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  • IVF Planning for International Patients in Thailand: A Step-by-Step Guide

    Planning IVF treatment in Thailand from another country involves more than choosing a clinic. You need to coordinate medical records, understand travel and accommodation logistics, and plan for follow-up care after you return home. This guide provides a practical framework to help you prepare, but always confirm specific details with your chosen clinic and relevant authorities.

    At a Glance: Key Planning Areas

    • Medical records: Gather and organize your fertility history, test results, and any previous treatment details.
    • Remote consultation: Schedule an initial virtual meeting with the clinic to discuss your case and ask questions.
    • Travel and visa: Plan your travel dates and understand visa requirements for medical stays.
    • Accommodation: Arrange lodging near the clinic, considering proximity and comfort.
    • Communication: Ensure you have reliable ways to stay in touch with the clinic before, during, and after treatment.
    • Follow-up care: Coordinate with your local doctor for monitoring and support after returning home.

    Step 1: Gather and Organize Your Medical Records

    Your fertility clinic in Thailand will need a complete picture of your medical history. Start by collecting the following:

    • Previous fertility treatments and outcomes
    • Hormone test results (e.g., AMH, FSH)
    • Ultrasound or imaging reports
    • Any surgical records (e.g., laparoscopy, hysteroscopy)
    • Genetic testing results, if applicable
    • Current medications and any allergies

    Ask your local doctor or previous clinic to provide copies in English if possible. You may need to have documents translated and certified. Confirm with the Thai clinic which documents they require and in what format.

    Step 2: Schedule a Remote Consultation

    Most international clinics offer virtual consultations. This is your opportunity to discuss your medical history, ask about treatment protocols, and understand the clinic’s procedures. Prepare a list of questions in advance, such as:

    • What tests or procedures will be done during my cycle?
    • How many days will I need to stay in Thailand?
    • What is the estimated timeline for each stage of treatment?
    • How will you communicate with me and my local doctor?
    • What are the costs involved, and what is included?

    Use this time to clarify any concerns about privacy, consent, and how your medical information will be handled.

    Step 3: Plan Your Travel and Visa

    Travel planning involves more than booking flights. Consider the following:

    • Visa requirements: Check with the Royal Thai Embassy or Consulate in your country to understand visa options for medical treatment. Some visas may allow longer stays for medical purposes.
    • Duration of stay: Your clinic can give you an estimate of how long you need to be in Thailand, but this may vary based on your treatment plan.
    • Travel insurance: Look into insurance that covers medical travel and any potential complications.
    • Time zone differences: Plan for communication with your home clinic or doctor across time zones.

    Always confirm current visa rules with official sources, as they can change.

    Step 4: Arrange Accommodation and Local Logistics

    Choose accommodation that is convenient to the clinic and comfortable for your stay. Consider:

    • Proximity: Staying close to the clinic reduces travel stress, especially on treatment days.
    • Accessibility: Look for hotels or serviced apartments with easy access to pharmacies, restaurants, and public transport.
    • Support: If you are traveling alone, consider arranging a support person or local contact.

    Ask the clinic if they have partnerships with nearby hotels or offer assistance with local arrangements.

    Step 5: Understand Medication Logistics

    Fertility medications are often part of IVF treatment. Discuss with your clinic:

    • Which medications you will need and whether they are available in Thailand or if you need to bring them from home.
    • How to store and handle medications, especially if they require refrigeration.
    • Whether you can ship medications internationally and what customs regulations apply.

    Never self-prescribe or adjust medication doses. Always follow your clinic’s instructions.

    Step 6: Plan for Communication and Follow-Up

    Clear communication is essential throughout your IVF journey. Before you travel, establish:

    • Primary contact: Who at the clinic will be your main point of contact?
    • Communication channels: Will you use email, phone, or a patient portal?
    • Follow-up plan: How will your local doctor be involved in monitoring after you return home?

    Ask the clinic for a written summary of your treatment plan and any instructions for post-treatment care. Coordinate with your local healthcare provider to ensure continuity of care.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is your experience with international patients?
    • Do you provide translation services or multilingual staff?
    • How do you handle medical records and privacy?
    • What is your policy on treatment cancellation or changes?
    • Can you provide a detailed cost estimate, including medications and procedures?

    Next Steps: Your Pre-Travel Checklist

    • Compile and translate medical records.
    • Schedule a remote consultation with the clinic.
    • Confirm visa requirements and apply well in advance.
    • Book flights and accommodation.
    • Discuss medication logistics with the clinic.
    • Set up communication channels and a follow-up plan.

    Planning IVF abroad requires careful organization, but breaking it down into these steps can help you feel more prepared. Always verify specific details with your clinic and official sources, as requirements can vary.

    Frequently asked questions

    How far in advance should I start planning IVF in Thailand?

    It is advisable to start planning at least 3-6 months in advance. This allows time for gathering medical records, scheduling consultations, arranging travel and visas, and coordinating with your local doctor.

    What medical records do I need to bring for IVF in Thailand?

    You should bring a complete fertility history, including previous treatment records, hormone test results, ultrasound reports, surgical notes, and any genetic testing results. Confirm with your clinic which documents are required and whether they need to be translated.

    Can I have a remote consultation with a Thai fertility clinic before traveling?

    Yes, many clinics offer virtual consultations for international patients. This is a good opportunity to discuss your case, ask questions, and understand the clinic's procedures before you travel.

    How long do I need to stay in Thailand for IVF treatment?

    The required stay varies depending on your treatment plan and cycle. Your clinic can provide an estimate, but it is typically several weeks. Plan for flexibility in your travel arrangements.

    What should I do about medications for IVF when traveling to Thailand?

    Discuss medication logistics with your clinic. They can advise on whether to bring medications from home or obtain them in Thailand, and how to handle storage and customs regulations.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Infertility Diagnostic Preparation in Thailand: Tests and Procedures

    Understanding Infertility Diagnostic Preparation

    Starting infertility evaluation can feel overwhelming, but knowing what to expect helps you prepare. In Thailand, fertility clinics offer a range of diagnostic tests to identify factors affecting conception. This guide outlines common tests and procedures, and how to approach your diagnostic workup.

    At a Glance: Key Steps in Fertility Evaluation

    • Medical history and physical exam
    • Hormone blood tests
    • Ultrasound imaging
    • Semen analysis
    • Additional tests based on individual needs

    Initial Consultation and Medical History

    Your first appointment typically involves a detailed discussion of your medical, reproductive, and family history. Be ready to share information about menstrual cycles, previous pregnancies, surgeries, medications, and lifestyle factors. This helps the doctor tailor the diagnostic plan.

    Hormone Blood Tests

    Blood tests measure hormone levels that regulate reproduction. For women, these may include follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, progesterone, and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) to assess ovarian reserve. For men, testosterone and other hormones may be checked. These tests are usually done on specific days of the menstrual cycle.

    Ultrasound Imaging

    Transvaginal ultrasound is commonly used to examine the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. It can detect conditions like ovarian cysts, fibroids, or polyps. A saline infusion sonogram (SIS) or hysterosonography may be recommended to evaluate the uterine cavity. These are outpatient procedures with minimal discomfort.

    Semen Analysis

    For male partners, semen analysis is a fundamental test. It evaluates sperm count, motility, and morphology. You’ll be given instructions for collection, typically after 2-5 days of abstinence. The sample is usually produced at the clinic or a nearby facility and analyzed within a specific time frame.

    Additional Diagnostic Tests

    Depending on initial findings, further tests may be suggested. These could include genetic screening, hysterosalpingography (HSG) to check fallopian tube patency, or laparoscopy for suspected endometriosis. Each test has its own preparation and recovery process, which your clinic will explain.

    What to Expect During the Workup

    Diagnostic testing may span several weeks, as some tests are timed to your menstrual cycle. You may need multiple visits. It’s important to follow pre-test instructions, such as fasting or avoiding certain medications. Most procedures are minimally invasive and performed on an outpatient basis.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • Which tests are recommended for our situation, and why?
    • Are there any risks or side effects?
    • How should we prepare for each test?
    • When will we receive results, and how will they be explained?
    • What are the next steps after the diagnostic workup?

    Next Steps: Your Preparation Checklist

    • Gather medical records and a list of current medications.
    • Note your menstrual cycle dates and any symptoms.
    • Ask about any required lifestyle adjustments before tests.
    • Confirm appointment schedules and any fasting requirements.
    • Plan for transportation and time off if needed.

    Preparing for infertility tests in Thailand involves understanding the process and communicating openly with your clinic. Each diagnostic step provides valuable information to guide your fertility journey. For more resources, visit our guides and patient resources. If you have questions, feel free to contact us or check our FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does an infertility diagnostic workup take in Thailand?

    The duration varies depending on the tests needed and your menstrual cycle. Some tests are done on specific days, so the full workup may take several weeks. Your clinic will provide a timeline based on your individual plan.

    Are infertility tests painful?

    Most diagnostic tests, such as blood draws and ultrasounds, cause minimal discomfort. Some procedures like HSG may cause cramping. Your doctor will discuss pain management options and what to expect.

    Do I need a referral to see a fertility specialist in Thailand?

    In most cases, you can directly book an appointment with a fertility clinic. However, it's best to check with the specific clinic about their appointment process and any required documentation.

    What should I bring to my first fertility appointment?

    Bring your identification, medical records, a list of current medications, and any previous test results. It's also helpful to have a summary of your menstrual cycle history and any relevant lifestyle information.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Interpreting IVF Success Rates in Thailand: Limitations and Reporting

    Understanding IVF Success Rates

    When you begin researching IVF in Thailand, you will likely encounter success rates reported by clinics. These numbers can seem straightforward, but they are often more complex than they appear. Success rates are influenced by many factors, including patient age, diagnosis, embryo stage, and the clinic’s reporting methods. This guide explains why IVF success rates are not directly comparable and what to look for when evaluating them.

    At a Glance: Key Points to Remember

    • Success rates are not standardized across clinics.
    • Patient characteristics, such as age and diagnosis, significantly affect outcomes.
    • Embryo stage and genetic testing can influence reported success.
    • Always ask clinics for detailed reporting criteria.

    Why Success Rates Are Not Directly Comparable

    IVF success rates are not like a simple percentage that can be compared across clinics without context. Several factors make direct comparisons misleading:

    • Patient demographics: A clinic that treats a younger patient population will naturally have higher success rates than one that treats older patients or those with complex diagnoses.
    • Reporting methods: Some clinics report clinical pregnancy rates, while others report live birth rates. These are different measures and should not be compared directly.
    • Embryo transfer policies: Clinics that transfer multiple embryos may have higher pregnancy rates per cycle but also higher multiple pregnancy rates, which carry additional risks.
    • Timeframe: Success rates can be reported per fresh cycle, per frozen cycle, or per patient over multiple cycles. Each gives a different picture.

    Factors That Affect IVF Success Rates

    Age

    Age is one of the most significant factors in IVF success. Women under 35 generally have higher success rates than older women, but this is a general trend, not a guarantee. As age increases, the likelihood of producing healthy embryos decreases.

    Diagnosis

    The reason for undergoing IVF also matters. For example, a couple with unexplained infertility may have different success rates than a couple with severe male factor infertility or a woman with diminished ovarian reserve.

    Embryo Stage

    Transferring embryos at the blastocyst stage (day 5-6) is often associated with higher implantation rates than transferring cleavage-stage embryos (day 2-3). However, not all embryos reach the blastocyst stage, so this can affect reported success rates.

    Genetic Testing

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) can help select embryos that are more likely to implant and result in a healthy pregnancy. However, PGT is not a guarantee of success, and its use can affect reported success rates because only tested embryos are transferred.

    What to Look for in Success Rate Reporting

    When evaluating a clinic’s success rates, consider the following:

    • Live birth rate vs. pregnancy rate: Live birth rate is the most meaningful measure, as it reflects the ultimate goal of a healthy baby.
    • Per cycle vs. per patient: Success rates per cycle are common, but per-patient rates over multiple cycles may be more relevant for your situation.
    • Patient age groups: Look for rates broken down by age, as this will be more applicable to you.
    • Embryo transfer type: Check if rates are for fresh or frozen transfers, as they can differ.
    • Number of embryos transferred: Single embryo transfer (SET) is safer, but may have lower success rates per cycle than multiple embryo transfer.

    Questions to Ask a Clinic

    Before choosing a clinic, ask these questions to better understand their reported success rates:

    • How do you define success? (e.g., clinical pregnancy, live birth)
    • What is your live birth rate per cycle for my age group?
    • Do you report success rates per fresh and frozen transfer separately?
    • How many embryos do you typically transfer?
    • Do you use PGT, and how does that affect your success rates?

    Next Steps: A Checklist for Your Research

    1. Gather your medical history and diagnosis.
    2. Research clinics and their success rate reporting.
    3. Prepare questions to ask during consultations.
    4. Consider your own goals and what success means to you.
    5. Consult with a fertility specialist to discuss your individual chances.

    Remember, success rates are just one piece of the puzzle. Your individual circumstances, the clinic’s expertise, and the quality of care are equally important. Always seek personalized advice from a qualified medical professional.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate?

    Clinical pregnancy rate is the percentage of cycles that result in a confirmed pregnancy via ultrasound. Live birth rate is the percentage of cycles that result in a live birth. Live birth rate is a more meaningful measure of success because it reflects the ultimate goal of having a baby.

    Why do IVF success rates vary between clinics?

    Success rates vary due to differences in patient demographics, reporting methods, embryo transfer policies, and laboratory practices. Clinics that treat younger patients or have more favorable patient profiles may report higher success rates.

    How can I compare IVF success rates between clinics in Thailand?

    To compare rates, ask each clinic for their live birth rate per cycle for your specific age group and diagnosis. Ensure they report rates for fresh and frozen transfers separately, and ask about the number of embryos transferred. This will help you make a more informed comparison.

    Does PGT improve IVF success rates?

    PGT can help select embryos that are more likely to implant and result in a healthy pregnancy, which may improve success rates per transfer. However, PGT is not a guarantee of success and is not suitable for all patients. Discuss with your doctor whether PGT is appropriate for you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Prepare for IVF Egg Retrieval in Thailand

    Preparing for egg retrieval in Thailand involves a mix of medical, logistical, and personal planning. This guide walks you through the key steps so you can approach your retrieval day with confidence. Remember, every clinic and patient is unique, so always confirm specific instructions with your treating team.

    At a Glance: Key Preparation Steps

    • Confirm your clinic’s specific instructions for fasting and medication.
    • Arrange travel and accommodation near your clinic for the retrieval and recovery period.
    • Pack a small bag with essentials for the procedure day.
    • Plan for a few days of rest after the procedure.
    • Prepare questions to ask your clinic about the procedure and aftercare.

    Understanding the Egg Retrieval Procedure

    Egg retrieval is a minor surgical procedure performed under sedation or anesthesia. It typically takes about 20-30 minutes. A doctor uses an ultrasound-guided needle to collect mature eggs from your ovaries. You will be asleep or relaxed, so you should not feel pain during the procedure.

    After the procedure, you will be monitored in a recovery area until the sedation wears off. Most patients go home the same day, but you will need someone to accompany you, as you cannot drive or travel alone.

    Pre-Retrieval Medical Preparation

    Follow Your Clinic’s Instructions

    Your clinic will give you a detailed plan for the days leading up to retrieval. This usually includes:

    • Medication schedule: Continue taking your fertility medications exactly as prescribed.
    • Fasting: You will likely need to fast (no food or drink) for a certain number of hours before the procedure. Confirm the exact timing with your clinic.
    • Pre-procedure tests: You may need blood tests or an ultrasound on the day before or the day of retrieval.

    Ask About Medications and Supplements

    Some medications or supplements may need to be paused before the procedure. Always ask your clinic for a complete list of what to avoid, including over-the-counter drugs and herbal supplements.

    Logistical Preparation for International Patients

    Travel and Accommodation

    If you are traveling to Thailand for treatment, plan to stay near your clinic for at least a few days after the retrieval. This allows for any follow-up appointments and ensures you are close to medical care if needed. Ask your clinic for recommended hotels or serviced apartments.

    Documents and Communication

    Keep all your medical records and identification documents in one place. Ensure you have a way to contact your clinic in case of emergencies. If you do not speak Thai, confirm that your clinic provides English-speaking staff or interpreters.

    What to Bring on the Day of Retrieval

    • Your passport or ID, and any clinic paperwork.
    • A list of all medications you are taking.
    • Comfortable, loose-fitting clothing.
    • Sanitary pads (you may have light spotting).
    • Snacks and drinks for after the procedure (once you are allowed to eat).
    • Something to pass the time, like a book or music.
    • A companion to accompany you home.

    What to Expect on Retrieval Day

    On the day of your retrieval, you will check in at the clinic and be taken to a pre-operative area. The medical team will review your details and answer any last-minute questions. You will then be given sedation or anesthesia, and the procedure will be performed.

    After the procedure, you will wake up in a recovery room. You may feel sleepy, crampy, or nauseous. These are common side effects. The clinic will monitor you until you are stable, and then you can go home.

    Recovery After Egg Retrieval

    Immediate Recovery (First 24-48 Hours)

    Plan to rest for the remainder of the day. You may experience:

    • Mild to moderate cramping or pelvic discomfort.
    • Light vaginal spotting.
    • Bloating or a feeling of fullness.
    • Fatigue.

    You can usually resume normal activities the next day, but avoid strenuous exercise, heavy lifting, and sexual intercourse until your clinic gives you the go-ahead.

    Longer-Term Recovery

    Most patients feel back to normal within a few days. However, if you experience severe pain, heavy bleeding, fever, or difficulty urinating, contact your clinic immediately. These could be signs of a rare complication.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the exact fasting time before the procedure?
    • Which medications should I stop before retrieval?
    • How long will I need to stay in Thailand after the procedure?
    • What are the signs of complications I should watch for?
    • When can I resume exercise and travel?
    • How will I be informed about the number of eggs retrieved and their quality?

    Next Steps: Your Preparation Checklist

    1. Confirm all pre-procedure instructions with your clinic.
    2. Arrange travel and accommodation near the clinic.
    3. Prepare your hospital bag and documents.
    4. Plan for a companion to accompany you on the day.
    5. Schedule at least 2-3 days of rest after the procedure.
    6. Ask your clinic about follow-up appointments and when you can travel home.

    By following these steps and staying in close communication with your clinic, you can feel prepared and confident for your egg retrieval in Thailand.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does egg retrieval take?

    The procedure itself typically takes about 20-30 minutes, but you will need to plan for several hours at the clinic for preparation and recovery.

    Can I travel alone after egg retrieval?

    No, you will need someone to accompany you home because of the sedation. It is also recommended to have support for the first 24 hours.

    When can I fly home after egg retrieval?

    Your clinic will advise you, but it is generally recommended to wait at least a few days to ensure you are stable and to attend any follow-up appointments.

    What should I eat after egg retrieval?

    You can eat normally once the sedation wears off, but it is best to start with light, easily digestible foods. Avoid alcohol and heavy meals for the first day.

    Is egg retrieval painful?

    You will be under sedation or anesthesia, so you should not feel pain during the procedure. Afterward, you may experience cramping, which can be managed with over-the-counter pain relief as recommended by your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Turnaround Time in Thailand: What to Expect

    PGT-A Turnaround Time: An Overview

    If you are planning or have recently undergone preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, you likely want to know how long it will take to receive results. The waiting period can influence your embryo transfer schedule and overall treatment timeline. While exact times vary by clinic and laboratory, understanding the general process and factors that affect turnaround can help you plan effectively.

    Typically, PGT-A results are available within a few days to a couple of weeks after the biopsy. However, this is not a fixed rule, and several variables can extend or shorten the wait. This guide explains the steps involved, what can affect timing, and how to prepare for the results.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-A Timing

    • PGT-A involves biopsy of a few cells from the embryo, followed by genetic analysis.
    • Turnaround time includes biopsy, shipping, laboratory processing, and reporting.
    • Factors like lab workload, embryo development stage, and shipping logistics can influence timing.
    • Your clinic will provide a specific timeline based on their protocols.

    The PGT-A Process: From Biopsy to Report

    Understanding the steps involved in PGT-A can clarify why results take time. Here is a typical sequence:

    1. Embryo Biopsy: On day 5 or 6 of embryo development, a few cells are removed from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta). This is done in the embryology lab.
    2. Sample Preparation: The biopsied cells are placed in a tube and prepared for shipping.
    3. Shipping to Laboratory: The sample is sent to a genetic testing laboratory, which may be on-site or off-site. If off-site, shipping time can add to the overall wait.
    4. Genetic Analysis: The laboratory amplifies the DNA and analyzes it for chromosomal abnormalities. This step involves complex technology and takes time.
    5. Result Reporting: The lab sends the results to your clinic, which then interprets them and communicates with you.

    Each step has its own duration, and delays can occur at any point.

    Factors That Can Affect PGT-A Turnaround Time

    Several factors can influence how long you wait for PGT-A results:

    • Laboratory Workload: High volume at the testing lab can lead to longer processing times.
    • Embryo Development: Embryos that reach the blastocyst stage later may be biopsied later, shifting the timeline.
    • Shipping Logistics: If the lab is in another city or country, shipping time and customs clearance can add days.
    • Testing Platform: Different genetic testing methods may have different processing times.
    • Clinic Communication: How quickly your clinic reviews and relays results can affect when you learn the outcome.

    Because these variables are not always predictable, it is best to ask your clinic for an estimated range rather than a single day.

    How PGT-A Results Impact Embryo Transfer Planning

    PGT-A results help identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which can improve the chances of implantation and reduce the risk of miscarriage. However, the waiting period can affect your transfer cycle:

    • Fresh vs. Frozen Transfer: If you plan a fresh transfer, PGT-A results may not be ready before the optimal transfer window. Many patients opt for a frozen embryo transfer (FET) in a subsequent cycle to allow time for testing.
    • Cycle Scheduling: Your clinic will coordinate the transfer with your menstrual cycle, which may be delayed to accommodate the results.
    • Emotional Preparation: Waiting for results can be stressful. Knowing the timeline can help you manage expectations.

    Discuss with your doctor whether a fresh or frozen transfer is recommended based on your situation and the expected turnaround time.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About PGT-A Logistics

    To get a clear picture of your timeline, consider asking these questions:

    • How long does PGT-A typically take from biopsy to results at your clinic?
    • Is the genetic testing done on-site or at an external laboratory? If external, where is it located?
    • What is the shipping process, and how long does it usually take?
    • Are there any factors that could delay results, such as holidays or lab closures?
    • How will I be notified of the results, and who will explain them to me?
    • Will the results affect my transfer plan, and when can we schedule the transfer?

    Clear communication with your clinic can reduce uncertainty and help you plan your next steps.

    Next Steps: Preparing for Your PGT-A Results

    While you wait, you can take practical steps to stay informed and ready:

    • Confirm your clinic’s contact method for results and ask about their typical response time.
    • Ask if you can receive a copy of the genetic report for your records.
    • Plan a follow-up appointment to discuss the results and their implications.
    • Consider speaking with a genetic counselor if you have questions about the results.

    Remember that PGT-A is a screening tool, not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. It provides valuable information, but other factors also influence success.

    Conclusion

    PGT-A turnaround time in Thailand can vary, but understanding the process and asking the right questions can help you plan. While waiting, focus on self-care and maintain open communication with your clinic. For more information on PGT in Thailand, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, visit our guides section, or check our FAQ page.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does PGT-A take in Thailand?

    The turnaround time for PGT-A in Thailand typically ranges from a few days to two weeks, depending on the clinic and laboratory. Factors such as lab workload, shipping, and testing methods can affect the exact duration. Your clinic will provide a more specific estimate.

    Can PGT-A results be ready for a fresh embryo transfer?

    In some cases, PGT-A results may be available within the window for a fresh transfer, but often the timing is tight. Many patients choose a frozen embryo transfer to allow sufficient time for testing and to plan the transfer cycle more flexibly.

    What factors can delay PGT-A results?

    Delays can occur due to laboratory workload, shipping issues, embryo development timing, or communication between the lab and clinic. Holidays and weekends may also extend the wait.

    Is PGT-A testing done in Thailand or abroad?

    Some clinics in Thailand have on-site genetic laboratories, while others send samples to external labs, possibly in other countries. This can affect turnaround time. Ask your clinic where your samples will be processed.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • IVF with ICSI in Thailand: What to Know Before You Start

    If you are exploring fertility treatment in Thailand, you may have come across the term ICSI. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a laboratory technique used during IVF to help sperm fertilize an egg. This guide explains what ICSI involves, when it is commonly recommended, and how it compares to conventional IVF. It also outlines the practical steps you can take as an international patient, while emphasizing that your individual treatment plan must be confirmed with your chosen clinic.

    At a Glance: ICSI IVF in Thailand

    • What is ICSI? A procedure where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg to achieve fertilization.
    • When is it used? Often recommended for male factor infertility, previous fertilization failure, or when using frozen sperm.
    • How does it differ from conventional IVF? In conventional IVF, sperm and egg are placed together to fertilize naturally; with ICSI, fertilization is assisted in the lab.
    • What to confirm with your clinic: Whether ICSI is recommended for your situation, the exact costs, and the steps involved in your treatment timeline.

    What Is ICSI and How Does It Work?

    ICSI is a specialized form of IVF. After eggs are retrieved from the ovaries, an embryologist selects a single sperm and injects it directly into the egg using a fine needle. This bypasses the natural process where sperm must penetrate the egg on its own.

    The procedure is performed under a microscope in the laboratory. Not all eggs may fertilize successfully, and the embryologist will monitor for signs of fertilization the next day. Embryos that develop are then cultured for several days before one is selected for transfer.

    ICSI vs. Conventional IVF: Key Differences

    The main difference between ICSI and conventional IVF lies in the fertilization step. In conventional IVF, eggs and sperm are placed together in a dish, and fertilization occurs naturally. With ICSI, fertilization is actively assisted by injecting the sperm.

    Your doctor may recommend ICSI if:

    • Sperm count, motility, or morphology are below typical ranges.
    • Previous IVF cycles resulted in poor or no fertilization.
    • You are using frozen sperm or sperm retrieved surgically.
    • You are considering preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), as ICSI can help avoid contamination from sperm attached to the egg.

    However, ICSI is not always necessary. For some couples, conventional IVF works well. The decision depends on your specific medical history and test results.

    ICSI Process in Thailand: A Step-by-Step Overview

    While each clinic may have its own protocols, the general steps for an ICSI cycle are similar to conventional IVF:

    1. Initial consultation and testing: You and your partner will have medical assessments, including blood tests and semen analysis.
    2. Ovarian stimulation: You will take fertility medications to stimulate your ovaries to produce multiple eggs. This typically lasts about 10-14 days.
    3. Egg retrieval: A minor surgical procedure, usually performed under sedation, to collect eggs from the ovaries.
    4. ICSI procedure: In the lab, embryologists inject a single sperm into each mature egg.
    5. Embryo culture: Fertilized eggs (embryos) are monitored for several days as they develop.
    6. Embryo transfer: One or more embryos are placed into the uterus. This is a simple procedure that does not require anesthesia.
    7. Pregnancy test: About two weeks after the transfer, a blood test will determine if pregnancy has occurred.

    Planning Your Treatment Timeline in Thailand

    As an international patient, you will need to plan your travel carefully. A typical IVF cycle may require you to be in Thailand for about 3-4 weeks, but this can vary. Here are the key phases to consider:

    • Pre-treatment preparation: You may need to complete some tests in your home country, but your clinic will advise which ones are acceptable.
    • Arrival and initial appointments: You will meet your doctor, have any remaining tests, and receive your medication schedule.
    • Stimulation and monitoring: You will need to visit the clinic regularly for blood tests and ultrasounds to monitor your response to medications.
    • Egg retrieval and embryo transfer: These procedures are scheduled based on your body’s response.
    • Post-transfer follow-up: You may need to stay in Thailand until your pregnancy test result is known.

    Your clinic will provide a personalized calendar. Be sure to ask about the expected duration of each phase and how much flexibility you may need.

    Understanding ICSI Costs in Bangkok and Thailand

    Cost is an important consideration for many patients. ICSI is typically an additional charge on top of the base IVF cycle fee. The total cost can vary widely depending on the clinic, the medications used, and any additional services such as genetic testing.

    When comparing costs, ask for a detailed breakdown that includes:

    • Consultation fees
    • Medication costs
    • Laboratory fees for ICSI
    • Anesthesia and facility fees for egg retrieval
    • Embryo transfer fee
    • Any additional tests or procedures

    Be cautious of packages that seem too low, as they may not include all necessary components. Always confirm what is covered and what is not.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About ICSI

    Before committing to treatment, consider asking your clinic these questions:

    • Why do you recommend ICSI for my situation?
    • What is your experience with ICSI, and what are the fertilization rates for patients like me?
    • What is the exact cost of ICSI, and what does it include?
    • How many embryos typically develop to the blastocyst stage after ICSI?
    • Will ICSI affect the timing of my treatment cycle?
    • What are the risks or side effects of ICSI that I should be aware of?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist Before Starting ICSI in Thailand

    • Research and shortlist clinics that offer ICSI and have experience with international patients.
    • Schedule a virtual consultation to discuss your medical history and ask questions.
    • Request a detailed cost estimate and treatment timeline in writing.
    • Check whether you need any medical records or test results from your home country.
    • Plan your travel and accommodation, keeping in mind the expected duration of your stay.
    • Confirm any legal or documentation requirements with the clinic and relevant authorities.

    Remember, every fertility journey is unique. The information here is a general guide, and your clinic will provide the specific advice you need for your individual circumstances.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between ICSI and conventional IVF?

    In conventional IVF, eggs and sperm are placed together in a lab dish and fertilization occurs naturally. With ICSI, a single sperm is injected directly into each egg to assist fertilization. ICSI is often used when there are concerns about sperm quality or previous fertilization failure.

    Is ICSI more expensive than conventional IVF in Thailand?

    Yes, ICSI typically involves an additional laboratory fee on top of the standard IVF cycle cost. The exact amount varies by clinic, so it's important to ask for a detailed cost breakdown that includes the ICSI procedure.

    How long do I need to stay in Thailand for an ICSI cycle?

    The duration varies, but a typical cycle may require about 3-4 weeks in Thailand. This includes the stimulation phase, egg retrieval, embryo transfer, and the pregnancy test. Your clinic will provide a personalized timeline.

    Can ICSI be used with frozen sperm?

    Yes, ICSI is often used with frozen sperm, especially if the sperm was surgically retrieved or if there are concerns about sperm quality after thawing. Your clinic will advise if this is suitable for your case.

    Does ICSI increase the risk of birth defects?

    Research on this is ongoing, and the overall risk appears low. However, any fertility treatment carries some risks, and it's important to discuss potential risks with your doctor. Your clinic can provide more specific information based on your situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What to Do After a Failed IVF Cycle in Thailand: Next Steps and Questions to Ask

    If your IVF cycle in Thailand did not result in a pregnancy, you are likely feeling a mix of emotions—disappointment, frustration, and uncertainty about what comes next. It is important to know that a failed cycle does not mean you are out of options. Many people go on to have successful pregnancies in subsequent attempts. This guide offers a practical, step-by-step approach to help you process the outcome, gather the right information, and plan your next steps with your clinic.

    At a Glance: Your Next Steps

    • Allow yourself time to process the emotional impact.
    • Request a detailed review of your cycle from your clinic.
    • Ask for copies of your medical records and test results.
    • Discuss potential reasons for the failure and any adjustments for the next cycle.
    • Consider a second opinion or additional testing if recommended.
    • Plan your next cycle timeline and financial considerations.

    Step 1: Give Yourself Time to Grieve and Recover

    The emotional aftermath of a failed IVF cycle can be as significant as the physical recovery. It is normal to feel a range of emotions, including sadness, anger, and anxiety. Allow yourself time to process these feelings. Seek support from your partner, family, or a professional counselor who specializes in fertility issues. Many clinics in Thailand offer counseling services or can refer you to a trusted therapist. Taking care of your mental health is a crucial part of preparing for any future treatment.

    Step 2: Request a Detailed Cycle Review

    Once you are ready, schedule a follow-up appointment with your fertility specialist. This is a critical step to understand what may have contributed to the outcome. Ask your doctor to walk you through the cycle in detail, including:

    • How your ovaries responded to stimulation
    • The number and quality of eggs retrieved
    • Fertilization rates and embryo development
    • The quality of the embryo(s) transferred
    • Any laboratory or procedural issues
    • Your uterine lining thickness and pattern

    This review can help identify potential areas for improvement in a future cycle. It is also an opportunity to ask questions and clarify any uncertainties you have.

    Step 3: Ask for Your Medical Records

    You have the right to request copies of your medical records, including lab results, ultrasound reports, and the embryology report. Having these documents can be valuable for several reasons:

    • You can share them with another specialist for a second opinion.
    • You can keep a personal record of your treatment history.
    • You can better understand the technical aspects of your cycle.

    Ask your clinic about their procedure for releasing records and whether there are any fees involved.

    Step 4: Discuss Potential Reasons and Adjustments

    Based on the cycle review, your doctor may suggest changes for a future attempt. These could include:

    • Adjusting medication protocols to improve egg or sperm quality
    • Considering additional testing, such as genetic testing of embryos (PGT) or sperm DNA fragmentation analysis
    • Exploring different embryo transfer timing or methods
    • Investigating uterine factors, such as chronic endometritis or fibroids

    It is important to have an open conversation about the evidence behind any recommended changes. Ask about the potential benefits, risks, and success rates associated with each adjustment.

    Step 5: Consider a Second Opinion

    Seeking a second opinion is a common and reasonable step after a failed cycle. Another specialist may offer a fresh perspective or suggest alternative approaches. In Thailand, you can consult with a different fertility clinic or a specialist within the same hospital. When seeking a second opinion, bring your medical records and be prepared to discuss your history and goals. This can help you feel more confident in your next steps.

    Step 6: Plan Your Next Cycle

    If you decide to try again, work with your clinic to plan the timing of your next cycle. Consider the following:

    • How long you need to recover physically and emotionally
    • Any additional tests or procedures recommended
    • Financial planning, including the cost of a new cycle and any extra tests
    • Logistical arrangements, such as travel and accommodation if you are coming from abroad

    Your clinic can provide a timeline and a cost estimate, but be aware that actual costs may vary. It is wise to confirm all details in writing.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Prepare a list of questions for your follow-up appointment. Here are some suggestions:

    • What do you think were the main factors in the failure?
    • Are there any additional tests you recommend before the next cycle?
    • What changes would you make to my treatment protocol?
    • What is the expected timeline for a new cycle?
    • What are the estimated costs, and what does that include?
    • Are there any lifestyle changes that could improve my chances?
    • What support services are available for emotional well-being?

    Next-Step Checklist

    • Schedule a follow-up appointment with your specialist.
    • Request a detailed cycle review and ask for your medical records.
    • Discuss potential reasons for the failure and any recommended changes.
    • Consider a second opinion if you have doubts.
    • Plan your next cycle timeline and budget.
    • Seek emotional support if needed.

    Remember, a failed IVF cycle is a setback, but it is not the end of your journey. With careful planning and the right support, you can make informed decisions about your next steps.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long should I wait before trying another IVF cycle?

    The waiting time varies depending on your physical recovery, emotional readiness, and your doctor's recommendations. Some clinics suggest waiting one to three menstrual cycles, but it is best to discuss your individual situation with your fertility specialist.

    What tests might be recommended after a failed IVF cycle?

    Depending on your history, your doctor may suggest additional tests such as genetic testing of embryos (PGT), sperm DNA fragmentation analysis, uterine cavity evaluation (e.g., hysteroscopy), or screening for chronic endometritis. These tests aim to identify potential causes and guide future treatment.

    Can I get a second opinion from another clinic in Thailand?

    Yes, you can seek a second opinion from another fertility clinic or specialist. Bring your medical records and test results to the consultation. This can provide you with additional perspectives and help you make a more informed decision about your next steps.

    What should I ask my doctor during the follow-up appointment?

    Ask for a detailed review of your cycle, including ovarian response, embryo quality, and any procedural issues. Inquire about potential reasons for the failure, recommended changes for the next cycle, additional tests, timeline, and costs. Also, ask about emotional support resources.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M Process in Thailand: A Step-by-Step Guide

    If you are considering preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) in Thailand, you likely want to understand the process from start to finish. PGT-M is a technique used during IVF to test embryos for a specific genetic condition that runs in the family. This guide outlines the typical steps involved, from initial genetic counseling to receiving results, and highlights what you should confirm with your clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Steps in PGT-M

    • Genetic counseling and family mutation testing
    • IVF cycle to create embryos
    • Embryo biopsy (usually day 5 or 6)
    • Genetic analysis of biopsied cells
    • Results and embryo transfer decision

    Step 1: Genetic Counseling and Family Mutation Testing

    The first step in the PGT-M process is genetic counseling. This is essential to confirm that PGT-M is appropriate for your situation. During counseling, a genetic counselor or specialist will review your family history and the specific genetic condition you are trying to avoid. They will explain the testing process, its limitations, and what results may mean.

    Before starting PGT-M, it is usually necessary to identify the exact genetic mutation in the affected family member. This is called family mutation testing. Without knowing the precise mutation, PGT-M cannot be performed. Your clinic will guide you on how to obtain this information, which may involve testing a blood or saliva sample from an affected relative.

    Step 2: IVF Cycle to Create Embryos

    PGT-M requires in vitro fertilization (IVF) to create embryos. You will undergo ovarian stimulation to produce multiple eggs, which are then retrieved and fertilized with sperm in the laboratory. The resulting embryos are cultured for several days, typically until they reach the blastocyst stage (around day 5 or 6).

    Your clinic will provide specific instructions for the IVF cycle, including medication protocols and monitoring appointments. It is important to follow these instructions closely to optimize the number of embryos available for testing.

    Step 3: Embryo Biopsy

    Once embryos reach the blastocyst stage, a biopsy is performed. This involves removing a few cells from the outer layer of the embryo, called the trophectoderm, which will later become the placenta. The biopsy is done by an embryologist using a precise laser and micropipette. The cells are then sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis.

    The biopsy procedure is delicate and requires expertise. Your clinic will have protocols in place to minimize any potential risk to the embryo. After biopsy, embryos are typically frozen (vitrified) while awaiting results.

    Step 4: Genetic Analysis

    The biopsied cells undergo genetic analysis to determine whether each embryo carries the specific genetic mutation. The testing method used may vary, but it is designed to detect the mutation with high accuracy. In some cases, additional testing for chromosomal abnormalities (such as PGT-A) may be performed simultaneously, but this is not always necessary.

    The analysis can take several days to a few weeks, depending on the laboratory and the complexity of the test. Your clinic will provide an estimated timeline for when results will be available.

    Step 5: Results and Embryo Transfer

    Once results are available, your genetic counselor or doctor will explain them to you. Embryos that are free of the genetic condition may be considered for transfer. The transfer is usually scheduled in a subsequent cycle, after your uterus is prepared with hormones.

    It is important to understand that PGT-M reduces the risk of having a child with the specific genetic condition, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a completely healthy baby. There are limitations to the testing, and your clinic will discuss these with you.

    Practical Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the exact process for family mutation testing, and how long does it take?
    • How many embryos are typically needed for PGT-M to be feasible?
    • What is the biopsy procedure, and how many cells are removed?
    • How long will genetic analysis take, and when will results be available?
    • Are there any additional tests recommended, such as PGT-A?
    • What are the costs involved, and what is included in the quoted price?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    • Confirm that PGT-M is appropriate for your genetic situation with a genetic counselor.
    • Arrange for family mutation testing to identify the specific genetic mutation.
    • Choose a clinic in Thailand that offers PGT-M and has experience with your condition.
    • Discuss the full timeline, including IVF, biopsy, and results, with your clinic.
    • Clarify all costs and what they cover before starting treatment.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand overview. You can also explore our guides and FAQ for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does the PGT-M process take in Thailand?

    The timeline varies by clinic and individual circumstances. Generally, it includes genetic counseling, family mutation testing (which may take several weeks), an IVF cycle (about 2-3 weeks), embryo biopsy (one day), and genetic analysis (which can take days to weeks). Your clinic can provide a more specific timeline based on your situation.

    Is family mutation testing required for PGT-M?

    Yes, family mutation testing is typically required to identify the exact genetic mutation causing the condition. Without this information, PGT-M cannot be performed. Your clinic will guide you on how to obtain this testing.

    What are the limitations of PGT-M?

    PGT-M reduces the risk of having a child with the specific genetic condition, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a completely healthy baby. There is a small chance of misdiagnosis, and not all embryos may be suitable for transfer. Your clinic will discuss these limitations with you.

    Can PGT-M be combined with other genetic tests?

    Yes, PGT-M can sometimes be combined with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. However, this is not always necessary and depends on your specific situation. Discuss with your clinic whether additional testing is recommended.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • IVF Travel Checklist for Thailand: What to Bring and Plan

    Traveling to Thailand for IVF involves more than booking a flight. A well-organized checklist can reduce stress and help you focus on your treatment. This guide outlines the key categories to plan: documents, medical records, medications, and practical items. Always confirm specific requirements with your clinic, as each program may have unique instructions.

    At a Glance: Your IVF Travel Checklist

    • Passport and visa (check validity and requirements)
    • Medical records and fertility history
    • Prescriptions and medication plan
    • Travel insurance and emergency contacts
    • Comfort items and personal care
    • Questions to ask your clinic

    Documents and Paperwork

    Your passport must be valid for at least six months beyond your intended stay. Depending on your nationality, you may need a visa for medical travel. Confirm the current visa rules with the Royal Thai Embassy or consulate in your country. Some clinics provide invitation letters for visa applications—ask if this is available.

    Carry both physical and digital copies of:

    • Passport and visa
    • Travel itinerary and accommodation details
    • Health insurance documents
    • Emergency contacts

    Medical Records and Fertility History

    Your Thai clinic will need a complete picture of your fertility history. Gather records from previous treatments, test results, and any relevant surgical reports. This may include:

    • Hormone blood test results
    • Ultrasound reports
    • Semen analysis (if applicable)
    • Genetic screening results (if any)
    • Operative notes from prior procedures

    Ask your clinic for a specific list of required documents. Some may request translations into English. Bring both paper and electronic copies, and consider having a trusted contact back home who can access your records if needed.

    Medications and Prescriptions

    If you take fertility medications, plan how to transport them. Keep medications in their original packaging with the pharmacy label. Carry a letter from your prescribing doctor explaining the medical necessity. Check with your airline about rules for carrying medications, especially liquids or injectables.

    Some medications may not be available in Thailand or may have different brand names. Ask your clinic whether they will provide medications or if you need to bring your own. Never assume you can purchase the same drugs locally without a prescription.

    Practical Items for Your Stay

    Think about comfort and convenience during your treatment cycle. Consider packing:

    • Loose, comfortable clothing
    • Sanitary pads or panty liners (for post-procedure spotting)
    • Personal toiletries and any special skincare
    • Entertainment (books, downloads, etc.)
    • Snacks that are familiar to you
    • Adapters for electrical outlets (Thailand uses Type A, B, and C plugs)

    If you are staying for several weeks, plan for laundry and meals. Many clinics offer guidance on nearby accommodation and services.

    Travel and Accommodation Planning

    Book flights and hotels with flexible cancellation policies when possible. Your treatment schedule may change, so flexibility is valuable. Consider proximity to the clinic to reduce travel stress on procedure days.

    Arrange airport transfers in advance. Some clinics offer transportation services or can recommend reliable options. Keep your clinic’s contact information handy at all times.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before you travel, clarify these points with your clinic:

    • What documents do I need to bring?
    • Do you provide medications, or should I bring my own?
    • What is the expected timeline for my cycle?
    • How should I prepare for the first appointment?
    • What is your policy on cancellations or rescheduling?
    • Do you have a coordinator who can help with travel logistics?

    Next Steps: Your Pre-Trip Checklist

    1. Confirm your passport validity and visa requirements.
    2. Collect all medical records and ask your clinic for a required-documents list.
    3. Arrange medication transport and prescriptions.
    4. Book flights and accommodation with flexible options.
    5. Purchase travel insurance that covers medical treatment abroad.
    6. Pack practical items and prepare for your stay.
    7. Review your clinic’s contact information and emergency plan.

    By organizing these details, you can focus on your treatment with greater peace of mind. Always verify specifics with your clinic and relevant authorities, as requirements can change.

    Frequently asked questions

    What documents do I need for IVF travel to Thailand?

    You will need a valid passport, possibly a visa, and your medical records. Check with your clinic for a specific list, as requirements vary.

    Can I bring my fertility medications to Thailand?

    Yes, but keep them in original packaging with a doctor's letter. Confirm with your airline and clinic about any restrictions.

    How long should I plan to stay in Thailand for IVF?

    The length of stay depends on your treatment cycle. Ask your clinic for an estimated timeline, but plan for at least a few weeks.

    Do I need travel insurance for IVF in Thailand?

    Travel insurance is recommended, but check if it covers medical treatment abroad. Some clinics may offer guidance on insurance options.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Is PGT-A and Why Is It Used in IVF?

    PGT-A at a glance

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. It is a test that can be performed on embryos created through IVF before a pregnancy is established. The purpose is to check whether the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. A normal human embryo should have 46 chromosomes. An embryo with missing or extra chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos do not implant or result in a miscarriage, but some can lead to conditions such as Down syndrome.

    PGT-A is not a routine test for every IVF patient. It is offered as an optional screening tool to help select embryos that are more likely to be chromosomally normal. It does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby, and it does not test for all genetic conditions.

    What does PGT-A screen for?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes, known as aneuploidy. This includes conditions where there is an extra chromosome, such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), or a missing chromosome, such as Turner syndrome. It also detects larger structural changes in chromosomes, such as deletions or duplications, depending on the technology used.

    It is important to understand that PGT-A does not test for single-gene disorders like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. Those require a different test called PGT-M.

    How is PGT-A different from PGT-M?

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation that could cause a specific inherited disease. PGT-M looks for that exact mutation in the embryo. PGT-A, on the other hand, is a broader screening test that checks chromosome number, not specific genes.

    In some cases, embryos may be tested with both PGT-A and PGT-M. This is done when a couple has a known genetic condition and also wants to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. The two tests serve different purposes and are often used together.

    Why is PGT-A used in IVF?

    PGT-A is used for several reasons, depending on the patient’s history and age. Common reasons include:

    • Advanced maternal age, as the risk of aneuploidy increases with age.
    • Previous miscarriage, especially if it was due to a chromosomal abnormality.
    • Repeated implantation failure, where embryos do not implant after several IVF attempts.
    • Severe male factor infertility, which may be associated with higher rates of aneuploidy.
    • To reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality.

    It is important to note that PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. Some professional guidelines suggest that it may not improve live birth rates for all age groups. Your fertility specialist can help you understand whether PGT-A is appropriate for your situation.

    What do PGT-A results mean?

    PGT-A results are typically reported as:

    • Euploid: The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. This is considered a normal result.
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes. This embryo is less likely to implant or develop normally.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance is uncertain, and the embryo may or may not develop normally.
    • No result: The test failed to produce a result, which can happen for technical reasons.

    It is essential to discuss your results with a genetic counselor or your fertility doctor. They can explain what the results mean for your specific embryos and your chances of a successful pregnancy.

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A has limitations that you should be aware of:

    • It does not guarantee a live birth or a healthy baby.
    • It cannot detect all genetic conditions, such as single-gene disorders or structural abnormalities that are not related to chromosome number.
    • It may not detect all cases of mosaicism, and the clinical impact of mosaicism is still being studied.
    • The biopsy procedure itself carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, although this is rare.
    • PGT-A is an additional cost and may not be covered by insurance.

    Because of these limitations, PGT-A should be considered as one tool in the IVF process, not a guarantee.

    Alternatives to PGT-A

    If you are considering PGT-A, there are alternatives to discuss with your doctor:

    • No testing: You may choose to transfer embryos without genetic screening, relying on embryo morphology (appearance) and other factors.
    • PGT-M: If you have a known genetic condition, PGT-M may be more appropriate.
    • Prenatal testing: You can opt for screening or diagnostic tests during pregnancy, such as non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) or amniocentesis.

    Each option has its own benefits and risks. Your doctor can help you weigh them based on your medical history and preferences.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    If you are considering PGT-A, here are some questions to ask your fertility clinic:

    • What is the cost of PGT-A, and what does it include?
    • How many embryos are typically biopsied, and what is the success rate of the biopsy?
    • How long does it take to get results?
    • What is your policy on mosaic embryos?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling as part of the process?

    Next steps

    If you are exploring PGT-A, consider these steps:

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to review your medical history and determine if PGT-A is appropriate.
    2. Ask about the laboratory that will perform the testing and their accreditation.
    3. Discuss the costs and whether any part is covered by insurance.
    4. Consider genetic counseling to understand the implications of results.

    For more information, you can explore our PGT in Thailand guide, visit our guides section, or check our FAQ page.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A the same as PGS?

    PGT-A was formerly known as PGS (preimplantation genetic screening). The name was changed to PGT-A to clarify that it screens for aneuploidy, not specific genetic disorders.

    Does PGT-A improve IVF success rates?

    PGT-A may help select embryos that are more likely to be chromosomally normal, which could reduce the risk of miscarriage and failed implantation. However, it does not guarantee a live birth, and its impact on overall success rates is still debated. Discuss your individual situation with your doctor.

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic abnormalities?

    No. PGT-A only screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It does not detect single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, or small structural changes. For those, PGT-M or other tests are needed.

    Is PGT-A safe for the embryo?

    PGT-A requires a biopsy of a few cells from the embryo. This is generally considered safe, but there is a small risk of embryo damage. The procedure is performed by experienced embryologists to minimize risks.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.