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  • Understanding PGT IVF Success Rates in Thailand: A Patient Guide

    PGT and IVF Success: What Does the Research Show?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is an add-on to IVF that screens embryos for genetic or chromosomal issues before transfer. While PGT can help select embryos with a higher chance of implantation, it does not guarantee pregnancy or live birth. Success rates depend on many factors, including maternal age, embryo quality, and the specific genetic condition being tested.

    In Thailand, many fertility centers offer PGT-A (aneuploidy screening), PGT-M (monogenic disorders), and PGT-SR (structural rearrangements). However, published success rates vary widely, and not all clinics report outcomes consistently. This guide explains what PGT can and cannot do, and how to evaluate success rates when comparing clinics.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT Success

    • PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities; it may reduce miscarriage risk but does not improve overall live birth rates for all patients.
    • PGT-M is used to avoid specific inherited diseases; success depends on the accuracy of the genetic test and embryo quality.
    • PGT-SR helps identify embryos with balanced chromosomal rearrangements; live birth rates vary by rearrangement type.
    • Success rates are influenced by maternal age, number of embryos, and laboratory quality.
    • No test can guarantee a healthy baby; PGT is a tool, not a promise.

    What Is PGT and How Does It Work?

    PGT involves taking a few cells from a day-5 or day-6 embryo (blastocyst) and analyzing them for genetic or chromosomal issues. The embryo is then frozen while the results are pending. Only embryos that appear normal are considered for transfer.

    There are three main types:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening): checks for extra or missing chromosomes, which are common causes of implantation failure and miscarriage.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders): tests for specific single-gene diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements): detects unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, which can lead to miscarriage or birth defects.

    Each type has its own limitations. For example, PGT-A cannot detect all chromosomal abnormalities, and PGT-M requires a customized test for each family’s mutation.

    Success Rates: What Do They Mean?

    Success rates are usually reported as live birth per embryo transfer or per cycle. However, these numbers can be misleading if you don’t know the denominator. For instance, a clinic may report high success rates per transfer but exclude cycles where no embryos were available for transfer.

    When comparing clinics, ask for:

    • Live birth rate per started cycle (includes all cycles, even those that don’t reach transfer)
    • Live birth rate per embryo transfer (only cycles with a transfer)
    • Miscarriage rate after PGT
    • Number of cycles performed (larger numbers are more reliable)

    Also consider the patient population. A clinic that treats younger patients will naturally have higher success rates. Ask for age-stratified data if possible.

    Factors That Influence PGT Success in Thailand

    Several factors affect your chances of success with PGT in Thailand:

    • Maternal age: Younger women typically produce more chromosomally normal embryos.
    • Number of embryos: The more embryos you have, the higher the chance of finding a normal one.
    • Embryo quality: Even a genetically normal embryo may not implant if it is of poor quality.
    • Laboratory standards: The accuracy of PGT depends on the lab’s experience and technology.
    • Genetic condition: For PGT-M, the test must be highly accurate for your specific mutation.

    These factors are not unique to Thailand, but they are important to discuss with your clinic.

    How to Interpret Clinic-Reported Success Rates

    When you see a success rate, ask yourself:

    • Is this rate for PGT-A, PGT-M, or PGT-SR? They are not the same.
    • What is the patient age range?
    • Is this per cycle, per transfer, or per embryo?
    • How many cycles were included?

    Be cautious of rates that seem too high. No clinic can guarantee a live birth. Also, remember that PGT does not improve the quality of your eggs or embryos; it only helps select among what you have.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before choosing a clinic for PGT in Thailand, consider asking:

    • What is your live birth rate per cycle for patients in my age group?
    • How many PGT cycles do you perform per year?
    • What is your embryo biopsy success rate (i.e., how often do embryos survive the biopsy)?
    • Do you use next-generation sequencing (NGS) for PGT-A?
    • How do you handle embryos with no result or mosaic results?
    • What are the additional costs for PGT, and are there any hidden fees?

    These questions can help you compare clinics on a like-for-like basis.

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, follow these steps:

    1. Research clinics that offer PGT and have experience with your specific situation.
    2. Request a consultation to discuss your medical history and whether PGT is appropriate.
    3. Ask for success rates in writing, and clarify how they are calculated.
    4. Consider genetic counseling to understand the limitations and risks of PGT.
    5. Review the costs and logistics, including travel and accommodation if you are coming from abroad.

    Remember, PGT is not for everyone. Your doctor can help you decide if it is likely to benefit you.

    Conclusion

    PGT can be a valuable tool in IVF, but success rates in Thailand vary by clinic and patient. By understanding what PGT can and cannot do, and by asking the right questions, you can make a more informed decision. Always consult with a qualified fertility specialist to discuss your individual chances.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the success rate of PGT-A in Thailand?

    Success rates for PGT-A vary by clinic and patient age. There is no single national rate. Ask clinics for their live birth rate per cycle for your age group, and note that PGT-A does not guarantee a live birth.

    Does PGT-M improve IVF success rates?

    PGT-M is designed to avoid specific genetic diseases, not necessarily to improve overall success rates. Its success depends on the accuracy of the test and the number of healthy embryos available.

    Are PGT success rates higher in Bangkok clinics?

    Some Bangkok clinics may report higher success rates, but this can be due to patient selection or reporting methods. Compare clinics using consistent criteria, such as live birth per cycle for your age group.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain genetic or chromosomal issues, but it cannot eliminate all risks. Miscarriage and birth defects can still occur.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand: A Practical Guide for Patients

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a test performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF). It checks for the correct number of chromosomes, which can help identify embryos that may have a higher chance of implanting and developing. PGT-A is sometimes called preimplantation genetic screening (PGS).

    In Thailand, PGT-A is offered by many fertility clinics as part of advanced IVF services. However, it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby, and it is not necessary for everyone. Understanding what PGT-A can and cannot do is essential before deciding if it is right for you.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-A

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy).
    • It requires IVF and embryo biopsy, usually at the blastocyst stage.
    • Results take several days to weeks, depending on the lab.
    • PGT-A can reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal issues but does not eliminate all risks.
    • Costs vary widely; confirm with your clinic.
    • Not all patients need PGT-A; your doctor can advise based on your history.

    How PGT-A Works

    PGT-A is performed during an IVF cycle. After eggs are retrieved and fertilized, embryos are cultured for about five to six days until they reach the blastocyst stage. A few cells are then removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) in a process called biopsy. These cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis.

    The lab uses techniques like next-generation sequencing (NGS) to count the chromosomes. Embryos with the expected number of chromosomes are called euploid; those with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid. Only euploid embryos are typically considered for transfer, though some clinics may transfer mosaic embryos under certain conditions.

    Because the biopsy is performed on the outer cells that will become the placenta, the test is not 100% accurate. There is a small risk of misdiagnosis, and not all chromosomal abnormalities are detectable.

    Why Consider PGT-A?

    PGT-A may be recommended for patients who have a higher risk of chromosomal abnormalities, such as:

    • Women over 35 years old
    • Couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage
    • Previous failed IVF cycles
    • Severe male factor infertility
    • Known chromosomal translocation in either partner

    However, PGT-A is not for everyone. Younger women with a good prognosis may not benefit significantly, as many embryos are already normal. Your fertility specialist can help you weigh the potential benefits and risks based on your individual situation.

    PGT-A vs. PGT-M and PGT-SR

    PGT-A is often confused with other types of preimplantation genetic testing. It is important to understand the differences:

    • PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (wrong number of chromosomes).
    • PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia, when one or both parents carry a known mutation.
    • PGT-SR tests for structural rearrangements, like translocations, that can lead to unbalanced chromosomes.

    Some clinics offer combined testing, but not all embryos will be suitable for all tests. Discuss with your clinic which test is appropriate for your case.

    PGT-A in Thailand: What to Expect

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, here is a general overview of the process:

    1. Consultation: Meet with a fertility specialist to review your medical history and determine if PGT-A is appropriate.
    2. IVF cycle: Undergo ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and fertilization in the lab.
    3. Embryo culture: Embryos are grown to the blastocyst stage (day 5-6).
    4. Biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo.
    5. Genetic analysis: The cells are sent to a lab for PGT-A testing.
    6. Results and transfer: Once results are available, you and your doctor decide which embryo(s) to transfer.

    The entire process adds time to your IVF cycle, as testing may take several days to weeks. Your clinic will provide a timeline based on their laboratory arrangements.

    Costs of PGT-A in Thailand

    The cost of PGT-A in Thailand varies depending on the clinic, the number of embryos tested, and whether additional tests are included. Typically, you can expect to pay for the IVF cycle, the biopsy procedure, and the genetic analysis separately. Some clinics offer package deals that include PGT-A.

    Because prices are not standardized, it is essential to request a detailed quote from your clinic. Ask what is included in the price, such as the number of embryos tested, the genetic analysis method, and any additional consultations.

    Note that PGT-A is not covered by most insurance plans, so you should plan for out-of-pocket expenses.

    Choosing a Clinic for PGT-A in Thailand

    When researching PGT-A in Thailand, consider the following factors:

    • Experience: How many PGT-A cycles has the clinic performed?
    • Laboratory: Does the clinic have an in-house genetics lab or use an external accredited lab?
    • Success rates: While success rates are not a guarantee, they can give you an idea of the clinic’s overall performance. Ask for their latest data.
    • Accreditation: Check if the clinic is accredited by relevant Thai or international bodies.
    • Communication: Ensure the clinic can communicate clearly in English or your preferred language.

    It is also wise to ask about the embryology team’s experience with biopsy and the genetic lab’s quality controls.

    Accuracy and Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A is highly accurate but not perfect. The test can miss some abnormalities or produce false positives. There is also a small risk that the biopsy damages the embryo, though this is rare when performed by experienced embryologists.

    Additionally, PGT-A does not test for all genetic disorders. It only screens for chromosomal number abnormalities. If you are concerned about specific genetic conditions, you may need PGT-M or other tests.

    Finally, PGT-A cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy. Even a euploid embryo may fail to implant or miscarry due to other factors. Your doctor can explain the limitations in the context of your case.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before proceeding with PGT-A in Thailand, consider asking these questions:

    • What is the total cost of PGT-A, and what does it include?
    • How many embryos will be tested, and is there an additional fee for more?
    • What is the turnaround time for results?
    • How many embryos are typically biopsied per cycle?
    • What is the clinic’s experience with PGT-A?
    • How are mosaic embryos handled?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy?
    • Is genetic counseling available?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, start by researching clinics and scheduling consultations. Bring your medical records and a list of questions. Take your time to compare options and ensure you feel comfortable with the clinic’s approach.

    Remember that PGT-A is a personal choice. Discuss the potential benefits and limitations with your doctor to make an informed decision that aligns with your goals.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGS?

    PGT-A and PGS are essentially the same test. PGS (preimplantation genetic screening) is an older term, while PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is the current terminology recommended by medical societies. Both refer to screening embryos for chromosomal number abnormalities.

    How long does PGT-A testing take in Thailand?

    The time for PGT-A results can vary depending on the laboratory and the testing method. Typically, it may take from a few days to a couple of weeks. Your clinic will provide a specific timeline based on their arrangements.

    Is PGT-A covered by insurance in Thailand?

    PGT-A is generally not covered by standard insurance plans, as it is considered an elective procedure. You should check with your insurance provider and your clinic about payment options and potential coverage.

    Can PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT-A cannot guarantee a healthy baby. It reduces the risk of transferring embryos with chromosomal abnormalities, but other factors can affect implantation and pregnancy outcomes. It is not a guarantee of success.

    What is a mosaic embryo?

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A can sometimes detect mosaicism. The clinical significance is not fully understood, and decisions about transferring mosaic embryos are made on a case-by-case basis with genetic counseling.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Choose an IVF Clinic in Thailand: A Checklist for International Patients

    Choosing an IVF clinic in Thailand as an international patient involves more than comparing success rates. You need to consider language support, international patient services, and quality indicators that fit your unique situation. This checklist will guide you through the key factors to evaluate, helping you ask the right questions and make a confident decision.

    At a Glance: Key Considerations

    • Language support and communication clarity
    • International patient services and coordination
    • Quality indicators and transparency
    • Travel and accommodation logistics
    • Remote consultation and follow-up care

    1. Language Support and Communication

    Clear communication is essential for a smooth IVF journey. When evaluating clinics, consider:

    • Do they have English-speaking medical staff and coordinators?
    • Are translation services available for consultations and written materials?
    • How do they handle after-hours questions or emergencies?

    Ask about the availability of a dedicated international patient coordinator who can assist with scheduling, logistics, and communication throughout your treatment.

    2. International Patient Services

    Many clinics offer services tailored to international patients. Look for:

    • Assistance with travel arrangements, including flights and airport transfers
    • Help with accommodation near the clinic
    • Guidance on visa requirements and documentation (though you should always verify with official sources)
    • Support with medical records and history translation

    These services can significantly reduce stress and help you focus on your treatment.

    3. Quality Indicators and Transparency

    While success rates are important, they should not be the only factor. Consider these quality indicators:

    • Laboratory accreditation and certifications (ask for details)
    • Experience and qualifications of the medical team
    • Transparency about treatment protocols and costs
    • Availability of genetic testing and other advanced services

    Ask for clear explanations of their success rates, how they are calculated, and what they mean for your specific case. Remember that success rates can vary based on age, diagnosis, and other factors.

    4. Travel and Accommodation Logistics

    Your treatment may require multiple visits. Consider:

    • How far is the clinic from the airport and your accommodation?
    • Are there flexible appointment scheduling options?
    • What is the estimated duration of your stay for each stage of treatment?

    Discuss your travel plans with the clinic to understand the timeline and any flexibility they offer.

    5. Remote Consultation and Follow-Up Care

    Many international patients begin with remote consultations. Ask about:

    • Virtual consultation options before you travel
    • How follow-up appointments are conducted after you return home
    • Communication channels for sharing results and updates

    This can help you maintain continuity of care and reduce the need for frequent travel.

    6. Questions to Ask a Clinic

    Use this list during your consultations:

    • What is your experience with international patients?
    • Can you provide a detailed cost breakdown, including medications and procedures?
    • What are your policies on embryo storage and transfer?
    • How do you handle complications or emergencies?
    • What support do you offer for psychological or emotional well-being?

    7. Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Shortlist clinics based on your criteria.
    2. Schedule remote consultations with at least two clinics.
    3. Prepare your medical history and any relevant records.
    4. Verify visa and travel requirements with official sources.
    5. Ask for a detailed treatment plan and cost estimate.
    6. Consider a preliminary visit if possible.

    Choosing an IVF clinic is a personal decision. Take your time, ask questions, and trust your instincts. For more resources, explore our hospitals page, international patient guide, treatment process overview, and patient resources.

    Frequently asked questions

    What should I look for in an IVF clinic in Thailand as an international patient?

    Focus on language support, international patient services, quality indicators like lab accreditation and transparency, and logistical convenience. Ask about remote consultation options and follow-up care.

    How do I verify the quality of an IVF clinic in Thailand?

    Ask about laboratory accreditations, the experience of the medical team, and how they report success rates. Look for transparency in treatment protocols and costs.

    Can I have remote consultations with IVF clinics in Thailand before traveling?

    Many clinics offer virtual consultations. Inquire about their remote consultation process and how they handle follow-up care after you return home.

    What travel and accommodation considerations are important for IVF treatment in Thailand?

    Consider the clinic's proximity to the airport and accommodation, the duration of your stay for each treatment stage, and whether the clinic offers travel assistance.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Identify Hidden Costs in IVF Quotes in Thailand

    Understanding IVF Quotes in Thailand

    When you receive an IVF quote from a clinic in Thailand, it may not include every cost you will incur. Many patients focus on the headline price, only to discover additional charges later. This guide helps you understand what is typically included, what might be extra, and what questions to ask before you commit.

    At a Glance: Key Cost Categories

    • Medical procedures (consultations, monitoring, egg retrieval, embryo transfer)
    • Medications (stimulation drugs, hormone support)
    • Laboratory services (fertilization, embryo culture, genetic testing if applicable)
    • Anesthesia and facility fees
    • Embryo storage and future transfer cycles
    • Additional services (counseling, nursing support, administrative fees)

    What Is Usually Included in an IVF Quote?

    Most IVF quotes in Thailand cover the core medical procedures: initial consultations, ultrasound monitoring, blood tests, egg retrieval, fertilization, and embryo transfer. Some clinics also include basic laboratory services and a certain number of embryo transfers within the quoted cycle. However, the exact inclusions vary widely, so it is essential to ask for a detailed breakdown.

    Common Hidden Costs to Watch For

    Medication Costs

    Stimulation medications can be a significant expense and are often not included in the base quote. Ask whether the quote covers all medications needed for the cycle, and if not, request a separate estimate. Also, ask about the cost of medications for frozen embryo transfer cycles.

    Anesthesia and Facility Fees

    Egg retrieval is usually performed under anesthesia, and this may be billed separately. Similarly, some clinics charge facility fees for the operating room or procedure suite. Confirm whether these are included in the quote.

    Embryo Storage

    After your cycle, you may have embryos to freeze. Storage fees are typically charged annually and are rarely included in the initial quote. Ask about the first year’s storage cost and the renewal fee.

    Genetic Testing

    If you are considering preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), this is usually an additional cost. The quote may not include PGT unless explicitly stated. Ask about the cost of PGT and whether it covers all embryos or is charged per embryo.

    Additional Procedures

    Some cycles may require additional procedures such as assisted hatching, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), or embryo glue. These are often not included in the base quote. Ask which add-ons are recommended and their costs.

    Administrative and Miscellaneous Fees

    Some clinics charge administrative fees for paperwork, coordination, or translation services. Others may have fees for missed appointments or rescheduling. Ask about any non-medical charges that could apply.

    How to Compare IVF Quotes Effectively

    To compare quotes fairly, create a checklist of the items you expect to be included. Use the following questions to evaluate each quote:

    • Does the quote include all consultations and monitoring visits?
    • Are medications included? If not, what is the estimated cost?
    • Are anesthesia and facility fees covered?
    • Is embryo storage included for the first year?
    • Are genetic testing and add-ons itemized?
    • What is the policy for refunds if the cycle is canceled?
    • Are there any fees for transferring embryos in a future cycle?

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before you decide, ask the clinic directly:

    • Can you provide a fully itemized quote that lists every charge?
    • What is not included in this quote?
    • Are there any potential additional costs I should plan for?
    • Do you offer package deals that bundle multiple services?
    • What is your policy on unexpected charges?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Request an itemized quote from each clinic you are considering.
    2. Compare the quotes side by side using the categories above.
    3. Ask follow-up questions about any missing items.
    4. Consider the total cost of a full cycle, including medications and storage.
    5. Review the clinic’s payment terms and refund policy.
    6. Keep a record of all communications and quotes.

    For more detailed information on IVF costs in Thailand, visit our IVF cost guide. You can also explore our patient resources for additional support. If you have specific questions, feel free to contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    What are the most common hidden costs in IVF quotes in Thailand?

    Common hidden costs include medications, anesthesia, embryo storage, genetic testing, and add-on procedures like ICSI or assisted hatching. Always ask for an itemized quote to see what is included.

    How can I compare IVF quotes from different Thai clinics?

    Create a checklist of services you expect, such as consultations, monitoring, medications, and storage. Ask each clinic for a fully itemized quote and compare the total cost of a full cycle, not just the base price.

    Are medications usually included in IVF quotes in Thailand?

    Not always. Some clinics include basic medications, but stimulation drugs and hormone support are often billed separately. Ask for a medication cost estimate before starting treatment.

    What should I do if a clinic cannot provide an itemized quote?

    If a clinic cannot provide a detailed breakdown, consider it a red flag. Transparency is important for budgeting and avoiding surprises. You may want to seek a clinic that offers clear pricing.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What to Ask About IVF Package Inclusions in Thailand

    When comparing IVF packages in Thailand, the headline price often covers only a portion of the full treatment cycle. To make a fair comparison, you need to know exactly what is included and what is not. This guide outlines the key questions to ask about IVF package inclusions and exclusions, helping you plan your budget and avoid unexpected costs.

    At a Glance: Key Questions to Ask

    • What consultations and medical appointments are included?
    • Which blood tests, ultrasounds, and monitoring scans are covered?
    • Are medications (stimulation drugs, progesterone, etc.) included?
    • What embryology services are covered (ICSI, assisted hatching, blastocyst culture)?
    • Are anesthesia, egg retrieval, and embryo transfer procedures included?
    • What happens if a cycle is canceled or no embryos are available for transfer?
    • Are there additional fees for embryo freezing, storage, or genetic testing?

    Understanding IVF Package Inclusions

    IVF packages in Thailand typically bundle common services into a single price, but the exact inclusions vary by clinic. To compare packages effectively, you need to break down the treatment cycle into stages and ask which components are covered at each step.

    Consultations and Medical Appointments

    Ask whether the package includes all consultations with your fertility specialist, including the initial consultation, follow-up visits, and any appointments with other medical staff (e.g., anesthesiologist, embryologist). Some packages may only cover a limited number of visits, with additional consultations billed separately.

    Diagnostic Tests and Monitoring

    Blood tests (e.g., hormone levels, infectious disease screening) and ultrasound scans are essential for monitoring your cycle. Clarify which tests are included and how many monitoring scans are covered. Some packages may include a set number of ultrasounds, with extra scans costing extra.

    Medications

    Fertility medications can be a significant cost. Ask whether the package includes ovarian stimulation drugs, trigger injections, and post-transfer support (e.g., progesterone). If medications are not included, request a detailed list of typical medications and their costs.

    Procedures: Egg Retrieval and Embryo Transfer

    The two main surgical procedures—egg retrieval (follicular aspiration) and embryo transfer—are usually included, but confirm that anesthesia, operating room fees, and recovery room charges are covered. Also ask if there are any additional charges for using a specific anesthesia method.

    Embryology Services

    Embryology services cover the laboratory work: fertilization (ICSI or conventional), embryo culture, and possibly assisted hatching or blastocyst culture. Ask which techniques are included in the package and whether there are extra fees for advanced procedures like preimplantation genetic testing (PGT).

    Common IVF Package Exclusions

    Many IVF packages exclude certain services or have limitations. Understanding these exclusions is crucial to avoid surprise bills.

    • Medications: Often not included or only partially covered.
    • Genetic testing: PGT is usually an add-on with separate fees.
    • Embryo freezing and storage: Initial freezing may be included, but annual storage fees are typically extra.
    • Donor services: If using donor eggs or sperm, those costs are usually separate.
    • Additional cycles: A package may cover only one fresh cycle; frozen embryo transfers (FET) may be priced separately.
    • Complications: Treatment for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) or other complications may not be covered.

    Questions to Ask About Package Details

    When you receive a quote, ask these specific questions to clarify what is included:

    • Does the package include all consultations, or are there limits?
    • How many ultrasound scans and blood tests are covered?
    • Are all medications included, or only some? Can you provide a list?
    • Is ICSI included, or is it an extra charge?
    • Are there any additional fees for anesthesia or operating room use?
    • What happens if my cycle is canceled before egg retrieval? Is there a refund or credit?
    • If no embryos are suitable for transfer, is there a fee for the transfer attempt?
    • Are embryo freezing and storage included for the first year? What are the annual storage fees?
    • Is genetic testing available, and what is the additional cost?
    • Are there any hidden fees, such as administrative charges or lab fees?

    Comparing IVF Packages: What to Look For

    When comparing packages, focus on the total cost of a complete cycle, not just the base price. Create a checklist of services and compare what each clinic includes. Consider the following:

    • What is the total cost of a fresh IVF cycle with all necessary services?
    • What is the cost of a frozen embryo transfer (FET) if needed?
    • Are there package deals for multiple cycles?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on refunds if treatment is unsuccessful?
    • Are there any discounts for international patients?

    Remember that the cheapest package may not be the best value if it excludes essential services. Conversely, a higher-priced package may offer more comprehensive care.

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. List the services you expect to need (e.g., ICSI, PGT, embryo freezing).
    2. Request a detailed written quote from each clinic, itemizing inclusions and exclusions.
    3. Ask for a list of typical additional costs (medications, storage, etc.).
    4. Clarify the clinic’s cancellation and refund policies.
    5. Confirm what happens if you need a FET or a second cycle.
    6. Review the package contract carefully before signing.

    For more information on IVF costs in Thailand, see our IVF cost guide. To prepare for your journey, visit our patient resources. If you have specific questions, contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is typically included in an IVF package in Thailand?

    IVF packages usually include consultations, ultrasound monitoring, blood tests, egg retrieval, embryo transfer, and basic embryology services like fertilization and embryo culture. However, medications, genetic testing, and embryo freezing are often not included. Always ask for a detailed breakdown.

    Are medications included in IVF packages?

    Medications are sometimes included, but often they are an extra cost. Ask whether ovarian stimulation drugs, trigger injections, and post-transfer support are covered, and request a list of typical medications and their prices.

    What are common exclusions in IVF packages?

    Common exclusions include medications, genetic testing (PGT), embryo freezing and storage, donor services, and additional cycles. Some packages may also exclude anesthesia or charge extra for advanced embryology techniques like ICSI.

    How can I compare IVF packages fairly?

    Compare the total cost of a complete cycle, including all necessary services. Create a checklist of inclusions and exclusions for each clinic, and ask about additional fees for medications, storage, and FET. Consider the clinic's refund policy and success rates.

    What should I do if a package doesn't list exclusions?

    Ask the clinic directly for a written list of exclusions and any potential additional costs. If they cannot provide clear details, consider it a red flag and seek clarification before committing.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Plan a PGT Cycle Timeline in Thailand

    If you are considering preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) as part of your IVF journey in Thailand, understanding the timeline can help you plan your travel, work, and expectations. A PGT cycle involves several stages, from ovarian stimulation to embryo biopsy and genetic analysis. While each clinic and individual case is unique, this guide provides a general overview of the steps and the time typically involved. Remember, your specific timeline will depend on your medical history, your clinic’s protocols, and the type of genetic testing you undergo.

    At a Glance: Key Stages of a PGT Cycle

    • Initial consultation and testing: Medical review, blood work, and ultrasound to assess your baseline.
    • Ovarian stimulation: Daily hormone injections for about 10-14 days to stimulate multiple follicles.
    • Egg retrieval: A minor surgical procedure under sedation to collect eggs.
    • Fertilization and embryo culture: Eggs are fertilized with sperm, and embryos develop in the lab for about 5-6 days.
    • Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo for genetic testing.
    • Genetic testing: The biopsy samples are sent to a lab for analysis, which can take several days to weeks.
    • Embryo transfer: A healthy embryo is transferred to the uterus, typically in a subsequent cycle.

    Step 1: Initial Consultation and Pre-Treatment Testing

    Before starting a PGT cycle, you will have a consultation with your fertility specialist. This may be done in person or via telemedicine. The doctor will review your medical history, previous fertility treatments, and any genetic concerns. You will likely undergo blood tests, an ultrasound, and possibly a semen analysis if using a male partner’s sperm. This step is crucial for tailoring your treatment plan.

    Time to plan: This can be done weeks or months before your cycle. Some clinics may require you to complete certain tests in your home country, while others will arrange them upon arrival in Thailand.

    Step 2: Ovarian Stimulation

    Once your baseline tests are complete, you will begin ovarian stimulation. This involves daily hormone injections to encourage your ovaries to produce multiple eggs. The stimulation phase typically lasts about 10 to 14 days, but it can vary based on your response to medication. During this time, you will have regular monitoring appointments, including blood tests and ultrasounds, to track follicle growth and adjust medication doses.

    Travel consideration: You will need to be in Thailand for the entire stimulation phase, as monitoring is frequent. Plan to stay for at least two to three weeks from the start of stimulation to egg retrieval.

    Step 3: Egg Retrieval

    When your follicles are mature, you will receive a trigger injection to finalize egg maturation. Approximately 36 hours later, you will undergo egg retrieval, a minor surgical procedure performed under sedation. The procedure usually takes about 20-30 minutes, and you can go home the same day. After retrieval, you may experience mild cramping or bloating, but most people recover within a day or two.

    Step 4: Fertilization and Embryo Culture

    After retrieval, the eggs are fertilized with sperm in the laboratory. The resulting embryos are cultured for about five to six days, until they reach the blastocyst stage. During this time, the embryology team will monitor their development. Not all eggs will fertilize or develop into viable embryos, so the number of embryos available for testing can vary.

    Step 5: Embryo Biopsy

    Once embryos reach the blastocyst stage, a biopsy is performed. A few cells are removed from the outer layer of each embryo (trophectoderm) for genetic testing. This is a delicate procedure done by experienced embryologists. After biopsy, the embryos are frozen (vitrified) while awaiting test results.

    Step 6: Genetic Testing

    The biopsy samples are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The type of PGT you are having will determine the testing method and time required:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening): Checks for chromosomal abnormalities. Results may take several days to a couple of weeks.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders): Tests for specific genetic diseases. This often requires a prior workup and may take longer.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements): Detects chromosomal structural changes. Timeframe similar to PGT-A.

    Your clinic will provide a specific timeframe for your test results. During this waiting period, you can return home if you wish, as the embryos are safely frozen.

    Step 7: Embryo Transfer

    Once your genetic testing results are available, you will discuss them with your doctor. A healthy embryo (or embryos) will be selected for transfer. The transfer is usually done in a subsequent cycle, after your uterine lining is prepared with medication. This preparation can take about two to four weeks. The transfer procedure itself is quick and painless, similar to a pap smear.

    Travel consideration: You will need to be in Thailand for the transfer and the days leading up to it. Plan to stay for at least one to two weeks, depending on your clinic’s protocol.

    Total Timeline: What to Expect

    From the start of ovarian stimulation to embryo transfer, a PGT cycle can take approximately two to three months. This includes the stimulation phase (about two weeks), egg retrieval and embryo culture (about one week), genetic testing (one to several weeks), and a subsequent frozen embryo transfer cycle (about one month). However, this is a general estimate. Your timeline may be shorter or longer based on your individual circumstances and clinic scheduling.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    To plan effectively, ask your clinic for a detailed timeline specific to your case. Consider asking:

    • How long will my stimulation phase likely last based on my initial tests?
    • What is the expected turnaround time for my genetic testing results?
    • Will I need to be in Thailand for the entire cycle, or can I go home between stages?
    • How soon after my test results can I schedule my embryo transfer?
    • Are there any additional tests or consultations I need before starting?

    Next Steps: Your Planning Checklist

    • Consult with a fertility specialist to discuss your medical history and PGT options.
    • Confirm your clinic’s specific timeline and any required pre-tests.
    • Plan your travel and accommodation for the stimulation and retrieval phase, and later for the transfer.
    • Arrange time off work and support for your stay in Thailand.
    • Discuss financial aspects, including the cost of PGT and any additional lab fees.

    Planning a PGT cycle in Thailand involves careful coordination, but with a clear understanding of the steps and a supportive clinic, you can navigate the process smoothly. Always rely on your medical team for personalized advice and timelines.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does a PGT cycle take in Thailand?

    A typical PGT cycle from ovarian stimulation to embryo transfer can take about two to three months. This includes the stimulation phase (about two weeks), egg retrieval and embryo culture (about one week), genetic testing (one to several weeks), and a subsequent frozen embryo transfer cycle (about one month). Your specific timeline may vary based on your clinic's protocols and your individual response to treatment.

    Can I go home during the genetic testing wait?

    Yes, in most cases you can return home after your embryos are biopsied and frozen. The genetic testing results may take several days to weeks, and you will not need to be in Thailand during that time. Once results are ready, you can plan to return for your embryo transfer.

    What factors can affect the PGT cycle timeline?

    Several factors can influence your timeline, including your ovarian response to stimulation, the number of embryos available for biopsy, the type of genetic testing required, and your clinic's scheduling. Additionally, if you need to undergo any preparatory procedures or if there are delays in test results, your timeline may be extended.

    Do I need to stay in Thailand for the entire PGT cycle?

    No, you typically do not need to stay for the entire cycle. You will need to be present for the stimulation and monitoring phase (about two weeks), egg retrieval, and later for the embryo transfer (about one to two weeks). The genetic testing wait can be done remotely, and you can travel home during that period.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Mosaicism in Thailand: A Guide for Patients

    What Is PGT-A Mosaicism?

    When you undergo preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) during IVF, the laboratory analyzes a small sample of cells from each embryo. The results typically classify embryos as euploid (normal chromosome number), aneuploid (abnormal chromosome number), or mosaic. A mosaic embryo contains a mixture of cells: some with the normal number of chromosomes and some with an abnormal number. This is different from a uniformly aneuploid embryo, where all cells show the same abnormality.

    Mosaicism is reported as a percentage, such as 20% or 40%, indicating the proportion of abnormal cells detected in the biopsy sample. However, this percentage is an estimate based on the small sample tested and may not perfectly reflect the entire embryo. The interpretation of mosaic results is complex and evolving, and it is important to discuss your specific results with a genetic counselor.

    How Are Mosaic Embryos Reported in PGT-A Results?

    PGT-A results typically categorize embryos into three main groups: euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic. Mosaic results may be further described as low-level or high-level mosaicism, depending on the percentage of abnormal cells. Some laboratories also specify which chromosomes are affected and whether the abnormality is a gain or loss of genetic material.

    Because there is no universal standard for reporting mosaicism, different clinics and laboratories may use slightly different criteria. This means that the same embryo could be classified differently by another lab. It is essential to ask your clinic how they define and report mosaicism, and what their experience is with mosaic embryo transfers.

    What Does a Mosaic Result Mean for Your Embryo?

    A mosaic result does not necessarily mean the embryo is abnormal or cannot lead to a healthy baby. In some cases, mosaic embryos may self-correct during development, or the abnormal cells may be confined to the placenta rather than the fetus. However, the outcomes are not guaranteed, and there is a risk of an ongoing pregnancy with chromosomal abnormalities.

    The decision to transfer a mosaic embryo involves balancing the potential for a healthy live birth against the risk of miscarriage or a child with a chromosomal condition. This decision is highly personal and should be made in consultation with your medical team and a genetic counselor who can explain the specific risks based on your embryo’s mosaic pattern.

    Why Genetic Counseling Is Essential

    Genetic counseling is a critical step when you receive a mosaic PGT-A result. A genetic counselor can help you understand the technical aspects of mosaicism, interpret your specific results, and discuss the potential outcomes and risks. They can also explain the limitations of PGT-A, including the fact that it does not test for all genetic conditions and cannot guarantee a healthy baby.

    In Thailand, genetic counseling services may be available at your fertility clinic or through a referral. It is important to ask your clinic about the availability of genetic counseling and to prepare questions before your appointment. A counselor can also help you consider alternative options, such as further testing or using a different embryo.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About Mosaic Embryos

    When discussing mosaic results with your clinic, consider asking the following questions:

    • How does your laboratory define and report mosaicism?
    • What percentage of abnormal cells is considered low-level versus high-level mosaicism?
    • Which chromosomes are affected in my embryo, and what is the specific abnormality?
    • What is your clinic’s experience with transferring mosaic embryos?
    • What are the potential risks and outcomes for this specific mosaic pattern?
    • Are there any additional tests that could provide more information?
    • What is the process for genetic counseling, and can I speak with a counselor?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    After receiving a mosaic result, take time to gather information and consult with your medical team. Here is a step-by-step approach:

    1. Request a detailed explanation of your PGT-A report from your clinic.
    2. Schedule a genetic counseling session to discuss the implications.
    3. Ask about the likelihood of a healthy live birth with your specific mosaic embryo, based on available research and your clinic’s data.
    4. Consider your personal values and risk tolerance when making a decision.
    5. Discuss alternative options, such as using a euploid embryo if available, or undergoing further testing.

    Remember that PGT-A is a screening tool, not a guarantee. It can reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality, but it cannot eliminate all risks. Your decision should be based on the best available information and your own preferences.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You may also find our other guides helpful, or check the FAQ section for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is a mosaic embryo in PGT-A?

    A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells with normal and abnormal chromosome numbers. PGT-A can detect this mosaicism, but the percentage is an estimate from a small biopsy sample.

    Can a mosaic embryo lead to a healthy baby?

    In some cases, yes, but outcomes are not guaranteed. Mosaic embryos may self-correct or have abnormal cells confined to the placenta. However, there is a risk of miscarriage or a child with a chromosomal condition. Genetic counseling is essential.

    How is mosaicism reported in PGT-A results?

    Mosaicism is typically reported as a percentage of abnormal cells, sometimes categorized as low-level or high-level. Reporting criteria can vary between laboratories, so it's important to ask your clinic for details.

    Should I transfer a mosaic embryo?

    The decision depends on your specific situation, the mosaic pattern, and your risk tolerance. Discuss with your fertility specialist and a genetic counselor to understand the potential risks and benefits.

    Is genetic counseling available in Thailand for mosaic results?

    Many fertility clinics in Thailand offer genetic counseling or can refer you to a counselor. Ask your clinic about availability and how to schedule a session.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What to Expect During PGT Biopsy in Thailand

    If you are planning preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in Thailand, you may wonder what happens on the day of the embryo biopsy. This guide explains the typical process, how embryos are handled, and what risks to consider. Remember that every clinic has its own protocols, so use this as a general orientation and confirm details with your fertility team.

    At a Glance: PGT Biopsy Basics

    • Biopsy is performed on embryos created through IVF, usually at the blastocyst stage.
    • A few cells are removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) for genetic analysis.
    • The procedure is done by an experienced embryologist in a specialized laboratory.
    • Embryos are frozen while waiting for results, and a subsequent frozen embryo transfer is planned.
    • PGT is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby, and it is not necessary for everyone.

    What Is PGT Biopsy?

    PGT biopsy is a laboratory procedure that removes a small number of cells from an embryo to test for specific genetic conditions. There are different types of PGT: PGT-A (aneuploidy screening), PGT-M (monogenic disorders), and PGT-SR (structural rearrangements). The biopsy itself is similar regardless of the type, but the genetic analysis differs.

    The biopsy is performed after fertilization in the IVF laboratory. It does not involve surgery on the patient; instead, it is a delicate micromanipulation of the embryo under a microscope.

    When Does the Biopsy Happen?

    In most IVF cycles, embryos are cultured for about five to six days until they reach the blastocyst stage. At this point, the embryo has two distinct cell types: the inner cell mass (which becomes the fetus) and the trophectoderm (which becomes the placenta). The biopsy removes a few trophectoderm cells, which is considered safer than removing cells from the inner cell mass.

    The exact timing may vary slightly depending on the clinic and the embryo’s development. Your embryologist will monitor the embryos and decide the optimal time for biopsy.

    How Is the Biopsy Performed?

    The biopsy is a precise procedure carried out by an experienced embryologist. Here is a general step-by-step overview:

    1. Embryo immobilization: The blastocyst is held in place with a specialized holding pipette.
    2. Laser or chemical opening: A small hole is made in the outer shell (zona pellucida) using a laser or chemical solution.
    3. Cell removal: A few trophectoderm cells are gently aspirated or pulled out through the opening.
    4. Cell processing: The removed cells are placed in a tube for genetic testing.
    5. Embryo freezing: The biopsied embryo is then vitrified (frozen) while awaiting results.

    The entire procedure takes only a few minutes per embryo, but it requires great skill and precision. The embryologist’s experience is crucial to minimize any potential damage to the embryo.

    What Happens to the Embryo After Biopsy?

    After the biopsy, the embryo is frozen. This is standard practice because genetic testing takes time, and the embryo needs to be preserved in optimal condition. Once the results are available, you and your doctor will discuss which embryos are suitable for transfer. A frozen embryo transfer (FET) is then planned for a future cycle.

    Freezing also allows time for the results to be analyzed without rushing the transfer. The survival rate of frozen embryos is generally high, but it is not guaranteed.

    Potential Risks and Limitations

    PGT biopsy is generally considered safe, but it is not without risks. The main concerns include:

    • Embryo damage: Although rare, the biopsy procedure can potentially harm the embryo, affecting its viability.
    • Mosaicism: Some embryos may have a mix of normal and abnormal cells, which can make results unclear.
    • No result: Occasionally, the biopsy may not yield enough DNA for analysis, leading to an inconclusive result.
    • False results: No genetic test is 100% accurate. There is a small risk of false positives or negatives.

    It is important to understand that PGT does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a screening tool that can reduce the risk of certain genetic conditions, but it cannot eliminate all risks.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before undergoing PGT biopsy, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • How many embryos typically reach the blastocyst stage?
    • What is the experience level of the embryologists performing the biopsy?
    • How long will it take to receive the genetic testing results?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on mosaic embryos?
    • How many embryos are usually biopsied in a cycle?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any additional fees?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    If you are planning PGT biopsy in Thailand, here is a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Confirm that your clinic offers PGT and has an experienced embryology team.
    2. Discuss your medical history and genetic testing needs with your doctor.
    3. Understand the timeline: IVF cycle, biopsy, freezing, and transfer.
    4. Ask about the laboratory’s accreditation and quality standards.
    5. Clarify the costs and what is included.
    6. Plan for the emotional and physical aspects of the process.

    For more information on PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT biopsy painful?

    No, PGT biopsy is performed on the embryo in the laboratory, not on the patient. The procedure does not cause any physical pain to the woman. The IVF cycle itself may involve some discomfort from injections and egg retrieval, but the biopsy is not felt.

    How long does PGT biopsy take?

    The biopsy procedure itself takes only a few minutes per embryo. However, the overall process from embryo culture to biopsy and freezing takes several days. The genetic analysis may take one to two weeks, depending on the laboratory.

    Can PGT biopsy harm the embryo?

    There is a small risk of embryo damage during biopsy, but it is rare when performed by an experienced embryologist. The procedure is designed to minimize harm, and most embryos survive the biopsy and freezing process. However, no procedure is completely risk-free.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes), PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders, and PGT-SR checks for structural chromosomal rearrangements. The biopsy procedure is similar, but the genetic analysis differs. Your doctor will recommend the appropriate type based on your situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Interpret PGT-M Results in Thailand

    Understanding Your PGT-M Report

    Receiving your PGT-M results can feel overwhelming. This guide explains the common terms you will see on your report and what they mean for your family-building journey. Remember, PGT-M is a screening tool, not a guarantee of a healthy baby. Always discuss your results with a genetic counselor who can provide personalized guidance.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is a test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for specific single-gene conditions, such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease, that are known to run in a family. The goal is to identify embryos that do not carry the disease-causing mutation, reducing the risk of passing it on to your child.

    How PGT-M Results Are Reported

    Your PGT-M report will typically list each embryo tested and its status for the condition in question. The three main categories are:

    • Affected: The embryo carries the disease-causing mutation and is likely to develop the condition.
    • Carrier: The embryo carries one copy of the mutation but does not have the disease. This is relevant for recessive conditions, where two copies are needed to cause the disease.
    • Unaffected: The embryo does not carry the mutation and is not affected by the condition.

    Some reports may also include terms like “unaffected non-carrier” or “unaffected carrier.” Your genetic counselor will explain exactly what each term means for your specific situation.

    What Do the Results Mean for Your Embryos?

    If you have embryos that are unaffected, they may be suitable for transfer. If all embryos are affected or carriers, you may need to consider other options, such as further IVF cycles, using donor embryos, or other family-building paths. Your clinic and genetic counselor can discuss these options with you.

    The Role of Genetic Counseling

    Genetic counseling is a critical step after receiving PGT-M results. A genetic counselor can help you understand the medical implications, the inheritance patterns, and the emotional aspects of your results. They can also discuss the accuracy of the test and any limitations. In Thailand, genetic counseling is often available through your fertility clinic or a genetics specialist.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    When reviewing your results, consider asking your clinic and genetic counselor these questions:

    • What is the accuracy of the PGT-M test for our specific condition?
    • What is the difference between a carrier and an affected embryo for our condition?
    • Are there any embryos that are suitable for transfer?
    • What are the next steps if no unaffected embryos are available?
    • How does the lab report results, and what do the technical terms mean?

    Next Steps After Receiving Results

    After you have reviewed your results with your genetic counselor, you may decide to proceed with a frozen embryo transfer (FET) of an unaffected embryo. Your clinic will guide you through the preparation and timing. If you have questions about the process, refer to our PGT in Thailand guide for an overview.

    Limitations of PGT-M

    PGT-M is highly accurate but not infallible. It tests for specific mutations, but it cannot detect all genetic abnormalities. Additionally, PGT-M does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Other factors, such as embryo quality and maternal age, also affect outcomes. Always discuss the limitations with your provider.

    Emotional Considerations

    Receiving PGT-M results can be emotionally challenging, especially if you receive unexpected news. It is normal to feel a range of emotions. Seek support from your partner, family, or a professional counselor. Many clinics in Thailand offer psychological support services.

    Your Next Steps

    To make the most of your PGT-M results:

    1. Schedule a follow-up appointment with your genetic counselor.
    2. Bring a list of questions to your appointment.
    3. Discuss all your options, including the possibility of additional IVF cycles.
    4. Take time to process the information before making decisions.

    For more general information, visit our guides section or check our FAQ page.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does 'affected' mean in PGT-M results?

    An 'affected' embryo carries the disease-causing mutation and is expected to develop the condition. These embryos are typically not considered for transfer.

    Can a carrier embryo be transferred?

    For recessive conditions, a carrier embryo has one copy of the mutation but does not have the disease. Whether it can be transferred depends on the specific condition and your family's goals. Discuss with your genetic counselor.

    How accurate is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is highly accurate for the specific mutation tested, but it is not 100% perfect. There is a small risk of misdiagnosis. Your clinic can provide more details about their lab's accuracy.

    What if all my embryos are affected?

    If no unaffected embryos are available, you may consider another IVF cycle, using donor embryos, or other family-building options. Your clinic and genetic counselor can discuss these alternatives.

    Do I need genetic counseling after PGT-M?

    Yes, genetic counseling is strongly recommended. It helps you understand your results, the implications, and your options, ensuring you make informed decisions.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Questions to Ask About Embryo Storage Agreements in Thailand

    When you store embryos in Thailand, you will be asked to sign an agreement that outlines the terms of storage. This document is important because it covers how long your embryos can be stored, what fees apply, and what happens if you no longer need them. Before you sign, it is wise to ask clear questions so you understand your rights and responsibilities. Below is a checklist of questions to discuss with your clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Areas to Cover

    • Storage duration and renewal process
    • Fee structure and payment schedule
    • Consent for disposal or donation
    • Transfer of embryos to another facility
    • What happens if you lose contact or pass away

    1. Storage Duration and Renewal

    Ask how long the clinic will store your embryos under the agreement. Is it a fixed period, such as one year, or does it renew automatically? Find out what you need to do to renew the storage period and whether there is a deadline for renewal. Also ask if the clinic will notify you before the storage period ends.

    2. Fees and Payment Terms

    Understand the full cost of storage. Ask for a breakdown of fees, including any initial setup costs, annual storage fees, and charges for thawing or transferring embryos. Clarify when payments are due and what happens if you miss a payment. Some clinics may have late fees or may discard embryos if fees are not paid, so it is important to know the policy.

    3. Consent for Disposal, Donation, or Research

    Your agreement should specify what you consent to regarding your embryos. Ask about the options for disposal, donation to another couple, or donation for research. Make sure you understand whether you can change your mind later and how to update your consent. Also ask what happens if you do not make a decision by the end of the storage period.

    4. Transfer of Embryos to Another Facility

    If you move or want to use a different clinic, you may need to transfer your embryos. Ask about the process for transferring embryos to another facility, including any paperwork, fees, and shipping arrangements. Also ask if the clinic has partnerships with other storage facilities or if you are free to choose any facility.

    5. What Happens if You Lose Contact or Pass Away

    Life circumstances can change. Ask what the clinic will do if they cannot reach you to renew the agreement or make decisions. Also ask about your options for specifying what should happen to your embryos in the event of your death or incapacity. Some agreements may include a section for these contingencies, so review it carefully.

    6. Legal and Regulatory Considerations

    Embryo storage in Thailand is subject to regulations, but the specifics can vary. Ask the clinic about the legal framework that applies to your agreement, including any requirements for consent forms or documentation. Remember that this is not legal advice; you may want to consult with a lawyer who specializes in reproductive law to understand your rights fully.

    7. Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • How long can I store my embryos under this agreement?
    • What are the fees for storage, and when are they due?
    • What are my options for disposal, donation, or research?
    • Can I change my consent later, and how?
    • What is the process for transferring my embryos to another clinic?
    • What happens if I miss a payment or do not renew?
    • Who can make decisions about my embryos if I am unable to?
    • Are there any additional costs I should be aware of?

    Next Steps

    Before signing, take time to read the agreement thoroughly and ask for clarification on anything you do not understand. Consider discussing the agreement with your partner and, if needed, a legal professional. Keep a copy of the signed agreement for your records. If you have more questions about the process, our FAQ and guides may help. For personalized assistance, you can contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    What happens if I stop paying embryo storage fees in Thailand?

    If you stop paying storage fees, the clinic may have a policy that could include late fees, suspension of storage, or eventually disposal of embryos. The exact consequences depend on the terms of your agreement and Thai regulations. Always review the agreement and ask the clinic about their specific policy before signing.

    Can I transfer my embryos from one clinic to another in Thailand?

    Yes, it is usually possible to transfer embryos between clinics, but the process involves coordination between the facilities, paperwork, and possibly fees. You should ask both clinics about their transfer procedures and any requirements for shipping or handling.

    What are my options for disposing of embryos in Thailand?

    Options for embryo disposal may include thawing and discarding, donating to another couple, or donating for research. The availability of these options depends on the clinic's policies and Thai law. Your consent agreement should specify what you have chosen, and you may be able to change your decision later.

    Do I need a lawyer to review an embryo storage agreement in Thailand?

    It is not mandatory, but consulting a lawyer who understands reproductive law can help you understand your rights and the implications of the agreement. Since laws can be complex, professional advice may be beneficial, especially if you have concerns about consent or future decisions.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.