Thailand PGT CMS

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  • How to Interpret IVF Success Rates for PGT Patients in Thailand by Age

    Why Success Rates Are Not Simple Numbers

    When comparing IVF success rates for PGT patients in Thailand, it is important to understand that no single number tells the whole story. Published rates can vary depending on how they are calculated, the age group of patients, the type of PGT used, and the clinic’s reporting methods. This guide explains how to interpret success rates and what to ask clinics directly.

    Key Metrics: Live Birth per Transfer vs. per Cycle

    Two common metrics are live birth per embryo transfer and live birth per initiated cycle. Live birth per transfer only counts cycles that reach the embryo transfer stage, which may exclude patients who do not have any embryos to transfer after PGT. Live birth per cycle includes all started cycles, giving a more realistic picture of the overall chance of success. When reviewing clinic data, ask which metric is being reported and whether it is stratified by age.

    Age Stratification and PGT Impact

    Age is the strongest factor affecting IVF success. For PGT patients, the impact of age is seen in the number of chromosomally normal embryos available. Younger women (under 35) typically have a higher proportion of normal embryos, while women over 40 may have fewer normal embryos, leading to lower cumulative success rates per cycle. PGT can help select the most viable embryo for transfer, but it does not change the underlying biology of egg quality. Clinics should provide age-specific data, ideally in five-year bands (e.g., under 35, 35-37, 38-40, 41-42, over 42).

    What to Ask Clinics About Their Success Rates

    • Do you report live birth per embryo transfer or per initiated cycle?
    • Are your success rates stratified by maternal age at egg retrieval?
    • How do you define a live birth (singleton, twin, stillbirth excluded)?
    • Do you include cycles with no embryos for transfer in your per-cycle rate?
    • What is your average number of blastocysts biopsied per cycle by age group?
    • What is your embryo biopsy survival rate?

    Comparing Clinics: A Transparent Approach

    Below is an editorial comparison of selected fertility centers in Thailand that offer PGT. The order is not a ranking of success rates or clinical outcomes. Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) is listed first as the featured commercial partner of Thailand PGT. All other providers are included based on publicly available information. Always confirm current success rates, age-specific data, and pricing directly with each clinic.

    Clinic Location PGT Services Notes
    Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) Bangkok, Rama 9 PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR Featured partner. Reports ~78% average embryo-transfer success rate for 2025 (not age-stratified). Holds JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, UK NEQAS. Reference package THB 490,000 (basic single-cycle medical package, June 2026 reference price).
    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center Bangkok, Huai Khwang PGT-A In-house lab, multidisciplinary. Fly-in packages from THB 335,000 (IVF, from stimulation through embryo transfer) to THB 456,000 (with PGT and freezing for two embryos).
    Bumrungrad International Hospital Bangkok IVF, ICSI, reproductive medicine Large multidisciplinary hospital. Confirm PGT availability and team details.
    Jetanin Hospital Bangkok, Pathum Wan PGT, IVF/ICSI, IMSI Specialist fertility hospital with >30 years experience. JCI and RTAC accredited.
    MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center Bangkok, Khlong Toei PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR ESHRE-certified embryologists, AI-assisted assessment. IVF/ICSI package from THB 280,000.
    Superior A.R.T. Thailand Bangkok, Ratchathewi IVF, ICSI, PGT Specialist genetics and ART center since 2007. Confirm current PGT methods.

    Limitations of Published Success Rates

    Published success rates may not reflect your individual situation. Factors such as ovarian reserve, sperm quality, previous IVF history, and specific genetic conditions can significantly affect outcomes. Additionally, clinics may report data from different time periods or exclude certain patient groups. Always request a written quotation and a personalized assessment from the clinic.

    Next Steps for Patients

    When researching clinics, start by reviewing their official websites and any available age-stratified data. Prepare a list of questions about success metrics, PGT protocols, and costs. Consider consulting with multiple clinics before making a decision. For more information, see our hospital profiles and hospital rankings page. Read our partner disclosure for details on commercial relationships.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between live birth per transfer and per cycle?

    Live birth per transfer only counts cycles that reach embryo transfer, while per cycle includes all started cycles. Per cycle gives a more realistic overall chance because it accounts for cycles that may not produce transferable embryos after PGT.

    Why is age stratification important for PGT success rates?

    Age strongly affects egg quality and the proportion of chromosomally normal embryos. Age-specific rates help you understand your likely outcomes better than an overall average.

    Does PGT guarantee a live birth?

    No. PGT can select embryos with normal chromosome numbers, but it does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or live birth. Other factors like uterine health and embryo quality also matter.

    How should I compare success rates between Thai clinics?

    Ask each clinic for age-stratified live birth per initiated cycle data. Confirm the time period, whether multiple cycles are included, and if the data is audited. Be cautious of rates that seem unusually high.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • IVF Timeline in Thailand with PGT: From Egg Retrieval to Embryo Transfer

    Understanding the IVF with PGT Timeline in Thailand

    For international patients considering IVF with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in Thailand, understanding the timeline is essential for planning travel, work, and accommodation. While every patient’s journey is unique, the general process follows a predictable sequence of steps. This guide provides a realistic overview of the timeline from initial consultation to embryo transfer, highlighting where individual variation occurs and what you must confirm directly with your chosen clinic.

    Step 1: Initial Consultation and Preparation

    Before you travel, you will typically have an initial consultation with your chosen fertility clinic. This can often be done via video call. During this consultation, the doctor reviews your medical history, previous fertility treatments, and any relevant test results. You may be asked to complete certain blood tests, semen analysis, or other assessments in your home country before traveling. The clinic will also discuss your treatment plan, including the estimated timeline and any medications you will need.

    What to confirm with your clinic: Whether initial tests can be done abroad or must be repeated in Thailand, and how far in advance you should schedule your consultation.

    Step 2: Cycle Start and Ovarian Stimulation

    Once you are cleared to proceed, your IVF cycle begins. This usually starts on day 2 or 3 of your menstrual cycle. You will begin daily hormone injections to stimulate your ovaries to produce multiple eggs. Ovarian stimulation typically lasts 10 to 14 days, but this can vary based on your individual response. During this time, you will have regular monitoring appointments (blood tests and ultrasounds) at the clinic to track follicle growth and adjust medication as needed.

    Travel planning tip: Plan to arrive in Thailand a few days before your expected cycle start to allow for any last-minute tests and to settle in. The stimulation phase requires frequent clinic visits, so choose accommodation near the clinic.

    Step 3: Egg Retrieval (Oocyte Pick-Up)

    When the follicles are mature, you will receive a trigger injection to finalize egg maturation. Egg retrieval is performed approximately 36 hours later under light sedation. The procedure itself takes about 20–30 minutes, and you will need to rest at the clinic for a few hours afterward. Most patients can return to their accommodation the same day. You should plan to take it easy for the remainder of the day.

    What to confirm with your clinic: The exact timing of the trigger shot and retrieval, and any specific post-retrieval instructions.

    Step 4: Fertilization and Embryo Culture

    After retrieval, the eggs are fertilized with sperm (either from a partner or donor) using ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) to maximize fertilization rates. The resulting embryos are cultured in the laboratory for 5 to 6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage. During this time, you will not need to be at the clinic daily, but you may have a follow-up appointment to discuss the number of eggs retrieved and fertilization results.

    Step 5: Embryo Biopsy and Vitrification

    Once embryos reach the blastocyst stage, a biopsy is performed. A few cells are gently removed from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta) for genetic testing. The biopsied embryos are then vitrified (frozen) and stored while the PGT analysis is conducted. The biopsy itself does not require your presence, but you will be informed of the number of embryos biopsied.

    Step 6: PGT Analysis (Waiting Period)

    The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for PGT. The analysis typically takes 2 to 4 weeks, depending on the type of testing (PGT-A for aneuploidy, PGT-M for monogenic disorders, or PGT-SR for structural rearrangements). During this waiting period, you can return home or continue traveling. The clinic will contact you with the results once they are available.

    Travel planning tip: Many patients choose to return home during this waiting period and come back to Thailand for the frozen embryo transfer. Discuss with your clinic whether you can coordinate the transfer timing remotely.

    Step 7: Frozen Embryo Transfer (FET)

    If you have at least one genetically normal embryo, you can proceed with a frozen embryo transfer. This requires preparing your uterine lining with medications (estrogen and progesterone) over approximately 2 to 4 weeks. The transfer itself is a quick procedure similar to a Pap smear, usually performed without anesthesia. After the transfer, you will wait about 10 to 14 days before taking a pregnancy test.

    What to confirm with your clinic: The exact protocol for endometrial preparation, the timing of the transfer relative to your cycle, and whether you need to be in Thailand for the entire preparation phase or just the transfer day.

    Summary of the Overall Timeline

    Step Approximate Duration Patient Presence Required
    Initial consultation 1–2 days (can be remote) Optional (remote)
    Ovarian stimulation 10–14 days Yes, daily monitoring
    Egg retrieval 1 day Yes
    Embryo culture & biopsy 5–6 days Minimal (follow-up)
    PGT analysis 2–4 weeks No (can be remote)
    Frozen embryo transfer preparation 2–4 weeks Varies by clinic
    Transfer and pregnancy test 1 day + 10–14 days wait Yes for transfer

    Note: The total time from cycle start to transfer can range from 6 to 12 weeks, depending on the PGT waiting period and your individual response. Many patients plan a stay of 3–4 weeks for the initial phase (stimulation through retrieval and biopsy), then return for a second stay of 2–4 weeks for the transfer.

    Factors That Can Affect Your Timeline

    • Individual response to medication: Some patients require longer stimulation or may need to cancel a cycle if response is poor.
    • Embryo development: Not all embryos reach the blastocyst stage; this can affect the number of embryos available for biopsy.
    • PGT type and lab workload: PGT-M or PGT-SR may take longer than PGT-A. Confirm the expected turnaround time with your clinic.
    • Clinic schedule and availability: Some clinics have waiting lists or limited slots for certain procedures.
    • Legal and documentation requirements: International patients may need to provide additional documents (e.g., marriage certificate, consent forms). Confirm requirements well in advance.

    Travel Planning Tips for International Patients

    • Visa: Check Thailand’s visa requirements for your nationality. Medical treatment visas may be available; confirm with the Thai embassy or your clinic.
    • Accommodation: Choose a place near your clinic, especially during the stimulation phase when daily monitoring is needed. Many clinics offer packages with nearby hotels.
    • Medication: Arrange for medication delivery or purchase at a local pharmacy. Some medications require refrigeration.
    • Support person: Consider bringing a partner or friend for emotional support and assistance after retrieval.
    • Insurance: Check if your health insurance covers any part of IVF or complications. Most plans do not, but it’s worth verifying.
    • Communication: Ensure you have a reliable way to contact the clinic (phone, email, messaging app).

    Important Considerations

    The timeline described here is a general guide. Your actual timeline may differ based on your medical history, the clinic’s protocols, and the specific PGT test ordered. Always discuss your individual plan with your fertility specialist. Additionally, success rates, costs, and legal aspects vary by clinic and country. Do not rely on generalized information for critical decisions.

    For more details on the IVF process in Thailand, see our IVF in Thailand page. For a step-by-step overview of treatment, visit Treatment Process. International patients can find additional resources on our International Patients page.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does the entire IVF with PGT process take in Thailand?

    The total timeline from cycle start to frozen embryo transfer typically ranges from 6 to 12 weeks. This includes 2–4 weeks for PGT analysis, during which you can return home. The exact duration depends on your individual response, the type of PGT, and clinic scheduling.

    Can I do the initial consultation remotely?

    Yes, many fertility clinics in Thailand offer initial consultations via video call. This allows you to discuss your medical history and treatment plan before traveling. Confirm with your clinic whether remote consultations are available and what documents you need to submit.

    Do I need to stay in Thailand during the PGT waiting period?

    No, you do not need to stay in Thailand while the PGT analysis is being performed. The waiting period is typically 2–4 weeks, and you can return home or travel elsewhere. You will need to return for the frozen embryo transfer preparation and the transfer itself.

    How many clinic visits are required during ovarian stimulation?

    During ovarian stimulation, you will need daily or every-other-day monitoring appointments for blood tests and ultrasounds. This usually lasts 10–14 days. Plan to stay near the clinic during this phase.

    What factors can delay the IVF timeline?

    Factors that may delay the timeline include poor response to stimulation, insufficient embryo development, longer PGT analysis (especially for PGT-M or PGT-SR), clinic scheduling conflicts, and legal/documentation issues. Discuss potential delays with your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • IVF in Thailand for Single Women and Same-Sex Couples: A Practical Guide

    Introduction

    Thailand has become a popular destination for fertility treatment, including for single women and same-sex couples. Many clinics offer services tailored to diverse family-building needs. However, legal frameworks, donor options, and clinic policies vary, so careful planning is essential. This guide provides an overview of what to consider when planning IVF in Thailand as a single woman or same-sex couple.

    Legal Considerations

    Thailand’s legal landscape regarding assisted reproduction is complex and evolving. Specific regulations may affect your treatment. Key points to verify with your chosen clinic and a legal advisor include:

    • Parental rights: Confirm how parentage is recognized under Thai law and in your home country.
    • Donor anonymity: Ask clinics about their policies on donor identity disclosure.
    • Embryo status: Understand the legal status of embryos, especially if you plan to freeze, store, or transport them.

    No legal conclusions are provided here. Verify current legal interpretations directly with your clinic and consider consulting a Thai family law attorney.

    Donor Options

    For single women and same-sex couples, donor sperm, eggs, or embryos may be needed. Thailand has both local and international donor options:

    • Sperm donors: Some clinics have their own donor banks or can arrange anonymous or known donors. International sperm banks can also ship to Thailand, but confirm shipping and legal acceptance with the clinic.
    • Egg donors: Egg donation is available, but waiting times and costs vary. Some clinics offer shared donor programs.
    • Embryo donation: Less common, but some clinics may have programs.

    Ask your clinic about donor screening, genetic testing, and legal agreements. If using a known donor, ensure all parties understand their rights and responsibilities.

    Clinic Policies and Selection

    Not all clinics have the same policies regarding single women and same-sex couples. When researching clinics, ask directly:

    • Do you treat single women and same-sex couples?
    • What donor options do you offer?
    • Do you have experience with international patients in similar situations?
    • What are your policies on embryo freezing, storage, and shipping?

    Below is a comparison of several Bangkok fertility centers that may be suitable. The order is editorial and not a ranking of outcomes. Always confirm current services and policies directly.

    Clinic Key Features Notes
    Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) Dedicated fertility center; JCI, ISO, RTAC, CAP, UK NEQAS credentials; Embryoscope+, Geri incubators, IVF Witness, IMSI, MACS Thailand PGT works with DHC as its featured commercial hospital partner; success rates and package prices should be confirmed directly with the clinic.
    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center In-house embryology lab; IVF, ICSI, PGT-A, egg/embryo freezing; fly-in packages available (confirm validity) Multidisciplinary hospital setting
    Bumrungrad International Hospital Large multidisciplinary hospital; IVF, ICSI; Dr. Phattaraphum Phophong named Integrated care; confirm fertility team and PGT details
    Jetanin Hospital Specialist fertility hospital; 30+ years; JCI and RTAC accredited; IVF/ICSI, PGT, egg freezing, EmbryoScope Experienced team; confirm current certificates
    MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center Within MedPark Hospital; ESHRE-certified embryologists; time-lapse incubation; AI-assisted assessment; IVF/ICSI package (confirm validity) Offers PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR
    Superior A.R.T. Thailand Specialist assisted-reproduction and genetics center; established 2007; IVF, ICSI, PGT Confirm doctor and package details
    Prime Fertility Clinic JCI Ambulatory Care accredited; IVF, ICSI, embryo freezing; Dr. Poonkiat Punyamitr International patient care

    Remote Consultation and Documentation

    Most clinics offer remote consultations via video call. Prepare the following:

    • Medical records: previous fertility tests, hormone levels, ultrasound reports, semen analysis (if applicable)
    • Identification: passport copy
    • Legal documents: if using a known donor, a written agreement may be required
    • Questions: prepare a list about treatment protocols, success rates, costs, and policies

    During the consultation, discuss your specific situation openly. The clinic can advise on the best treatment plan and any additional requirements.

    Privacy and Confidentiality

    Privacy practices vary by clinic. Ask about:

    • How your medical and personal data is stored and shared
    • Whether donor information is kept confidential
    • Policies on embryo and gamete storage and disposal

    Choose a clinic that respects your privacy and provides clear written policies.

    Travel Flexibility and Accommodation

    IVF treatment typically requires a stay of 2-4 weeks for the initial cycle, with possible return visits for embryo transfer. Consider:

    • Visa: Check current visa requirements with the Thai embassy based on your nationality.
    • Accommodation: Many clinics offer package deals with nearby hotels or serviced apartments. Alternatively, book your own. Look for places with kitchen facilities for meal preparation.
    • Travel insurance: Ensure your policy covers fertility treatment and any complications.
    • Support person: Consider bringing a friend or partner for emotional support.

    Communication and Language

    Language proficiency varies by clinic. Tips:

    • Confirm that your doctor and coordinator speak English well.
    • Request written instructions in English for medications and procedures.
    • Use translation apps if needed, but rely on clinic-provided interpreters for critical discussions.

    Follow-Up Care After Returning Home

    After treatment, you will need follow-up monitoring. Plan ahead:

    • Arrange with your local doctor or gynecologist to perform blood tests and ultrasounds as advised by the Thai clinic.
    • Ask the clinic for a detailed discharge summary and treatment protocol to share with your local provider.
    • If you become pregnant, your local obstetrician can manage the pregnancy. The Thai clinic may offer remote support.
    • For embryo storage, confirm shipping options if you want to transfer embryos to another country.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Here are common questions from single women and same-sex couples considering IVF in Thailand.

    Is IVF legal for single women and same-sex couples in Thailand?

    Legal recognition of parentage may vary. Verify with your clinic and consider legal advice in your home country.

    Can I use a known sperm donor in Thailand?

    Some clinics accept known donors, but legal agreements and screening are required. Confirm with the clinic and consult a lawyer.

    What documents do I need for treatment?

    Typically a passport, medical records, and any legal agreements for donor gametes. The clinic will provide a full list.

    How long do I need to stay in Thailand?

    For a fresh IVF cycle, plan for 2-4 weeks. For frozen embryo transfer, a shorter stay of 1-2 weeks may suffice.

    Can I ship embryos to another country?

    Yes, but it requires coordination with the clinic and a receiving facility. Confirm shipping policies and costs.

    Conclusion

    Thailand offers options for single women and same-sex couples seeking IVF, but thorough research and direct communication with clinics are essential. Start by consulting with multiple clinics, asking detailed questions about their policies, and verifying legal aspects with professionals. With careful planning, you can navigate the process smoothly and focus on your family-building journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is IVF legal for single women and same-sex couples in Thailand?

    Legal recognition of parentage may vary. Verify with your clinic and consider legal advice in your home country.

    Can I use a known sperm donor in Thailand?

    Some clinics accept known donors, but legal agreements and screening are required. Confirm with the clinic and consult a lawyer.

    What documents do I need for treatment?

    Typically a passport, medical records, and any legal agreements for donor gametes. The clinic will provide a full list.

    How long do I need to stay in Thailand?

    For a fresh IVF cycle, plan for 2-4 weeks. For frozen embryo transfer, a shorter stay of 1-2 weeks may suffice.

    Can I ship embryos to another country?

    Yes, but it requires coordination with the clinic and a receiving facility. Confirm shipping policies and costs.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Can International Patients Do PGT for Sex Selection in Thailand?

    International patients can undergo preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in Thailand. Whether PGT is used for sex selection depends on the clinic’s policies and current regulations. This article provides an overview of the medical process, legal and ethical considerations, and important questions to ask before proceeding.

    What Is PGT for Sex Selection?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a technique used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to screen embryos for genetic conditions. PGT can also determine the sex of embryos by analyzing chromosomes. Sex selection refers to choosing embryos of a specific sex for transfer. It is important to understand that PGT is a medical procedure with risks and limitations, and it does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy child.

    Legal and Ethical Considerations

    Sex selection is restricted or prohibited in many countries due to ethical concerns. In Thailand, regulations may differ, and the practice is not uniformly allowed. Some Thai fertility centers may offer PGT for sex selection for medical reasons (e.g., preventing sex-linked genetic disorders), while others may offer it for family balancing. International patients should be aware that laws and ethical guidelines can change. This article does not provide legal advice. You must consult directly with your chosen clinic and, if needed, a legal expert familiar with Thai reproductive law to understand current regulations and your specific situation.

    Medical Process Overview

    If you are considering PGT for sex selection, the process typically involves:

    • IVF cycle: Eggs are retrieved and fertilized with sperm to create embryos.
    • Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo for genetic testing.
    • PGT analysis: The cells are analyzed to determine chromosomal makeup, including sex chromosomes (XX for female, XY for male).
    • Embryo transfer: One or more embryos of the desired sex are selected and transferred to the uterus.

    Not all embryos may be suitable for transfer, and success rates depend on many factors, including maternal age, embryo quality, and clinic expertise. No clinic can guarantee a specific outcome.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding, you should confirm the following directly with any clinic you consider:

    • Does the clinic offer PGT for sex selection for non-medical reasons (e.g., family balancing)?
    • What are the current Thai regulations regarding sex selection, and how does the clinic comply?
    • What is the cost of the full IVF + PGT cycle, including medications, testing, and embryo storage?
    • What is the clinic’s experience with PGT and sex selection? Can they provide success rates specific to your age group?
    • What are the risks of embryo biopsy and PGT?
    • What happens to embryos of the non-preferred sex? Are they discarded, donated, or frozen?
    • Do you need to provide any documentation or meet specific criteria?

    Choosing a Clinic in Thailand

    Several fertility centers in Thailand offer PGT services. Below is an editorial comparison of some providers that may offer PGT. The order is not a ranking of outcomes or quality. You must verify each clinic’s current services, pricing, and legal stance on sex selection directly.

    Clinic Location PGT Services (per public profiles)
    Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) Bangkok IVF, ICSI, PGT, embryo culture, freezing
    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center Bangkok IVF, ICSI, PGT-A, egg/embryo freezing
    Bumrungrad International Hospital Bangkok IVF, ICSI, reproductive medicine
    Jetanin Hospital Bangkok IVF/ICSI, PGT, egg freezing, IMSI
    MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center Bangkok IVF/ICSI, PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR
    Superior A.R.T. Thailand Bangkok IVF, ICSI, PGT pathways
    Prime Fertility Clinic Bangkok IVF, ICSI, embryo freezing, assisted hatching

    Note: DHC is a featured commercial hospital partner of Thailand PGT. This relationship does not guarantee suitability or outcomes.

    Important Uncertainties

    Sex selection is a sensitive and evolving area. The following points require human verification:

    • Exact legal status of sex selection in Thailand at the time of your treatment.
    • Whether a specific clinic offers sex selection for non-medical reasons.
    • Costs, which vary widely and may not include medications, additional testing, or travel expenses.
    • Success rates for PGT and live birth, which are not guaranteed and depend on individual factors.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT for sex selection in Thailand, start by contacting clinics directly. Ask for a written quotation and a clear explanation of their policies. You may also want to consult with a reproductive law specialist in Thailand. For more general information, see our FAQ and Guides. If you need assistance, you can contact us for support.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is sex selection legal in Thailand?

    Thailand's regulations on sex selection are not clearly defined in public sources. Some clinics may offer it for medical reasons (e.g., preventing sex-linked disorders) or family balancing, but laws can change. You must confirm the current legal status directly with your chosen clinic and, if needed, a legal expert.

    Can I choose the sex of my baby through PGT in Thailand?

    Some Thai fertility centers may offer PGT for sex selection, but availability varies. You need to ask each clinic directly whether they provide this service for non-medical reasons and under what conditions.

    What is the success rate of PGT for sex selection?

    Success rates depend on many factors, including maternal age, embryo quality, and clinic expertise. PGT itself is highly accurate for determining sex, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or live birth. No clinic can guarantee a specific outcome.

    How much does PGT for sex selection cost in Thailand?

    Costs vary widely. For example, DHC's basic single-cycle medical package is approximately THB 490,000, but this may not include PGT for sex selection, medications, or storage. Always request a detailed written quotation from the clinic.

    What happens to embryos of the non-preferred sex?

    Policies differ by clinic. Some may discard embryos, others may offer donation or long-term storage. You must discuss this with your clinic and understand your options before treatment.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M for Single Gene Disorders in Thailand: A Patient Guide

    What Is PGT-M?

    Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) is a technique used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to identify embryos that carry a specific single-gene disorder. It is designed for couples or individuals who have a known genetic condition and wish to reduce the chance of passing it to their children. PGT-M is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or live birth, and it is not suitable for everyone. The decision to use PGT-M should be made in consultation with a genetic counselor and fertility specialist.

    How PGT-M Differs from PGT-A and PGT-SR

    PGT-M is one of three main types of preimplantation genetic testing:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy testing) screens embryos for abnormal numbers of chromosomes (e.g., extra or missing chromosomes). It is often used to improve implantation rates and reduce miscarriage risk, especially in older women.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement testing) detects embryos with unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions, which can cause infertility or miscarriage.
    • PGT-M specifically looks for a single gene mutation that causes a specific inherited disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It requires prior knowledge of the exact mutation in the family.

    Each test has different indications, limitations, and success rates. Your clinic will help determine which test, if any, is appropriate for your situation.

    The PGT-M Process in Thailand

    1. Genetic Counseling and Testing

    Before starting IVF with PGT-M, you and your partner (if applicable) will undergo genetic counseling and testing to confirm the specific mutation. This may involve blood or saliva samples from affected family members. The results are used to design a personalized test for your embryos.

    2. Probe Development

    A crucial step in PGT-M is creating a genetic probe—a custom laboratory tool that can identify the mutation in embryonic cells. This process, called probe development or assay design, typically takes several weeks. The probe is made using DNA from the family (e.g., from the parents and an affected child or other relatives). In Thailand, experienced genetic laboratories can develop probes for a wide range of single-gene disorders. The time required and cost of probe development vary by clinic and the complexity of the mutation. You should ask your clinic for an estimate of the timeline and fees.

    3. IVF and Embryo Biopsy

    Once the probe is ready, you undergo a standard IVF cycle to retrieve eggs and create embryos. On day 5 or 6 of development, a few cells are gently removed from each embryo (biopsy). These cells are sent to the genetics lab for analysis.

    4. Genetic Analysis

    The lab uses the custom probe to test the biopsied cells for the mutation. Results typically take a few days to a week. Embryos are classified as unaffected (no mutation), affected (carrying the mutation), or inconclusive. Only unaffected embryos are considered for transfer.

    5. Embryo Transfer and Follow-Up

    One or more unaffected embryos are transferred to the uterus. Any remaining unaffected embryos may be frozen for future use. After pregnancy is confirmed, prenatal diagnostic testing (e.g., chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) is recommended to confirm the PGT-M result, as embryo testing is not 100% accurate.

    What Conditions Can Be Tested?

    Thailand’s genetic laboratories can develop probes for many single-gene disorders, including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked conditions. Common examples include cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, beta-thalassemia, and Huntington’s disease. However, not all disorders are testable; the mutation must be known and the family must provide sufficient DNA samples. Your clinic can advise on whether your specific condition is eligible for PGT-M.

    Costs and Timeline

    The cost of PGT-M in Thailand includes several components: probe development, IVF cycle, embryo biopsy, genetic testing, and embryo transfer. Probe development is a one-time fee that can range from a few hundred to several thousand US dollars, depending on the complexity. The total cost for a full PGT-M cycle is typically higher than standard IVF. Exact prices vary widely between clinics and are subject to change. You should request a detailed cost breakdown from your chosen clinic.

    The timeline from initial consultation to embryo transfer can take several months. Probe development alone may take 4–8 weeks. IVF stimulation and egg retrieval add another 2–3 weeks, followed by biopsy and testing (1–2 weeks). Planning ahead is essential.

    Alternatives to PGT-M

    PGT-M is not the only option for couples at risk of passing on a genetic disorder. Alternatives include:

    • Prenatal diagnosis (e.g., CVS or amniocentesis) during pregnancy, with the option to terminate an affected pregnancy.
    • Donor gametes (egg or sperm) from a donor without the genetic condition.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing using polar body biopsy (less common).
    • Natural conception with no testing, accepting the risk.

    Each option has medical, ethical, and emotional implications. Genetic counseling can help you weigh the choices.

    Limitations and Risks

    • Not 100% accurate: There is a small chance of misdiagnosis due to technical errors or biological factors (e.g., mosaicism). Confirmatory prenatal testing is strongly advised.
    • No guarantee of pregnancy: PGT-M does not improve the chance of implantation or live birth; it only selects against a specific mutation.
    • Embryo loss: Some embryos may be affected or inconclusive, reducing the number available for transfer.
    • Time and cost: The process is lengthy and expensive, and not all clinics offer PGT-M.
    • Ethical considerations: Some individuals or cultures may have concerns about embryo selection.

    Choosing a Clinic in Thailand

    When considering PGT-M in Thailand, look for a clinic with:

    • Experience in PGT-M and a dedicated genetics laboratory.
    • Clear communication about probe development timelines and costs.
    • Genetic counseling services.
    • Transparent success rates (though these are not directly comparable).

    You can find more information on our PGT in Thailand page, guides, and FAQ.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does probe development take for PGT-M?

    Probe development typically takes several weeks, often 4–8 weeks, depending on the complexity of the mutation and the laboratory's workload. Your clinic can provide a specific timeline.

    Can PGT-M test for any single gene disorder?

    PGT-M can test for many single-gene disorders, but the specific mutation must be known and the family must provide adequate DNA samples. Some rare or complex mutations may not be testable. Consult your clinic for eligibility.

    Is PGT-M covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Insurance coverage for PGT-M varies. Most international patients pay out-of-pocket. Check with your insurance provider and clinic for details.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M?

    Success rates depend on many factors, including maternal age, embryo quality, and the specific genetic condition. PGT-M does not guarantee a live birth. Ask your clinic for their most recent data.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Can I Choose the Sex of My Baby with PGT in Thailand? Legal and Ethical Considerations

    Can you choose the sex of your baby with PGT in Thailand?

    The short answer is: No, not for non-medical reasons. In Thailand, the use of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) to select an embryo’s sex for family balancing or personal preference is not permitted by law. However, PGT can reveal the sex of embryos as part of medical testing, and in very limited medical circumstances, sex selection may be allowed to prevent serious sex-linked genetic disorders. This article explains the legal framework, ethical considerations, and what you need to know if you are considering PGT in Thailand.

    What does Thai law say about sex selection?

    Thailand’s Medical Council regulations and the Protection of the Embryo and Fetus for Medical Research Act (unofficial translation) prohibit the use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) for sex selection unless there is a clear medical indication. The law aims to prevent gender discrimination and uphold ethical standards in reproductive medicine. While the exact wording may vary, the consensus among Thai fertility specialists is that non-medical sex selection is not allowed.

    This means that even if PGT can determine whether an embryo is XX (female) or XY (male), the clinic cannot use that information to choose which embryo to transfer based on sex alone. The decision to transfer embryos must be based on medical criteria, such as chromosomal normality or absence of a specific genetic disease.

    What is PGT and how does it relate to sex?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a technique used during IVF to screen embryos for genetic abnormalities before transfer. There are different types:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening): Checks for extra or missing chromosomes, which includes the sex chromosomes (X and Y). This test can reveal the sex of the embryo as a byproduct.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders): Tests for specific single-gene diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia. If the disease is sex-linked (e.g., Duchenne muscular dystrophy), the test may also identify the sex.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements): Detects chromosomal rearrangements like translocations, which may also involve sex chromosomes.

    In all cases, the primary purpose is medical. The sex information is incidental, and clinics are legally bound not to use it for selection unless medically justified.

    When might sex selection be medically allowed?

    There are rare medical scenarios where selecting an embryo’s sex may be permitted:

    • Prevention of sex-linked genetic disorders: For example, if a mother carries a mutation for hemophilia (which primarily affects males), the clinic may select female embryos to avoid the disease.
    • Severe congenital conditions affecting one sex: In some cases, a condition may be so severe that it is considered a medical reason to select against that sex.

    These exceptions require approval from the clinic’s ethics committee and possibly the Thai Medical Council. The decision is made on a case-by-case basis, and the couple must provide medical documentation.

    Ethical considerations

    The ban on non-medical sex selection reflects broader ethical concerns:

    • Gender equality: Allowing sex selection could reinforce gender stereotypes and lead to imbalanced sex ratios.
    • Embryo status: Selecting embryos based on sex treats them as commodities rather than potential life.
    • Social impact: In some cultures, preference for one sex (often male) can lead to discrimination and demographic imbalances.

    Thailand’s approach aligns with many countries, including the UK, Australia, and most of Europe, where non-medical sex selection is prohibited. However, it differs from countries like the United States, where sex selection is generally allowed.

    What if you want to know the sex for family balancing?

    Family balancing—the desire to have a child of a particular sex to achieve a more balanced family—is not considered a medical indication in Thailand. Therefore, it is not a legal basis for sex selection. Some patients may consider traveling to other countries where it is permitted, but that involves different legal and ethical frameworks.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand and are curious about sex selection, here are important questions to discuss with your fertility clinic:

    • Does your clinic offer PGT-A, PGT-M, or PGT-SR? What are the medical indications?
    • Under what circumstances, if any, does your clinic allow sex selection?
    • What is the process for obtaining ethics committee approval for medical sex selection?
    • Can you tell me the sex of my embryos as part of PGT results? (Note: Some clinics may disclose this information, but they cannot use it for selection.)
    • What are the legal consequences if a clinic is found to be performing non-medical sex selection?

    It is also wise to consult with a legal expert familiar with Thai reproductive law, as regulations can change.

    Alternatives and considerations

    If sex selection is important to you, you may want to explore options in other countries where it is legal. However, be aware of the ethical, legal, and medical implications. Always verify the credentials of any clinic and ensure they follow local laws.

    For patients in Thailand, the focus should remain on the medical benefits of PGT: reducing the risk of genetic disorders and improving the chances of a healthy pregnancy. The sex of the baby is a secondary consideration that, by law, cannot be the primary reason for embryo selection.

    Summary

    • Non-medical sex selection using PGT is illegal in Thailand.
    • PGT can reveal embryo sex as a byproduct, but this information cannot be used for selection.
    • Medical exceptions exist for preventing serious sex-linked genetic diseases, subject to ethics approval.
    • Always confirm current regulations with your clinic and legal advisor.

    For more information, see our FAQ and guides, or contact us for personalized assistance.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is it legal to choose the sex of my baby with PGT in Thailand?

    No, it is not legal for non-medical reasons. Thai law prohibits using PGT for sex selection unless there is a medical indication, such as preventing a serious sex-linked genetic disorder.

    Can PGT tell me the sex of my embryos?

    Yes, PGT-A and other forms of PGT can reveal the sex chromosomes, so the sex of each embryo can be known. However, clinics are not allowed to use this information to select embryos for transfer based on sex alone.

    What are the medical exceptions for sex selection in Thailand?

    Sex selection may be permitted to avoid passing on a severe sex-linked genetic disease (e.g., hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy). This requires approval from the clinic's ethics committee and possibly the Thai Medical Council.

    Can I go to Thailand for IVF and then have sex selection in another country?

    That would involve separate legal and medical processes. You would need to comply with the laws of both countries. It is important to consult with legal experts and clinics in each jurisdiction.

    What should I ask my clinic about sex selection?

    Ask whether they offer PGT, under what conditions they disclose embryo sex, and whether they have ever obtained ethics approval for medical sex selection. Also inquire about the legal framework they operate under.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How Does PGT Work in Thailand? A Step-by-Step Guide for International Patients

    What Is PGT and Why Is It Used?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a technique used alongside in vitro fertilization (IVF) to screen embryos for genetic abnormalities before transfer to the uterus. It helps identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (PGT-A), specific single-gene disorders (PGT-M), or structural rearrangements (PGT-SR). PGT is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or live birth, and it is not suitable for every patient. Your fertility specialist will help determine if PGT is appropriate based on your medical history and family planning goals.

    Step 1: IVF Cycle and Embryo Development

    The PGT process begins with a standard IVF cycle. You will undergo ovarian stimulation to produce multiple eggs, which are then retrieved and fertilized with sperm in the laboratory. The resulting embryos are cultured for 5–6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage. At this point, the embryo has two distinct cell types: the inner cell mass (which becomes the fetus) and the trophectoderm (which becomes the placenta). Only embryos that develop to the blastocyst stage are suitable for biopsy.

    Step 2: Embryo Biopsy

    On day 5 or 6 of development, a skilled embryologist performs a biopsy. Using a laser and a fine pipette, the embryologist removes 3–5 cells from the trophectoderm. This is done carefully to minimize any impact on the embryo’s viability. The biopsied cells are then sent for genetic analysis. The embryo itself is frozen (vitrified) while awaiting results.

    Step 3: Genetic Analysis

    The biopsied cells undergo genetic testing in a specialized laboratory. The type of analysis depends on the indication:

    • PGT-A (Aneuploidy Testing): Screens for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with an abnormal number (aneuploid) are less likely to implant or may lead to miscarriage.
    • PGT-M (Monogenic Testing): Detects specific single-gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or thalassemia. This requires prior knowledge of the genetic mutation in the family.
    • PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangement Testing): Identifies embryos with balanced or unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions.

    Thailand follows international standards for genetic testing, and laboratories use validated techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) for PGT-A and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or NGS for PGT-M and PGT-SR. The analysis typically takes 1–2 weeks, depending on the complexity.

    Step 4: Result Interpretation

    Results are reported as:

    • Euploid: Normal chromosome number (for PGT-A) or unaffected (for PGT-M/SR). These embryos are prioritized for transfer.
    • Aneuploid: Abnormal chromosome number. These embryos are generally not transferred.
    • Mosaic: A mix of normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance of mosaicism is still being studied, and transfer decisions are made on a case-by-case basis.
    • Inconclusive: The biopsy sample did not yield sufficient DNA for analysis. Re-biopsy may be possible in some cases.

    It is important to discuss results with your genetic counselor or fertility specialist to understand the implications for your specific situation.

    Step 5: Frozen Embryo Transfer

    Once results are available, a euploid or unaffected embryo is selected for transfer. The embryo is thawed and transferred into the uterus in a subsequent menstrual cycle. The timing of the transfer is coordinated with your natural cycle or a hormone replacement protocol.

    Alternatives and Limitations

    PGT is not the only option. Alternatives include:

    • Prenatal testing (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy.
    • Donor eggs or sperm to avoid inherited genetic conditions.
    • Natural conception with genetic counseling.

    Limitations of PGT include:

    • Not all embryos reach the blastocyst stage for biopsy.
    • PGT cannot detect all genetic disorders or guarantee a healthy baby.
    • There is a small risk of embryo damage during biopsy.
    • Mosaic results can be difficult to interpret.

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child. Discuss all options thoroughly with your medical team.

    What International Patients Should Know

    Thailand has a well-established reputation for fertility care, with many clinics offering PGT services that adhere to international standards. As an international patient, you will need to plan for travel, accommodation, and time in Thailand. The entire process—from initial consultation to embryo transfer—can take several weeks to months, depending on your cycle and testing requirements.

    Key considerations include:

    • Medical records: Bring all relevant medical history, genetic reports, and prior fertility treatments.
    • Legal aspects: Confirm the legal status of PGT for your specific indication (e.g., sex selection may be restricted).
    • Costs: Obtain a detailed cost breakdown from your clinic, including IVF, biopsy, genetic testing, and embryo storage.
    • Support: Consider working with a patient coordinator who can assist with logistics and communication.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand overview, browse our guides, or check the FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does the PGT process take in Thailand?

    The entire process from IVF stimulation to embryo transfer typically takes 6–8 weeks, but this can vary depending on your cycle, the type of PGT, and laboratory timelines. Confirm with your clinic for an individualized timeline.

    Is PGT legal in Thailand?

    PGT is available in Thailand for medical indications such as preventing genetic disorders. However, regulations may vary, and some uses (like sex selection for non-medical reasons) may be restricted. Always verify current laws with your clinic or legal advisor.

    Can I choose the sex of my embryo with PGT in Thailand?

    Sex selection is generally not permitted for non-medical reasons in Thailand. PGT may be used to avoid sex-linked genetic disorders. Discuss your specific situation with your clinic.

    What is the success rate of PGT in Thailand?

    Success rates depend on many factors including maternal age, embryo quality, and the specific genetic condition. There are no guaranteed outcomes. Ask your clinic for their most recent data relevant to your case.

    Do I need to stay in Thailand for the entire PGT cycle?

    You will need to be in Thailand for egg retrieval and embryo transfer. The genetic analysis takes 1–2 weeks, during which you may return home if you wish, but discuss logistics with your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read Your PGT Results from a Thailand Lab

    Understanding PGT Results

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) is a technique used during IVF to screen embryos for genetic abnormalities before transfer. Results from a Thailand lab typically fall into categories such as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or inconclusive. This guide explains these terms and what they mean for your next steps.

    Types of PGT

    PGT-A (Aneuploidy Screening)

    PGT-A checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. A normal result is called euploid, meaning the embryo has the expected 46 chromosomes. An abnormal result is aneuploid, indicating missing or extra chromosomes. Some embryos show a mix of normal and abnormal cells, known as mosaic. Occasionally, the lab cannot give a clear result, labeled inconclusive.

    PGT-M (Monogenic Disorders)

    PGT-M screens for specific single-gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia. Results indicate whether the embryo carries the disease-causing mutation, is unaffected, or is a carrier (if relevant).

    PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangements)

    PGT-SR detects chromosomal structural changes like translocations or inversions. Results show whether the embryo has a balanced or unbalanced rearrangement.

    Interpreting Your Results

    Euploid

    A euploid embryo has the correct number of chromosomes and is considered chromosomally normal. For PGT-A, this is generally the preferred category for transfer, as it has the highest chance of implantation and a healthy pregnancy. However, euploid does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    Aneuploid

    An aneuploid embryo has an abnormal chromosome count, such as trisomy (extra chromosome) or monosomy (missing chromosome). Most aneuploid embryos will not implant or will miscarry. Some may result in a child with a condition like Down syndrome. Transfer of aneuploid embryos is generally not recommended, but you should discuss all options with your doctor.

    Mosaic

    A mosaic embryo contains both normal and abnormal cells. The proportion of abnormal cells is reported as a percentage (e.g., 20% mosaic). Mosaic embryos may have reduced implantation potential and a small risk of a chromosomal condition. Some clinics consider transfer of low-level mosaics (<20-30%) after counseling. The decision is complex and should involve a genetic counselor.

    Inconclusive

    An inconclusive result means the lab could not determine the embryo’s chromosomal status due to technical issues, such as failed amplification or poor DNA quality. Your doctor may recommend retesting or consider the embryo for transfer after discussing risks.

    What Each Result Means for Transfer Decisions

    • Euploid: Highest priority for transfer. Discuss with your doctor.
    • Aneuploid: Typically not transferred. Confirm with your clinic’s policy.
    • Mosaic: May be considered for transfer if no euploid embryos are available. Requires genetic counseling.
    • Inconclusive: Options include retesting or transfer after counseling. Not all labs offer retesting.

    Limitations of PGT

    PGT is a screening tool, not a diagnostic test. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and a normal result does not guarantee a healthy baby. Embryo biopsy carries a small risk of damage. PGT is not recommended for everyone; your doctor can help determine if it is appropriate for your situation.

    Alternatives to PGT

    If PGT is not suitable or you prefer not to test, alternatives include prenatal testing (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy, or using donor eggs or sperm. Discuss these options with your fertility specialist.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What type of PGT was performed (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR)?
    • How are mosaic embryos classified and what are your transfer criteria?
    • What is the lab’s inconclusive rate?
    • Do you offer retesting for inconclusive embryos?
    • What genetic counseling is available?

    Additional Resources

    For more information, see our guides on PGT in Thailand and IVF guides, or visit our FAQ page.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does euploid mean in PGT results?

    Euploid means the embryo has the correct number of chromosomes (46) and is considered chromosomally normal. It is the preferred category for transfer.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred?

    Yes, some clinics may transfer mosaic embryos, especially if no euploid embryos are available. The decision involves genetic counseling and depends on the level of mosaicism.

    What should I do if my PGT result is inconclusive?

    Discuss with your doctor whether retesting is possible or if transfer of the embryo is an option after counseling. Not all labs offer retesting.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • IVF in Thailand for Women Over 38: What to Expect with PGT

    What to Expect from IVF with PGT in Thailand When You Are Over 38

    If you are over 38 and considering IVF in Thailand, you may be wondering how preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) fits into your journey. PGT can help identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid) before transfer, which is especially relevant as the risk of chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) increases with age. This article explains what you can generally expect, the important distinctions to understand, and the questions you should ask your clinic.

    Age-Related Aneuploidy and Euploid Embryo Rates

    As women age, a higher proportion of eggs and resulting embryos are likely to have an abnormal number of chromosomes. This is a natural biological process. For women over 38, the chance of producing a chromosomally normal (euploid) embryo per egg retrieved is lower compared to younger women. However, individual results vary widely. PGT can help identify which embryos are euploid, potentially increasing the chance of a successful pregnancy per transfer and reducing the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities.

    It is important to have realistic expectations. Not every cycle will produce a euploid embryo, and multiple cycles may be needed. Your clinic can provide personalized estimates based on your ovarian reserve, age, and other factors.

    Key Distinctions: PGT-A vs. PGT-M vs. PGT-SR

    PGT has different subtypes. For older women, the most common is PGT for aneuploidy (PGT-A), which screens for extra or missing chromosomes. PGT-M is for single-gene disorders, and PGT-SR is for structural rearrangements. Discuss with your clinic which type is appropriate for your situation.

    Cycle Planning Considerations

    IVF with PGT in Thailand typically involves the following steps:

    • Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval
    • Fertilization (usually via ICSI)
    • Embryo culture to blastocyst stage (day 5-6)
    • Biopsy of a few cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta)
    • Vitrification (freezing) of biopsied embryos
    • Genetic analysis (results may take days to weeks)
    • Frozen embryo transfer (FET) of a euploid embryo in a subsequent cycle

    Because PGT requires freezing embryos, you will likely have a delay between retrieval and transfer. Plan for at least two menstrual cycles for a complete PGT cycle.

    Uncertainties and Variables

    No test can guarantee a healthy baby. PGT reduces but does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or chromosomal conditions. Embryos can be mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells), and interpretation of results can be complex. Additionally, not all embryos survive the biopsy and freezing process. Your clinic should explain the limitations and success rates based on their own data.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before proceeding, consider asking:

    • What is your experience with PGT for women over 38?
    • What are the estimated euploid rates for my age group?
    • How many eggs or blastocysts should I aim for to have a reasonable chance of at least one euploid embryo?
    • What is the turnaround time for PGT results?
    • What are the costs for PGT, and are there any package options?
    • How do you handle mosaic embryos?
    • What is your live birth rate per euploid embryo transfer for women over 38?

    Related Reading

    For more information, see our FAQ and Guides. If you have specific questions, contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the chance of a euploid embryo for a woman over 38?

    The chance varies by individual age and ovarian reserve. Generally, the proportion of euploid embryos declines with age. Your clinic can provide estimates based on your specific situation.

    Does PGT improve the chance of live birth for older women?

    PGT can help select euploid embryos for transfer, which may reduce miscarriage risk and improve per-transfer success rates. However, it does not guarantee live birth, and the overall chance depends on having at least one euploid embryo.

    How long does a PGT cycle take in Thailand?

    A full cycle with PGT typically spans two menstrual cycles: one for egg retrieval and embryo biopsy, and another for frozen embryo transfer after results are available.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Embryo Freezing and Storage Costs in Thailand: A Guide for International Patients

    Understanding Embryo Freezing and Storage Costs

    For patients considering multiple IVF cycles or preserving embryos for future family building, embryo freezing (cryopreservation) and storage are important steps. Costs in Thailand can vary significantly between clinics and depend on several factors. This guide outlines the typical cost components, what to ask when comparing quotes, and considerations for long-term storage or shipping embryos abroad.

    Cost Components

    Embryo freezing and storage fees generally include:

    • Initial cryopreservation fee: A one-time charge for the vitrification process, which may include the cost of cryoprotectants and the embryologist’s time.
    • Annual storage fee: A yearly charge for maintaining embryos in liquid nitrogen tanks. Some clinics offer discounts for multi-year prepayment.
    • Administrative fees: Costs for documentation, record-keeping, and possibly a release fee if embryos are transferred to another clinic or shipped abroad.

    Some clinics bundle the first year of storage with the IVF cycle fee, while others charge separately. Always request a detailed breakdown.

    Annual Storage Fees and Long-Term Options

    Annual storage fees are typically quoted per year. When comparing clinics, ask:

    • Is the first year included in the IVF package?
    • What is the annual storage fee for subsequent years?
    • Are there discounts for paying multiple years in advance?
    • Is there a maximum storage duration? (Some clinics may have policies on how long embryos can be stored.)
    • What happens if you miss a payment? (e.g., grace period, disposal policy)

    Long-term storage may involve signing a storage agreement that outlines the clinic’s policies on embryo disposition, including donation, disposal, or transfer.

    Shipping Embryos Abroad

    If you plan to transfer your embryos to another country, additional costs include:

    • Shipping fee: A specialized cryogenic shipping container and courier service for transporting embryos. This is often arranged through a third-party company.
    • Export/import documentation: Fees for preparing and certifying documents required by the destination country’s regulations.
    • Receiving clinic fees: The destination clinic may charge an administrative fee to accept and store the embryos.

    Shipping costs are typically quoted separately and depend on distance, courier, and any customs or legal requirements. Confirm with both the sending and receiving clinics about their specific procedures and fees.

    Questions to Ask When Comparing Quotes

    To make an informed decision, ask each clinic:

    • What is included in the initial cryopreservation fee? (e.g., number of embryos, any additional charges for multiple straws)
    • Are there any hidden fees (e.g., annual price increases, transfer fees within the same clinic)?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on embryo storage duration and disposition?
    • Do you offer a payment plan for long-term storage?
    • What are the procedures and costs for shipping embryos to another country?
    • Can you provide a written estimate that includes all potential charges?

    Additional Considerations for International Patients

    As an international patient, you may also need to factor in:

    • Currency exchange rates: Fees quoted in Thai baht may fluctuate in your home currency.
    • Communication: Ensure the clinic can provide cost information in English and clarify any terms.
    • Legal and regulatory aspects: Some countries have restrictions on embryo export/import. Verify with your home country’s authorities and the Thai clinic.

    For more detailed planning, see our IVF cost guide and patient resources. If you have specific questions, contact us for assistance.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is typically included in the initial embryo freezing fee?

    The initial fee usually covers the vitrification process, including cryoprotectants and embryologist time. Some clinics may include the first year of storage. Always ask for a detailed breakdown.

    Are there discounts for paying multiple years of storage upfront?

    Some clinics offer discounts for prepaying several years of storage. Inquire directly with the clinic about any long-term payment options.

    What happens if I stop paying the annual storage fee?

    Policies vary. Some clinics have a grace period, while others may dispose of embryos after a certain period of non-payment. Review the storage agreement carefully.

    How much does it cost to ship embryos from Thailand to another country?

    Shipping costs depend on the courier, distance, and documentation requirements. Obtain quotes from both the sending clinic and a specialized cryogenic shipping company.

    Can I store embryos indefinitely in Thailand?

    Storage duration policies vary by clinic. Some may have maximum storage periods, while others allow indefinite storage as long as fees are paid. Confirm with the clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.