific laboratory performing your test.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT for Advanced Maternal Age in Thailand: What It Tests and Who It May Help

    If you are over 40 and considering IVF in Thailand, you may have read that preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) can help select embryos. PGT is a group of laboratory tests performed on a small number of cells taken from an embryo during IVF. It does not treat infertility, improve egg quality or guarantee a pregnancy. Instead, it provides information about the chromosomal or genetic makeup of an embryo, which you and your clinician can use when deciding which embryo(s) to transfer. This guide explains the main types of PGT, why age is relevant, and what the results can and cannot tell you.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo; the chance of chromosomal errors rises with maternal age.
    • PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in a family.
    • PGT-SR looks at chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations, that a parent may carry.
    • PGT is not a guarantee of pregnancy, live birth or a healthy child.
    • Whether PGT is appropriate for you depends on your history, your age, the reason for testing and clinic guidance.

    What PGT means in plain language

    During IVF, eggs are fertilised in the laboratory and embryos begin to develop. If PGT is planned, an embryologist removes a few cells from an embryo at a specific stage, usually the blastocyst stage. Those cells are tested, and the embryo is typically frozen while results are awaited. A later transfer cycle uses an embryo selected partly on the basis of the test result.

    PGT is not one single test. It is an umbrella term for several different investigations, each with a different purpose. The type your clinic discusses with you should match the question you are trying to answer.

    The three main types of PGT

    Test What it looks at Typical reason it is discussed
    PGT-A Number of chromosomes in an embryo (aneuploidy screening) Age-related risk of chromosomal errors, or a history of repeated implantation failure or miscarriage
    PGT-M A specific gene variant or inherited condition A known familial genetic condition, such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease
    PGT-SR Structural chromosome rearrangements A parent carries a translocation or similar rearrangement

    Some clinics may also discuss other forms of testing. The names and availability of specific tests can vary, so ask your clinic to explain exactly which test is being proposed and why.

    Why age matters: aneuploidy and egg quality

    Human eggs are formed before birth and mature over decades. As a woman ages, the chance that an egg will have an incorrect number of chromosomes increases. An embryo with an incorrect number of chromosomes is described as aneuploid. Many aneuploid embryos do not implant, and some pregnancies involving aneuploid embryos end in miscarriage. A small number can result in a live birth with a chromosomal condition, such as Down syndrome.

    This age-related tendency is sometimes described as a decline in egg quality, but it is more accurate to think of it as a change in the proportion of eggs with chromosomal errors. It is not something you can feel, and it does not mean every egg or every embryo will be affected. PGT-A is one way to gather information about the chromosomal status of the embryos you have, but it does not change the underlying biology of the eggs or embryos.

    What PGT-A can and cannot tell you

    PGT-A is designed to detect whole-chromosome gains or losses. It can identify embryos that are likely to be euploid (the expected number of chromosomes) or aneuploid. It cannot tell you whether an embryo will implant, whether a pregnancy will continue, or what a child’s health, development or appearance will be.

    PGT-A also has technical limitations. It is a screening test, not a diagnostic test, and it can produce results that are inconclusive, borderline or affected by mosaicism (where an embryo has a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers). Some embryos may be reported as mosaic, and the implications of transferring a mosaic embryo are not fully understood. Your clinic should explain what a particular result means for your specific situation.

    PGT-M and PGT-SR: when the question is different

    PGT-M is used when there is a known inherited condition in the family. It looks for a specific gene variant that the parents may pass on. PGT-SR is used when a parent carries a chromosome rearrangement, such as a translocation, which can increase the risk of miscarriage or a child with a chromosomal condition. These tests are not about age-related aneuploidy; they answer a different question. If you have a family history of a genetic condition or a known rearrangement, ask your clinic whether PGT-M or PGT-SR is relevant for you.

    Is PGT right for you? Questions to consider

    PGT is not a required step in IVF, and it is not suitable for everyone. Whether it is offered or recommended depends on your medical history, your age, the reason for testing, the number of embryos available, and clinic policy. Some people choose PGT to gain information; others decide against it because of cost, the possibility of no transferable embryos, or the wish to avoid embryo freezing and testing.

    There is no single correct choice. A useful next step is to ask your clinic the following questions:

    • Which type of PGT are you recommending for me, and why?
    • What will the result tell us, and what will it not tell us?
    • What happens if the result is inconclusive or mosaic?
    • How many embryos would need to be tested for the test to be useful in my case?
    • What are the alternatives to PGT, and what are the trade-offs?
    • What are the costs, including any separate laboratory, freezing and storage fees?
    • What are the clinic’s policies on embryo storage, disposal and transport?

    Practical planning for international patients

    If you are travelling to Thailand for IVF with PGT, planning involves more than the test itself. You will need to consider how long you can stay, how many visits are required, and how results will be communicated to you. Because PGT often involves freezing embryos and transferring them in a later cycle, your timeline may extend over more than one trip or require coordination with a clinic in your home country.

    Before you commit, ask your clinic to explain:

    • How many days you need to be in Thailand for monitoring, egg collection and any transfer.
    • How results are shared and how follow-up is arranged if you return home.
    • What documents or records the clinic needs from you, and whether translations are required.
    • What payment, cancellation and refund policies apply.
    • Whether the clinic can support you if you need to pause or change plans.

    Legal and regulatory requirements can change and may differ depending on your situation. Always confirm current requirements with the clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authority. You can also read more general information on our PGT in Thailand page and browse our guides for related topics.

    Alternatives and limitations

    PGT is one option among several. Some people proceed with IVF without PGT, accepting that embryo selection will be based on development and appearance rather than genetic testing. Others may consider donor eggs, adoption or choosing not to pursue further treatment. These are personal decisions, and no single path is right for everyone.

    It is also important to recognise that PGT cannot create embryos, improve egg or sperm quality, or overcome all causes of infertility. It does not replace prenatal testing, which may still be offered during pregnancy. And it does not remove the uncertainty that is part of any fertility treatment.

    Next steps

    If you are over 40 and considering PGT in Thailand, start by clarifying your own questions. Write down what you hope to learn from testing and what you would do with the information. Then discuss those points with a qualified fertility clinician who can review your history and explain whether PGT is likely to be useful in your case. For general background, see our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A improve my chances of having a baby if I am over 40?

    PGT-A can provide information about the chromosomal status of an embryo, but it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a live birth. It does not change the underlying biology of your eggs or embryos. Whether it improves your individual chances depends on many factors, and your clinic can discuss what is known and what remains uncertain in your situation.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an incorrect number of chromosomes in an embryo, which becomes more common with age. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in a family. PGT-SR looks for chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations, that a parent may carry. Each test answers a different question.

    Can PGT tell me if my embryo is healthy?

    No. PGT-A looks at chromosome number, and PGT-M and PGT-SR look at specific genetic issues. None of these tests can confirm that an embryo is completely healthy or predict a child's future health, development or appearance. PGT is a screening or diagnostic tool with limitations, and results should be interpreted with your clinician.

    What happens if my PGT result is inconclusive or mosaic?

    Some embryos may be reported as inconclusive or mosaic, meaning the result is not clear-cut. The implications of transferring such an embryo are not fully understood, and practices vary. Your clinic should explain what a specific result means for you and what options are available.

    Is PGT required for IVF in Thailand?

    No. PGT is not a required part of IVF, and it is not suitable for everyone. Whether it is offered or recommended depends on your medical history, your age, the reason for testing, the number of embryos available, and clinic policy. You can discuss the pros and cons with your fertility clinician.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT for Recurrent Miscarriage in Thailand: A Cautious Guide for International Patients

    If you have had two or more miscarriages, you may be exploring whether preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) could help. PGT is a laboratory add-on to IVF that screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. It is not a treatment for miscarriage itself, and it does not guarantee a live birth. In Thailand, PGT is available at some fertility clinics, but its role in recurrent loss is specific and limited. This guide explains the different types of PGT, what the evidence suggests, and the practical questions to ask a clinic before deciding.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy), a common cause of early miscarriage.
    • PGT-A does not fix chromosomal problems in embryos; it only identifies which embryos are more likely to be chromosomally normal.
    • PGT-A is not routinely recommended for all couples with recurrent miscarriage; guidelines vary and it is usually considered on a case-by-case basis.
    • Other causes of recurrent loss—such as uterine abnormalities, blood clotting disorders, or thyroid issues—should also be investigated.
    • In Thailand, PGT is offered at some international fertility clinics, but availability, cost, and legal requirements vary.

    What is recurrent miscarriage?

    Recurrent miscarriage, also called recurrent pregnancy loss, is generally defined as two or more consecutive miscarriages. It affects a small percentage of couples trying to conceive. The causes are varied and sometimes no clear cause is found. Chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo are a common reason for early miscarriage, especially in the first trimester. As women age, the proportion of eggs with chromosomal errors increases, which is why miscarriage risk rises with maternal age.

    How PGT fits into recurrent miscarriage care

    PGT is not a standalone treatment for miscarriage. It is used during IVF to test embryos before transfer. The most relevant type for recurrent miscarriage is PGT-A, which counts chromosomes. PGT-A can identify embryos with the wrong number of chromosomes (aneuploid) and those that are chromosomally normal (euploid). Transferring a euploid embryo may reduce the chance of miscarriage due to chromosomal causes, but it does not eliminate all risk. Miscarriage can still occur for other reasons, such as uterine factors, immune issues, or undetected chromosomal problems.

    Types of PGT: PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR

    PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) is the type most often discussed for recurrent miscarriage. It looks at all 23 pairs of chromosomes to detect extra or missing chromosomes. PGT-M (monogenic disease) is for couples at risk of passing on a specific inherited condition, such as cystic fibrosis. PGT-SR (structural rearrangement) is for couples where one partner has a chromosomal rearrangement, like a translocation. This guide focuses on PGT-A because it is the type most relevant to unexplained recurrent miscarriage. PGT-M and PGT-SR are not typically used for recurrent loss unless there is a known genetic cause.

    What PGT-A can and cannot do

    PGT-A can:

    • Identify embryos with a normal number of chromosomes.
    • Help select which embryos to transfer, potentially reducing miscarriage risk from chromosomal causes.
    • Provide information that may guide decisions about which embryos to transfer.

    PGT-A cannot:

    • Guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • Detect all genetic problems; it does not test for single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements.
    • Improve the quality of embryos or fix chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Address non-chromosomal causes of miscarriage, such as uterine or hormonal issues.

    Is PGT-A recommended for recurrent miscarriage?

    Professional guidelines differ. Some organizations suggest that PGT-A may be considered for couples with recurrent miscarriage, while others do not routinely recommend it because evidence of clear benefit is limited. The decision is often made case by case, taking into account the couple’s history, age, previous IVF outcomes, and personal preferences. It is important to discuss the potential benefits and limitations with a fertility specialist. PGT-A is not a mandatory step, and some couples achieve successful pregnancies without it.

    PGT-A and repeated implantation failure

    Repeated implantation failure (RIF) is when good-quality embryos fail to implant after several IVF cycles. Some clinics offer PGT-A for RIF, but its benefit is debated. RIF may be caused by factors other than chromosomal abnormalities, such as uterine receptivity or immune issues. PGT-A may help identify chromosomally normal embryos for transfer, but it does not guarantee implantation. If you are considering PGT-A for RIF, ask your clinic about the evidence and alternatives.

    What to expect during PGT-A in Thailand

    The PGT-A process involves standard IVF steps: ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization in the lab, and embryo culture. On day 5 or 6, a few cells are biopsied from each embryo. The embryos are then frozen while the biopsy samples are sent to a genetics lab for analysis. Results typically take one to two weeks. Only embryos with a normal chromosome count are considered for transfer in a subsequent cycle. The exact timeline and protocols vary by clinic. In Thailand, some clinics cater to international patients and may offer coordination services, but you should confirm all details directly.

    Limitations and uncertainties of PGT-A

    PGT-A is not perfect. It can produce false results, and some embryos may be misclassified. Mosaic embryos—those with a mix of normal and abnormal cells—can be particularly challenging to interpret. Some clinics may transfer mosaic embryos, while others may not. The long-term outcomes of children born from PGT-A are still being studied, though current evidence does not show major health risks. Additionally, PGT-A adds significant cost and may not be covered by insurance. It also does not improve the overall chance of pregnancy per cycle if a sufficient number of embryos are available; its main benefit is reducing miscarriage risk per transfer.

    Alternatives to PGT-A for recurrent miscarriage

    Before or instead of PGT-A, your doctor may recommend:

    • A thorough evaluation for uterine abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, blood clotting disorders, and thyroid function.
    • Testing for chromosomal abnormalities in you and your partner (karyotyping).
    • Lifestyle changes, such as stopping smoking and managing weight.
    • Medications or procedures to address specific causes, if found.
    • Expectant management or further IVF without PGT-A.

    These options should be discussed with your healthcare provider.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    • What is your experience with PGT-A for recurrent miscarriage?
    • What are the success rates for live birth after PGT-A in your clinic, and how do they compare with IVF without PGT-A?
    • How do you handle mosaic embryos?
    • What is the total cost of PGT-A, including biopsy, genetic testing, and embryo freezing?
    • What are the legal requirements for international patients seeking PGT in Thailand?
    • Do you provide genetic counseling before and after testing?
    • What support do you offer for travel and accommodation?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT for recurrent miscarriage in Thailand, start by gathering your medical records and having a detailed discussion with a fertility specialist. Ask about the evidence for PGT-A in your specific situation, the alternatives, and the costs. You may also want to seek a second opinion. Remember that PGT is a tool, not a guarantee, and the decision should be based on your individual circumstances and values.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also explore our patient guides and FAQ for additional support.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A prevent miscarriage?

    PGT-A can reduce the chance of miscarriage caused by chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo, but it does not prevent all miscarriages. Other causes, such as uterine or hormonal factors, can still lead to pregnancy loss.

    Is PGT-A recommended for all couples with recurrent miscarriage?

    No. Guidelines vary, and PGT-A is not routinely recommended for everyone. It is usually considered on a case-by-case basis after a thorough evaluation. Discuss with your doctor whether it is appropriate for you.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for specific inherited single-gene disorders. PGT-A is more commonly discussed for recurrent miscarriage, whereas PGT-M is used when there is a known genetic condition in the family.

    Can I do PGT-A in Thailand as an international patient?

    Some fertility clinics in Thailand offer PGT-A to international patients, but availability, cost, and legal requirements vary. You should contact clinics directly to confirm their services and any documentation needed.

    What are the risks of PGT-A?

    PGT-A involves embryo biopsy, which is generally considered safe but carries a small risk of damage to the embryo. There is also a chance of false results or uncertain findings, such as mosaicism. Genetic counseling can help you understand these risks.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read Your PGT-A Results After IVF in Thailand: A Patient Guide

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test that checks embryos created through IVF for extra or missing chromosomes. Your report will usually classify each embryo as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or inconclusive. These labels describe the chromosome result of the small sample tested — they do not guarantee that an embryo will implant, that a pregnancy will continue, or that a child will be healthy. This guide explains how to read the report, what mosaicism means, and how to prepare for genetic counselling in Thailand.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number, not at individual genes or overall embryo quality.
    • Euploid means the sample showed the expected number of chromosomes; aneuploid means it did not.
    • Mosaic means the result was mixed — some cells appeared normal and some did not.
    • Reports vary between laboratories, so ask your clinic to walk you through your own document.
    • Genetic counselling helps you weigh the result against your age, history and priorities.

    What PGT-A actually tests

    During IVF, an embryologist removes a few cells from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage. The laboratory then examines the DNA in those cells to estimate whether the embryo has the usual number of chromosomes — 46 in humans, arranged in 23 pairs.

    PGT-A is different from PGT-M (which looks for a specific inherited condition) and PGT-SR (which looks at structural chromosome rearrangements). A PGT-A report will not tell you about single-gene disorders, and it will not tell you how an embryo looks under the microscope. It is one piece of information among several.

    The main result categories

    Report term What it generally means What it does not mean
    Euploid The tested sample showed the expected number of chromosomes. It does not guarantee implantation, ongoing pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    Aneuploid The tested sample showed an extra or missing chromosome. It does not describe every cell in the embryo with certainty.
    Mosaic The sample contained a mix of cells with different chromosome patterns. It does not automatically mean the embryo should be discarded.
    Inconclusive / no result The laboratory could not produce a clear reading. It does not mean the embryo is abnormal.

    Some laboratories use additional wording, such as low-level or high-level mosaicism, or specify which chromosome was affected. Ask your clinic to explain the exact terms used in your report.

    Euploid vs aneuploid: what the difference means for you

    An euploid result is generally the outcome patients hope for, because it suggests the embryo has the expected chromosome number. However, euploid embryos can still fail to implant or lead to miscarriage for reasons unrelated to chromosome number. PGT-A cannot detect every possible genetic issue.

    An aneuploid result suggests the embryo has an abnormal chromosome number. Many clinics will not recommend transferring these embryos because of the higher chance of implantation failure or miscarriage. Some aneuploid results are linked to specific chromosomes, and your clinic may explain whether the finding is considered full or partial.

    It is important to remember that PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. A small number of cells may not represent the whole embryo, and laboratories differ in how they report and interpret their findings.

    Mosaic embryo transfer in Thailand: what to consider

    A mosaic result means the laboratory found a mixture of cells — some with the expected chromosome number and some without. Mosaicism is relatively common in IVF embryos, and its implications are not always clear.

    Some clinics may offer the option of transferring a mosaic embryo after counselling, while others may not. There is no single rule that applies to every case. Factors that may be discussed include:

    • The proportion of abnormal cells reported (often described as a percentage).
    • Which chromosome is involved.
    • Whether the mosaic finding is described as low-level or high-level.
    • Your own reproductive history and priorities.
    • Whether other euploid embryos are available.

    If you are considering mosaic embryo transfer in Thailand, ask your clinic about their experience, their counselling process, and what follow-up they recommend. Be cautious of any provider who promises a specific outcome.

    Reading a PGT-A report: a practical checklist

    Reports from different laboratories can look quite different. When you receive yours, look for these elements:

    1. Patient and sample identifiers. Confirm your name, date of birth and the embryo identifiers match your records.
    2. Embryo list. Each embryo should have a unique code or number.
    3. Result per embryo. Look for terms such as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic or inconclusive.
    4. Chromosome details. If aneuploid or mosaic, the report may name the chromosome(s) involved.
    5. Mosaic percentage. Some reports include an estimate of the proportion of abnormal cells.
    6. Method and limitations. There may be a note about the technology used and its detection limits.
    7. Laboratory contact. A name or department you can ask for clarification.

    If any part of the report is unclear, ask your clinic for a written explanation or a call with a genetic counsellor. Do not rely on internet forums to interpret your specific result.

    Genetic counselling after PGT: what to expect

    Genetic counselling is a conversation with a trained professional who can help you understand your results and make decisions that fit your values. In Thailand, availability may vary by clinic, and some clinics work with external counsellors.

    During a counselling session, you can expect to discuss:

    • What your PGT-A result means in plain language.
    • The difference between euploid, aneuploid and mosaic results.
    • The limits of PGT-A and what it cannot tell you.
    • Possible next steps, including transfer, further testing or another IVF cycle.
    • Emotional and practical considerations.

    It is reasonable to ask for an interpreter if you do not speak Thai, and to request that key points be put in writing.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • Which laboratory performed the PGT-A, and what technology did they use?
    • How does your clinic define and report mosaicism?
    • What is the policy on transferring mosaic embryos?
    • Can I speak with a genetic counsellor before making a decision?
    • What are the possible reasons for an inconclusive result?
    • If we transfer an embryo, what follow-up testing do you recommend?
    • Are there additional costs for counselling or further tests?

    Limits and uncertainties

    PGT-A is a screening tool. It cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child. Some embryos with normal PGT-A results may still have genetic issues that the test does not detect, and some embryos with abnormal results may occasionally develop normally — this is one reason mosaicism is debated.

    Laws and clinic policies about PGT-A, embryo transfer and genetic counselling can change. Always confirm current requirements with your treating clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authorities in Thailand.

    Next steps

    1. Request a copy of your full PGT-A report if you do not already have it.
    2. Write down your questions before your next appointment.
    3. Ask for a genetic counselling session or a detailed explanation from your clinic.
    4. Take time to consider your options; there is rarely a need to decide immediately.
    5. Seek a second opinion if you feel uncertain.

    For more context on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide, browse other patient guides, or check our FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a mosaic result on a PGT-A report mean?

    A mosaic result means the laboratory found a mixture of cells in the sample — some with the expected number of chromosomes and some without. Mosaicism is relatively common in IVF embryos. The implications depend on factors such as the proportion of abnormal cells and which chromosome is involved. Your clinic or a genetic counsellor can help you understand what it might mean for your situation.

    Can a euploid embryo still fail to implant?

    Yes. A euploid result means the tested sample showed the expected number of chromosomes, but it does not guarantee that the embryo will implant or lead to a live birth. Many factors affect implantation, including embryo quality, uterine environment and maternal age. PGT-A cannot detect every possible genetic or developmental issue.

    Is PGT-A the same as PGT-M or PGT-SR?

    No. PGT-A looks at chromosome number across the embryo's chromosomes. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition, and PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. Your clinic can explain which test is relevant to your situation.

    Should I transfer an aneuploid embryo?

    Most clinics do not recommend transferring embryos reported as aneuploid because of the higher chance of implantation failure or miscarriage. However, decisions are individual. Discuss the specific chromosome finding and your options with your treating clinic and, if available, a genetic counsellor.

    How do I find a genetic counsellor in Thailand?

    Availability of genetic counselling varies by clinic. Ask your treating clinic whether they have a counsellor on staff or can refer you to one. If you do not speak Thai, request an interpreter and ask for key points in writing.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Embryo Freezing in Thailand: Freeze-All vs Fresh Transfer

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) checks embryos for extra or missing chromosomes before transfer. Because testing takes time, many clinics use a freeze-all strategy: all suitable embryos are vitrified, and one or more are thawed for transfer in a later cycle. This does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child, and it is not required for every patient. In Thailand, the choice between fresh and frozen transfer after PGT-A depends on your clinic’s protocol, your response to ovarian stimulation, and your preferences. This guide explains the process, the trade-offs, and what to confirm with your treating team.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal number; it does not diagnose all genetic conditions or guarantee outcomes.
    • Freeze-all means vitrifying all embryos and transferring later, often because PGT-A results are not ready within a fresh-transfer window.
    • Vitrification is a rapid freezing method; survival rates vary by clinic, embryo quality, and laboratory experience.
    • Fresh vs frozen is a planning decision, not a guarantee of success. Your clinic can explain which approach fits your cycle.
    • Costs, storage rules, and timelines differ by clinic and should be confirmed directly.

    Why PGT-A often leads to a freeze-all strategy

    In a fresh IVF cycle, the embryo transfer usually happens a few days after egg retrieval. PGT-A requires a biopsy of a few cells from the embryo, and the laboratory then needs time to analyze the sample. Because that analysis typically takes longer than the fresh-transfer window, many clinics vitrify the embryos and plan a transfer in a later cycle. This is often called a freeze-all strategy.</n

    Freezing also allows the clinic to wait for PGT-A results and to select an embryo for transfer based on the report. It may also give your body time to recover from ovarian stimulation. However, freezing is not automatically better for everyone. Some patients may be advised to proceed with a fresh transfer without PGT-A, or to use a different testing approach. The decision depends on your medical history, the number and quality of embryos, and the clinic’s laboratory workflow.

    What PGT-A can and cannot tell you

    PGT-A estimates whether an embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. It is designed to detect aneuploidy, such as an extra or missing chromosome. It does not test for every possible genetic condition, and it cannot guarantee that an embryo will implant, develop normally, or result in a healthy child. Some embryos may be classified as mosaic, meaning the result is not fully normal or fully abnormal. Mosaic results can be difficult to interpret, and your clinic may recommend genetic counseling to discuss what they might mean for your situation.

    PGT-A is not a required test for all patients. It is one option among several, including transferring without testing or using other forms of preimplantation genetic testing such as PGT-M (for a specific inherited condition) or PGT-SR (for structural chromosome rearrangements). Your treating clinician can explain whether PGT-A is appropriate for you and what its limitations are.

    How vitrification works and what affects survival

    Vitrification is a fast freezing technique that aims to avoid ice crystal formation, which can damage cells. Embryos are treated with cryoprotectants, cooled very rapidly, and stored in liquid nitrogen. When needed, they are thawed and assessed before transfer. Survival after thawing depends on several factors, including embryo stage and quality, the laboratory’s experience, and the specific vitrification protocol used. No clinic can guarantee that every embryo will survive the freeze-thaw process.

    If you are comparing clinics, you may want to ask about their laboratory’s approach to vitrification, how they track survival rates, and what happens if an embryo does not survive. These are technical questions that can help you understand the process, but they should not be treated as a promise of outcome.

    Fresh vs frozen transfer after PGT-A: key considerations

    There is no single right answer for every patient. The table below outlines common decision factors. Your clinic can help you weigh them based on your individual cycle.

    Factor Fresh transfer Frozen transfer (freeze-all)
    Timing of PGT-A results Usually not available in time for a fresh transfer Results are available before the transfer cycle
    Embryo selection Limited to embryos without PGT-A information Allows selection based on PGT-A report
    Cycle scheduling Transfer occurs in the same cycle as retrieval Transfer occurs in a later cycle, which may be planned around your schedule
    Recovery from stimulation Transfer may happen while your body is still recovering Gives time for your body to return to a baseline state
    Storage and additional costs No embryo storage needed for this transfer Storage fees and thawing costs may apply; confirm with your clinic
    Logistics for international patients May require a longer single stay May allow separate visits for retrieval and transfer

    Some clinics may offer a fresh transfer without PGT-A, or they may use a different testing strategy. If you are considering PGT-A, ask your clinic how they typically sequence testing, freezing, and transfer.

    Planning and practical questions for international patients

    If you are traveling to Thailand for IVF and PGT-A, the freeze-all approach can affect your travel plans, budget, and timeline. The following categories are worth discussing with your clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authorities.

    • Treatment timeline: How many days are needed for monitoring, retrieval, and transfer? Can the transfer be scheduled in a separate trip?
    • Embryo storage: How long can embryos be stored? What are the annual storage fees? What happens if you move or cannot return?
    • Costs: Ask for a written breakdown of PGT-A testing, vitrification, storage, thawing, and transfer. Prices vary by clinic and are not standardized.
    • Legal and consent documents: What documents are required for embryo storage, disposal, or transport? Rules may differ by clinic and jurisdiction.
    • Travel and visa: What type of entry permission do you need for medical treatment? How long can you stay? Confirm with the relevant embassy or immigration authority.
    • Communication: How will the clinic share PGT-A results and follow-up plans with you if you return home?

    For more general information on PGT in Thailand, see our guide at /pgt-in-thailand. For cost categories related to storage, see /embryo-storage-cost-thailand. You can also browse our /guides section and check the /faq for common questions.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • Do you recommend PGT-A for my situation? Why or why not?
    • What is your typical protocol for PGT-A: freeze-all or fresh transfer?
    • How do you perform vitrification, and how do you track embryo survival after thawing?
    • What are the possible results of PGT-A, including mosaic results, and how do you counsel patients about them?
    • What are the costs for testing, freezing, storage, and transfer? Are there separate fees for thawing?
    • How long can embryos be stored, and what are the options if we cannot return?
    • What support do you offer for international patients coordinating travel and follow-up?

    Next steps

    1. Discuss with your treating clinician whether PGT-A is appropriate for you and whether a freeze-all strategy is likely.
    2. Request a written cost estimate that includes PGT-A, vitrification, storage, and transfer.
    3. Ask about the clinic’s laboratory experience with vitrification and how they report outcomes.
    4. Plan your travel and accommodation with flexibility, in case the transfer is scheduled in a later cycle.
    5. Confirm document, storage, and legal requirements directly with your clinic and relevant authorities.

    PGT-A and embryo freezing are complex topics with no guaranteed outcomes. A cautious, informed discussion with your clinic can help you make decisions that align with your values and circumstances.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A always require freezing embryos?

    No. PGT-A often leads to a freeze-all strategy because the test results are usually not ready within the window for a fresh transfer. However, some clinics may offer fresh transfer without PGT-A, or use different protocols. Your clinic can explain whether freezing is necessary in your case.

    What is vitrification and how safe is it?

    Vitrification is a rapid freezing method used to store embryos. It aims to reduce ice crystal damage, but no method can guarantee that every embryo will survive thawing. Survival depends on embryo quality, laboratory technique, and other factors. Ask your clinic about their experience and how they track outcomes.

    Can I choose between fresh and frozen transfer after PGT-A?

    In many cases, PGT-A results are not available in time for a fresh transfer, so a frozen transfer is planned. If you are considering PGT-A, discuss the timing with your clinic. The choice may also depend on your response to stimulation and your clinic’s protocol.

    How much does embryo storage cost in Thailand?

    Storage costs vary by clinic and are not standardized. Ask your clinic for a written breakdown of fees for vitrification, annual storage, and thawing. For general cost categories, see our guide at /embryo-storage-cost-thailand.

    What happens if an embryo does not survive thawing?

    If an embryo does not survive thawing, your clinic will discuss the next steps with you. This may include using another frozen embryo if available, or considering another cycle. Outcomes cannot be guaranteed, so it is important to understand your clinic’s policy in advance.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Interpret IVF Success Rates Reported by Thai Clinics

    When a Thai clinic reports an IVF success rate, the number usually describes one specific outcome in one specific group of patients. It is not a personal prediction. Two clinics can both report honestly and still show very different figures, because they may count different things: a positive pregnancy test, a clinical pregnancy seen on ultrasound, or a live birth. They may also calculate the rate per started cycle, per egg collection, or per embryo transfer. Before you compare any numbers, ask what is being counted, in whom, and over what period.

    At a glance

    • “Success” can mean a positive test, a clinical pregnancy, or a live birth. These are not the same.
    • Per-cycle and per-transfer rates answer different questions and are not interchangeable.
    • Age, ovarian reserve, embryo stage, and whether PGT-A was used all change the expected range.
    • A single headline number rarely tells you how a clinic handles your specific situation.
    • Ask how the clinic defines, calculates, and reports its figures before drawing conclusions.

    Why the same word can mean different things

    In fertility care, “success” is a broad term. A clinic might report any of the following:

    • Positive pregnancy test: a blood test showing the pregnancy hormone hCG is present. This can occur without a continuing pregnancy.
    • Clinical pregnancy: a pregnancy confirmed by ultrasound, usually by seeing a gestational sac, and sometimes a heartbeat.
    • Ongoing pregnancy: a pregnancy that continues beyond a certain point in early development.
    • Live birth: the birth of a living child. This is often considered the most meaningful outcome for patients, but it takes longer to measure and is reported less often.

    If one clinic reports clinical pregnancy and another reports live birth, the second number will usually be lower even if the underlying care is similar. That does not automatically make one clinic better or worse. It means you are looking at two different measures.

    Per cycle, per transfer, or per patient?

    The denominator matters as much as the outcome. Common ways to report include:

    • Per started cycle: everyone who began stimulation is included, even if the cycle was cancelled before transfer.
    • Per egg collection: only cycles that reached the retrieval stage are included.
    • Per embryo transfer: only cycles that reached transfer are included. This often produces the highest number, because it excludes cycles that stopped earlier.
    • Per patient: a person may have more than one cycle, so this can differ from per-cycle reporting.

    A high per-transfer rate can coexist with a lower per-cycle rate at the same clinic. Neither is dishonest, but they answer different questions. If you are trying to understand your chance of taking a baby home from a full treatment attempt, per-cycle or per-patient live birth figures are usually more relevant than per-transfer pregnancy figures.

    What changes the expected range

    Success rates are not a fixed property of a clinic. They reflect the patients treated as much as the care provided. Factors that commonly affect outcomes include:

    • Female age: the single most consistent factor influencing egg quality and outcome.
    • Ovarian reserve: how many eggs are available to collect.
    • Cause of infertility: some diagnoses have different expected responses.
    • Embryo stage at transfer: day-3 cleavage-stage and day-5/6 blastocyst transfers are often reported separately.
    • Whether PGT-A was used: preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy can change which embryos are transferred and how results are counted.
    • Number of embryos transferred: transferring more than one embryo can raise pregnancy rates but also raises the chance of multiples and associated risks.
    • Previous IVF attempts: first-cycle and repeat-cycle patients are different groups.

    Because of these variables, a clinic’s overall rate may not describe your likely experience. A clinic that treats many older patients or complex cases may report lower numbers than a clinic that treats mostly younger patients with a favourable prognosis, even if both provide good care.

    PGT-A and how it affects reported rates

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is sometimes used to select embryos for transfer. When clinics report success rates, it helps to know:

    • Whether the rate includes only PGT-A-tested transfers or all transfers.
    • Whether embryos with no result or inconclusive results are counted, and how.
    • Whether the clinic reports outcomes per transfer, per tested embryo, or per cycle.
    • How many embryos were available and how many were suitable for transfer after testing.

    PGT-A can change the number of embryos available for transfer, so a clinic’s PGT-A-related figures may not be comparable to its non-PGT-A figures. Ask for the definitions rather than assuming the numbers mean the same thing.

    Why direct comparisons between clinics are risky

    Comparing a headline number from one Thai clinic with a headline number from another is rarely a like-for-like exercise. Differences may come from:

    • Different definitions of success.
    • Different denominators (per cycle, per transfer, per patient).
    • Different patient populations, including age and complexity.
    • Different time periods, since rates can change year to year.
    • Different policies on cancelling cycles, transferring embryos, or using add-on treatments.

    A higher number does not automatically mean better care for you. A lower number does not automatically mean worse care. The useful question is whether the clinic can explain its figures clearly and whether its approach fits your medical situation.

    Questions to ask a clinic about its success rates

    You can ask these questions by email or during a consultation. Clear, specific answers are a good sign that a clinic tracks its outcomes carefully.

    1. What exactly does your reported success rate measure: positive test, clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, or live birth?
    2. Is the rate calculated per started cycle, per egg collection, per transfer, or per patient?
    3. Does the rate include all patients, or only certain groups such as those under a certain age or with a certain diagnosis?
    4. How do you report outcomes for patients in my age range and with my medical history?
    5. Do you report live birth rates, and if so, over what time period?
    6. How do you count cycles that are cancelled before transfer?
    7. How do you count PGT-A cycles compared with non-PGT-A cycles?
    8. How many embryos are typically transferred, and how do you decide?
    9. Do you report multiple pregnancy rates alongside success rates?
    10. Can you explain your figures in plain language, including any limitations?

    A short checklist before you compare numbers

    • Write down the exact definition behind each number you see.
    • Check whether the denominator is per cycle, per transfer, or per patient.
    • Ask whether the figures apply to patients like you.
    • Look for live birth data, not only pregnancy data.
    • Ask about multiple pregnancy rates and how they are managed.
    • Treat any single number as one piece of information, not a verdict.
    • Discuss your personal situation with a qualified clinician rather than relying on averages.

    What success rates cannot tell you

    Success rates cannot tell you whether you will become pregnant, whether a particular treatment is right for you, or what your experience at a clinic will be like. They also cannot capture the quality of communication, the handling of complications, or the support you receive during a difficult process. Use them as a starting point for questions, not as a final answer.

    Where to go next

    If you are still at the research stage, it can help to read a broader overview of how success rates are discussed in Thailand, review common patient questions, and work through a structured guide before you contact a clinic. You can also reach out directly with your specific situation so that the next step is based on your needs rather than a headline figure.

    Continue with our IVF success rates in Thailand overview, browse the FAQ, read our guides, or contact us with your questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between a clinical pregnancy rate and a live birth rate?

    A clinical pregnancy rate counts pregnancies confirmed by ultrasound, usually by seeing a gestational sac or heartbeat. A live birth rate counts the birth of a living child. Live birth rates are usually lower than clinical pregnancy rates because not every clinical pregnancy continues to birth. When comparing clinics, check which measure is being reported.

    Why do some Thai clinics report higher success rates than others?

    Differences can come from how success is defined, whether the rate is per cycle or per transfer, the age and medical profile of patients treated, the time period covered, and how cancelled cycles or PGT-A cycles are counted. A higher number does not automatically mean better care for your situation. Ask each clinic to explain its definitions and patient group.

    Should I choose a clinic based only on its reported success rate?

    A single success-rate number is not enough to choose a clinic. It does not account for your age, diagnosis, or treatment history, and it cannot reflect communication, support, or how complications are handled. Use reported rates as one factor, ask detailed questions, and discuss your personal situation with a qualified clinician.

    How does PGT-A affect reported success rates?

    PGT-A can change how many embryos are available for transfer and how outcomes are counted. A clinic may report PGT-A and non-PGT-A cycles separately, or combine them. Ask whether the rate you are shown includes PGT-A cycles, how inconclusive results are handled, and whether the rate is per transfer, per tested embryo, or per cycle.

    What questions should I ask a clinic about its success rates?

    Ask what the rate measures (positive test, clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, or live birth), whether it is per cycle, per transfer, or per patient, which patients are included, how cancelled cycles are counted, how PGT-A cycles are reported, and whether live birth and multiple pregnancy rates are available. Clear answers help you interpret the numbers more accurately.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand: A Pre-Treatment Orientation for International Patients

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test that can be performed on embryos created during IVF. It looks at the number of chromosomes in a small sample of cells taken from an embryo. Some international patients consider PGT-A as part of their IVF planning in Thailand. It is not a guarantee of pregnancy, and it is not right for everyone. This guide explains the purpose of PGT-A, who might consider it, the general steps involved, and the questions worth asking your doctor before you decide.

    At a glance

    • What it is: A lab test that checks the chromosome number in an embryo created through IVF.
    • What it is not: A guarantee of pregnancy, a diagnosis of your health, or a required step for all IVF patients.
    • Who might consider it: Often discussed with patients who have certain fertility histories or who want more information before embryo transfer. Your doctor can advise whether it is relevant for you.
    • Where it fits: After embryos are created in the lab, before any transfer.
    • Key decision: Whether the extra information from PGT-A is likely to be useful in your situation, and how you would use the results.

    What PGT-A actually tests

    Every cell in an embryo contains chromosomes, which carry genetic information. Most embryos have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. PGT-A looks for extra or missing chromosomes, a condition called aneuploidy. Aneuploidy is common in embryos and becomes more frequent with age. Many aneuploid embryos do not implant or develop into a pregnancy, and some may lead to miscarriage.

    PGT-A does not test for specific inherited diseases. That is the role of other tests, such as PGT-M (for a single gene condition) or PGT-SR (for a chromosome rearrangement). PGT-A also does not measure embryo quality in a general sense, and it cannot predict whether a pregnancy will be healthy or a child will be free of all health conditions.

    Why some patients consider PGT-A

    PGT-A is usually discussed as a way to get more information about an embryo before transfer. Some patients and doctors consider it when there is a history of recurrent miscarriage, previous IVF cycles that did not result in pregnancy, or when the patient is older and the chance of aneuploidy is higher. Others may simply want to know whether the embryos they have are chromosomally normal before deciding which to transfer.

    However, PGT-A is not a required part of IVF. It is an optional add-on test. It does not improve the quality of an embryo, and it does not guarantee that a transferred embryo will implant. Some embryos tested as normal may still not lead to a pregnancy, and some embryos tested as abnormal may occasionally result in a healthy pregnancy. This is why doctors do not recommend PGT-A for everyone. The decision should be based on your individual situation, your goals, and a discussion with your fertility doctor.

    The general PGT-A process for international patients

    The exact steps can vary by clinic, but the general sequence is similar. Here is what typically happens, and what you may need to plan for.

    1. Initial consultation and planning: You discuss your fertility history and goals with a doctor. The doctor explains whether PGT-A might be relevant for you, what it can and cannot tell you, and how it might affect your treatment plan.
    2. IVF stimulation and egg retrieval: You undergo ovarian stimulation and a procedure to collect eggs. This part is the same whether or not you plan to use PGT-A.
    3. Fertilization and embryo development: Eggs are fertilized in the lab and embryos are allowed to develop for several days.
    4. Embryo biopsy: A small number of cells are removed from each embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage (around day 5 or 6). This is a delicate laboratory procedure.
    5. Sample analysis: The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The embryos themselves are typically frozen while waiting for results.
    6. Results and discussion: The clinic reviews the results with you. You and your doctor then decide which embryo(s), if any, to transfer in a later cycle.
    7. Embryo transfer: A selected embryo is transferred to the uterus, often in a separate cycle after your period.

    For international patients, this process involves additional planning. You may need to coordinate travel, accommodation, and time off work around the biopsy and transfer stages. The timeline can vary depending on your response to stimulation, the number of embryos, and laboratory schedules. Your clinic can give you a more specific timeline based on your situation.

    Questions to ask your clinic about PGT-A

    Before you commit to PGT-A, it is important to ask clear questions. Here are some to consider:

    • Based on my history and age, what is the chance that PGT-A will give me useful information?
    • What are the possible benefits and limitations in my case?
    • What happens to embryos that are not transferred?
    • How long does it take to get results, and how does that affect my travel plans?
    • What are the costs involved, and what does the fee include?
    • What is the experience and accreditation of the genetics laboratory you use?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy procedure to the embryo?
    • If the results are uncertain or show a mosaic embryo, how do you interpret that?
    • What are my options if I decide not to do PGT-A?

    These questions can help you understand whether PGT-A fits your situation and what to expect. It is also reasonable to ask for a second opinion if you are unsure.

    Understanding PGT-A results

    PGT-A results usually fall into a few categories:

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. These embryos are often given priority for transfer, but euploid does not guarantee a pregnancy.
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes. These embryos are generally not recommended for transfer because they are less likely to implant or may lead to miscarriage.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. The implications of mosaicism are complex and not fully understood. Some mosaic embryos can result in healthy pregnancies, but the decision to transfer a mosaic embryo requires careful discussion with your doctor and a genetic counselor.
    • No result or inconclusive: Sometimes the test does not provide a clear answer. This can happen for technical reasons. Your clinic will discuss what this means for your embryos.

    It is important to remember that PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It estimates the chance of aneuploidy but does not give a definitive answer about the embryo’s potential. False positives and false negatives can occur, though they are uncommon.

    Limitations and alternatives

    PGT-A has limitations. It cannot detect all genetic problems, and it does not test for single-gene disorders or structural chromosome rearrangements. It also does not improve the health of an embryo. Some patients choose not to do PGT-A and instead transfer embryos based on visual assessment by an embryologist. Others may consider other tests such as PGT-M or PGT-SR if they have a known genetic condition in the family.

    Your doctor can explain the alternatives and help you weigh the pros and cons. There is no single right answer for everyone. The best choice depends on your medical history, your values, and what you hope to achieve.

    Planning your next steps

    If you are considering PGT-A as part of IVF in Thailand, here is a short checklist to help you move forward:

    • Gather your medical records, including any previous fertility treatments and genetic test results.
    • Schedule a consultation with a fertility clinic that offers PGT-A and can explain the process clearly.
    • Ask about the laboratory’s experience and quality standards.
    • Discuss the costs, timeline, and travel implications.
    • Consider speaking with a genetic counselor if you have questions about results.
    • Take time to decide whether PGT-A is right for you. It is okay to say no.

    For more information about coordinating care in Thailand, see our international patients page. You can also read more about PGT in Thailand and browse our guides for related topics. If you have general questions, our FAQ may help.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A required for IVF in Thailand?

    No. PGT-A is an optional test. Whether it is offered or recommended depends on your clinic and your individual situation. Many patients undergo IVF without PGT-A. Your doctor can help you decide if it is appropriate for you.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No. PGT-A can provide information about the number of chromosomes in an embryo, but it does not guarantee that a transferred embryo will implant or lead to a live birth. Some euploid embryos do not result in pregnancy, and other factors affect success.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at chromosome number (aneuploidy). PGT-M looks for a specific inherited single-gene disorder. PGT-SR looks for structural chromosome rearrangements. They are different tests used for different purposes. Your doctor can explain which, if any, might be relevant for you.

    How long does PGT-A take, and how does it affect travel?

    The timeline can vary by clinic and laboratory. Typically, embryos are biopsied and frozen, and results are available after a period of time. This may mean your embryo transfer happens in a separate cycle. You should ask your clinic for a specific timeline and plan your travel accordingly.

    Can PGT-A test for all genetic conditions?

    No. PGT-A only checks chromosome number. It does not test for single-gene disorders or all possible genetic conditions. If you have a known genetic condition in your family, your doctor may discuss other tests such as PGT-M or PGT-SR.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.