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  • PGT-A vs PGT-M for Aneuploidy Screening in Thailand: What’s the Difference?

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand, you may have come across terms like PGT-A and PGT-M. Both are types of preimplantation genetic testing, but they serve different purposes. This guide explains the difference, focusing on which test screens for aneuploidy, and how they may be used together.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A screens embryos for aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes).
    • PGT-M tests for specific genetic mutations that one or both parents carry.
    • They answer different questions and can be used together in some cases.
    • Neither test guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What Is Aneuploidy?

    Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with an extra or missing chromosome is considered aneuploid. Many aneuploid embryos do not implant or result in miscarriage, and some can lead to conditions such as Down syndrome.

    PGT-A is designed to detect aneuploidy in embryos created through IVF before transfer.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. It screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities, specifically looking for extra or missing chromosomes. This test can help identify embryos that are more likely to implant and develop normally, but it does not guarantee success.

    PGT-A is sometimes recommended for women of advanced maternal age, couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage, or those who have had multiple failed IVF cycles. However, it is not necessary for everyone.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M stands for preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders. It is used when one or both parents carry a specific genetic mutation that could cause a serious inherited condition, such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease. PGT-M tests embryos for that particular mutation, allowing the transfer of embryos that do not carry it.

    PGT-M is not a general screening test; it is targeted to a known genetic risk.

    Key Differences: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screens for aneuploidy (chromosomal number abnormalities) Tests for a specific genetic mutation
    Who may consider it People with concerns about embryo chromosome health Couples with a known inherited condition
    What it detects Extra or missing chromosomes Presence or absence of a specific mutation
    Can it be used together? Yes, with PGT-M Yes, with PGT-A

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M Be Used Together?

    Yes, in some situations, both tests may be performed on the same embryo. For example, if a couple carries a genetic mutation and also wants to screen for aneuploidy, they might use PGT-M to select embryos without the mutation and PGT-A to select embryos with a normal chromosome number. This combined approach can provide more information, but it is not always necessary or available.

    Discuss with your clinic whether combined testing is appropriate for your situation.

    What About PGT-SR?

    You may also hear about PGT-SR, which stands for preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements. This test is used when one parent has a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation, that could lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos. PGT-SR is different from PGT-A and PGT-M, but it also aims to identify embryos with a higher chance of implantation.

    How Are These Tests Performed?

    PGT is performed on embryos created through IVF. After fertilization, embryos are cultured for several days. A small number of cells are then biopsied from each embryo, usually on day 5 or day 6. These cells are sent to a laboratory for genetic analysis. The results help guide which embryos to consider for transfer.

    The biopsy process is delicate and requires specialized expertise. The testing itself is done in a genetics laboratory, which may be located within the clinic or at an external facility.

    What Do the Results Mean?

    PGT-A results typically categorize embryos as:

    • Euploid – normal number of chromosomes
    • Aneuploid – abnormal number of chromosomes
    • Mosaic – a mix of normal and abnormal cells

    PGT-M results indicate whether an embryo carries the specific mutation tested for. However, results are not always black and white. Mosaic embryos, for example, may have varying levels of abnormal cells, and their potential is still being studied.

    It is important to discuss your results with a genetic counselor or your doctor to understand what they mean for your specific situation.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it has limitations:

    • It does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • It cannot detect all genetic conditions or birth defects.
    • It involves an invasive biopsy, which carries a small risk to the embryo.
    • It is not necessary for everyone and may not be recommended for all patients.
    • Results can be inconclusive or show mosaicism, which can be difficult to interpret.

    Before deciding on PGT, consider your medical history, age, and personal preferences. A fertility specialist can help you weigh the potential benefits and risks.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, ask your clinic:

    • Which type of PGT do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    • Does your laboratory have experience with PGT-A and PGT-M?
    • How long will it take to get results?
    • What are the costs involved, and are they separate from IVF?
    • How do you handle mosaic or inconclusive results?
    • Is genetic counseling available?

    Next Steps

    If you are exploring PGT in Thailand, take these steps:

    1. Research clinics that offer PGT and understand their approach.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your medical history and testing options.
    3. Ask about the laboratory used for genetic analysis.
    4. Clarify costs and timelines.
    5. Consider speaking with a genetic counselor.

    For more information, see our PGT in Thailand guide, explore other guides, or check our FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A screen for aneuploidy?

    Yes, PGT-A is specifically designed to screen embryos for aneuploidy, which is an abnormal number of chromosomes. It can identify embryos with extra or missing chromosomes, which may affect implantation or development.

    Can PGT-M detect aneuploidy?

    No, PGT-M is not designed to detect aneuploidy. It tests for a specific genetic mutation that one or both parents carry. If you need both aneuploidy screening and mutation testing, you may consider using PGT-A and PGT-M together.

    Is PGT-A necessary for everyone doing IVF?

    No, PGT-A is not necessary for everyone. It may be recommended for certain situations, such as advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, or previous failed IVF cycles. Your doctor can help you decide if it is appropriate for you.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (chromosome number abnormalities), while PGT-SR is used when one parent has a structural rearrangement of chromosomes, such as a translocation. Both aim to identify embryos with a higher chance of implantation, but they address different types of chromosomal issues.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M for HLA Matching in Thailand: What Patients Need to Know

    Understanding PGT-A and PGT-M

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used to screen embryos created through IVF before transfer. Two common types are PGT-A and PGT-M. PGT-A (aneuploidy testing) checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes, which can affect implantation or lead to miscarriage. PGT-M (monogenic testing) looks for specific single-gene disorders, such as thalassemia, and can also be used to identify embryos with a particular tissue type, known as HLA matching.

    For patients who already have a child with a condition like thalassemia or a blood disorder, PGT-M can help select an embryo that is both free of the genetic condition and a tissue match for the existing child. This allows the birth of a healthy sibling whose umbilical cord blood or bone marrow could potentially be used for treatment.

    Why PGT-A Alone Is Not Enough for HLA Matching

    HLA (human leukocyte antigen) typing is a genetic test that determines tissue compatibility. PGT-A does not examine HLA genes; it only counts chromosomes. Therefore, PGT-A cannot tell you whether an embryo is a match for a sibling. To achieve HLA matching, PGT-M must be performed using a specific test designed to identify the HLA type of each embryo.

    In some cases, clinics may combine PGT-A and PGT-M in the same IVF cycle. This means embryos are screened for both chromosomal abnormalities and the specific genetic condition, as well as HLA type. However, PGT-A alone will not provide the information needed for HLA matching.

    How PGT-M for HLA Matching Works in Thailand

    In Thailand, PGT-M for HLA matching is offered at specialized fertility centers. The process typically involves several steps:

    1. Consultation and genetic counseling: You will meet with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor to discuss your family history, the genetic condition involved, and the feasibility of HLA matching.
    2. IVF cycle: You undergo ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, and the eggs are fertilized with sperm in the laboratory to create embryos.
    3. Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo, usually on day 5 or 6 of development.
    4. Genetic testing: The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for PGT-M, which includes testing for the specific genetic disorder and HLA typing.
    5. Embryo selection: Only embryos that are both unaffected by the genetic condition and HLA-matched to the existing child are considered for transfer.
    6. Frozen embryo transfer: A suitable embryo is thawed and transferred to your uterus.

    It is important to note that the entire process requires careful planning and coordination between the fertility clinic and the genetics laboratory. Not all clinics in Thailand may offer PGT-M for HLA matching, so you will need to confirm availability and specific protocols with the clinic you choose.

    Key Differences Between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screen for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) Detect specific single-gene disorders and HLA type
    What it tests Number of chromosomes Specific gene mutations and HLA markers
    Can it select for HLA match? No Yes, when designed for that purpose
    Typical use To improve implantation chances and reduce miscarriage risk To avoid passing on a genetic disease and to find a tissue match for a sibling
    Combination Often used alone or with PGT-M May be combined with PGT-A for additional screening

    Considerations for Patients Seeking HLA-Matched Embryos

    If you are considering PGT-M for HLA matching in Thailand, there are several factors to keep in mind:

    • Genetic counseling: You will need to understand the inheritance pattern of the condition and the probability of having an HLA-matched, unaffected embryo. This is not guaranteed, and the number of suitable embryos may be limited.
    • Legal and ethical aspects: HLA matching for the purpose of creating a “savior sibling” may be regulated in some countries. In Thailand, you should discuss the legal framework with your clinic and possibly seek independent legal advice.
    • Cost: PGT-M for HLA matching is more complex and expensive than standard PGT-A. Costs can vary significantly between clinics, so you should request a detailed breakdown.
    • Time: The entire process, from initial consultation to embryo transfer, may take several months. Be prepared for potential delays.
    • Success rates: The chance of achieving a pregnancy and a live birth depends on many factors, including your age, the number of embryos available, and the quality of the laboratory. No clinic can guarantee a successful outcome.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before proceeding, consider asking the following questions:

    • Does your clinic offer PGT-M for HLA matching?
    • What is the experience of your genetics laboratory with HLA typing?
    • How many embryos are typically needed to have a reasonable chance of finding an HLA match?
    • What is the cost of PGT-M for HLA matching, and what does it include?
    • Are there any legal restrictions in Thailand regarding HLA matching?
    • What is the timeline from start to embryo transfer?

    Next Steps

    If you are ready to explore PGT-M for HLA matching in Thailand, here is a simple checklist:

    1. Research fertility clinics that offer PGT-M and have experience with HLA matching.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your specific situation.
    3. Ask for a referral to a genetic counselor who can explain the testing process and implications.
    4. Request a detailed cost estimate and timeline.
    5. Clarify any legal or ethical questions with the clinic or a legal professional.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, you can visit our PGT in Thailand page. You may also find our guides helpful, and check our FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A be used for HLA matching?

    No, PGT-A only screens for chromosomal abnormalities and does not test HLA type. HLA matching requires PGT-M, which is specifically designed to identify tissue compatibility.

    Is PGT-M for HLA matching available in Thailand?

    Yes, some fertility clinics in Thailand offer PGT-M for HLA matching, but availability may vary. You should confirm with the clinic directly and ask about their experience with this specific testing.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M for HLA matching?

    Success rates depend on many factors, including the number of embryos produced, the genetic condition involved, and the laboratory's expertise. There is no guarantee of finding an HLA-matched embryo or achieving a pregnancy. Discuss your individual chances with your clinic.

    Is PGT-M for HLA matching legal in Thailand?

    Legal regulations may apply to HLA matching for medical purposes. It is essential to consult with your clinic and possibly seek legal advice to understand the current legal framework in Thailand.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M for Single Gene Disorders: What Patients in Thailand Should Know

    PGT-A vs PGT-M: What’s the Difference?

    If you carry a single gene disorder (also called a monogenic condition), you may be exploring preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) as part of your IVF journey. Two common types of PGT are PGT-A and PGT-M. While both involve testing embryos created through IVF, they answer different questions.

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It is often used to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy, especially for people of advanced maternal age or those with recurrent miscarriage.

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) looks for a specific genetic mutation that causes a particular single gene disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. If you or your partner carry a known mutation, PGT-M can identify embryos that do not inherit the disorder.

    For patients with a known single gene disorder, PGT-M is usually the necessary test. PGT-A alone cannot tell you whether an embryo carries your specific mutation. In some cases, both PGT-A and PGT-M may be performed together, but they serve distinct purposes.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A: Checks chromosome number (aneuploidy). Does not test for specific gene mutations.
    • PGT-M: Tests for a specific single gene mutation. Requires prior genetic testing of parents and often other family members.
    • PGT-SR: Tests for structural rearrangements of chromosomes (e.g., translocations). Sometimes relevant if you also have a chromosome issue.
    • Which one?: If you have a known single gene disorder, PGT-M is essential. PGT-A may be added for chromosome screening.

    Why PGT-M Is Necessary for Single Gene Disorders

    Single gene disorders are caused by mutations in a specific gene. PGT-M is designed to detect whether an embryo has inherited that mutation. Without PGT-M, you cannot know if an embryo is affected by the condition you carry.

    PGT-A, on the other hand, only counts chromosomes. An embryo can have a normal number of chromosomes but still carry a disease-causing mutation. Therefore, PGT-A is not a substitute for PGT-M when you have a known monogenic disorder.

    In some situations, your clinic may recommend doing both PGT-A and PGT-M. This is because embryos that are free of the mutation may still have chromosome abnormalities that could affect implantation or lead to miscarriage. Combining both tests can provide more complete information, but it also adds complexity and cost.

    How PGT-M Works

    PGT-M is a multi-step process that begins before you start an IVF cycle. Here is a general overview:

    1. Genetic counseling and testing: You and your partner will meet with a genetic counselor. The specific mutation must be identified through genetic testing of you, your partner, and sometimes other family members.
    2. IVF and embryo biopsy: After eggs are retrieved and fertilized, embryos are grown in the lab for several days. A few cells are then removed from each embryo (biopsy).
    3. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are analyzed for the specific mutation. This requires a customized test for your family’s mutation.
    4. Embryo selection: Embryos that do not carry the mutation are considered for transfer.

    Because PGT-M requires a personalized test, it is not a one-size-fits-all procedure. The laboratory needs time to develop and validate the test before your cycle begins.

    PGT-A: What It Can and Cannot Do

    PGT-A is often used to select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes. It can help reduce the risk of miscarriage due to aneuploidy and may improve the efficiency of IVF by avoiding transfer of embryos that are unlikely to implant.

    However, PGT-A does not test for single gene mutations. If you have a known monogenic disorder, PGT-A results will not tell you whether an embryo is affected by that condition. Therefore, PGT-A is not a replacement for PGT-M.

    Some patients may choose to have both PGT-A and PGT-M. This can be beneficial because it provides two layers of information: the specific mutation status and the chromosome status. But it also means more testing, which can increase the time and cost of the IVF cycle.

    PGT-SR: When Chromosome Structure Matters

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is used when one or both parents have a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation. This can cause embryos to have missing or extra chromosome segments, leading to miscarriage or birth defects.

    If you have a single gene disorder, PGT-SR is not typically needed unless you also have a known chromosomal rearrangement. Your genetic counselor can help determine if PGT-SR is relevant for your situation.

    Choosing Between PGT-A and PGT-M in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, you will likely work with an IVF clinic that offers genetic testing services. The choice between PGT-A and PGT-M depends on your medical history and genetic status.

    For patients with a known single gene disorder, PGT-M is the primary test. PGT-A may be added if you also want chromosome screening. Some clinics may offer a combined approach, but this is not always necessary.

    When researching clinics in Thailand, ask about their experience with PGT-M for your specific condition. Not all laboratories may have the capability to develop a customized test for every mutation. It is important to confirm that the clinic can handle your case.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • Do you offer PGT-M for my specific single gene disorder?
    • How long does it take to develop a personalized PGT-M test?
    • Can you perform PGT-A and PGT-M together on the same embryo biopsy?
    • What is the success rate for embryos that are free of the mutation?
    • What are the limitations of PGT-M? Are there any embryos that may have unclear results?
    • What is the cost of PGT-M, and does it include genetic counseling and test development?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Confirm your genetic diagnosis and the specific mutation with a genetic counselor.
    2. Research IVF clinics in Thailand that offer PGT-M for your condition.
    3. Ask about the laboratory’s experience with your type of mutation.
    4. Discuss whether PGT-A is also recommended in your case.
    5. Understand the timeline, including the time needed for test development.
    6. Clarify all costs and what they include.

    PGT is a personal decision. It is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child, but it can provide valuable information to help you make informed choices. Always consult with your medical team to determine the best approach for your situation.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect single gene disorders?

    No. PGT-A only checks for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It does not test for specific gene mutations. If you have a known single gene disorder, you need PGT-M to determine whether an embryo carries the mutation.

    Is PGT-M necessary if I have a single gene disorder?

    Yes, if you want to identify embryos that do not carry the specific mutation causing your disorder. PGT-M is the only type of PGT that tests for a particular monogenic condition. PGT-A cannot provide that information.

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, in many cases both tests can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. This provides information about both the specific mutation and chromosome number. However, not all clinics may offer combined testing, so it is important to ask.

    How long does PGT-M take in Thailand?

    The timeline can vary. PGT-M requires a personalized test to be developed for your family's mutation, which can take several weeks or months. Your clinic can give you a more specific estimate based on your case.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Lab Accreditation in Thailand: What to Look For and Where to Start

    When you are researching preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, one of the first questions is often: “Is the lab accredited?” Accreditation matters because it signals that a laboratory follows recognized quality standards, participates in external quality assessments, and is regularly audited. However, there is no single global “PGT-A accreditation.” Instead, you will see a mix of hospital accreditations, laboratory standards, and proficiency testing schemes. This guide explains what those credentials mean, which Bangkok fertility centers currently publish relevant information, and how to compare them fairly.

    At a Glance: What to Look For in a PGT-A Lab

    • Hospital or clinic accreditation: JCI, RTAC, ISO 9001 – these assess overall quality and safety of the facility.
    • Laboratory-specific standards: ISO 15189 (medical laboratories) and ISO 15190 (laboratory safety) are more specific to lab operations.
    • Proficiency testing: CAP (College of American Pathologists) and UK NEQAS (United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Service) check lab accuracy through external samples.
    • Genetics lab scope: Confirm that the lab actually performs PGT-A (not just IVF) and uses validated methods like next-generation sequencing (NGS).
    • In-house vs. referral: Some centers have their own genetics lab; others send biopsies to an external lab. Ask which applies to you.

    Understanding PGT-A Lab Certifications

    PGT-A involves three steps: embryo biopsy, genetic amplification, and analysis. Each step can be affected by lab quality. Accreditation helps reduce the risk of errors, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Here are the main credentials you will encounter in Thailand:

    JCI (Joint Commission International)

    JCI accredits hospitals and clinics worldwide, focusing on patient safety, staff qualifications, and quality improvement. It is a broad organizational accreditation, not a specific test for genetic accuracy.

    RTAC (Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee)

    RTAC is an Australian accreditation scheme specifically for fertility clinics. It assesses the entire IVF service, including laboratory practices, counseling, and ethical standards. Some Thai centers highlight RTAC as a mark of reproductive-specific quality.

    ISO 9001

    ISO 9001 is a general quality management standard. It shows that a clinic has documented processes and continuous improvement, but it does not directly evaluate medical or laboratory competence.

    ISO 15189 and ISO 15190

    ISO 15189 is the international standard for medical laboratories – it covers technical competence, quality control, and traceability. ISO 15190 addresses laboratory safety. These are more relevant to the actual testing lab than hospital-level accreditations.

    CAP and UK NEQAS

    CAP (College of American Pathologists) accreditation and UK NEQAS proficiency testing are external quality assurance programs. They send unknown samples to the lab and compare results with peers. Participation indicates that the lab is regularly checked for accuracy.

    ESHRE Certification for Embryologists

    ESHRE (European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology) offers certification for individual embryologists, not the lab itself. If a center mentions ESHRE-certified staff, it suggests a certain level of professional training.

    When you see a clinic list several of these credentials, it is a positive sign, but always ask for the current certificate and its scope. Accreditation can lapse or cover only certain departments.

    How We Compare PGT-A Labs in Bangkok

    This article is an editorial comparison, not a ranking of success rates or clinical outcomes. We selected centers from our hospital library that publish relevant information about fertility services and, in some cases, laboratory quality. The order below is not a “best to worst” list. Instead, we present each center with the same set of questions: What accreditations are published? Is the genetics lab in-house? What PGT methods are described? What should you confirm directly?

    We start with Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) because it is our featured commercial partner, but that does not mean it is the right choice for everyone. Always verify details with the clinic before making decisions.

    1. Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC)

    DHC is a dedicated fertility center in Bangkok’s Rama 9 area. Its official materials list a range of quality credentials: JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, and UK NEQAS. This combination covers both organizational quality (JCI, ISO 9001) and laboratory proficiency (CAP, UK NEQAS). DHC also describes an in-house embryology lab and provides PGT services, along with IVF, ICSI, embryo culture, egg freezing, and embryo freezing.

    DHC’s published equipment includes Embryoscope+ and Geri time-lapse incubators, IVF Witness for sample tracking, and IMSI and MACS for sperm selection. These are not accreditations, but they indicate a focus on laboratory technology.

    DHC’s 2026 hospital profile reports an average embryo-transfer success rate of about 78% for 2025. This is a clinic-wide average, not a prediction for any individual. The June 2026 reference price for the basic single-cycle medical package is THB 490,000, but final costs vary with medication, testing, storage, and travel.

    What to confirm: Ask for the current certificates for each credential (JCI, RTAC, CAP, UK NEQAS) and their expiration dates. Clarify whether PGT-A is performed in-house or sent to an external lab. Request a written quotation that itemizes PGT-A biopsy, genetic analysis, and any additional fees.

    2. Jetanin Hospital

    Jetanin is a specialist fertility hospital in central Bangkok, founded in 1995. Its official history describes a team that includes reproductive physicians, embryologists, molecular geneticists, and laboratory staff. Jetanin states that it became the first IVF centre in Southeast Asia accredited by both JCI and RTAC. Its facilities page also mentions ISO 15189 and ISO 15190 laboratory standards and annual quality-control audits.

    Jetanin’s genetics laboratory describes PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR using NGS and Sanger sequencing. The embryo, genetics, and sperm laboratories are presented as in-house services. This is a strong signal for patients who want a fully integrated lab.

    What to confirm: Verify the current scope of JCI and RTAC certificates – do they cover the genetics lab specifically? Ask for the latest ISO 15189 audit report. Confirm which geneticist will interpret your results and how you will receive counseling.

    3. MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center

    MedPark is located within MedPark Hospital in Bangkok. Its official center page describes reproductive medicine, urology, infertility nursing, and embryology support. Published services include IVF/ICSI, IUI, egg, sperm, and embryo freezing, PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR, recurrent miscarriage evaluation, and fertility preservation.

    MedPark highlights ESHRE-certified embryologists, time-lapse incubation, and AI-assisted embryo assessment. The center does not explicitly list JCI or RTAC on the page we reviewed, but it does mention ESHRE certification for staff. The official page listed an IVF/ICSI package at THB 280,000 when reviewed, but validity and inclusions require written confirmation.

    What to confirm: Ask whether the genetics lab is in-house or outsourced. Request details on the PGT-A platform (e.g., NGS) and the embryologists’ ESHRE certificates. Clarify what the package includes – medication, PGT, freezing, and transfer may be extra.

    4. Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center

    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center is part of Bangkok Hospital Headquarter. Its official center page describes reproductive endocrinologists, embryologists, an in-house embryology laboratory, and male-factor testing. Published services include IVF, ICSI, PGT-A, egg and embryo freezing, and semen analysis.

    The center does not list specific accreditations on the page we reviewed, but it is part of a large hospital network that may hold JCI or other certifications. The official fly-in packages reviewed in July 2026 list THB 335,000 from stimulation through embryo transfer and THB 456,000 with PGT and freezing for two embryos, valid to 31 December 2026.

    What to confirm: Ask for the hospital’s current accreditations and whether they cover the fertility center’s lab. Confirm if PGT-A is performed in-house or referred. Request a detailed quotation that matches the package inclusions.

    5. Bumrungrad International Hospital

    Bumrungrad is a large multidisciplinary hospital in central Bangkok. Its provider listing describes IVF, ICSI, and reproductive medicine services. The listing names Dr. Phattaraphum Phophong, with training in reproductive medicine and prenatal genetics. Bumrungrad’s integrated setting may be useful if you need other medical specialties, but the fertility team and laboratory details are not fully described in the public profile.

    What to confirm: Ask for the current fertility center accreditations, the embryology lab’s quality certifications, and whether PGT-A is available on-site. Request the names and credentials of the geneticists who would handle your case.

    6. Superior A.R.T. Thailand

    Superior A.R.T. is a specialist assisted-reproduction and genetics center in Bangkok, established in 2007. Its official website emphasizes IVF, ICSI, and PGT pathways. The center does not publish specific accreditations in the profile we reviewed, but it is dedicated to reproductive genetics.

    What to confirm: Ask for the laboratory’s quality certifications (e.g., ISO 15189, CAP, UK NEQAS). Confirm the PGT-A method and whether the lab is in-house. Request a written package boundary that lists what is included and what is not.

    7. Prime Fertility Clinic

    Prime Fertility Clinic is located at Pearl Bangkok. Its provider listing describes IVF, ICSI, embryo freezing, assisted hatching, and international-patient care. The listing names Dr. Poonkiat Punyamitr and reports 19 years of experience. Prime describes JCI Ambulatory Care accreditation, which is a specific JCI program for outpatient clinics.

    What to confirm: Ask whether the JCI accreditation covers the laboratory and PGT services. Confirm if PGT-A is performed on-site or sent to an external lab. Request a written quotation that includes all genetic testing fees.

    Comparison Table: PGT-A Lab Features at a Glance

    Center Published Accreditations PGT-A Services Lab Type Price Information
    DHC JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, UK NEQAS PGT (including PGT-A) In-house embryology lab THB 490,000 basic cycle (June 2026)
    Jetanin JCI, RTAC, ISO 15189, ISO 15190 PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR In-house genetics lab Not listed
    MedPark ESHRE-certified embryologists PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR Not specified IVF/ICSI package THB 280,000 (reviewed)
    Bangkok Hospital Not listed PGT-A In-house embryology lab Packages from THB 335,000
    Bumrungrad Not listed IVF, ICSI (PGT not specified) Not specified Not listed
    Superior A.R.T. Not listed PGT pathways Not specified Not listed
    Prime JCI Ambulatory Care IVF, ICSI (PGT not specified) Not specified Not listed

    Note: “Not listed” means the information is not in the current hospital library profile. Always ask the clinic for current certificates and written quotations.

    Questions to Ask Any PGT-A Lab in Thailand

    • Which accreditations do you hold, and can you share the current certificates with expiration dates?
    • Is the PGT-A genetic analysis performed in your own laboratory or sent to an external facility?
    • What genetic testing platform do you use (e.g., NGS, array CGH)?
    • How many embryos have you biopsied and analyzed in the last year?
    • What is your policy on embryo re-biopsy or inconclusive results?
    • Who interprets the genetic results, and will I receive genetic counseling?
    • What is the total cost for PGT-A, including biopsy, analysis, and any additional storage or shipping fees?

    Next Steps: Your PGT-A Lab Checklist

    1. Shortlist 2–3 centers that match your medical and travel needs.
    2. Request written confirmation of accreditations and laboratory scope.
    3. Ask for a detailed quotation that separates IVF, PGT-A, medication, and storage costs.
    4. Clarify whether the center has experience with your specific situation (e.g., advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage).
    5. Arrange a consultation to discuss your results and the lab’s quality controls.

    Choosing a PGT-A lab is a personal decision. Accreditation is one piece of the puzzle, but you also need to feel confident in the medical team, the communication, and the overall care plan. Use this guide as a starting point, and always verify the latest information directly with the clinic.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the most important accreditation for a PGT-A lab in Thailand?

    There is no single 'most important' accreditation. Look for a combination: hospital-level accreditations like JCI or RTAC, laboratory-specific standards like ISO 15189, and proficiency testing such as CAP or UK NEQAS. Each covers different aspects of quality.

    Does JCI accreditation guarantee accurate PGT-A results?

    No. JCI accreditation assesses overall hospital quality and safety, not the specific accuracy of genetic tests. It is a good baseline, but you should also ask about laboratory-specific standards and external quality assessments.

    Should I choose a clinic with an in-house genetics lab?

    An in-house lab can mean shorter transport times and more integrated care, but external labs can also be highly accredited. The key is to ask where your samples will be analyzed and what quality controls that lab follows.

    Are PGT-A success rates published by Thai clinics reliable?

    Published success rates are averages and may not reflect your individual chances. Always ask how the rate was calculated, what patient population it includes, and whether it is verified by an independent body.

    How much does PGT-A cost in Thailand?

    Costs vary widely. Some clinics list package prices, but PGT-A is often an add-on. For example, DHC lists a basic cycle at THB 490,000, and Bangkok Hospital lists packages from THB 335,000. Always request a written quotation that itemizes PGT-A fees.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A for Recurrent Miscarriage in Thailand: What to Consider

    Recurrent miscarriage—often defined as two or more pregnancy losses—can be emotionally and physically exhausting. When you are exploring next steps, you may hear about preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). PGT-A screens embryos created through IVF for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, which are a common cause of early pregnancy loss. But is PGT-A right for everyone with recurrent miscarriage? Not necessarily. This guide explains what PGT-A can and cannot do, how it fits into a broader evaluation, and what to consider if you are looking at clinics in Thailand.

    At a glance: PGT-A and recurrent miscarriage

    • What PGT-A does: It screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) before transfer.
    • Who may consider it: People with recurrent miscarriage, especially when other causes have been ruled out or when maternal age is advanced.
    • What it does not do: It does not guarantee a pregnancy or a live birth, and it does not test for all genetic conditions.
    • What to do first: A thorough medical evaluation for recurrent miscarriage is essential before deciding on PGT-A.

    Understanding recurrent miscarriage

    Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is typically defined as two or more consecutive miscarriages. It affects a small percentage of couples trying to conceive. Causes can include chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo, uterine structural issues, hormonal or immune factors, blood clotting disorders, and lifestyle influences. In many cases, no clear cause is found.

    Because chromosomal abnormalities in embryos are a leading cause of early miscarriage, PGT-A has been proposed as a way to select embryos with the expected number of chromosomes, potentially reducing the risk of another loss. However, PGT-A is not a first-line test for everyone. Your doctor will usually recommend a full evaluation first, which may include blood tests, imaging of the uterus, and genetic testing of the parents.

    What is PGT-A and how does it work?

    PGT-A is a technique used during in vitro fertilization (IVF). After eggs are fertilized to create embryos, a small number of cells are removed from each embryo (usually at the blastocyst stage, around day 5 or 6 of development). These cells are then analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities. Embryos with the expected number of chromosomes (euploid) are considered suitable for transfer, while those with missing or extra chromosomes (aneuploid) are typically not transferred.

    It is important to understand that PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It looks for common chromosomal abnormalities but cannot detect all genetic problems. Also, the biopsy and testing process is not perfect; there is a small risk of error, and some embryos may be mosaic (containing both normal and abnormal cells).

    Can PGT-A help with recurrent miscarriage?

    The answer depends on the cause of your miscarriages. If the losses are due to chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo, PGT-A may help by identifying embryos that are less likely to miscarry. However, if the cause is uterine, hormonal, or immune-related, PGT-A will not address that issue.

    Research on PGT-A for recurrent miscarriage has shown mixed results. Some studies suggest that PGT-A may reduce the miscarriage rate in certain groups, especially women over 35, but it does not necessarily improve the overall chance of a live birth per IVF cycle. Other studies have not found a clear benefit for all women with recurrent pregnancy loss. This is why PGT-A is not universally recommended for RPL; it is a decision to make with your doctor based on your specific history and test results.

    What Thai clinics offer for PGT-A

    Thailand has many fertility clinics that offer IVF and preimplantation genetic testing, including PGT-A. If you are considering treatment in Thailand, you will find that clinics typically provide a range of services, such as:

    • Initial consultations and fertility assessments
    • IVF with PGT-A (often as part of a package)
    • Genetic counseling before and after testing
    • Embryo biopsy and genetic analysis (often done in collaboration with an accredited laboratory)

    However, the availability and specifics of PGT-A can vary between clinics. Some clinics may offer PGT-A as a standard option, while others may recommend it only in certain situations. It is essential to ask about the clinic’s experience with PGT-A for recurrent miscarriage, the laboratory they use, and their success rates—though keep in mind that success rates are not always directly comparable.

    Questions to ask a Thai clinic about PGT-A

    Before you decide on a clinic, consider asking these questions:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A for patients who have had recurrent miscarriages?
    • Which genetic laboratory do you use, and are they accredited?
    • What is the biopsy technique, and how many cells are removed?
    • How do you handle mosaic embryos or inconclusive results?
    • What is the cost of PGT-A in addition to the IVF cycle?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling to help interpret results?
    • What are the next steps if no euploid embryos are available?

    Alternatives and complementary tests

    PGT-A is not the only option. Depending on your situation, your doctor may suggest:

    • Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) – if you or your partner carry a specific genetic condition.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements (PGT-SR) – if you or your partner have a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation.
    • Karyotyping of both partners – to check for balanced translocations that may not affect health but can cause miscarriages.
    • Uterine evaluation – such as hysteroscopy or saline infusion sonography to check for structural issues.
    • Immune testing and treatment – if an immune cause is suspected.

    Your doctor will help you decide which tests are appropriate based on your history.

    Limitations and risks of PGT-A

    It is crucial to have realistic expectations. PGT-A has limitations:

    • It does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or live birth.
    • It cannot detect all genetic abnormalities, such as those caused by small deletions or duplications.
    • There is a small risk that the biopsy could damage the embryo, though this is rare.
    • Testing may result in no embryos suitable for transfer, which can be emotionally difficult.
    • PGT-A adds significant cost to an IVF cycle.

    Also, PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. For younger women without a history of miscarriage, PGT-A may not improve live birth rates and could lead to unnecessary discard of embryos that might have self-corrected.

    Next steps: making a decision

    If you are considering PGT-A for recurrent miscarriage in Thailand, here is a step-by-step approach:

    1. Complete a full RPL evaluation – work with a reproductive specialist to rule out other causes.
    2. Discuss your specific history – share your age, number of losses, and any previous test results.
    3. Ask about PGT-A’s potential benefit for you – your doctor can explain the evidence in your context.
    4. Research clinics in Thailand – look for clinics with experience in PGT-A and genetic counseling.
    5. Clarify costs and logistics – ask about the full cost of IVF with PGT-A, including medications, biopsy, and analysis.
    6. Consider genetic counseling – before and after testing to understand your results and options.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool, not a promise. It can provide valuable information to help you and your doctor make decisions, but it is not a guarantee of a healthy baby. Take your time, ask questions, and choose a clinic that supports you with clear communication and realistic guidance.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A recommended for all women with recurrent miscarriage?

    No. PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. It may be considered when chromosomal abnormalities are suspected as a cause, especially in women over 35 or after a full evaluation has ruled out other factors. Your doctor will assess your individual history.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a live birth?

    No. PGT-A can reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities, but it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a live birth. Other factors, such as uterine health and embryo implantation, also play a role.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for abnormal numbers of chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for specific genetic disorders that the parents are known to carry. They are used for different purposes and can be done together in some cases.

    How much does PGT-A cost in Thailand?

    The cost of PGT-A in Thailand varies by clinic and may be included in an IVF package or added separately. It is important to ask for a detailed breakdown of costs, including the biopsy, genetic analysis, and any additional fees.

    What happens if no normal embryos are available after PGT-A?

    If no euploid embryos are available, your doctor will discuss options such as repeating an IVF cycle, using donor eggs, or considering other treatments. This is an emotionally challenging outcome, and genetic counseling can help you understand your choices.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: What’s the Difference?

    PGT-A vs PGT-M: Understanding the Basics

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand, you may come across two common genetic tests: PGT-A and PGT-M. Both are performed on embryos before transfer, but they answer different questions. PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) checks for the correct number of chromosomes, while PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders) looks for specific inherited genetic conditions. This guide explains the difference to help you discuss options with your fertility team.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A: Screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-M: Tests for a specific genetic disorder that runs in the family.
    • Purpose: PGT-A aims to improve IVF success by selecting chromosomally normal embryos; PGT-M aims to avoid passing on a known genetic condition.
    • Who it’s for: PGT-A is often considered for women of advanced maternal age or those with recurrent miscarriage; PGT-M is for couples with a known monogenic disorder.
    • Method: Both require a biopsy of a few cells from the embryo, usually on day 5 or 6.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, previously known as preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. An extra or missing chromosome is called aneuploidy. Many aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A can identify which embryos have the correct number of chromosomes, potentially helping your doctor choose the embryo most likely to lead to a successful pregnancy.

    PGT-A is often recommended for:

    • Women over 35, as the risk of aneuploidy increases with age.
    • Couples who have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss.
    • Couples with previous failed IVF cycles.
    • Couples who want to reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities.

    It is important to note that PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby. It only screens for chromosomal number abnormalities, not all genetic conditions.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is used when one or both partners carry a specific genetic mutation that could cause a monogenic disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. The test identifies embryos that have inherited the mutation, allowing the transfer of embryos free from that particular condition.

    PGT-M is typically recommended for:

    • Couples with a known genetic disorder in their family.
    • Couples who are carriers of an autosomal recessive or X-linked condition.
    • Couples who have had a child with a genetic disorder and wish to avoid passing it on.

    PGT-M requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation. The test is highly specific and does not screen for other chromosomal abnormalities unless combined with PGT-A.

    Key Differences Between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Checks for chromosomal number abnormalities Checks for a specific genetic mutation
    Who it’s for General IVF patients, especially those with age-related risks Couples with a known genetic disorder
    Method Biopsy of embryo cells, then analysis of chromosomes Biopsy of embryo cells, then analysis for specific mutation
    Result Identifies embryos with normal chromosome number Identifies embryos without the specific mutation
    Limitations Does not detect all genetic disorders Does not detect chromosomal abnormalities unless combined with PGT-A

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M Be Combined?

    Yes, in some cases, PGT-A and PGT-M can be performed together on the same embryo biopsy. This is sometimes called PGT-A+PGT-M or comprehensive PGT. Combining them allows you to screen for both chromosomal abnormalities and a specific genetic mutation. However, this may increase the cost and complexity of the testing. Your fertility clinic can advise whether combined testing is appropriate for your situation.

    How Are PGT-A and PGT-M Performed?

    Both tests follow a similar process:

    1. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval: Eggs are collected and fertilized with sperm in the lab.
    2. Embryo culture: Embryos are grown to the blastocyst stage, usually by day 5 or 6.
    3. Biopsy: A few cells are removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm).
    4. Genetic analysis: The cells are sent to a genetics lab for analysis.
    5. Embryo transfer: A healthy embryo is selected for transfer, usually in a subsequent cycle.

    The biopsy is performed by an embryologist, and the analysis is done in a specialized laboratory. The time required for results may vary, so ask your clinic about the expected timeline.

    When Is Each Test Recommended?

    Your doctor may recommend PGT-A if you have no known genetic disorder but want to reduce the risk of chromosomal abnormalities. PGT-M is recommended when there is a specific genetic condition in your family. In some cases, both tests may be suggested, especially if you are of advanced maternal age and also carry a genetic mutation.

    It is essential to have genetic counseling before undergoing PGT-M to understand the implications of the results and the limitations of the test.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    When considering PGT-A or PGT-M in Thailand, ask your fertility clinic:

    • Which genetic tests do you offer, and what is the difference in your lab?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage?
    • How long does it take to get results?
    • What are the risks of embryo biopsy?
    • What is the cost of PGT-A and PGT-M, and are they covered by any packages?
    • Do you have genetic counseling available?

    Next Steps

    If you are deciding between PGT-A and PGT-M, start by discussing your medical history and family history with a fertility specialist. They can help you determine which test, if any, is appropriate. You may also want to consult a genetic counselor to understand the implications of testing.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, or visit our guides section. If you have specific questions, check our FAQ page.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the main difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for a specific inherited genetic mutation. PGT-A is often used to improve IVF success rates, whereas PGT-M is used to avoid passing on a known genetic disorder.

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, in some cases, both tests can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. This allows screening for both chromosomal abnormalities and a specific genetic mutation. However, not all clinics may offer combined testing, and it may increase the cost.

    Who should consider PGT-A?

    PGT-A is often considered for women of advanced maternal age, couples with recurrent pregnancy loss, or those with previous failed IVF cycles. It may also be used to reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities.

    Who should consider PGT-M?

    PGT-M is recommended for couples who are carriers of a specific genetic disorder, have a family history of a monogenic condition, or have had a child with such a condition. Genetic counseling is essential before undergoing PGT-M.

    Are PGT-A and PGT-M available in Thailand?

    Yes, many fertility clinics in Thailand offer PGT-A and PGT-M. However, the availability and specific protocols may vary. It is important to confirm with your chosen clinic about their genetic testing services and any associated requirements.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Accuracy in Thailand: What Patients Should Know

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a screening method used during IVF to check embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. Many patients in Thailand consider PGT-A to increase the chance of a successful pregnancy, especially after repeated implantation failure or at an older maternal age. However, PGT-A is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, and its accuracy depends on several factors. This guide explains what PGT-A can and cannot tell you, how results are interpreted, and what to consider when choosing PGT-A in Thailand.

    What Is PGT-A and How Does It Work?

    PGT-A is a test performed on embryos created through IVF. A few cells are removed from the embryo (usually from the trophectoderm, which becomes the placenta) and analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities. The goal is to identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid) versus those with missing or extra chromosomes (aneuploid). Transferring a euploid embryo may reduce the risk of miscarriage and increase the chance of implantation, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy child.

    How Accurate Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A is highly accurate in detecting chromosomal abnormalities in the sampled cells, but it is not 100% perfect. The accuracy can be affected by:

    • Mosaicism: Embryos may have a mix of normal and abnormal cells. A biopsy may not capture the true chromosomal status of the entire embryo.
    • Technical limitations: The testing method (e.g., next-generation sequencing) has a small error rate.
    • Embryo self-correction: Some embryos with abnormal cells may self-correct during development, leading to a false positive result (embryo labeled abnormal but could have developed normally).

    In Thailand, as elsewhere, the accuracy of PGT-A depends on the laboratory’s quality, the biopsy technique, and the genetic testing platform used. However, no specific accuracy rates can be provided without official data from Thai clinics.

    What Do PGT-A Results Mean?

    PGT-A results are typically reported as:

    • Euploid: Normal chromosome number – suitable for transfer.
    • Aneuploid: Abnormal chromosome number – generally not recommended for transfer.
    • Mosaic: Mixed cell population – may be considered for transfer in some cases, but with caution.
    • No result: The test failed to produce a result – may require re-biopsy or additional testing.

    It is important to understand that PGT-A does not test for all genetic disorders. It only screens for chromosomal abnormalities, not single-gene disorders (which require PGT-M) or structural rearrangements (which require PGT-SR).

    Factors That Can Affect PGT-A Accuracy in Thai Labs

    Several factors can influence the reliability of PGT-A results in Thailand:

    • Embryo biopsy timing: Biopsy is usually done on day 5 or 6 (blastocyst stage). Biopsy too early or too late may affect accuracy.
    • Number of cells biopsied: A sufficient number of cells is needed for reliable analysis.
    • Laboratory quality: The experience of the embryology team and the laboratory’s accreditation play a role.
    • Genetic testing platform: Different platforms have varying levels of sensitivity and specificity.
    • Embryo quality: Poor-quality embryos may have higher rates of mosaicism, affecting interpretation.

    When considering PGT-A in Thailand, ask the clinic about their laboratory protocols, quality control measures, and how they handle inconclusive or mosaic results.

    PGT-A vs. Other Genetic Tests

    PGT-A is often confused with other types of preimplantation genetic testing:

    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders): Tests for specific single-gene diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements): Tests for chromosomal structural abnormalities, such as translocations.

    These tests are different from PGT-A and are used for different medical indications. Some patients may need more than one type of testing.

    Who Might Consider PGT-A?

    PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. It may be considered in cases such as:

    • Advanced maternal age (usually over 35)
    • Previous miscarriage or implantation failure
    • Severe male factor infertility
    • Previous aneuploidy pregnancy

    However, the decision to use PGT-A should be made in consultation with a fertility specialist, considering individual circumstances and risks.

    Limitations and Risks of PGT-A

    PGT-A has limitations that patients should understand:

    • Not a guarantee: A euploid embryo may still fail to implant or result in miscarriage.
    • Biopsy risk: The biopsy procedure carries a small risk of damaging the embryo.
    • False positives/negatives: As mentioned, mosaicism and technical errors can lead to incorrect results.
    • Cost: PGT-A adds to the cost of IVF, and not all patients will benefit.

    It is essential to have realistic expectations and discuss the potential benefits and risks with your doctor.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic in Thailand

    Before undergoing PGT-A in Thailand, consider asking:

    • What genetic testing platform do you use, and what is its accuracy rate?
    • How many cells are biopsied, and what is your success rate for obtaining a result?
    • How do you handle mosaic embryos?
    • What is your laboratory’s accreditation and quality control process?
    • How will PGT-A results be interpreted in my specific case?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, take these steps:

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to determine if PGT-A is appropriate for you.
    2. Research clinics and their laboratory standards.
    3. Ask detailed questions about the testing process and result interpretation.
    4. Consider the financial implications and whether PGT-A is covered by any packages.

    For more information on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You may also find our general guides and FAQ helpful.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A 100% accurate?

    No, PGT-A is not 100% accurate. It can have false positives and false negatives due to mosaicism, technical limitations, and embryo self-correction. However, it is a reliable screening tool when performed in a quality laboratory.

    What is a false positive in PGT-A?

    A false positive occurs when PGT-A labels an embryo as abnormal (aneuploid) when it actually has the potential to develop into a healthy baby. This can happen due to mosaicism or technical errors.

    How accurate is PGT-A in Thailand?

    The accuracy of PGT-A in Thailand depends on the clinic's laboratory standards, biopsy technique, and testing platform. There is no single accuracy rate for the entire country. It is best to ask your specific clinic about their quality control and success rates.

    Can PGT-A results be wrong?

    Yes, PGT-A results can be wrong, though rarely. Mosaicism and technical errors can lead to incorrect results. This is why it is important to discuss the limitations with your doctor.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT-A does not guarantee a healthy baby. It only screens for chromosomal abnormalities and does not detect all genetic disorders or birth defects. A euploid embryo may still fail to implant or miscarry.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • IVF and Genetic Carrier Screening in Thailand: What to Know

    What Is Genetic Carrier Screening?

    Genetic carrier screening is a blood or saliva test that looks for changes (variants) in genes that can cause certain inherited conditions. If you carry a variant for a condition, you usually do not have the condition yourself, but you may pass the variant to your children. When both partners carry a variant in the same gene, there is a chance their child could inherit the condition.

    Carrier screening can be done before pregnancy or as part of your IVF planning. It is not a routine test for everyone, and it does not screen for all possible genetic conditions. The decision to have carrier screening is personal and should be made with the help of a genetic counselor or healthcare provider.

    At a Glance: Key Points

    • Carrier screening identifies genetic variants that may not affect you but could affect your children.
    • It is most informative when both partners are tested.
    • Results can help you understand reproductive options, including IVF with preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M).
    • Carrier screening is not a guarantee of a healthy baby and does not replace other prenatal tests.
    • In Thailand, carrier screening is available in many fertility centers, but availability and panels vary.

    How Carrier Screening Relates to IVF and PGT-M

    If you are planning IVF, carrier screening results may influence your treatment plan. For example, if both partners are carriers for the same autosomal recessive condition, you may consider IVF with PGT-M. PGT-M is a technique used to test embryos for a specific genetic condition before transfer. It is not a routine add-on for all IVF patients; it is used when there is a known risk of passing on a particular genetic disorder.

    Carrier screening is not the same as PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy), which screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities. PGT-M is targeted to a specific gene, while PGT-A looks at chromosome number. Some patients may have both types of testing, but the decision depends on your medical history and reproductive goals.

    What Does Carrier Screening Test For?

    Carrier screening panels vary. Some test for a few common conditions, while expanded panels may screen for hundreds of conditions. In Thailand, the specific panel offered will depend on the laboratory and clinic. Common conditions screened include cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, thalassemia, and others, but the exact list varies.

    It is important to ask your clinic which conditions are included in the panel and whether it is tailored to your ethnic background. Some genetic conditions are more common in certain populations, and a genetic counselor can help you understand which panel may be most relevant for you.

    What Do Results Mean?

    Carrier screening results can be positive, negative, or inconclusive. A positive result means you carry a variant for a condition, but it does not mean you have the condition. A negative result reduces the likelihood that you are a carrier for the conditions tested, but it does not eliminate all risk. Inconclusive results are rare but may require further testing.

    If both partners are carriers for the same condition, the chance of having an affected child is 25% with each pregnancy. This is a statistical chance, not a certainty. A genetic counselor can explain your specific results and what they mean for your family planning.

    Carrier Screening in Thailand: What to Consider

    If you are considering carrier screening in Thailand, here are some points to discuss with your clinic:

    • Which genetic conditions are included in the screening panel?
    • Is the test performed in Thailand or sent to an overseas laboratory?
    • How long will it take to receive results?
    • Will a genetic counselor be available to explain the results?
    • How do results affect your IVF treatment plan, if at all?

    Costs for carrier screening can vary widely, and insurance coverage may not apply. It is best to ask for a detailed quote and check whether the fee includes counseling.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What type of carrier screening do you offer, and what conditions does it cover?
    • Do you recommend carrier screening for all IVF patients, or only for those with a family history?
    • If we both are carriers, what are our options for IVF and PGT-M?
    • Are there any limitations to the screening test?
    • Can we meet with a genetic counselor before and after testing?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Discuss your family history and any known genetic conditions with your healthcare provider.
    2. Ask your fertility clinic about carrier screening options and whether they recommend it for you.
    3. If you decide to proceed, arrange for both partners to be tested.
    4. Plan to review results with a genetic counselor to understand your options.
    5. Consider how results may affect your IVF timeline and treatment decisions.

    Carrier screening is a personal choice. It can provide useful information, but it is not required for everyone. Always seek guidance from qualified professionals who can interpret your results in the context of your overall health and reproductive plans.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is genetic carrier screening necessary before IVF?

    Carrier screening is not necessary for everyone. It is recommended when there is a family history of a genetic condition, or when you want more information about your risks. Discuss with your doctor whether it is appropriate for you.

    What is the difference between carrier screening and PGT-M?

    Carrier screening tests parents to see if they carry a gene variant. PGT-M tests embryos for a specific genetic condition before transfer. Carrier screening can identify couples at risk, and PGT-M can help select embryos that do not have the condition.

    Can carrier screening be done in Thailand?

    Yes, many fertility clinics in Thailand offer carrier screening. The availability of specific panels may vary, so ask your clinic about the tests they provide.

    What if both partners are carriers for the same condition?

    If both partners are carriers for the same autosomal recessive condition, there is a 25% chance with each pregnancy that the child will be affected. You may consider IVF with PGT-M to test embryos for that condition. A genetic counselor can explain your options.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • IVF and Acupuncture in Thailand: What Patients Should Know

    If you are planning IVF in Thailand and wondering whether acupuncture might support your journey, you are not alone. Many patients explore complementary therapies to help manage stress and promote a sense of well-being. Acupuncture is one of the most commonly considered options. This guide explains what you should know before adding acupuncture to your IVF plan, emphasizing that it is a complementary therapy—not a replacement for medical treatment.

    At a Glance: Key Points to Remember

    • Acupuncture is not a substitute for IVF or medical care.
    • Always inform your fertility clinic about any complementary therapy you are using.
    • Choose a licensed and experienced acupuncturist, ideally one familiar with fertility treatment.
    • Discuss timing and frequency with both your acupuncturist and your IVF clinic.
    • Keep your IVF medications and protocols unchanged unless your doctor advises otherwise.

    Understanding Acupuncture in the Context of IVF

    Acupuncture involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body. It is rooted in traditional Chinese medicine and is sometimes used to support relaxation and overall balance. In the context of IVF, some patients seek acupuncture to help manage stress, potentially improve blood flow, or simply feel more in control during treatment.

    However, it is important to understand that acupuncture is not a proven fertility treatment. Research on its effectiveness for improving IVF outcomes is mixed, and no therapy can guarantee success. Think of acupuncture as a way to support your emotional and physical well-being, not as a medical intervention that directly treats infertility.

    How to Approach Acupuncture as a Complementary Therapy

    Before you book your first session, consider these steps:

    1. Talk to your IVF clinic first. Ask whether they have any recommendations or precautions regarding acupuncture. Some clinics may have acupuncturists they work with, while others may advise waiting until after certain procedures.
    2. Find a qualified practitioner. Look for a licensed acupuncturist with experience in fertility support. In Thailand, check for proper credentials and ask about their training.
    3. Discuss your full health history. Share your IVF protocol, any medications you are taking, and any medical conditions with the acupuncturist.
    4. Plan the timing. Some patients choose to have sessions before embryo transfer, after transfer, or at other points in the cycle. There is no standard schedule that works for everyone, so work with your team to create a plan that feels right for you.
    5. Monitor how you feel. Pay attention to your body and emotional state. Acupuncture should not cause significant pain or discomfort. If something feels off, speak up.

    Questions to Ask Your IVF Clinic About Acupuncture

    To make an informed decision, ask your clinic these questions:

    • Do you have any policies or recommendations about acupuncture during IVF?
    • Are there any specific times in my cycle when acupuncture should be avoided?
    • Can you recommend a licensed acupuncturist who works with fertility patients?
    • Should I stop acupuncture at any point before or after embryo transfer?
    • How should I communicate my acupuncture sessions to you?

    Questions to Ask a Potential Acupuncturist

    When you meet with an acupuncturist, consider asking:

    • Are you licensed and insured?
    • Do you have experience working with patients undergoing IVF?
    • How do you tailor treatments to someone in an IVF cycle?
    • What should I expect during a session, and how many sessions do you typically recommend?
    • How do you ensure cleanliness and safety of needles?

    Safety Considerations and Communication

    Your safety is the top priority. Acupuncture is generally considered safe when performed by a qualified practitioner using sterile needles. However, it is not risk-free. Possible side effects include soreness, bruising, or dizziness. More serious complications are rare but can occur.

    Because you are undergoing IVF, your body is in a delicate state. Always keep your fertility clinic informed about your acupuncture sessions. This allows your medical team to have a complete picture of your health and to coordinate care effectively. Do not stop or alter any prescribed medications or protocols without consulting your doctor.

    Making Your Decision: A Checklist

    Before you decide whether to include acupuncture in your IVF journey, review this checklist:

    • I have discussed acupuncture with my IVF clinic.
    • I have chosen a licensed acupuncturist with fertility experience.
    • I have shared my full medical history and IVF protocol with the acupuncturist.
    • I understand that acupuncture is complementary and does not guarantee IVF success.
    • I will continue to follow my doctor’s medical advice and take all prescribed medications.
    • I will inform my clinic of any changes in my complementary therapy routine.

    Next Steps

    If you are still in the research phase, take your time. Gather information, ask questions, and listen to your instincts. Acupuncture may be a helpful addition to your IVF experience, but it is not essential for everyone. Focus on what makes you feel supported and calm.

    For more resources on fertility treatment and planning, explore our guides and patient resources. If you have specific questions about your situation, contact us or check our FAQ for common concerns.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is acupuncture safe during IVF?

    Acupuncture is generally considered safe when performed by a qualified practitioner using sterile needles. However, it is important to inform your IVF clinic and choose a licensed acupuncturist with experience in fertility support. Always discuss any complementary therapy with your medical team.

    Can acupuncture improve my chances of IVF success?

    Research on acupuncture and IVF outcomes is mixed, and no therapy can guarantee success. Acupuncture may help with relaxation and stress management, but it should not be seen as a medical treatment for infertility. Focus on it as a supportive practice.

    When should I have acupuncture sessions during my IVF cycle?

    There is no standard schedule that works for everyone. Some patients choose to have sessions before or after embryo transfer, while others may use it throughout their cycle. Work with your acupuncturist and IVF clinic to create a plan that feels right for you.

    How do I find a qualified acupuncturist in Thailand?

    Look for a licensed acupuncturist with experience in fertility support. Ask for credentials, training, and references. Your IVF clinic may also be able to recommend someone they trust.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • IVF with Donor Eggs in Thailand: A Practical Guide

    Understanding Donor Egg IVF in Thailand

    If you are exploring fertility treatment with donor eggs, Thailand may be one of the countries you are considering. Donor egg IVF involves using eggs from a screened donor to create embryos that are then transferred to your uterus. This option can be appropriate for women with diminished ovarian reserve, genetic concerns, or repeated IVF failures.

    Before you begin, it is important to understand that the process involves medical, legal, and logistical steps. This guide provides a practical overview to help you ask the right questions and plan your journey. It does not replace professional medical or legal advice.

    At a Glance: Key Considerations

    • Clinic selection: Look for a clinic with a transparent donor program and clear communication.
    • Legal aspects: Understand the legal framework for donor anonymity and parental rights in Thailand.
    • Medical screening: Both you and the donor will undergo medical evaluations.
    • Travel planning: Consider the time required for treatment and any follow-up.
    • Costs: Clarify all fees, including donor compensation and medication.

    How Donor Egg IVF Works

    The process typically involves several stages:

    1. Initial consultation: You will have a medical assessment to determine if donor eggs are suitable for you.
    2. Donor selection: The clinic will provide profiles of screened donors. You may choose based on physical characteristics, blood type, and other factors.
    3. Preparation of your uterus: You will take medications to prepare your uterine lining for embryo transfer.
    4. Fertilization and embryo culture: The donor’s eggs are fertilized with sperm from your partner or a donor.
    5. Embryo transfer: A selected embryo is placed into your uterus.
    6. Follow-up: You will have a pregnancy test and early monitoring.

    Each clinic may have specific protocols, so ask for a detailed timeline during your consultation.

    Choosing a Clinic and Donor Program

    Selecting the right clinic is a critical step. Consider the following:

    • Accreditation and experience: Check if the clinic is accredited and has experience with international patients.
    • Donor screening: Ask about the medical and genetic screening performed on donors.
    • Donor anonymity: Understand whether donors are anonymous or known, and what information is shared.
    • Embryo testing: Inquire about preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) if you are considering it.
    • Communication: Ensure the clinic has English-speaking coordinators who can answer your questions.

    During your research, prepare a list of questions to ask each clinic. For example:

    • What is the average age of your egg donors?
    • How many previous cycles have your donors completed?
    • What is the policy on unused embryos?
    • What are the success rates for donor egg cycles?

    Remember that success rates are not guarantees, and you should ask for the clinic’s most recent data.

    Legal and Ethical Considerations

    The legal landscape for donor egg IVF in Thailand is complex and may change. It is essential to seek advice from a legal professional who specializes in reproductive law in Thailand and your home country.

    Key questions to explore include:

    • Is egg donation anonymous or non-anonymous by law?
    • Who is considered the legal parent of the child?
    • Are there restrictions on the number of children born from one donor?
    • What are the regulations regarding the import and export of embryos?

    Do not rely solely on information from the clinic; verify legal details with an expert.

    Costs and Financial Planning

    The cost of donor egg IVF in Thailand can vary widely depending on the clinic, the donor program, and additional services such as genetic testing. It is important to obtain a detailed breakdown of fees before committing.

    Typical cost components may include:

    • Consultation and medical evaluations
    • Donor compensation and agency fees
    • Medications for both donor and recipient
    • Laboratory procedures (fertilization, embryo culture)
    • Embryo transfer procedure
    • Storage fees for any frozen embryos

    Ask the clinic for a written estimate and clarify what is included. Also, consider travel, accommodation, and potential additional cycles.

    Travel and Accommodation Planning

    If you are traveling from abroad, plan your trip carefully. The duration of your stay will depend on your treatment protocol. Typically, you may need to be in Thailand for several weeks, from uterine preparation to embryo transfer and the initial pregnancy test.

    Consider the following:

    • Visa requirements: Check the visa rules for medical travel to Thailand.
    • Accommodation: Choose a place near the clinic for convenience.
    • Time off work: Plan for enough time to recover and attend follow-up appointments.
    • Support person: Consider bringing a partner or friend for emotional support.

    Some clinics offer packages that include accommodation or airport transfers. Ask about these options.

    Communication and Support

    Effective communication with your clinic is vital. Ensure you have a clear point of contact who can answer your questions before, during, and after treatment.

    Ask about:

    • How to reach the medical team in case of emergency
    • Whether they provide translation services if needed
    • How they share test results and updates
    • What support is available for psychological counseling

    Feeling comfortable with your clinic team can make a significant difference in your experience.

    After Treatment: Follow-Up and Returning Home

    After your embryo transfer, you will likely have a pregnancy test about two weeks later. If the test is positive, you may need to continue medication and have early ultrasound scans before returning home.

    Before you leave Thailand, discuss with your doctor:

    • What medications you need to continue and for how long
    • What follow-up care is recommended in your home country
    • How to share your medical records with your local doctor
    • Any travel restrictions or precautions

    It is wise to arrange a referral to an obstetrician or fertility specialist at home who can manage your early pregnancy care.

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    As you move forward, use this checklist to stay organized:

    • Research clinics and compare donor programs.
    • Prepare a list of questions for consultations.
    • Seek legal advice on donor egg IVF in Thailand and your home country.
    • Request a detailed cost breakdown from your chosen clinic.
    • Plan your travel and accommodation.
    • Arrange for follow-up care at home.

    Taking these steps can help you feel more confident and prepared for your donor egg IVF journey in Thailand.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the success rate of IVF with donor eggs in Thailand?

    Success rates vary by clinic and individual factors. Donor egg IVF generally has higher success rates than IVF with a patient's own eggs, but there are no guarantees. Ask your clinic for their most recent success data for donor egg cycles.

    Can I choose my egg donor in Thailand?

    Most clinics allow you to review donor profiles and select a donor based on physical characteristics, blood type, and other criteria. The level of choice may vary, so ask about the donor selection process at your chosen clinic.

    Are egg donors in Thailand anonymous?

    Anonymity policies can vary. Some clinics offer anonymous donors, while others may allow known donors. It is important to understand the legal and ethical implications of donor anonymity in Thailand and your home country.

    How long do I need to stay in Thailand for donor egg IVF?

    The duration of your stay depends on your treatment protocol. Typically, you may need to be in Thailand for several weeks, from uterine preparation to embryo transfer and the initial pregnancy test. Your clinic can provide a more specific timeline.

    What legal documents do I need for donor egg IVF in Thailand?

    Legal requirements can vary. You will likely need to sign consent forms and may need to provide identification and medical records. It is essential to consult with a legal expert to understand the specific documents required for your situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.