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  • Understanding PGT-A Results and Mosaicism: A Guide for Thailand Patients

    What Are PGT-A Results?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with the expected number are often called euploid, while those with extra or missing chromosomes are aneuploid. Your clinic will provide a report that classifies each embryo based on the testing laboratory’s criteria.

    It’s important to understand that PGT-A is a screening tool, not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. It helps your medical team choose which embryos to consider for transfer, but many factors influence the outcome.

    What Is Mosaicism?

    Mosaicism means that an embryo has a mixture of cells: some with the normal number of chromosomes and some with an abnormal number. This is different from a uniformly abnormal embryo. Mosaicism is reported as a percentage, for example, 20% or 40%, indicating the proportion of abnormal cells detected in the biopsy sample.

    Mosaic embryos are often categorized as low, medium, or high level, depending on the percentage. However, there is no universal standard for these categories, so it’s essential to ask your clinic how they interpret the results.

    How Are Mosaic Embryos Reported?

    PGT-A reports typically list each embryo with a result such as euploid, aneuploid, or mosaic. For mosaic embryos, the report may include the specific chromosome involved and the percentage of abnormal cells. Some reports also note whether the abnormality is a gain or loss of a chromosome.

    Because testing methods and laboratory criteria vary, the same embryo might be classified differently by different labs. Always ask your clinic to explain the report in detail, including what the numbers mean for your specific situation.

    What Does a Mosaic Result Mean for Transfer?

    Mosaic embryos can sometimes lead to a healthy pregnancy, but the outcome is uncertain. Some studies suggest that embryos with lower levels of mosaicism may have a better chance than those with higher levels, but this is not guaranteed. Your clinic will consider the specific mosaic pattern, your medical history, and other factors when advising you.

    It’s crucial to have a detailed discussion with your fertility specialist about the risks and benefits of transferring a mosaic embryo. They can help you weigh the options based on your individual circumstances.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About Mosaic Results

    • What is the exact percentage of mosaicism for my embryo?
    • Which chromosome is affected, and does that matter?
    • How does your lab categorize low, medium, or high mosaicism?
    • What are the potential risks if I transfer a mosaic embryo?
    • Are there any additional tests or counseling available?
    • What is your clinic’s policy on mosaic embryo transfer?

    Next Steps After Receiving PGT-A Results

    1. Review the report with your fertility specialist.
    2. Ask for a clear explanation of each embryo’s status.
    3. Discuss the options for transfer, further testing, or additional IVF cycles.
    4. Consider genetic counseling to understand the implications.
    5. Take time to make an informed decision that aligns with your values and goals.

    Understanding the Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A is a powerful tool, but it has limitations. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy. The test is performed on a few cells from the embryo, which may not represent the entire embryo. Additionally, mosaicism can be an artifact of the testing process.

    It’s also important to note that PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. Your clinic will advise whether it is appropriate for your situation based on factors like age and medical history.

    Seeking Support and Information

    Receiving mosaic results can be confusing and emotional. It’s okay to seek a second opinion or ask for more time to decide. Many clinics in Thailand offer counseling services to help you navigate this process.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, you can visit our PGT in Thailand page. You may also find our guides and FAQ sections helpful.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between a mosaic and an aneuploid embryo?

    A mosaic embryo has a mixture of normal and abnormal cells, while an aneuploid embryo has all cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes. Mosaic embryos may have a chance to develop normally, but the outcome is uncertain.

    Can a mosaic embryo result in a healthy baby?

    In some cases, mosaic embryos have led to healthy live births, but the risk of abnormalities is higher than with euploid embryos. The outcome depends on the specific mosaic pattern and other factors. Your clinic can provide more personalized guidance.

    How is mosaicism percentage determined?

    The percentage is estimated from the biopsy sample, which contains a few cells from the embryo. The laboratory analyzes the proportion of abnormal cells in that sample. This may not reflect the entire embryo.

    Should I consider transferring a mosaic embryo?

    The decision to transfer a mosaic embryo is complex and should be made in consultation with your fertility specialist and genetic counselor. They will consider the level of mosaicism, the specific chromosome involved, and your medical history.

    Are there additional tests to confirm mosaicism?

    Sometimes, further testing such as re-biopsy or comprehensive chromosome screening may be offered, but this is not always possible or conclusive. Your clinic can discuss the options available.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • IVF Travel Planning for International Patients in Thailand

    Planning an IVF trip to Thailand involves more than booking a flight and packing a bag. International patients often need to coordinate medical appointments, travel documents, accommodation, and time away from work. This guide walks through the key planning areas so you can approach your trip with a clear checklist and realistic expectations.

    At a Glance: Key Planning Areas

    • Documents and legalities: passports, visas, and medical records
    • Remote consultations: initial discussions before you travel
    • Travel timing: aligning flights with your clinic’s schedule
    • Accommodation: proximity, comfort, and flexibility
    • Communication: language support and staying in touch
    • Follow-up care: planning for after you return home

    Documents and Legalities

    Before you book anything, confirm the travel document requirements for your nationality. Most international travelers need a passport valid for at least six months beyond their planned stay. Visa requirements vary by country and purpose of visit, so check with the Royal Thai Embassy or consulate in your home country well in advance.

    For medical treatment, you may need to provide your clinic with a letter from your referring physician, your medical history, and any relevant test results. Some clinics may also request a copy of your passport and a completed medical questionnaire. Ask your clinic for a detailed list of required documents so you can prepare them before you leave.

    Remote Consultations: Start Before You Travel

    Many clinics offer remote consultations via video call. This is a good opportunity to discuss your medical history, ask questions about the treatment process, and understand the clinic’s protocols. Use this time to clarify:

    • What tests or procedures will be done during your visit?
    • How long will you need to stay in Thailand?
    • What is the estimated timeline for your treatment cycle?
    • What are the clinic’s policies on missed appointments or schedule changes?

    Remote consultations help you build a relationship with your medical team and reduce surprises once you arrive.

    Travel Timing: Align Flights with Your Clinic Schedule

    Your travel dates should be based on your clinic’s treatment plan, not the other way around. IVF cycles involve multiple appointments, and your clinic will provide a schedule for monitoring, procedures, and any required rest periods. Work with your clinic to determine the optimal arrival date and the expected duration of your stay.

    Consider building in buffer days for unexpected delays, such as flight cancellations or changes in your treatment plan. Avoid booking non-refundable flights too early, and choose flexible tickets when possible. Your clinic can advise on the typical length of stay for your specific treatment, but be prepared for the possibility of needing to extend your trip.

    Accommodation: Comfort and Convenience

    Where you stay can affect your comfort and stress levels during treatment. Look for accommodation that is:

    • Close to the clinic or easily accessible by public transport
    • Quiet and comfortable for rest and recovery
    • Equipped with kitchen facilities if you prefer to prepare your own meals
    • Flexible with booking changes in case your treatment schedule shifts

    Ask your clinic if they have partnerships with nearby hotels or serviced apartments. Some clinics offer packages that include accommodation, but always compare options to find what suits your needs and budget.

    Communication: Language and Connectivity

    Clear communication is essential. Confirm that your clinic has English-speaking staff or provides interpretation services. If you do not speak Thai, you may want to have a translation app on your phone for everyday interactions outside the clinic.

    Ensure your mobile phone works in Thailand or plan to purchase a local SIM card upon arrival. Reliable internet access is important for staying in touch with family and for any remote follow-up consultations after you return home.

    Follow-Up Care: Planning for After You Return

    Your care does not end when you leave Thailand. Discuss with your clinic how follow-up will be handled. This may include:

    • Remote consultations with your Thai clinic
    • Coordination with a local doctor in your home country
    • Instructions for medications or monitoring after your return

    Ask your clinic for a written summary of your treatment and any recommendations for ongoing care. This will help you and your local healthcare provider stay informed.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before you finalize your travel plans, ask your clinic these practical questions:

    • What is the recommended arrival date and estimated length of stay?
    • What documents do I need to bring?
    • Do you offer remote consultations before and after my visit?
    • What is your policy on schedule changes or cancellations?
    • Can you recommend accommodation options?
    • What language support is available?
    • How will follow-up care be coordinated?

    Next Steps: Your IVF Travel Checklist

    • Confirm passport validity and visa requirements
    • Schedule a remote consultation with your clinic
    • Obtain a detailed treatment plan and timeline
    • Book flexible flights and accommodation
    • Arrange travel insurance that covers medical treatment
    • Prepare a list of questions for your clinic
    • Plan for communication and internet access
    • Discuss follow-up care with your clinic before you leave

    Planning an IVF trip to Thailand requires careful coordination, but with a structured approach, you can focus on your treatment and well-being. Always confirm specific requirements with your clinic and relevant authorities, as policies and procedures can change.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long should I plan to stay in Thailand for IVF treatment?

    The length of stay depends on your treatment plan and clinic schedule. Some cycles may require only a few days, while others may need several weeks. Ask your clinic for an estimated timeline and build in buffer days for flexibility.

    Do I need a special visa for IVF treatment in Thailand?

    Visa requirements vary by nationality and purpose of visit. Some travelers may enter on a tourist visa, while others may need a medical visa. Check with the Royal Thai Embassy or consulate in your country for the most current information.

    Can I have a remote consultation before traveling to Thailand?

    Many clinics offer remote consultations via video call. This is a good way to discuss your medical history, ask questions, and understand the treatment process before you travel.

    What should I do if my treatment schedule changes while I am in Thailand?

    Stay flexible and communicate with your clinic. They will advise you on any adjustments to your treatment plan. Having flexible travel and accommodation bookings can help you manage unexpected changes.

    How will I communicate with my clinic after I return home?

    Many clinics offer remote follow-up consultations. You can also coordinate with a local doctor in your home country. Ask your clinic for a written summary of your treatment and recommendations for ongoing care.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Interpret IVF Success Rates in Thailand Without Being Misled

    When you compare IVF clinics in Thailand, success rates are often the first number you see. But those numbers can be presented in many different ways, and without careful reading, you may draw the wrong conclusions. This guide helps you understand what to look for, what questions to ask, and how to compare clinics fairly.

    At a Glance: Key Points to Remember

    • Success rates are not standardized across clinics, so direct comparisons can be misleading.
    • Always look for age-stratified data, not just an overall average.
    • Check whether the rates refer to fresh cycles, frozen cycles, or all cycles combined.
    • Ask whether PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) was included in the reported cycles.
    • Understand the difference between pregnancy rate, live birth rate, and ongoing pregnancy rate.

    Why IVF Success Rates Are Not Directly Comparable

    IVF success rates depend on many factors, including patient age, cause of infertility, embryo quality, and clinic protocols. Because clinics may report different types of cycles, use different definitions of success, and treat different patient populations, a simple percentage cannot tell the whole story. For example, a clinic that treats mostly younger patients may report higher success rates than one that treats many older patients, even if the quality of care is similar.

    Additionally, some clinics may report success per embryo transfer, while others report per egg retrieval. These are very different denominators. Always check what the rate is based on.

    Key Questions to Ask About Any Success Rate

    Before you trust a success rate, ask the clinic for the following details:

    • What is the definition of success? Is it a positive pregnancy test, a clinical pregnancy (seen on ultrasound), or a live birth? Live birth rate is the most meaningful outcome.
    • What is the age range of the patients included? Rates should be broken down by age groups, such as under 35, 35-37, 38-40, and over 40.
    • Are fresh and frozen cycles reported separately? Frozen embryo transfers (FET) often have different success rates than fresh transfers.
    • Were PGT-A tested embryos included? If a clinic reports success rates for PGT-A tested embryos, that is a different population than untested embryos.
    • How many cycles were included? Small sample sizes can make rates unreliable.

    Understanding Age-Stratified Data

    Age is the single most important factor in IVF success. A clinic’s overall success rate may be skewed by the age profile of its patients. For example, if a clinic has a high proportion of patients under 35, the overall rate will be higher than a clinic that treats many patients over 40. Always ask for success rates broken down by age group. This allows you to compare clinics more fairly for your specific age.

    Fresh vs. Frozen Cycles: Why It Matters

    Some clinics report success rates for fresh embryo transfers, others for frozen embryo transfers, and some combine both. These can differ significantly. Frozen embryo transfers are now common, and in some cases, they may have higher success rates than fresh transfers, especially when the uterine lining is better prepared. When comparing clinics, make sure you are comparing the same type of cycle.

    The Role of PGT-A in Success Rates

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. When a clinic reports success rates for PGT-A tested embryos, it is reporting on a selected group of embryos that have already passed a screening step. This can lead to higher success rates per transfer, but it does not mean that PGT-A guarantees a pregnancy or a live birth. Also, not all patients choose PGT-A, and its use varies by clinic. When you see a success rate, ask whether PGT-A was used and whether the rate includes only tested embryos or all embryos.

    Other Factors That Affect Success Rates

    Beyond age and cycle type, other factors can influence success rates:

    • Cause of infertility: Some diagnoses, such as severe male factor or diminished ovarian reserve, have lower success rates.
    • Number of previous IVF attempts: Patients who have had multiple failed cycles may have lower success rates.
    • Embryo transfer policy: Some clinics transfer multiple embryos, which can increase pregnancy rates but also increase the risk of multiples.
    • Laboratory standards: Embryology lab quality can affect embryo development and survival.

    Questions to Ask a Clinic

    When you speak with a clinic, ask these specific questions:

    • What is your live birth rate per egg retrieval for my age group?
    • What is your live birth rate per frozen embryo transfer for my age group?
    • Do you report success rates for PGT-A tested embryos separately?
    • How many cycles were included in your reported rates?
    • What is your policy on single vs. multiple embryo transfer?

    Next Steps: How to Compare Clinics Fairly

    1. Gather success rate data from several clinics, but always ask for the same type of data (e.g., live birth rate per frozen embryo transfer for women under 35).
    2. Ask for age-stratified data and check if the sample size is adequate.
    3. Ask whether PGT-A was used and whether the rates are for tested or untested embryos.
    4. Consider other factors like clinic experience, lab standards, and your personal comfort.
    5. Remember that success rates are just one part of the decision; your individual circumstances matter more.

    By asking the right questions and understanding how success rates are calculated, you can make a more informed choice and avoid being misled by numbers that may not apply to you.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the most reliable IVF success rate to look at?

    The most reliable measure is the live birth rate per cycle or per embryo transfer, broken down by age group. This gives you a realistic picture of the chance of having a baby, not just a positive pregnancy test.

    Why do IVF success rates vary so much between clinics?

    Success rates vary because clinics report different types of cycles, use different definitions of success, and treat different patient populations. Without standardization, direct comparisons can be misleading.

    Does PGT-A improve IVF success rates?

    PGT-A can help select embryos that are more likely to implant, which may increase the success rate per transfer. However, it is not a guarantee, and its impact depends on individual factors. Always ask how PGT-A affects the reported rates.

    Should I compare fresh and frozen embryo transfer success rates separately?

    Yes, because fresh and frozen cycles can have different success rates. Comparing them separately gives you a clearer picture of what to expect for each type of transfer.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Embryo Storage Fees in Thailand: What to Ask Before You Commit

    If you are planning IVF in Thailand and considering freezing embryos, storage fees are an important part of your long-term budget. These fees cover the cryopreservation and maintenance of your embryos in a laboratory, and they are typically charged annually. However, the exact amount, billing cycle, and renewal policies can vary between clinics. This guide explains the components of embryo storage fees, what to ask when comparing clinics, and how to plan for ongoing costs.

    At a Glance: Embryo Storage Costs

    • Storage fees are usually separate from the initial IVF cycle and embryo freezing charges.
    • Most clinics charge an annual fee, but some may offer quarterly or semi-annual billing.
    • Fees may cover storage, monitoring, and administrative costs, but confirm what is included.
    • Ask about renewal reminders, payment methods, and what happens if a payment is late.
    • Compare quotes from multiple clinics to understand the range and what services are included.

    What Do Embryo Storage Fees Cover?

    Embryo storage fees generally cover the ongoing cryopreservation of your embryos in liquid nitrogen tanks. This includes the use of storage equipment, monitoring of temperature and safety systems, and laboratory staff time. Some clinics may also include administrative costs such as record-keeping and annual reporting. However, the exact services included can vary, so it is essential to ask for a detailed breakdown.

    Initial Freezing vs. Annual Storage

    During your IVF cycle, you may be charged a one-time fee for the embryo freezing procedure (vitrification). This is separate from the annual storage fee. The initial freezing fee covers the laboratory work to cryopreserve the embryos, while the storage fee covers the ongoing maintenance. Make sure you understand which costs are included in your IVF package and which are billed separately.

    How Are Storage Fees Billed?

    Most clinics in Thailand bill storage fees annually, but some may offer different billing cycles. It is important to ask about the billing schedule and whether you can choose a payment plan. Some clinics may require payment upfront for the first year, while others may allow monthly installments. Clarify the payment methods accepted (credit card, bank transfer, etc.) and whether there are any additional transaction fees.

    Renewal Policies and Reminders

    Ask about the clinic’s renewal process. Do they send reminders before the storage period ends? How much notice do they give? What happens if you miss a payment? Some clinics may have a grace period, while others may discard embryos if fees are not paid. Understanding these policies is crucial to avoid unintended loss of your embryos.

    What Happens If You Stop Paying?

    If you decide not to renew your storage, you may have options such as donating your embryos, discarding them, or transferring them to another facility. However, these options may involve additional fees and legal procedures. Ask the clinic about their policy for non-payment and what steps they take before any action is taken. It is also wise to have a written agreement that outlines your rights and responsibilities.

    Questions to Ask When Comparing Clinics

    When comparing embryo storage fees, consider asking the following questions:

    • What is the annual storage fee, and what does it include?
    • Are there any additional charges for monitoring or administrative services?
    • What is the billing cycle, and can I choose a different schedule?
    • How do I renew my storage, and will I receive reminders?
    • What happens if I miss a payment? Is there a grace period?
    • Can I transfer my embryos to another clinic, and what are the costs?
    • Are there any discounts for multi-year storage?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on embryo disposition if I stop paying?

    Planning for Long-Term Storage Costs

    Embryo storage is a long-term commitment. When planning your budget, consider the possibility of storing embryos for several years. Some clinics may offer discounts for paying multiple years in advance, but this is not guaranteed. Also, consider the potential need to transfer embryos to another clinic if you move or change clinics. Transferring embryos involves additional costs, including shipping and administrative fees.

    Next Steps: Your Storage Cost Checklist

    • Request a written fee schedule from each clinic you are considering.
    • Ask for a detailed breakdown of what is included in the storage fee.
    • Clarify the billing cycle and payment methods.
    • Understand the renewal process and reminders.
    • Review the clinic’s policy on late or missed payments.
    • Ask about embryo transfer or disposition options if you stop paying.
    • Consider the total cost over your planned storage period.

    For more information on IVF costs in Thailand, see our IVF cost guide. To learn more about embryo storage specifically, visit our embryo storage cost page. For additional resources, check our patient resources or contact us for personalized assistance.

    Frequently asked questions

    Are embryo storage fees in Thailand charged annually?

    Most clinics charge an annual fee, but some may offer quarterly or semi-annual billing. It's best to confirm the billing cycle with your clinic.

    What does the embryo storage fee typically include?

    The fee usually covers cryopreservation maintenance, including liquid nitrogen storage, monitoring, and laboratory staff time. Some clinics may also include administrative costs, but this varies.

    What happens if I miss an embryo storage payment?

    Policies vary by clinic. Some may have a grace period, while others may discard embryos if fees are not paid. Always ask about the clinic's policy on late or missed payments.

    Can I transfer my embryos to another clinic in Thailand?

    Yes, embryo transfer between clinics is possible, but it involves additional costs such as shipping and administrative fees. Check with both clinics for their specific requirements.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Embryo Transfer Day in Thailand: A Practical Checklist

    Embryo transfer is a significant step in your IVF journey. While the procedure itself is usually quick and straightforward, being well-prepared can help you feel more relaxed and focused. This checklist outlines general categories to consider, but remember that every clinic in Thailand may have specific instructions. Always follow the guidance provided by your treating clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Preparation Points

    • Confirm your appointment time and any specific instructions with your clinic.
    • Prepare necessary documents and medications as advised.
    • Plan comfortable clothing and a light meal.
    • Arrange transportation and support for the day.
    • Ask your clinic about post-transfer care and follow-up.

    Before the Transfer: What to Confirm with Your Clinic

    In the days leading up to your embryo transfer, you will likely have a final consultation or instructions from your clinic. Use this time to clarify any uncertainties. Consider asking:

    • What time should I arrive, and where should I go?
    • Are there any restrictions on eating, drinking, or using the restroom before the procedure?
    • Should I take any medications before the transfer, and if so, when?
    • Do I need to have a full bladder for the procedure? If so, how much water should I drink and when?
    • What is the expected duration of the appointment, including preparation and recovery?
    • Will I receive any sedation or pain relief? If so, should I arrange for someone to accompany me?
    • What are the signs of potential complications, and who should I contact if I have concerns?

    What to Bring on the Day

    Packing a small bag the night before can reduce stress on the day. Here are some items to consider:

    • Identification and documents: Your passport or ID, any paperwork provided by your clinic, and insurance information if applicable.
    • Medications: Any medications you need to take before or after the transfer, as instructed.
    • Comfortable clothing: Loose, comfortable clothing, especially around the waist. You may also want to bring socks or a light jacket in case the room is cool.
    • Snacks and water: A light snack and water for after the procedure, unless your clinic advises otherwise.
    • Entertainment: A book, music, or something to pass the time during any waiting periods.
    • Support person: If your clinic allows, you may bring a partner or friend for support. Confirm this in advance.

    What to Expect on the Day

    Understanding the general flow of the day can help you feel more at ease. While specific protocols vary, here is a typical sequence:

    1. Check-in and preparation: You will arrive at the clinic and complete any necessary paperwork. You may be asked to change into a gown and have your bladder filled if required.
    2. Pre-transfer consultation: A doctor or nurse may review your embryo details and confirm the transfer plan with you.
    3. The transfer procedure: The embryo transfer is usually performed in a procedure room. You will lie on a bed, and a speculum will be inserted. A thin catheter is used to place the embryo into the uterus. The procedure is typically painless, though you may feel mild cramping.
    4. Rest period: After the transfer, you may be asked to rest for a short period, often 15-30 minutes, before being allowed to go home.
    5. Post-transfer instructions: Your clinic will provide instructions on medications, activity restrictions, and when to take a pregnancy test.

    After the Transfer: Immediate Care and Follow-Up

    Your clinic will give you specific post-transfer instructions. In general, you may be advised to:

    • Take it easy for the rest of the day, but you do not need to be on strict bed rest unless your clinic advises it.
    • Avoid strenuous exercise, heavy lifting, and sexual intercourse until your clinic says it is safe.
    • Continue any prescribed medications, such as progesterone, exactly as directed.
    • Watch for any unusual symptoms, such as severe pain, heavy bleeding, or fever, and contact your clinic immediately if they occur.
    • Schedule a follow-up appointment or pregnancy test as recommended.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    To ensure you are fully prepared, consider asking your clinic these questions before your transfer day:

    • What is your policy on support persons during the procedure?
    • Are there any specific dietary or lifestyle restrictions before the transfer?
    • How many embryos will be transferred, and what is the quality of the embryo(s)?
    • What is the success rate for embryo transfer at your clinic for my age and situation?
    • What are the costs associated with the transfer day, and are there any additional fees I should expect?
    • What is the best way to contact you after the transfer if I have questions or concerns?

    Final Checklist for the Day

    Here is a quick summary to review the morning of your transfer:

    • Confirm appointment time and location.
    • Pack your bag with documents, medications, and comfort items.
    • Follow any instructions about eating, drinking, and bladder filling.
    • Arrive early to allow time for check-in.
    • Bring a support person if allowed and desired.
    • Have your clinic’s contact information on hand.

    Remember, this checklist is a general guide. Your clinic’s specific instructions take precedence. If you have any doubts, do not hesitate to contact your care team. For more information about embryo transfer in Thailand, visit our embryo transfer page. For additional resources, see our patient resources. If you have questions, feel free to contact us or check our FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Do I need a full bladder for embryo transfer?

    Many clinics recommend a full bladder because it helps visualize the uterus via ultrasound during the transfer. However, the exact amount of water and timing may vary. Follow your clinic's specific instructions.

    Can I eat before embryo transfer?

    In most cases, you can eat a light meal before the procedure. However, your clinic may have specific restrictions, especially if sedation is used. Always confirm with your clinic.

    How long does the embryo transfer procedure take?

    The actual transfer procedure is usually quick, often lasting only a few minutes. However, you should plan for additional time for check-in, preparation, and a short rest period afterward.

    Can I go back to work the next day after embryo transfer?

    Many patients can resume normal activities the next day, but it depends on your individual situation and your clinic's advice. Some clinics recommend taking it easy for a day or two. Discuss this with your doctor.

    What should I do if I have questions after the transfer?

    Your clinic should provide you with contact information for after-hours concerns. If you experience severe pain, heavy bleeding, or fever, contact your clinic immediately.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Questions to Ask About Embryo Witnessing and Identification in Thailand

    When you are considering IVF in Thailand, one of the most important aspects of laboratory safety is how the clinic ensures that embryos are correctly identified and tracked. Embryo witnessing and identification systems are designed to prevent mix-ups and ensure that your embryos are always matched to you. Asking the right questions can help you understand the clinic’s protocols and give you confidence in their processes.

    At a Glance: Key Questions to Ask

    • How does the clinic label and track embryos?
    • What witnessing procedures are in place during handling?
    • How is the identity of embryos verified at each step?
    • What training do embryologists receive?
    • How does the clinic handle unexpected events or errors?

    Understanding Embryo Witnessing and Identification

    Embryo witnessing refers to the procedures used to confirm that the correct sperm and eggs are used for fertilization and that the resulting embryos are correctly labeled and tracked. Identification systems may include manual checks, barcode systems, or electronic witnessing. These measures are critical to prevent mix-ups and ensure that your embryos are not confused with those of other patients.

    In Thailand, as in many countries, clinics follow strict laboratory standards, but the specific technologies and protocols can vary. It is important to ask about the clinic’s specific practices to understand how they ensure safety.

    Questions to Ask About Embryo Labeling and Tracking

    • How are embryos labeled? Do you use unique identifiers such as patient name, date of birth, and a unique code?
    • What happens when embryos are moved from one dish to another? How is the label verified?
    • Are there double-check procedures for labeling at every step?
    • How do you track embryos during freezing and thawing?

    Questions About Witnessing Procedures

    • Do you require two staff members to witness and sign off on critical steps, such as fertilization and embryo transfer?
    • What is your protocol for verifying patient identity before procedures?
    • How do you ensure that the correct sperm sample is used for insemination?
    • Are there electronic witnessing systems in place, or is witnessing done manually?

    Questions About Laboratory Safety Protocols

    • What are your standard operating procedures for handling embryos?
    • How do you prevent cross-contamination between patients?
    • What is your protocol for cleaning and maintaining laboratory equipment?
    • How do you ensure that all staff follow safety protocols consistently?

    Questions About Staff Training and Quality Control

    • What training and certification do your embryologists have?
    • How often do you conduct quality control audits?
    • Do you participate in external proficiency testing programs?
    • How do you handle errors or near-misses? Is there a reporting system?

    Questions About Handling Unexpected Events

    • What happens if there is a discrepancy in labeling or witnessing?
    • How do you communicate with patients if an error occurs?
    • What is your policy for investigating and correcting errors?

    Next Steps: What to Do with This Information

    After you have asked these questions, take time to evaluate the clinic’s responses. Look for clear, detailed answers that show a commitment to safety. If a clinic is vague or unwilling to discuss their protocols, that may be a red flag. You can also ask to see their laboratory and meet the embryology team if possible.

    Remember that no system is perfect, but robust witnessing and identification protocols significantly reduce the risk of mix-ups. By asking these questions, you are taking an active role in ensuring the safety of your embryos.

    For more information, explore our FAQ and guides. If you have specific concerns, feel free to contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is embryo witnessing?

    Embryo witnessing is a set of procedures used to confirm that the correct sperm and eggs are used for fertilization and that the resulting embryos are correctly labeled and tracked. It helps prevent mix-ups and ensures that embryos are matched to the right patient.

    Why is embryo identification important in IVF?

    Embryo identification is crucial to ensure that your embryos are not confused with those of other patients. Proper identification systems help maintain the integrity of the IVF process and reduce the risk of errors.

    What technologies are used for embryo witnessing?

    Clinics may use manual double-checking, barcode systems, or electronic witnessing systems. The specific technology varies by clinic, so it's important to ask about their methods.

    How can I verify a clinic's embryo safety protocols?

    You can ask detailed questions about labeling, witnessing, staff training, and quality control. You can also request to see the laboratory and meet the embryology team to observe their practices.

    What should I do if I have concerns about embryo mix-ups?

    If you have concerns, discuss them with your clinic. Ask about their error reporting and investigation procedures. You can also seek a second opinion or choose a clinic with more robust protocols.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Embryo Storage Release in Thailand: Process and Consent Requirements

    If you have embryos stored in Thailand and are considering transferring them to another clinic or having them disposed of, you likely have questions about the process and what consent is required. While each clinic may have its own specific procedures, there are common steps and considerations to be aware of. This guide explains the typical process, highlights important differences, and suggests questions to ask your clinic.

    At a Glance: Embryo Release Steps

    • Contact your clinic to express your intention to release embryos.
    • Complete the clinic’s required consent forms.
    • Provide necessary identification and documentation.
    • Coordinate with the receiving clinic or disposal service.
    • Confirm any fees and timelines with your clinic.

    Understanding Embryo Storage and Release

    Embryo storage involves keeping frozen embryos in a laboratory under specific conditions. When you decide to release them—whether for transfer to another clinic, donation, or disposal—the process is designed to ensure that your wishes are documented and followed correctly. The release process typically involves formal consent and administrative steps to protect both you and the clinic.

    Consent Requirements for Embryo Release

    Consent is a critical part of the release process. You will likely need to sign forms that specify the type of release (e.g., transfer to another clinic, disposal, or donation) and confirm that you understand the implications. These forms may require signatures from all parties who have legal rights to the embryos, such as a partner or spouse. It is important to ask your clinic about their specific consent requirements, as they may vary.

    Documentation Needed

    Typically, you will need to provide identification documents, such as a passport or national ID, and possibly proof of relationship if applicable. The clinic may also require a written request or a form that outlines the destination of the embryos. For transfers to another clinic, you may need to provide the receiving clinic’s contact information and confirm that they are prepared to accept the embryos.

    Process for Transferring Embryos to Another Clinic

    If you are transferring embryos to another clinic, the process generally involves coordination between the two facilities. Your current clinic will prepare the embryos for shipment, which includes ensuring they are properly packaged and transported under controlled conditions. You will need to arrange for the receiving clinic to accept the shipment and confirm that they have the necessary storage facilities. The sending clinic may require a formal request from the receiving clinic, and you may need to sign a release form authorizing the transfer.

    Process for Embryo Disposal

    If you choose to have embryos disposed of, the clinic will guide you through their specific procedure. This typically involves signing a consent form that clearly states your decision. The clinic will then follow its protocols for disposal, which may include incineration or other methods. It is important to ask about the clinic’s disposal process and any associated costs.

    Important Differences and Uncertainties

    It is crucial to understand that the exact process, required documents, and fees can vary significantly between clinics. Some clinics may have additional requirements, such as counseling or a waiting period. Additionally, legal and regulatory aspects may influence the process, but these are not standardized across Thailand. Therefore, you should always confirm the specific steps with your clinic and, if necessary, seek legal advice.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What are the specific consent forms required for embryo release?
    • What documentation do I need to provide?
    • Are there any fees associated with releasing embryos?
    • How long does the release process take?
    • What are the procedures for transferring embryos to another clinic?
    • How does the clinic handle embryo disposal?
    • Are there any legal or regulatory requirements I should be aware of?

    Next Steps: A Checklist

    1. Contact your clinic to inquire about their release process.
    2. Gather necessary identification and documents.
    3. Discuss your intentions with your partner or relevant parties.
    4. Complete and submit all required consent forms.
    5. Coordinate with the receiving clinic or confirm disposal arrangements.
    6. Confirm any fees and timelines.

    Related Reading

    For more information on embryo storage costs, frequently asked questions, and general guides, please visit our embryo storage cost page, FAQ section, and guides. If you have specific questions, feel free to contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the typical process for releasing embryos in Thailand?

    The process typically involves contacting your clinic, completing consent forms, providing identification, and coordinating with the receiving clinic or disposal service. Specific steps may vary, so it's important to ask your clinic for detailed instructions.

    What consent is required for embryo disposal in Thailand?

    You will likely need to sign a consent form that clearly states your decision to dispose of the embryos. The clinic may also require signatures from all parties with legal rights to the embryos. Confirm the exact requirements with your clinic.

    Can I transfer my embryos to another clinic in Bangkok?

    Yes, it is possible to transfer embryos to another clinic. The process involves coordination between the sending and receiving clinics, including proper packaging and transport. You will need to sign a release form and provide the receiving clinic's details.

    What documents do I need to release my embryos?

    Typically, you will need identification documents such as a passport or national ID, and possibly proof of relationship if applicable. The clinic may also require a written request or a specific release form. Ask your clinic for a complete list.

    Are there any fees for releasing embryos in Thailand?

    Fees may apply for embryo release, such as administrative costs or shipping fees for transfers. The amount varies by clinic, so it's best to inquire directly about any charges.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Interpret PGT-A Results: Euploid, Aneuploid, and Mosaic Embryos

    If you have recently received PGT-A results, you may be looking at terms like euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic and wondering what they mean for your IVF journey. This guide explains these results in plain language and helps you prepare questions for your medical team. Remember, only a qualified medical professional can interpret your specific results and advise on transfer decisions.

    At a glance: key terms

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in humans) and is considered chromosomally normal.
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has missing or extra chromosomes, which often leads to implantation failure or miscarriage.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mix of cells with normal and abnormal chromosomes. The clinical significance can vary.

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a test that screens embryos created through IVF for chromosomal abnormalities. It is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, but it can help your clinic choose which embryo to transfer first. PGT-A is optional and may not be recommended for everyone. Your doctor will discuss whether it is appropriate for your situation.

    Understanding euploid results

    A euploid result means the embryo has the typical number of chromosomes. This is often considered a positive sign, but it does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a healthy child. Other factors, such as embryo quality and maternal age, also play a role. Your clinic will use this information along with other criteria to decide which embryo to transfer.

    Understanding aneuploid results

    An aneuploid result means the embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes. This can be a missing or extra chromosome. Most aneuploid embryos will not implant or will miscarry. However, some chromosomal abnormalities can result in a live birth with health issues. Your clinic will likely advise against transferring an aneuploid embryo, but the final decision is yours after thorough counseling.

    Understanding mosaic results

    A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells: some with normal chromosomes and some with abnormal ones. The percentage of abnormal cells can vary. Mosaic results are more complex to interpret. Some studies suggest that mosaic embryos may have a chance of developing into a healthy baby, but the risk of chromosomal problems is higher than with euploid embryos. Your clinic may recommend additional testing or counseling to help you decide.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    When you receive your PGT-A results, consider asking your medical team these questions:

    • What exactly does my result mean in my specific case?
    • What is the likelihood of implantation and live birth with this embryo?
    • Are there any additional tests or consultations recommended?
    • What are the risks and benefits of transferring a mosaic embryo?
    • How does this result affect my overall treatment plan?

    Next steps after receiving results

    After you receive your PGT-A results, you will likely have a follow-up appointment with your doctor. Use this time to discuss your options and ask any questions. You may also want to seek genetic counseling to fully understand the implications. Remember, the decision to transfer an embryo is yours, but it should be made with the guidance of your medical team.

    Additional resources

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and check the FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a euploid embryo mean?

    A euploid embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in humans). It is considered chromosomally normal, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy.

    Can a mosaic embryo result in a healthy baby?

    Some mosaic embryos may lead to a healthy baby, but the risk of chromosomal abnormalities is higher than with euploid embryos. Your clinic can provide more specific guidance based on the percentage of abnormal cells.

    Should I transfer an aneuploid embryo?

    Most aneuploid embryos will not implant or will miscarry. Transferring an aneuploid embryo is generally not recommended, but your doctor will discuss your specific situation and options.

    Is PGT-A mandatory for IVF?

    No, PGT-A is optional. Your doctor may recommend it based on your age, medical history, or previous IVF outcomes, but it is not required for all patients.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Prepare for a Second IVF Consultation in Thailand

    If you are considering a second IVF consultation in Thailand, you likely want more clarity, confidence, or a different perspective on your treatment plan. A second opinion is a normal part of medical decision-making, and preparing well can help you make the most of your time with a new specialist. This guide outlines what to bring, what to ask, and how to weigh different recommendations—without assuming one is automatically right.

    At a glance: your preparation checklist

    • Gather all medical records, including previous IVF cycles, lab results, and medication history.
    • List your current medications, supplements, and any allergies.
    • Write down your key questions and concerns before the appointment.
    • Plan to discuss your goals, timeline, and any financial or travel constraints.
    • Compare recommendations based on evidence, not just confidence.

    What medical records to bring

    Bringing a complete set of medical records helps the new doctor understand your history without repeating tests. At a minimum, gather:

    • Previous IVF cycle summaries, including stimulation protocols and outcomes.
    • Hormone blood test results (e.g., AMH, FSH, estradiol) and ultrasound reports.
    • Any genetic testing results, if applicable.
    • Operative notes from any fertility-related surgeries.
    • A list of all medications and supplements you have taken, with doses and dates.
    • Your partner’s relevant medical history and semen analysis results, if applicable.

    If your records are not in English, consider getting them translated or ask the clinic if they can assist. Some clinics may request records in advance, so check with them before your visit.

    Questions to ask during the consultation

    Prepare a list of questions that matter to you. Here are some categories to consider:

    About your diagnosis and prognosis

    • What is your interpretation of my previous test results?
    • Are there any additional tests you would recommend before starting treatment?
    • What is the likely cause of any previous unsuccessful cycles?

    About the proposed treatment plan

    • What protocol would you suggest, and why?
    • What are the alternatives, and what are the trade-offs?
    • How would you monitor my response to treatment?

    About risks and success

    • What are the main risks or side effects I should be aware of?
    • How do you define success, and what is a realistic range for someone with my profile?
    • What is your policy on multiple embryo transfer?

    About logistics and support

    • How many appointments will I need, and how flexible is scheduling?
    • Is there a coordinator who can help with travel and accommodation?
    • What support services are available (e.g., counseling, acupuncture)?

    How to compare recommendations

    When you receive a second opinion, you may notice differences from your first plan. Here’s how to approach the comparison:

    • Look for the reasoning behind each recommendation. A doctor should explain why they suggest a particular protocol or test.
    • Check if the recommendations are based on your specific data, not just general protocols.
    • Ask about the evidence for any new tests or treatments. Are they standard practice or experimental?
    • Consider the practical implications: time, cost, and travel burden.
    • Trust your comfort level. You should feel heard and respected by your care team.

    Remember, a second opinion is not about finding the “right” answer but about gathering more information to make an informed choice.

    Next steps after the consultation

    After your second consultation, take time to reflect before making a decision. You might:

    • Summarize the key points from each consultation in writing.
    • Discuss the options with your partner or a trusted advisor.
    • Contact the clinic with any follow-up questions.
    • Review your financial and emotional readiness for treatment.

    If you decide to proceed with a new clinic, confirm the next steps, including any required tests or paperwork.

    Useful resources

    For more general information about IVF and patient resources, you can explore our guides and patient resources. If you have specific questions, our FAQ may help, or you can contact us for assistance.

    Frequently asked questions

    Why should I get a second IVF consultation in Thailand?

    A second consultation can provide a fresh perspective on your diagnosis and treatment plan. It may help you feel more confident about your choices, or it might reveal alternative options you hadn't considered. It's a way to gather more information before making a major decision.

    What should I bring to a second IVF consultation?

    Bring all relevant medical records, including previous cycle summaries, hormone test results, ultrasound reports, genetic testing results, and a list of current medications. If your records are not in English, consider getting them translated or ask the clinic for guidance.

    How do I compare recommendations from different IVF doctors?

    Focus on the reasoning behind each recommendation. Ask for evidence and how the plan is tailored to your specific situation. Consider practical factors like time, cost, and travel. Ultimately, choose the approach that you feel most comfortable with and that aligns with your goals.

    Is a second opinion common in IVF treatment?

    Yes, seeking a second opinion is common in fertility care. Many patients find it helpful to have another expert review their case, especially after a failed cycle or when considering complex treatment options.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Compare PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR for Your Situation

    What Are PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of tests performed on embryos created through IVF before transfer. Each test answers a different question about the embryo’s genetic makeup. Understanding the purpose of each can help you have a more informed conversation with your fertility team.

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with too many or too few chromosomes are called aneuploid and often fail to implant or miscarry.
    • PGT-M (monogenic testing) looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease. It is used when one or both partners carry a known genetic mutation.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement testing) detects structural changes in chromosomes, such as inversions or translocations, that can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos.

    These tests are not routine for everyone. They are typically offered based on medical history, age, or specific genetic risks. Your clinic will recommend which test, if any, is appropriate for your situation.

    At a Glance: Key Differences

    • Purpose: PGT-A screens for chromosomal number errors; PGT-M targets a specific gene mutation; PGT-SR checks for chromosomal structural changes.
    • Who it’s for: PGT-A is often considered for women of advanced maternal age or those with recurrent miscarriage; PGT-M is for couples with a known genetic condition; PGT-SR is for carriers of balanced structural rearrangements.
    • What it requires: All require IVF and embryo biopsy. PGT-M and PGT-SR often require a prior genetic workup of the parents.
    • Result interpretation: PGT-A gives a result of euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic (mixed). PGT-M and PGT-SR report whether the embryo carries the specific mutation or unbalanced rearrangement.

    When Is Each Test Typically Recommended?

    PGT-A

    PGT-A is often discussed for patients who are older, have had repeated implantation failure, or have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss. It can also be considered for couples who want to reduce the chance of transferring an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality. However, PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby, and its benefit may vary by age and history.

    PGT-M

    PGT-M is used when one or both partners are known carriers of a single-gene disorder. Before starting, the specific mutation must be identified, and a genetic test must be developed for that family. This process can take time and requires genetic counseling.

    PGT-SR

    PGT-SR is recommended when a partner carries a balanced structural rearrangement, such as a translocation or inversion. These rearrangements may not affect the carrier’s health but can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos, increasing the risk of miscarriage or birth defects.

    How the Testing Process Works

    All PGT tests follow a similar process:

    1. IVF cycle: You undergo ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, and embryos are created in the lab.
    2. Biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo, usually on day 5 or 6 of development.
    3. Genetic analysis: The cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for testing. The type of test depends on what you and your clinic have decided.
    4. Transfer: Embryos that are considered suitable for transfer are selected based on the test results and other criteria.

    The biopsy is a delicate procedure, and not all embryos survive it. Your clinic will explain the risks and benefits in your specific case.

    What Do the Results Mean?

    Results are not always black and white. For PGT-A, an embryo may be reported as:

    • Euploid: normal number of chromosomes.
    • Aneuploid: abnormal number.
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells.

    For PGT-M and PGT-SR, results indicate whether the embryo carries the specific genetic change tested. However, these tests do not detect all genetic conditions, and they cannot guarantee the health of a child.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT is a screening tool, not a guarantee. It does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects, and it does not test for every possible genetic condition. Additionally, the accuracy of the test depends on the laboratory and the number of cells biopsied. There is also a small chance of no result or an inconclusive result.

    PGT adds cost and time to an IVF cycle. It also requires a skilled laboratory and experienced team. Discuss with your clinic about the specific technology they use and their success rates with PGT.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic or Genetic Counselor

    • Which PGT test do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    • What is the process for developing a test for PGT-M or PGT-SR, and how long does it take?
    • What are the risks of embryo biopsy?
    • How are mosaic embryos handled in your clinic?
    • What is the accuracy of the test, and what are the limitations?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any additional fees for genetic counseling?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    Choosing whether to use PGT is a personal decision. Start by gathering information about your own genetic history and fertility situation. Then, schedule a consultation with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor. They can help you understand the risks, benefits, and alternatives.

    Remember that PGT is not mandatory for everyone. Some couples may choose not to test, and that is a valid option. The goal is to make a decision that aligns with your values and medical needs.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You may also find our guides and FAQ sections helpful.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR be done at the same time?

    Yes, in some cases, multiple tests can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. For example, if a couple is doing PGT-M for a single-gene disorder, they may also opt for PGT-A to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. However, this depends on the laboratory's capabilities and the embryo's quality. Your clinic can advise whether combined testing is feasible for your situation.

    Is PGT-A recommended for all IVF patients?

    No, PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. It is often considered for patients of advanced maternal age, those with recurrent implantation failure, or recurrent pregnancy loss. However, its benefit may be limited for younger patients with no known fertility issues. Your doctor will discuss whether PGT-A is appropriate based on your individual circumstances.

    What is the difference between PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder, such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington's disease, when the parents are known carriers. PGT-SR tests for structural changes in chromosomes, like translocations or inversions, that can cause unbalanced chromosomes in embryos. Both require prior genetic testing of the parents to develop the test.

    How long does PGT testing take?

    The time can vary. After embryo biopsy, results may take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks, depending on the type of test and the laboratory. PGT-M and PGT-SR often require additional time for test development before the IVF cycle even starts. Your clinic will provide a timeline based on your specific plan.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.