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  • Preparing for PGT Counselling in Thailand: Questions to Ask

    PGT counselling is a conversation with a qualified genetics professional or fertility clinician about what preimplantation genetic testing can and cannot tell you. Before you attend, it helps to write down your questions about test types, possible results, what those results may mean for your embryos, and what decisions you might face. This checklist covers the main topics to raise, so you can use your appointment to clarify your own situation rather than trying to absorb everything on the day.

    At a glance

    • PGT is a group of laboratory tests performed on embryos during IVF; it is not a treatment that guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy child.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR are different tests used for different reasons.
    • Results can be informative, uncertain, or inconclusive, and some embryos may have no result.
    • Counselling should cover consent, costs, what happens to embryos, and where to get support after testing.
    • Bring your questions in writing and ask for explanations in plain language.

    What PGT counselling is and is not

    PGT counselling is an opportunity to discuss the purpose and limits of preimplantation genetic testing in your specific situation. It is not a session that decides for you whether to test, and it is not a guarantee of any particular outcome. A counsellor or clinician can explain how PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR differ, what information each test may provide, and what remains uncertain.

    PGT is not required for all patients undergoing IVF. Whether it is relevant depends on your medical history, your reasons for considering it, and the advice of your treating team. Counselling should help you weigh the possible benefits against the limitations and the decisions that may follow.

    Questions about test types

    Ask your clinic to explain, in plain language, which test or tests they are recommending and why.

    • What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?
    • Which of these tests is being considered for my situation, and what is the reason?
    • What does each test look for, and what does it not look for?
    • Are there alternative approaches, including not testing, that we should discuss?
    • How is the sample taken from an embryo, and what are the limitations of that method?
    • What is the difference between screening and diagnosis in this context?

    Questions about possible results

    Results are not always a simple yes or no. Ask what types of results are possible and how each might be explained.

    • What results could come back, and what would each type mean in general terms?
    • What does it mean if a result is inconclusive, uncertain, or has no result?
    • Could a result be affected by factors such as embryo mosaicism or laboratory technique?
    • How will the clinic explain a result that is not clear-cut?
    • Will we have a chance to ask questions after the results are available?
    • What follow-up testing or counselling might be suggested if a result is unclear?

    Questions about consent and decision-making

    PGT consent is an important part of preparation. Ask how consent is documented and what choices you are being asked to make.

    • What information will be provided before we sign a consent form?
    • What are we consenting to, and can we change our mind later?
    • Who will have access to our genetic information and test results?
    • What are the options for embryos that are not transferred?
    • How are decisions made if we disagree with each other or with the clinic?
    • What support is available if we find the decision difficult?

    Questions about costs and practical arrangements

    Costs and logistics vary between clinics and over time. Ask for a written breakdown of what is included and what is not, and confirm details directly with your clinic.

    • What is included in the quoted price for PGT, and what might cost extra?
    • Are there separate charges for counselling, laboratory work, storage, or follow-up?
    • How and when will we receive results, and who will explain them?
    • What documents or identification do we need to bring?
    • Are there any travel or timing considerations we should plan for?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on refunds or cancellations if testing cannot proceed?

    Questions about post-test genetic support

    Post-test genetic support in Thailand may include a follow-up consultation to discuss results and next steps. Ask what is available and how to access it.

    • Who will explain the results to us, and when?
    • Will we have access to a genetics professional after testing?
    • What emotional or psychological support is available if results are unexpected?
    • Can you provide a written summary of the results for our records?
    • What are the next steps if we decide to pursue further testing or treatment?
    • How can we contact the clinic with questions after the appointment?

    How to prepare for your appointment

    Preparation can make your counselling session more productive. Consider these steps:

    1. Write down your questions in advance, starting with the ones that matter most to you.
    2. Bring a partner or support person if you would like help remembering the discussion.
    3. Ask for explanations in plain language, and request clarification if something is unclear.
    4. Take notes or ask if you can record the session, if that is permitted.
    5. Ask for written information or a summary you can review later.
    6. Confirm any follow-up appointments or contact details before you leave.

    Next steps

    After counselling, you may want to review the information you received, discuss it with your partner or support network, and decide whether you need another appointment. You can also read more about PGT in Thailand in our PGT in Thailand guide, browse our patient guides, or check the frequently asked questions for general orientation. Always confirm clinical, legal, and financial details directly with your treating clinic or the relevant authority.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in a family. PGT-SR looks at chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations. Your clinic can explain which, if any, is relevant to your situation.

    Is PGT required for all IVF patients?

    No. PGT is not required for everyone undergoing IVF. Whether it is appropriate depends on your medical history, your reasons for considering it, and the advice of your treating team. Counselling can help you understand the potential benefits and limitations.

    What does an inconclusive PGT result mean?

    An inconclusive or uncertain result means the test did not provide a clear answer. This can happen for technical reasons or because of biological factors such as mosaicism. Your clinic should explain what the result may mean and whether further testing or counselling is available.

    Can I get emotional support after PGT results?

    Many clinics offer follow-up consultations and may be able to refer you to a counsellor or psychologist. Ask your clinic what support is available and how to access it if you receive unexpected results.

    What should I bring to a PGT counselling appointment?

    Bring a written list of your questions, any relevant medical records, and a partner or support person if you wish. You may also want to bring a notebook or ask if you can record the session, if permitted.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M Testing in Thailand: What International Patients Should Know

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is a laboratory step used during IVF to test embryos for a specific inherited condition before transfer. It is not a general screening test and it is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy. It is usually considered when a person or couple has a known risk of passing on a particular genetic condition, and it is always planned alongside genetic counselling. In Thailand, several fertility clinics offer PGT-M, but availability, laboratory arrangements and requirements vary. This guide explains the general principles so you can ask better questions and plan realistically.

    At a glance

    • What it is: A targeted test on embryos created through IVF, looking for a specific inherited condition that has already been identified in your family or through carrier testing.
    • Who it may be relevant for: People with a known monogenic condition, carriers of a recessive or X-linked condition, or those with a family history where a specific gene variant has been found.
    • What it is not: A guarantee of pregnancy, a test for all possible genetic conditions, or a replacement for genetic counselling.
    • Key first step: Speak with a genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist before planning IVF abroad.
    • In Thailand: PGT-M is available at some clinics, but you will need to confirm laboratory capability, timelines and documentation directly.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is one of several preimplantation genetic testing options. It is designed to look for a known, specific monogenic disorder — a condition caused by a change in a single gene. Examples include cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, thalassaemia and Huntington’s disease, though many others exist.

    During an IVF cycle, eggs are fertilised and embryos develop in the laboratory. A small number of cells are removed from each embryo (a biopsy), usually at the blastocyst stage. The DNA from those cells is then tested for the specific gene variant that runs in your family. Embryos that do not carry the variant may be considered for transfer, depending on the clinic’s protocol and your circumstances.

    PGT-M is different from PGT-A, which counts chromosomes to look for numerical abnormalities, and from PGT-SR, which looks for structural rearrangements. PGT-M is targeted: it only looks for the condition you already know about. It does not screen for every possible genetic issue.

    Who might consider PGT-M?

    PGT-M is not for everyone. It is usually discussed when there is a known risk of passing on a specific monogenic condition. You might be referred for a conversation about PGT-M if:

    • You or your partner have been diagnosed with a monogenic condition.
    • You are both carriers of the same recessive condition (for example, thalassaemia or cystic fibrosis).
    • You are a carrier of an X-linked condition, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy or haemophilia.
    • You have a family history of a condition where a specific gene variant has been identified.
    • You have had a previous pregnancy or child affected by a monogenic condition.

    In some cases, PGT-M may not be technically possible — for example, if the genetic cause in your family has not been identified, or if the condition is caused by multiple genes or environmental factors. A genetic counsellor can help you understand whether PGT-M is an option for your specific situation.

    The general PGT-M process

    The exact steps vary by clinic and by country, but the broad sequence is similar. Timelines are not fixed and depend on your clinic, your test development, and your IVF cycle.

    1. Genetic counselling and confirmation of the diagnosis. Before anything else, a genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist reviews your family history and confirms the exact gene variant. This usually involves a blood or saliva sample from you and sometimes from family members.
    2. Test development. The laboratory builds a custom test for your specific variant. This is not an off-the-shelf test. It can take time, and not every laboratory offers this service.
    3. IVF cycle. You undergo ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval and fertilisation. Embryos are cultured in the laboratory.
    4. Embryo biopsy. A few cells are removed from each embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage. The embryos are typically frozen while testing is carried out.
    5. Genetic testing. The biopsied cells are analysed using the custom test. Results indicate which embryos carry the variant, which do not, and sometimes which are inconclusive.
    6. Results and counselling. A genetic counsellor or doctor explains the results. Not all embryos will be suitable for transfer, and some may have no result.
    7. Embryo transfer. If you have embryos that do not carry the variant, one may be transferred. Pregnancy is not guaranteed, and further testing during pregnancy (such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) may still be recommended to confirm the result.

    PGT-M in Thailand: what to confirm

    Thailand has fertility clinics that offer PGT-M, but services are not uniform. If you are considering travelling to Thailand for PGT-M, you will need to confirm several practical points directly with the clinic. Because regulations and laboratory arrangements can change, always verify current details before making plans.

    • Laboratory capability: Does the clinic perform PGT-M in-house, or does it send samples to an external laboratory? Who develops the custom test?
    • Genetic counselling: Is genetic counselling available before, during and after the process? Is it provided by a certified genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist?
    • Documentation: What medical records, genetic test results or referral letters do you need to provide? Are translations required?
    • Timelines: How long does test development take? How does this fit with your IVF cycle and travel plans?
    • Costs: What is included in the quoted price? Are there separate charges for genetic counselling, test development, IVF, biopsy, testing per embryo, freezing and transfer? Ask for a written breakdown.
    • Legal and regulatory requirements: Are there any restrictions on PGT-M in Thailand for your specific situation? What consent is required?
    • Follow-up: What happens if you have no suitable embryos, or if results are inconclusive? What support is available?

    You can find more general information for international patients on our international patients page, and an overview of PGT options in Thailand on our PGT in Thailand page.

    Benefits and limitations of PGT-M

    PGT-M can reduce the chance of passing on a specific inherited condition, but it is not a guarantee. It cannot eliminate all risk, and it does not test for conditions other than the one it was designed to detect.

    Limitations include:

    • Not all embryos will be suitable for testing or transfer.
    • Some embryos may give inconclusive results.
    • The test is specific to one condition; it does not screen for other genetic issues.
    • Pregnancy is not guaranteed after transfer.
    • Further testing during pregnancy may still be advised.
    • PGT-M adds complexity, time and cost to an IVF cycle.

    PGT-M is one option among several. Others include prenatal diagnosis, using donor gametes, adopting, or choosing not to have genetic testing. A genetic counsellor can help you weigh these options without pressure.

    Questions to ask a clinic

    Before committing to PGT-M in Thailand, consider asking:

    • Do you offer PGT-M for my specific condition?
    • Who will develop and validate the test?
    • What are the success rates for test development in cases like mine?
    • What proportion of embryos typically give a result?
    • What are the costs, and what is not included?
    • What genetic counselling is available, and in what language?
    • What are the timelines from first consultation to embryo transfer?
    • What happens if we have no embryos suitable for transfer?
    • What follow-up testing do you recommend during pregnancy?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT-M, start with genetic counselling in your home country or with a clinical geneticist. They can confirm whether PGT-M is technically possible for your family and help you understand the alternatives. If you then decide to explore treatment in Thailand, contact clinics directly to confirm their current services, requirements and costs. Our guides and FAQ sections provide further general information to help you prepare questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-M the same as PGT-A?

    No. PGT-M looks for a specific monogenic disorder, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassaemia. PGT-A counts chromosomes to look for numerical abnormalities. They test for different things and are used in different situations.

    Can PGT-M guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-M can reduce the chance of passing on a specific inherited condition, but it cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy or child. It does not test for all genetic conditions, and further testing during pregnancy may still be recommended.

    Do I need genetic counselling before PGT-M?

    Yes, genetic counselling is an essential part of the process. A genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist can confirm whether PGT-M is technically possible for your family, explain the limitations, and discuss alternatives.

    Is PGT-M available in Thailand?

    Some fertility clinics in Thailand offer PGT-M, but services vary. You will need to confirm directly with the clinic whether they can test for your specific condition, how the test is developed, and what the timelines and costs are.

    What if no embryos are suitable for transfer after PGT-M?

    This is a possible outcome. It is important to discuss with your clinic what happens in this situation, including whether another IVF cycle is an option and what support is available.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand: What the Test Can and Cannot Tell You

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test performed on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo during IVF. It can screen for extra or missing copies of whole chromosomes, a condition called aneuploidy. It cannot tell you whether an embryo will implant, whether a pregnancy will continue, or whether a child will be healthy. It is a screening test, not a guarantee, and it is not necessary or suitable for every patient. If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, the most useful step is to understand its scope and limits before you decide.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number, not at specific genes or all possible genetic conditions.
    • It is a screening test, so results are probabilistic, not absolute.
    • A “normal” result does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a healthy child.
    • An “abnormal” result does not always mean the embryo could never produce a healthy pregnancy; some findings are uncertain.
    • PGT-A is not the same as PGT-M or PGT-SR, which look for different things.
    • Whether PGT-A is appropriate depends on your history, age, embryo availability, and clinic guidance.

    What PGT-A screens for

    PGT-A is designed to detect whole-chromosome aneuploidy, meaning an embryo has an extra or missing copy of one or more chromosomes. Human cells usually have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. Aneuploidy can involve any chromosome, and some aneuploidies are more common than others. PGT-A does not routinely look for single-gene mutations, small deletions or duplications, or structural rearrangements. Those are addressed by different tests.

    The test is usually performed on a few cells removed from an embryo, typically at the blastocyst stage. The sample is analysed in a laboratory, and the result is reported as a classification, such as euploid (no aneuploidy detected), aneuploid (aneuploidy detected), or sometimes mosaic (a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers). Some reports also include a category for inconclusive or no result.

    What PGT-A cannot tell you

    PGT-A cannot confirm that an embryo will implant or that a pregnancy will result in a live birth. It cannot rule out all genetic conditions, because it does not examine every gene or every possible chromosome change. It cannot predict childhood health, development, or future medical conditions. It also cannot tell you whether an embryo will be affected by conditions caused by factors other than chromosome number, such as environmental influences or multifactorial conditions.

    In addition, PGT-A cannot guarantee that the embryo chosen for transfer is the “best” one in every respect. Embryo quality, uterine environment, and many other factors influence outcomes. A euploid result reduces the probability of certain chromosome-related issues, but it does not eliminate them.

    PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR: different tests, different questions

    PGT-A is one of several preimplantation genetic tests. PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene, such as cystic fibrosis or spinal muscular atrophy. PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) looks for chromosome structural changes, such as translocations, that may be present in a parent. Each test requires different laboratory methods and answers a different question. If you are considering PGT in Thailand, ask which test is being recommended and why.

    How PGT-A results are interpreted

    PGT-A results are usually reported as a classification. A euploid result means no aneuploidy was detected in the sampled cells. An aneuploid result means aneuploidy was detected. A mosaic result means the sample contained a mixture of euploid and aneuploid cells. Mosaic results can be difficult to interpret because the proportion and type of mosaic cells matter, and the clinical significance is not always clear. Some clinics may consider transferring mosaic embryos after counselling, while others may not. An inconclusive result means the test did not provide a clear answer, and repeat testing or another approach may be discussed.

    It is important to understand that a result applies to the sampled cells, not necessarily to the whole embryo. The embryo may be mosaic even if the sample appeared uniform. This is one reason why PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test for the embryo as a whole.

    Limitations and uncertainties

    PGT-A has technical limitations. The sample size is small, and the test may miss some chromosome changes or detect changes that are not present in the whole embryo. Some embryos may be classified as mosaic, which creates uncertainty about transfer decisions. The test does not detect all genetic conditions, and it does not assess non-chromosomal causes of pregnancy loss or implantation failure. It also does not improve the quality of an embryo or change the underlying reasons for infertility.

    Another limitation is that PGT-A requires embryos to be created and cultured to a suitable stage, which may not be possible for every patient. It also adds cost and time to an IVF cycle. Whether the potential information is worth these trade-offs is a personal decision that should be discussed with a qualified clinician.

    Who might consider PGT-A

    PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. It may be discussed with patients who have a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, repeated implantation failure, or advanced maternal age, or when there are other clinical reasons. However, guidelines and professional opinions vary, and the evidence for benefit in different groups is not uniform. Some patients may choose PGT-A to gain information, while others may decide against it. There is no single right answer.

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, ask the clinic about their experience, their laboratory methods, and how they interpret and report results. Ask what they do with mosaic or inconclusive results, and what alternatives exist if you decide not to test.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    • Which PGT test are you recommending, and why?
    • What does the test screen for, and what does it not screen for?
    • How do you report mosaic and inconclusive results?
    • What are the possible next steps if the result is abnormal or uncertain?
    • What are the costs, and what do they include?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy procedure?
    • How do you counsel patients about the limitations of PGT-A?
    • What alternatives are available if we decide not to do PGT-A?

    Next steps for international patients

    Before travelling to Thailand for IVF with PGT-A, gather information from the clinic in writing. Ask for a clear explanation of the test, its limitations, and the costs involved. Confirm what documents you need, what visas or entry requirements apply, and how long you may need to stay. These details can change, so verify them with the clinic and relevant authorities. It is also wise to ask about follow-up care and how results will be communicated to you.

    You can learn more about PGT in Thailand in our PGT in Thailand guide, browse other patient guides, or check our FAQ for general information. Always discuss your individual situation with a qualified healthcare provider.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a normal PGT-A result guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A is a screening test that looks for extra or missing whole chromosomes in a small sample of cells. A normal result reduces the chance of certain chromosome-related issues, but it cannot guarantee implantation, a continuing pregnancy, or a healthy child. Other genetic and non-genetic factors can still affect outcomes.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for whole-chromosome aneuploidy, such as an extra or missing chromosome. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene. They are different tests used for different purposes, and sometimes both may be considered.

    Can PGT-A tell me if my embryo is mosaic?

    PGT-A can sometimes detect mosaicism, which means the embryo has a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers. However, the result applies only to the sampled cells, and the clinical significance of mosaicism can be uncertain. Your clinic should explain what a mosaic result means for your situation.

    Is PGT-A recommended for everyone doing IVF?

    No. PGT-A is not universally recommended. It may be discussed for specific situations, such as recurrent pregnancy loss or advanced maternal age, but guidelines vary and the evidence is not uniform. Whether to use PGT-A is a personal decision to discuss with your clinician.

    What should I ask a clinic in Thailand about PGT-A?

    Ask which test is recommended and why, what it screens for and does not screen for, how mosaic and inconclusive results are handled, what the costs include, and what alternatives exist. Also ask about the biopsy procedure, counselling, and how results will be communicated.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • The Embryology and Genetics Laboratory Pathway in Thailand: A Patient Guide to Embryo Culture, Biopsy and PGT

    If you are considering IVF with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in Thailand, you may wonder what actually happens to your embryos in the laboratory. In short, the pathway usually moves from egg retrieval and fertilisation, through several days of embryo culture, to a small biopsy of cells from each embryo, followed by genetic testing and a report that your clinic uses to decide which embryos may be suitable for transfer. The exact steps, timelines and laboratory arrangements vary by clinic, so treat this as a map of the journey and a list of questions to confirm directly with your treating team.

    At a glance

    • The laboratory pathway is a sequence: retrieval, fertilisation, culture, biopsy, testing, reporting and possible transfer.
    • PGT is a group of tests, not a single test. PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR look at different things.
    • PGT cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a healthy child, and it is not necessary or suitable for everyone.
    • Your clinic should explain who performs each step, how embryos are tracked, and what happens to embryos that are not transferred.
    • Ask for written information about costs, consent, storage and reporting before you start.

    Step 1: Egg retrieval and fertilisation

    The laboratory pathway begins before the embryology laboratory itself. After ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, the eggs are collected and prepared for fertilisation. Fertilisation may be attempted by mixing eggs and sperm together, or by injecting a single sperm into an egg (ICSI). The choice depends on the clinical situation and is a decision your treating clinician should discuss with you.

    Once fertilisation occurs, the resulting structure is called a zygote. It then begins to divide and develop into an embryo. The laboratory monitors this early development, but the details of how often and how closely embryos are checked can differ between clinics.

    Step 2: Embryo culture

    Embryos are kept in a controlled environment designed to support development. This is often called embryo culture. Culture conditions, the type of incubator, and whether the laboratory uses time-lapse imaging or standard daily checks are laboratory-specific. No single approach is universally required, and clinics may use different systems.

    Embryos are usually observed over several days. Some may stop developing, and some may develop more slowly than others. The embryology team records these observations. If you are curious about how your embryos are progressing, ask what information the clinic can share and when.

    Step 3: Embryo biopsy

    For PGT, a small number of cells are typically removed from each embryo. This is called a biopsy. The timing can vary: some clinics biopsy embryos at the blastocyst stage, usually around day five or six of development, while others may use a different stage. The biopsy is intended to obtain DNA for testing without removing cells that the embryo needs to continue developing.

    Biopsy is a laboratory procedure, and the embryologist performing it should be experienced. Ask who performs the biopsy, how many cells are taken, and what the clinic’s approach is if an embryo is not suitable for biopsy.

    Step 4: What PGT tests look at

    PGT is an umbrella term. The three main categories you may hear about are:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening): looks at the number of chromosomes in the biopsied cells. It can identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes, but it does not test for all genetic conditions and does not guarantee a healthy pregnancy.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disease): looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene, when a known familial variant has been identified. It is usually planned in advance with a genetics team.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement): looks at chromosomes when a parent has a known structural rearrangement, such as a translocation.

    Each test has limitations. A result is a laboratory finding, not a diagnosis of your future child. Some results may be unclear, and some embryos may not provide enough DNA for a result. Your clinic should explain what a result can and cannot tell you.

    Step 5: Laboratory workflow and embryo tracking

    In a busy laboratory, multiple embryos from multiple patients may be handled on the same day. Reliable tracking is therefore essential. Clinics use labelling, witnessing procedures and documentation to help ensure that each embryo is correctly identified throughout culture, biopsy, testing and storage.

    You may want to ask how embryos are labelled, how identity checks are performed, and how the laboratory links the biopsy sample to the correct embryo. You can also ask how results are reported back to your clinician and to you.

    Step 6: Results, reporting and next steps

    After testing, the laboratory issues a report. Your clinician then discusses which embryos may be suitable for transfer, taking into account the test result, embryo development and your overall clinical picture. Some embryos may be recommended for transfer, some may be kept in storage, and some may not be suitable. The decision is not based on the PGT result alone.

    If no embryo is available for transfer after testing, your clinic should explain the possible reasons and discuss alternatives. PGT is one option among several, and it is not a required step for all patients.

    Questions to ask your clinic about the laboratory pathway

    • Who performs the biopsy, and what is their experience?
    • At what stage are embryos biopsied, and why?
    • How are embryos tracked and identified in the laboratory?
    • What PGT test is being proposed, and what can it detect or miss?
    • What happens if a result is unclear or no result is obtained?
    • How and when will I receive the laboratory report?
    • What are the costs of culture, biopsy, testing and storage, and what is included?
    • What are the clinic’s policies on embryo storage, consent and disposal?
    • What alternatives are available if I choose not to do PGT?

    Practical next steps

    1. Ask your clinic for a written summary of the laboratory pathway, including who does what.
    2. Request an explanation of the specific PGT test being recommended and its limitations.
    3. Confirm all costs in writing, including any separate laboratory or genetics fees.
    4. Ask how embryos will be stored and what happens if you move or stop treatment.
    5. Keep a copy of your consent forms and laboratory reports.

    Where to learn more

    You can compare clinics and their laboratory services on our hospitals page. For a broader overview of PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. Our guides section covers related planning topics, and the FAQ answers common questions about testing and treatment.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT required for all IVF patients in Thailand?

    No. PGT is an optional laboratory test that may be recommended for some patients based on their history or genetic risk. It is not required for everyone, and your clinic should explain why it is or is not being suggested in your case.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about certain chromosomal or genetic findings, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a healthy child. It also does not detect every possible condition. Your clinic should explain the limits of the specific test being used.

    How long does the laboratory pathway take?

    Timelines vary by clinic and by the test being performed. Embryo culture usually lasts several days, and testing may add additional time. Ask your clinic for an estimated schedule for your own cycle.

    What happens to embryos that are not transferred?

    Embryos that are not transferred may be stored, donated, used for research or disposed of, depending on your consent and the clinic's policies. Ask for written information about storage duration, costs and your options.

    Can I ask to speak to the embryologist?

    Many clinics allow patients to ask questions through their treating clinician. Whether you can speak directly to an embryologist depends on the clinic. It is reasonable to ask how laboratory questions are handled.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing Cost in Thailand: What Is Included and What Is Not

    PGT-A testing cost in Thailand is rarely a single number. Most quotations combine several services: embryo biopsy, laboratory genetic analysis, and sometimes IVF cycle components. What is included varies by clinic and by how many embryos are tested. This guide explains the common cost categories, why quotations differ, and the questions that help you compare them fairly. It does not provide prices, because those depend on your clinic, your protocol, and the number of embryos involved.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A quotations usually bundle biopsy, genetic analysis, and reporting, but the boundaries differ.
    • IVF cycle costs, medication, embryo freezing, and storage are often separate.
    • Ask whether the quote is per embryo, per batch, or per cycle.
    • Confirm what happens if no embryos are suitable for testing or transfer.
    • Request a written quotation that lists inclusions, exclusions, and payment timing.

    Why PGT-A quotations are not directly comparable

    Two clinics can quote for the same treatment and still produce very different totals. One may include biopsy and analysis in a single package; another may charge separately for each embryo. Some quotations include the IVF cycle, while others assume you already have embryos in storage. Currency, exchange rates, and payment schedules add further variation.

    For international patients, the practical approach is to compare categories rather than headline figures. Ask each clinic to break the quotation into the components below, then check which items are included, which are optional, and which are billed only if certain steps occur.

    Common cost components in a PGT-A quotation

    The table below lists categories that may appear in a quotation. It does not show amounts, because those are clinic-specific and can change. Use it as a checklist when you review a written quote.

    Category What it usually covers What to confirm
    IVF cycle Monitoring, egg retrieval, laboratory fertilisation, and embryo culture Is the cycle included, or is the quote only for testing?
    Embryo biopsy Removing a small number of cells from each embryo for testing Is the fee per embryo, or included in a package?
    Genetic analysis Laboratory screening of the biopsy sample for chromosomal number Is the analysis done in-house or sent to another laboratory?
    Reporting Written results and interpretation for your treating doctor Is a consultation to discuss results included?
    Embryo freezing and storage Cryopreservation of tested embryos and ongoing storage Are freezing and storage included for a set period?
    Medication Ovarian stimulation and related prescriptions Is medication included, or billed separately by a pharmacy?
    Monitoring and blood tests Ultrasound scans and hormone blood tests during the cycle Are all monitoring visits included, or charged per visit?
    Additional procedures Techniques such as ICSI or assisted hatching, if recommended Are these optional, and how would they change the total?

    What is often bundled

    Many quotations group the laboratory side of PGT-A into one line. That may include biopsy, analysis, and a results report. Some clinics also bundle a certain number of embryos into a package, with a separate fee for each additional embryo. If you see a single figure for PGT-A, ask what it covers and whether it has an embryo limit.

    Bundling can make a quotation easier to read, but it can also hide the cost of extra steps. For example, a package may include biopsy and analysis but not the IVF cycle that produced the embryos. Always ask which parts of the pathway are inside the package and which are outside.

    What is often billed separately

    Items outside the PGT-A package commonly include:

    • The IVF cycle itself, including monitoring and retrieval
    • Fertility medication and pharmacy costs
    • Embryo freezing and storage after testing
    • Pre-treatment consultations, scans, and blood tests
    • Additional laboratory techniques recommended for your case
    • Follow-up consultations to discuss results
    • Any travel, accommodation, and administrative costs

    Some clinics also charge separately for shipping samples to an external genetics laboratory. If the laboratory is not on site, ask who handles the sample, how long results take, and whether transport is included.

    How to compare quotations from different clinics

    Use the same questions for every clinic so you can compare like with like. A written quotation is more useful than a verbal estimate, because it gives you a document to check.

    1. Ask for a written quotation that lists every included service and every exclusion.
    2. Confirm whether the PGT-A fee is per embryo, per batch, or per cycle.
    3. Ask how many embryos are covered before extra fees apply.
    4. Check whether the IVF cycle, medication, and monitoring are inside or outside the quote.
    5. Ask what happens if no embryos are available for biopsy or if testing yields no result.
    6. Confirm whether freezing, storage, and a results consultation are included.
    7. Ask about payment timing, currency, and whether any refund or credit applies if a step is not performed.

    Questions to ask before you commit

    These questions help you understand the financial and practical shape of treatment. They are not a substitute for clinical advice from your treating doctor.

    • What exactly does the PGT-A fee include, and what is excluded?
    • Is the price fixed, or can it change during treatment?
    • How many embryos does the quotation cover, and what is the fee for each additional embryo?
    • Is the genetic analysis performed at the clinic or at another laboratory?
    • How long do results usually take, and does that affect storage fees?
    • What costs should I expect if the cycle needs to be adjusted or repeated?
    • Are there separate charges for consultations, scans, or blood tests?
    • What payment methods are accepted, and when is payment due?

    Planning beyond the quotation

    Cost is one part of planning. International patients also need to consider travel, accommodation, time away from work, and how many visits a cycle may require. Those costs are rarely included in a PGT-A quotation, so it helps to estimate them separately.

    It is also worth asking how the clinic communicates results and follow-up plans if you return home. Some patients prefer to stay until results are available; others arrange a remote consultation. Confirm what is possible before you book travel.

    For a broader view of IVF cost categories in Thailand, see our guide to IVF cost in Thailand. For more detail on PGT-A specifically, visit PGT-A cost in Thailand. You can also explore patient resources for planning tools, or contact us if you have questions about comparing quotations.

    Next steps

    Before you commit to a clinic, request a written quotation and compare it against the categories above. Ask the clinic to confirm inclusions, exclusions, and what happens if a step is not performed. If a quotation is unclear, ask for a revised version with each item listed separately. Taking this step can help you avoid surprises and make a more informed decision.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a PGT-A quotation in Thailand usually include the IVF cycle?

    Not always. Some quotations cover only the biopsy and genetic analysis, while others bundle the IVF cycle. Ask the clinic to state clearly whether monitoring, retrieval, fertilisation, and embryo culture are included or billed separately.

    Is PGT-A charged per embryo or as a package?

    Both approaches exist. Some clinics charge per embryo tested, while others offer a package that covers a set number of embryos with an additional fee for each extra embryo. Confirm the basis of the fee and any embryo limit before you compare quotations.

    What costs are commonly not included in a PGT-A quotation?

    Medication, embryo freezing and storage, pre-treatment consultations, monitoring scans, blood tests, and follow-up consultations are often separate. Travel and accommodation are almost never included. Ask for a written list of exclusions.

    How can I compare quotations from different clinics fairly?

    Use the same checklist for each clinic: ask what is included, what is excluded, whether the fee is per embryo or per cycle, how many embryos are covered, and what happens if no embryos are suitable for testing. A written quotation makes comparison easier.

    Can the cost change after I receive a quotation?

    It can, depending on your treatment plan, the number of embryos, and any additional procedures your doctor recommends. Ask whether the quotation is fixed or an estimate, and request that any changes be explained in writing before you agree.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Frozen Embryo Transfer After PGT in Thailand: A Planning Guide for International Patients

    After a PGT cycle, many patients in Thailand plan a frozen embryo transfer (FET) rather than a fresh transfer. This guide explains the general clinical logic of a freeze-all cycle, how FET preparation typically works, and what international patients should confirm with their treating clinic before booking travel. It is educational only and does not replace personalised medical advice.

    At a glance

    • PGT involves testing embryos for chromosomal or genetic conditions; results are usually available after a few days.
    • A freeze-all approach means embryos are vitrified (fast-frozen) and transferred in a later cycle.
    • FET preparation focuses on synchronising the endometrium with embryo development.
    • Timelines vary by clinic, protocol, and your response; confirm all dates and requirements directly.
    • Storage, shipping, and legal arrangements are clinic- and country-specific; ask for written details.

    Why PGT cycles often use a freeze-all approach

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) or PGT-M (for monogenic conditions) requires a biopsy of a few cells from each embryo. The embryos are then vitrified while the laboratory processes and analyses the samples. This freeze-all strategy allows the care team to review results before deciding which embryo(s) to transfer. It also gives the endometrium time to recover from ovarian stimulation, which may be preferable in some cases. However, not every PGT cycle is freeze-all; your clinic will advise based on your situation.

    What happens between egg retrieval and FET

    After egg retrieval and fertilisation, embryos are cultured to a suitable stage, usually blastocyst. A small sample is taken for testing, and the embryos are vitrified. The laboratory then performs the genetic analysis. When results are ready, your clinic will discuss which embryos are suitable for transfer. This interval can range from a few days to a few weeks, depending on the test and laboratory workload. Use this time to plan logistics and clarify next steps with your care team.

    Preparing the endometrium for FET

    FET preparation aims to make the uterine lining receptive. Common approaches include:

    • Natural or modified natural cycle: Your own ovulation is tracked, and transfer is timed accordingly. This may involve less medication but requires monitoring.
    • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) cycle: Oestrogen and progesterone are used to build and then support the lining. This offers more scheduling control, which can be helpful for international patients.

    Your clinic will recommend a protocol based on your history, cycle regularity, and other factors. Monitoring typically includes blood tests and ultrasound scans. The exact schedule and medication instructions must come from your treating clinic.

    Planning travel for FET in Thailand

    International patients often need to coordinate travel with monitoring. Some clinics allow part of the preparation to be done locally, with final scans and transfer in Thailand. Others may ask you to arrive earlier. Key planning points:

    • Ask your clinic for a written timeline with approximate dates for start of medication, monitoring, travel, and transfer.
    • Confirm how many days you need to stay in Thailand before and after transfer.
    • Check whether your clinic can liaise with a local doctor for monitoring.
    • Review travel insurance and cancellation policies, as medical schedules can change.
    • Discuss any visa or entry requirements with the relevant embassy or authority; rules can change.

    Storage and logistics of vitrified embryos

    Embryos remain vitrified in storage until needed. Storage arrangements, fees, and consent requirements are set by the clinic and may be subject to local regulations. If you are considering moving embryos between clinics or countries, ask about compatibility, shipping, and legal permissions. Do not assume that transfer between facilities is straightforward; obtain written confirmation.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • What is your recommended FET protocol for my situation, and why?
    • What monitoring is required, and can some of it be done in my home country?
    • What are the approximate dates for starting medication and for the transfer?
    • How long should I plan to stay in Thailand?
    • What are the costs involved, including storage, monitoring, and any additional fees?
    • What are the success rates for FET after PGT at your clinic, and how do you define success?
    • What are the risks and possible complications I should be aware of?
    • What legal or consent documents do I need to provide?

    Next steps checklist

    1. Request a written FET plan and timeline from your clinic.
    2. Clarify monitoring arrangements and whether local monitoring is possible.
    3. Confirm all costs in writing, including storage and any travel-related medical fees.
    4. Check travel documents and insurance; consult official sources for visa rules.
    5. Ask about embryo storage consent and what happens if you need to change plans.
    6. Keep a list of questions for your next appointment.

    For more context on treatment steps and planning, see our guides on embryo transfer in Thailand, IVF in Thailand, the treatment process, and information for international patients.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does it take to get PGT results before a frozen embryo transfer?

    The time varies by laboratory and test type. Your clinic can give you an estimated timeframe. Use this period to plan travel and clarify next steps.

    Can I do FET preparation monitoring in my home country?

    Some clinics allow shared care with a local doctor. Ask your treating clinic whether this is possible and what they require for monitoring.

    What is the difference between a natural cycle and an HRT cycle for FET?

    A natural cycle relies on your own ovulation, while an HRT cycle uses medication to prepare the lining. Each has advantages and disadvantages; your clinic will recommend based on your situation.

    How long can embryos be stored after PGT?

    Storage duration depends on clinic policy and local regulations. Discuss storage terms, fees, and consent with your clinic.

    What costs are involved in FET after PGT in Thailand?

    Costs vary widely and may include storage, monitoring, medication, and transfer fees. Request a written cost estimate from your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT for Advanced Maternal Age in Thailand: What It Tests and Who It May Help

    If you are over 40 and considering IVF in Thailand, you may have read that preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) can help select embryos. PGT is a group of laboratory tests performed on a small number of cells taken from an embryo during IVF. It does not treat infertility, improve egg quality or guarantee a pregnancy. Instead, it provides information about the chromosomal or genetic makeup of an embryo, which you and your clinician can use when deciding which embryo(s) to transfer. This guide explains the main types of PGT, why age is relevant, and what the results can and cannot tell you.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo; the chance of chromosomal errors rises with maternal age.
    • PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in a family.
    • PGT-SR looks at chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations, that a parent may carry.
    • PGT is not a guarantee of pregnancy, live birth or a healthy child.
    • Whether PGT is appropriate for you depends on your history, your age, the reason for testing and clinic guidance.

    What PGT means in plain language

    During IVF, eggs are fertilised in the laboratory and embryos begin to develop. If PGT is planned, an embryologist removes a few cells from an embryo at a specific stage, usually the blastocyst stage. Those cells are tested, and the embryo is typically frozen while results are awaited. A later transfer cycle uses an embryo selected partly on the basis of the test result.

    PGT is not one single test. It is an umbrella term for several different investigations, each with a different purpose. The type your clinic discusses with you should match the question you are trying to answer.

    The three main types of PGT

    Test What it looks at Typical reason it is discussed
    PGT-A Number of chromosomes in an embryo (aneuploidy screening) Age-related risk of chromosomal errors, or a history of repeated implantation failure or miscarriage
    PGT-M A specific gene variant or inherited condition A known familial genetic condition, such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease
    PGT-SR Structural chromosome rearrangements A parent carries a translocation or similar rearrangement

    Some clinics may also discuss other forms of testing. The names and availability of specific tests can vary, so ask your clinic to explain exactly which test is being proposed and why.

    Why age matters: aneuploidy and egg quality

    Human eggs are formed before birth and mature over decades. As a woman ages, the chance that an egg will have an incorrect number of chromosomes increases. An embryo with an incorrect number of chromosomes is described as aneuploid. Many aneuploid embryos do not implant, and some pregnancies involving aneuploid embryos end in miscarriage. A small number can result in a live birth with a chromosomal condition, such as Down syndrome.

    This age-related tendency is sometimes described as a decline in egg quality, but it is more accurate to think of it as a change in the proportion of eggs with chromosomal errors. It is not something you can feel, and it does not mean every egg or every embryo will be affected. PGT-A is one way to gather information about the chromosomal status of the embryos you have, but it does not change the underlying biology of the eggs or embryos.

    What PGT-A can and cannot tell you

    PGT-A is designed to detect whole-chromosome gains or losses. It can identify embryos that are likely to be euploid (the expected number of chromosomes) or aneuploid. It cannot tell you whether an embryo will implant, whether a pregnancy will continue, or what a child’s health, development or appearance will be.

    PGT-A also has technical limitations. It is a screening test, not a diagnostic test, and it can produce results that are inconclusive, borderline or affected by mosaicism (where an embryo has a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers). Some embryos may be reported as mosaic, and the implications of transferring a mosaic embryo are not fully understood. Your clinic should explain what a particular result means for your specific situation.

    PGT-M and PGT-SR: when the question is different

    PGT-M is used when there is a known inherited condition in the family. It looks for a specific gene variant that the parents may pass on. PGT-SR is used when a parent carries a chromosome rearrangement, such as a translocation, which can increase the risk of miscarriage or a child with a chromosomal condition. These tests are not about age-related aneuploidy; they answer a different question. If you have a family history of a genetic condition or a known rearrangement, ask your clinic whether PGT-M or PGT-SR is relevant for you.

    Is PGT right for you? Questions to consider

    PGT is not a required step in IVF, and it is not suitable for everyone. Whether it is offered or recommended depends on your medical history, your age, the reason for testing, the number of embryos available, and clinic policy. Some people choose PGT to gain information; others decide against it because of cost, the possibility of no transferable embryos, or the wish to avoid embryo freezing and testing.

    There is no single correct choice. A useful next step is to ask your clinic the following questions:

    • Which type of PGT are you recommending for me, and why?
    • What will the result tell us, and what will it not tell us?
    • What happens if the result is inconclusive or mosaic?
    • How many embryos would need to be tested for the test to be useful in my case?
    • What are the alternatives to PGT, and what are the trade-offs?
    • What are the costs, including any separate laboratory, freezing and storage fees?
    • What are the clinic’s policies on embryo storage, disposal and transport?

    Practical planning for international patients

    If you are travelling to Thailand for IVF with PGT, planning involves more than the test itself. You will need to consider how long you can stay, how many visits are required, and how results will be communicated to you. Because PGT often involves freezing embryos and transferring them in a later cycle, your timeline may extend over more than one trip or require coordination with a clinic in your home country.

    Before you commit, ask your clinic to explain:

    • How many days you need to be in Thailand for monitoring, egg collection and any transfer.
    • How results are shared and how follow-up is arranged if you return home.
    • What documents or records the clinic needs from you, and whether translations are required.
    • What payment, cancellation and refund policies apply.
    • Whether the clinic can support you if you need to pause or change plans.

    Legal and regulatory requirements can change and may differ depending on your situation. Always confirm current requirements with the clinic and, where relevant, with the appropriate authority. You can also read more general information on our PGT in Thailand page and browse our guides for related topics.

    Alternatives and limitations

    PGT is one option among several. Some people proceed with IVF without PGT, accepting that embryo selection will be based on development and appearance rather than genetic testing. Others may consider donor eggs, adoption or choosing not to pursue further treatment. These are personal decisions, and no single path is right for everyone.

    It is also important to recognise that PGT cannot create embryos, improve egg or sperm quality, or overcome all causes of infertility. It does not replace prenatal testing, which may still be offered during pregnancy. And it does not remove the uncertainty that is part of any fertility treatment.

    Next steps

    If you are over 40 and considering PGT in Thailand, start by clarifying your own questions. Write down what you hope to learn from testing and what you would do with the information. Then discuss those points with a qualified fertility clinician who can review your history and explain whether PGT is likely to be useful in your case. For general background, see our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A improve my chances of having a baby if I am over 40?

    PGT-A can provide information about the chromosomal status of an embryo, but it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a live birth. It does not change the underlying biology of your eggs or embryos. Whether it improves your individual chances depends on many factors, and your clinic can discuss what is known and what remains uncertain in your situation.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an incorrect number of chromosomes in an embryo, which becomes more common with age. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in a family. PGT-SR looks for chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations, that a parent may carry. Each test answers a different question.

    Can PGT tell me if my embryo is healthy?

    No. PGT-A looks at chromosome number, and PGT-M and PGT-SR look at specific genetic issues. None of these tests can confirm that an embryo is completely healthy or predict a child's future health, development or appearance. PGT is a screening or diagnostic tool with limitations, and results should be interpreted with your clinician.

    What happens if my PGT result is inconclusive or mosaic?

    Some embryos may be reported as inconclusive or mosaic, meaning the result is not clear-cut. The implications of transferring such an embryo are not fully understood, and practices vary. Your clinic should explain what a specific result means for you and what options are available.

    Is PGT required for IVF in Thailand?

    No. PGT is not a required part of IVF, and it is not suitable for everyone. Whether it is offered or recommended depends on your medical history, your age, the reason for testing, the number of embryos available, and clinic policy. You can discuss the pros and cons with your fertility clinician.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT for Recurrent Miscarriage in Thailand: A Cautious Guide for International Patients

    If you have had two or more miscarriages, you may be exploring whether preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) could help. PGT is a laboratory add-on to IVF that screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. It is not a treatment for miscarriage itself, and it does not guarantee a live birth. In Thailand, PGT is available at some fertility clinics, but its role in recurrent loss is specific and limited. This guide explains the different types of PGT, what the evidence suggests, and the practical questions to ask a clinic before deciding.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy), a common cause of early miscarriage.
    • PGT-A does not fix chromosomal problems in embryos; it only identifies which embryos are more likely to be chromosomally normal.
    • PGT-A is not routinely recommended for all couples with recurrent miscarriage; guidelines vary and it is usually considered on a case-by-case basis.
    • Other causes of recurrent loss—such as uterine abnormalities, blood clotting disorders, or thyroid issues—should also be investigated.
    • In Thailand, PGT is offered at some international fertility clinics, but availability, cost, and legal requirements vary.

    What is recurrent miscarriage?

    Recurrent miscarriage, also called recurrent pregnancy loss, is generally defined as two or more consecutive miscarriages. It affects a small percentage of couples trying to conceive. The causes are varied and sometimes no clear cause is found. Chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo are a common reason for early miscarriage, especially in the first trimester. As women age, the proportion of eggs with chromosomal errors increases, which is why miscarriage risk rises with maternal age.

    How PGT fits into recurrent miscarriage care

    PGT is not a standalone treatment for miscarriage. It is used during IVF to test embryos before transfer. The most relevant type for recurrent miscarriage is PGT-A, which counts chromosomes. PGT-A can identify embryos with the wrong number of chromosomes (aneuploid) and those that are chromosomally normal (euploid). Transferring a euploid embryo may reduce the chance of miscarriage due to chromosomal causes, but it does not eliminate all risk. Miscarriage can still occur for other reasons, such as uterine factors, immune issues, or undetected chromosomal problems.

    Types of PGT: PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR

    PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) is the type most often discussed for recurrent miscarriage. It looks at all 23 pairs of chromosomes to detect extra or missing chromosomes. PGT-M (monogenic disease) is for couples at risk of passing on a specific inherited condition, such as cystic fibrosis. PGT-SR (structural rearrangement) is for couples where one partner has a chromosomal rearrangement, like a translocation. This guide focuses on PGT-A because it is the type most relevant to unexplained recurrent miscarriage. PGT-M and PGT-SR are not typically used for recurrent loss unless there is a known genetic cause.

    What PGT-A can and cannot do

    PGT-A can:

    • Identify embryos with a normal number of chromosomes.
    • Help select which embryos to transfer, potentially reducing miscarriage risk from chromosomal causes.
    • Provide information that may guide decisions about which embryos to transfer.

    PGT-A cannot:

    • Guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • Detect all genetic problems; it does not test for single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements.
    • Improve the quality of embryos or fix chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Address non-chromosomal causes of miscarriage, such as uterine or hormonal issues.

    Is PGT-A recommended for recurrent miscarriage?

    Professional guidelines differ. Some organizations suggest that PGT-A may be considered for couples with recurrent miscarriage, while others do not routinely recommend it because evidence of clear benefit is limited. The decision is often made case by case, taking into account the couple’s history, age, previous IVF outcomes, and personal preferences. It is important to discuss the potential benefits and limitations with a fertility specialist. PGT-A is not a mandatory step, and some couples achieve successful pregnancies without it.

    PGT-A and repeated implantation failure

    Repeated implantation failure (RIF) is when good-quality embryos fail to implant after several IVF cycles. Some clinics offer PGT-A for RIF, but its benefit is debated. RIF may be caused by factors other than chromosomal abnormalities, such as uterine receptivity or immune issues. PGT-A may help identify chromosomally normal embryos for transfer, but it does not guarantee implantation. If you are considering PGT-A for RIF, ask your clinic about the evidence and alternatives.

    What to expect during PGT-A in Thailand

    The PGT-A process involves standard IVF steps: ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization in the lab, and embryo culture. On day 5 or 6, a few cells are biopsied from each embryo. The embryos are then frozen while the biopsy samples are sent to a genetics lab for analysis. Results typically take one to two weeks. Only embryos with a normal chromosome count are considered for transfer in a subsequent cycle. The exact timeline and protocols vary by clinic. In Thailand, some clinics cater to international patients and may offer coordination services, but you should confirm all details directly.

    Limitations and uncertainties of PGT-A

    PGT-A is not perfect. It can produce false results, and some embryos may be misclassified. Mosaic embryos—those with a mix of normal and abnormal cells—can be particularly challenging to interpret. Some clinics may transfer mosaic embryos, while others may not. The long-term outcomes of children born from PGT-A are still being studied, though current evidence does not show major health risks. Additionally, PGT-A adds significant cost and may not be covered by insurance. It also does not improve the overall chance of pregnancy per cycle if a sufficient number of embryos are available; its main benefit is reducing miscarriage risk per transfer.

    Alternatives to PGT-A for recurrent miscarriage

    Before or instead of PGT-A, your doctor may recommend:

    • A thorough evaluation for uterine abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, blood clotting disorders, and thyroid function.
    • Testing for chromosomal abnormalities in you and your partner (karyotyping).
    • Lifestyle changes, such as stopping smoking and managing weight.
    • Medications or procedures to address specific causes, if found.
    • Expectant management or further IVF without PGT-A.

    These options should be discussed with your healthcare provider.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    • What is your experience with PGT-A for recurrent miscarriage?
    • What are the success rates for live birth after PGT-A in your clinic, and how do they compare with IVF without PGT-A?
    • How do you handle mosaic embryos?
    • What is the total cost of PGT-A, including biopsy, genetic testing, and embryo freezing?
    • What are the legal requirements for international patients seeking PGT in Thailand?
    • Do you provide genetic counseling before and after testing?
    • What support do you offer for travel and accommodation?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT for recurrent miscarriage in Thailand, start by gathering your medical records and having a detailed discussion with a fertility specialist. Ask about the evidence for PGT-A in your specific situation, the alternatives, and the costs. You may also want to seek a second opinion. Remember that PGT is a tool, not a guarantee, and the decision should be based on your individual circumstances and values.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also explore our patient guides and FAQ for additional support.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A prevent miscarriage?

    PGT-A can reduce the chance of miscarriage caused by chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo, but it does not prevent all miscarriages. Other causes, such as uterine or hormonal factors, can still lead to pregnancy loss.

    Is PGT-A recommended for all couples with recurrent miscarriage?

    No. Guidelines vary, and PGT-A is not routinely recommended for everyone. It is usually considered on a case-by-case basis after a thorough evaluation. Discuss with your doctor whether it is appropriate for you.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for specific inherited single-gene disorders. PGT-A is more commonly discussed for recurrent miscarriage, whereas PGT-M is used when there is a known genetic condition in the family.

    Can I do PGT-A in Thailand as an international patient?

    Some fertility clinics in Thailand offer PGT-A to international patients, but availability, cost, and legal requirements vary. You should contact clinics directly to confirm their services and any documentation needed.

    What are the risks of PGT-A?

    PGT-A involves embryo biopsy, which is generally considered safe but carries a small risk of damage to the embryo. There is also a chance of false results or uncertain findings, such as mosaicism. Genetic counseling can help you understand these risks.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Is PGT Worth It in Thailand? A Cautious Guide for International Patients

    Whether PGT is worth it in Thailand depends on your reasons for testing, your medical history, and what you would do with the result. PGT can give extra information about embryos before transfer, but it does not guarantee pregnancy, a healthy baby, or a specific outcome. It also adds cost, waiting time, and uncertainty. For some patients, that information helps guide decisions; for others, it may not change the plan enough to justify the extra steps. The best way to decide is to discuss your individual situation with a qualified fertility clinic and weigh benefits against limits.

    At a glance

    • PGT is a laboratory add-on to IVF, not a treatment that improves embryo quality.
    • It can provide information about chromosome number or specific gene variants, depending on the test.
    • It cannot guarantee implantation, live birth, or a child without a health condition.
    • Worth depends on your age, history, prior IVF outcomes, and what you would do differently based on results.
    • Costs, legal rules, and clinic-specific practices vary and should be confirmed directly.

    What PGT can and cannot tell you

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) involves taking a few cells from an embryo during IVF and analyzing them. There are different types: PGT-A looks at chromosome number, PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition, and PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. Each has a different purpose and different limits.

    PGT can sometimes identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes or with a known gene variant. However, it cannot detect every possible genetic or health issue. It also cannot tell you whether an embryo will implant, whether a pregnancy will continue, or what a child’s future health will be. Some embryos with abnormal results can sometimes develop into healthy babies, and some with normal results may not implant. This is why PGT results are one piece of information, not a definitive answer.

    Who might consider PGT with IVF

    PGT is not routinely recommended for everyone. It may be discussed in situations such as:

    • A known risk of passing on a specific inherited condition.
    • A history of recurrent pregnancy loss or repeated IVF failure.
    • Advanced maternal age, where chromosome abnormalities in embryos are more common.
    • A previous pregnancy or child with a chromosome condition.
    • Structural chromosome rearrangements in one or both partners.

    Even in these situations, whether PGT is worthwhile depends on individual factors. A clinic can help you understand the potential benefits and limits for your case. PGT is not a substitute for a full fertility evaluation or for other treatments.

    Benefits and limits of PGT

    Potential benefits include:

    • More information when choosing which embryo(s) to transfer.
    • Possibly reducing the chance of transferring an embryo with a specific chromosome or gene issue.
    • Helping some patients avoid uncertain outcomes or make informed decisions about their embryos.

    Potential limits include:

    • No guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child.
    • Risk of false results or inconclusive results.
    • Embryo biopsy is an extra step that may not be suitable for all embryos.
    • Additional cost and waiting time for results.
    • Some embryos may be discarded or not transferred based on results, which can be an emotional decision.
    • Not all clinics offer the same tests or have the same laboratory experience.

    PGT in Thailand: what to confirm

    Thailand has many fertility clinics, and practices can vary. If you are considering PGT in Thailand, ask the clinic directly about:

    • Which PGT tests they offer and what each test can and cannot detect.
    • Their laboratory’s experience with embryo biopsy and genetic analysis.
    • How they report results and what support they provide for decision-making.
    • What happens to embryos that are not transferred.
    • Total costs, including IVF, biopsy, genetic testing, and any additional fees.
    • Legal or regulatory requirements for international patients, including any documents needed.
    • How they handle travel timing and communication if you are not based in Thailand.

    Because rules and costs can change, confirm details with the clinic and, where relevant, with official authorities. Do not rely on general information alone.

    Questions to ask a clinic before deciding

    1. Based on my history, what is the chance that PGT would change my treatment plan?
    2. What are the specific benefits and limits of PGT for my situation?
    3. What are the risks of embryo biopsy and the chance of inconclusive results?
    4. How do you handle embryos with abnormal results?
    5. What are all the costs involved, and are there any additional fees?
    6. What documents or legal steps do I need as an international patient?
    7. What support do you offer for emotional and ethical concerns?

    Next steps

    If you are weighing PGT in Thailand, start by clarifying your goals. Ask yourself what you would do differently if PGT showed a certain result. If the answer is not clear, it may help to speak with a genetic counselor or fertility specialist before committing. Gather information from clinics, compare their answers, and take time to decide. You can also read more about PGT in Thailand, browse our FAQ, explore guides, or contact us for general guidance.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT improve the chance of a healthy baby?

    PGT can provide information about embryos, but it does not guarantee a healthy baby. It may help some patients avoid transferring embryos with specific chromosome or gene issues, but it cannot detect all conditions or ensure a successful pregnancy. The overall effect on live birth rates is debated and depends on individual factors.

    Is PGT recommended for all IVF patients in Thailand?

    No. PGT is not routinely recommended for everyone. It is usually discussed when there is a specific reason, such as a known inherited condition, recurrent pregnancy loss, or advanced maternal age. Your clinic can help you decide if it is appropriate for your situation.

    What are the main downsides of PGT?

    PGT adds cost and waiting time, and it may produce inconclusive results. It also involves embryo biopsy, which carries some risk. Some patients find the decisions about abnormal embryos emotionally difficult. PGT does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy child.

    How much does PGT cost in Thailand?

    Costs vary widely depending on the clinic, the type of PGT, and the number of embryos tested. We do not provide specific prices because they change and depend on your situation. Ask clinics for a full cost breakdown, including IVF, biopsy, testing, and any additional fees.

    Can I do PGT in Thailand as an international patient?

    Many clinics in Thailand accept international patients, but legal and regulatory requirements can change. You should confirm directly with the clinic and relevant authorities what documents or steps are needed. Do not rely on general information alone.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Travelling to Thailand for PGT IVF: A Practical Trip-Planning Guide

    Travelling to Thailand for PGT IVF means coordinating two calendars at once: your clinic’s laboratory schedule and your own travel plans. The embryo biopsy step that makes PGT possible happens at a specific point in the laboratory’s workflow, so your trip length usually depends on how your clinic sequences stimulation, retrieval, biopsy and any transfer. Because clinics differ, the safest approach is to treat every date, document and cost as something to confirm in writing with your treating team before you book flights. This guide covers the logistics you can prepare now, the questions worth asking early, and how to keep your follow-up organised after you fly home.

    At a glance

    • Ask your clinic for a written, personalised travel window rather than relying on a general timeline.
    • Confirm when embryo biopsy happens in your specific protocol, and whether results arrive while you are still in Thailand.
    • Build in buffer days for monitoring adjustments, laboratory scheduling and rest.
    • Choose accommodation based on proximity to the clinic and flexibility to extend your stay.
    • Plan how records, results and follow-up will move between Thailand and your home clinic.

    Start with remote coordination, not flights

    Most of the trip planning happens before you leave home. A remote consultation is usually the point where you can ask how the clinic handles international patients, what information it needs from you, and how it prefers to communicate. Because requirements vary, ask directly rather than assuming.

    Useful questions for a first remote contact:

    • Which documents do you need from me, in what format, and in what language?
    • How do you verify identity and consent for an international patient?
    • Which communication channel do you use for results and urgent questions, and who monitors it?
    • How do you share records with my clinic or doctor at home?
    • What happens if my cycle needs to be adjusted after I have already booked travel?

    Getting answers in writing helps you compare options and reduces the chance of surprises later. It also gives you a single reference point if different staff members give slightly different information.

    Understanding where biopsy fits into your trip

    PGT involves testing cells taken from an embryo, and the biopsy is a laboratory step rather than something you experience directly. What matters for travel is when that step occurs relative to your own appointments, and when results are expected.

    Ask your clinic to explain, for your situation:

    • At which stage of embryo development the biopsy is planned.
    • Whether biopsy happens fresh or after embryos are frozen and stored.
    • How long laboratory processing and reporting typically take in their workflow.
    • Whether results are likely to arrive before your planned departure, or after you return home.
    • How results will be communicated, and whether a follow-up consultation is included.

    These answers shape your trip more than any generic timeline. If results are expected after you leave, your stay can sometimes be shorter, but you will need a clear plan for a remote results consultation and for any decisions that follow. If your clinic expects results during your stay, you may need to hold extra days in reserve.

    How long might you need to stay?

    Stay duration depends on your protocol, your response to medication, laboratory scheduling and whether a transfer is planned during the same trip. Rather than quoting a fixed number of days, ask your clinic to give you a range with a minimum and a maximum, and to explain what would push you toward the longer end.

    Practical ways to protect yourself:

    • Request the travel window in writing, including any appointments that cannot be moved.
    • Ask which parts of the schedule are fixed and which can shift.
    • Keep your return flight changeable if you can, or book a fare that allows modification.
    • Check how much notice you would get if your dates changed.
    • Ask whether the clinic can work around fixed commitments such as work or family responsibilities.

    Buffer days are not wasted days. They absorb the small scheduling changes that are common in treatment cycles and reduce the stress of a tightly packed itinerary.

    Choosing where to stay

    Accommodation is one of the few parts of the trip you can control completely, so choose it with flexibility in mind.

    • Proximity: ask how long the journey to the clinic takes at the times you would actually travel, not just in ideal conditions.
    • Flexibility: confirm whether you can extend your stay at short notice and what notice the property requires.
    • Comfort: a quiet room, reliable air conditioning and easy access to food can matter more than luxury during a treatment cycle.
    • Practicalities: check laundry, cooking facilities and whether medication can be stored as your clinic advises.
    • Accessibility: if you have mobility needs, confirm them with the property directly.

    If you are travelling with a partner or companion, agree in advance on roles: who handles appointments, who manages logistics, and how you will both rest.

    Documents, privacy and communication

    International care involves sharing personal and medical information across borders. Ask your clinic how it handles consent, records and confidentiality, and how it communicates with patients who are not in the country.

    Points to clarify:

    • What identification and consent documents are required, and whether translations or notarisation are needed.
    • How your records are stored and who can access them.
    • Whether you can nominate a partner, family member or friend to receive information.
    • What the clinic’s process is if you need urgent advice outside appointment hours.
    • How you will receive documents you may need for your own records or for your clinic at home.

    Keep your own folder, digital or paper, with consent forms, contact details, medication information and results. It makes follow-up easier and helps you give an accurate history to any doctor you see later.

    Planning your return and follow-up

    Your trip does not end at the airport. Before you leave Thailand, confirm how the handover to your home clinic will work.

    • Ask for a written summary of your cycle and any results, in a format your home clinic can use.
    • Confirm who will send records, to whom, and by when.
    • Ask what follow-up the Thailand clinic provides remotely, and for how long.
    • Identify a doctor or clinic at home who is willing to continue monitoring or support.
    • Clarify what symptoms or questions should prompt you to seek local care.

    If you are planning a transfer in a later trip, ask how embryos would be stored and what would be required to arrange a future visit. Storage arrangements, consent and any associated conditions should be confirmed directly with the clinic.

    A simple planning checklist

    1. Book a remote consultation and ask for a written travel window.
    2. Confirm when biopsy happens in your protocol and when results are expected.
    3. Ask which documents, translations or consents are required.
    4. Choose flexible accommodation close to the clinic.
    5. Book changeable travel where possible and keep buffer days.
    6. Agree on a communication channel and an after-hours contact route.
    7. Arrange your follow-up plan and records transfer before you fly home.

    Where to read more

    For an overview of how international patient coordination works, see our international patients page. For a general explanation of the treatment journey, visit the treatment process section. Practical tools and background reading are collected in patient resources.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long do I need to stay in Thailand for a PGT IVF cycle?

    There is no single answer, because stay length depends on your protocol, how your cycle progresses, laboratory scheduling and whether a transfer is planned in the same trip. Ask your clinic for a personalised range with a minimum and maximum, and ask what would cause your stay to be extended. Build in buffer days and, where possible, book changeable travel.

    When does embryo biopsy happen during a PGT cycle?

    Biopsy is a laboratory step performed at a specific stage of embryo development, and the timing depends on the clinic's protocol and whether embryos are tested fresh or after freezing. Ask your clinic to explain when biopsy is planned in your situation and when results are likely to be reported, so you can plan your departure realistically.

    Can I do most of the preparation remotely before travelling?

    Many clinics offer remote consultations and accept records sent in advance, but requirements differ. Ask which documents are needed, how identity and consent are verified, and which communication channel is used for results. Getting these answers in writing before you book travel reduces the risk of last-minute problems.

    What should I arrange for follow-up after I return home?

    Before leaving Thailand, ask for a written summary of your cycle and results, confirm who will send records to your home clinic, and identify a local doctor willing to continue your care. Also ask what remote follow-up the Thailand clinic provides and how to reach them with urgent questions.

    How should I choose accommodation for a PGT IVF trip?

    Prioritise proximity to the clinic, flexibility to extend your stay at short notice, and comfort. Confirm travel times at the hours you would actually be travelling, check whether you can store medication as advised, and ask about quiet rooms and food options. If you have accessibility needs, confirm them directly with the property.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.