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  • How to Choose Between PGT-A and PGT-M for IVF in Thailand

    What Are PGT-A and PGT-M?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) before transfer to the uterus. Two common types are PGT-A and PGT-M.

    • PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) screens embryos for abnormal numbers of chromosomes (aneuploidy). It helps identify embryos with the correct chromosome count (euploid), which may have a higher chance of implantation and lower risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal errors.
    • PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic Disorders) detects specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation.

    A third type, PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements), identifies embryos with balanced or unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations. This article focuses on PGT-A and PGT-M, as they are the most commonly discussed.

    Key Differences in Purpose and Technique

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screen for chromosome number abnormalities Detect specific single-gene disorders
    Who needs it Often recommended for advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, repeated implantation failure, or severe male factor infertility; also used for any patient wanting to reduce aneuploidy risk Couples known to carry a genetic mutation for a serious inherited condition
    Technique Biopsy of 5–10 cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta) on day 5/6; analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) Same biopsy method; then uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other mutation-specific methods to test for the known mutation
    Result Euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic (mixed cell lines) Affected, unaffected (carrier or non-carrier), or inconclusive
    Limitations Cannot detect all genetic disorders; mosaicism can complicate interpretation; does not guarantee pregnancy or live birth Requires prior knowledge of the specific mutation; test must be custom-developed for each family; may have technical limitations

    When Are Both PGT-A and PGT-M Needed?

    In some cases, a couple may benefit from both tests. For example:

    • A woman of advanced maternal age who also carries a BRCA1 mutation may want PGT-A to reduce aneuploidy risk and PGT-M to select embryos without the mutation.
    • A couple with a history of recurrent miscarriage and a known single-gene disorder may use PGT-A to identify chromosomally normal embryos and PGT-M to avoid the inherited condition.

    When both tests are performed, the embryo biopsy is the same, but the genetic analysis includes both aneuploidy screening and mutation detection. This is often called combined PGT or PGT-A+PGT-M.

    Example Scenarios

    Scenario 1: Advanced Maternal Age

    A 40-year-old woman with no known genetic disorders may choose PGT-A to select euploid embryos, potentially improving implantation rates and reducing miscarriage risk. PGT-M is not needed.

    Scenario 2: Known Genetic Mutation

    A couple where both partners are carriers of cystic fibrosis may opt for PGT-M to identify embryos that are unaffected. If the female partner is under 35 with no fertility issues, PGT-A may not be necessary, though some clinics offer it as an optional add-on.

    Scenario 3: Both Indications

    A 38-year-old woman who carries a mutation for Huntington’s disease may choose both PGT-A and PGT-M to maximize the chance of a healthy pregnancy.

    How to Decide: Questions to Discuss With Your Doctor

    Choosing between PGT-A and PGT-M—or deciding to use both—requires careful counseling. Consider asking your fertility specialist and genetic counselor:

    • What is my risk of having an embryo with a chromosomal abnormality or a specific genetic disorder?
    • Does my age, medical history, or family history suggest a benefit from PGT-A?
    • Have I or my partner been tested for carrier status of common genetic conditions?
    • What are the success rates and limitations of each test at the clinic I am considering?
    • How will the results affect embryo transfer decisions?
    • What are the costs and timelines for each test?

    Remember that PGT does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a screening tool that can reduce certain risks but cannot eliminate all possibilities of genetic or chromosomal conditions.

    Alternatives and Additional Considerations

    For patients who do not wish to undergo PGT, alternatives include:

    • Prenatal testing (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy to diagnose chromosomal or genetic conditions.
    • Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for common aneuploidies, though it is a screening test, not diagnostic.
    • Donor eggs or sperm to avoid passing on genetic disorders.
    • Natural conception with or without carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis.

    Each option has its own benefits, risks, and limitations. A genetic counselor can help you weigh these choices based on your personal values and medical situation.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering IVF with PGT in Thailand, start by consulting a fertility clinic that offers comprehensive genetic testing services. Ask about their experience with PGT-A and PGT-M, the laboratory they use, and the counseling support available. For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand overview, guides, and FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic disorders?

    No, PGT-A only screens for abnormal numbers of chromosomes. It does not detect single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. For specific genetic conditions, PGT-M or PGT-SR is required.

    Is PGT-M always necessary if I am a carrier of a genetic mutation?

    Not necessarily. If the condition is recessive and your partner is not a carrier, the risk of an affected child is low. However, if both partners are carriers, or if you have an autosomal dominant condition, PGT-M may be recommended. Discuss your specific situation with a genetic counselor.

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, many clinics offer combined PGT (PGT-A+PGT-M) using the same embryo biopsy. This allows screening for both chromosomal abnormalities and a specific genetic mutation.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain chromosomal or genetic abnormalities, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, live birth, or a child free from all health conditions. Some abnormalities may not be detectable, and there is always a small risk of misdiagnosis.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • IVF Medication Protocols for PGT Cycles in Thailand: A Patient Guide

    Understanding IVF Medication Protocols for PGT

    In vitro fertilization (IVF) with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) involves controlled ovarian stimulation to produce multiple eggs for biopsy and genetic analysis. The medication protocol is a critical part of this process, influencing the number and quality of eggs retrieved. In Thailand, clinics typically use either antagonist or agonist protocols, tailored to individual patient profiles. This guide explains the general framework of these protocols, how PGT affects medication choices, and what you need to discuss with your treating clinic.

    Common Stimulation Protocols

    Antagonist Protocol

    The antagonist protocol is widely used in Thailand due to its shorter duration and flexibility. It involves daily injections of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to stimulate follicle growth, followed by a GnRH antagonist (e.g., cetrorelix or ganirelix) to prevent premature ovulation. Monitoring via ultrasound and blood tests typically begins around day 5-6 of stimulation and continues every 1-2 days until trigger. The trigger shot (hCG or GnRH agonist) is given when follicles reach an appropriate size, and egg retrieval occurs 34-36 hours later.

    Agonist Protocol

    The agonist (long) protocol uses a GnRH agonist (e.g., leuprolide) to suppress the pituitary gland before stimulation begins. This is followed by FSH injections for 10-14 days. Monitoring frequency is similar to the antagonist protocol. The agonist protocol may be preferred for patients with endometriosis or high ovarian reserve, but it requires a longer lead time.

    How PGT Affects Medication Choices

    PGT requires a sufficient number of eggs and embryos to allow for biopsy and genetic analysis. Therefore, medication protocols aim to maximize the number of mature eggs retrieved. Clinics may adjust FSH doses or add medications like human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) to improve follicle recruitment. The trigger type may also be chosen to optimize egg maturity. However, the specific protocol is always individualized based on age, ovarian reserve, and previous response.

    Monitoring Frequency

    During stimulation, monitoring typically includes transvaginal ultrasound to count and measure follicles, and blood tests to check estradiol and progesterone levels. In PGT cycles, monitoring may be more frequent to ensure optimal timing for egg retrieval. Expect appointments every 1-2 days during the final week of stimulation. Your clinic will provide a schedule.

    Medication Timeline and Travel Planning

    For international patients, the medication timeline affects travel duration. Stimulation usually lasts 10-14 days, followed by egg retrieval and a recovery day. If you are traveling to Thailand, you will need to stay for at least 2-3 weeks for the stimulation and retrieval phase. Embryo biopsy and PGT analysis take additional time (typically 5-7 days for biopsy and 2-4 weeks for genetic results), but you may not need to remain in Thailand during the entire analysis period. Discuss with your clinic whether you can return home and come back for a frozen embryo transfer.

    Questions to Confirm with Your Clinic

    • Which protocol (antagonist or agonist) does the clinic recommend for my profile, and why?
    • What specific medications will be used, and what are their brand names and dosages?
    • How often will I need monitoring appointments, and at what times of day?
    • What is the estimated total cost of medications, and are they included in the package?
    • Can I obtain medications locally in Thailand, or should I bring them from home?
    • What is the protocol for trigger shot timing and egg retrieval scheduling?
    • How does PGT affect the number of eggs or embryos needed for a successful cycle?

    Important Considerations

    Medication protocols are not one-size-fits-all. Your clinic will tailor the protocol based on your ovarian reserve tests (e.g., AMH, AFC), age, and any previous IVF experience. Always follow your doctor’s instructions precisely. Do not adjust doses or timing without medical advice. Side effects such as bloating, mood swings, and injection site reactions are common but usually temporary. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a risk, especially in high-responder patients; your clinic will monitor for this.

    For international patients, ensure you have a clear plan for medication storage (some require refrigeration) and travel with necessary documentation. Confirm with your clinic whether they provide medications or if you need to purchase them from a local pharmacy.

    Next Steps

    To learn more about the overall IVF process in Thailand, visit our IVF in Thailand page. For a step-by-step timeline, see Treatment Process. International patients can find additional planning resources on our International Patients page.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between antagonist and agonist protocols for IVF?

    The antagonist protocol uses a GnRH antagonist to prevent premature ovulation and is shorter (about 10-12 days of stimulation). The agonist protocol uses a GnRH agonist to suppress the pituitary before stimulation and is longer (about 2-4 weeks total). Your doctor will recommend based on your ovarian reserve and medical history.

    How does PGT affect the IVF medication protocol?

    PGT requires enough eggs to produce multiple embryos for biopsy. Therefore, protocols aim to maximize egg yield, often using higher FSH doses or adding hMG. The trigger type may also be chosen to optimize egg maturity. However, the protocol is always individualized.

    How often will I need monitoring during stimulation?

    Monitoring typically occurs every 1-2 days during the final week of stimulation, including ultrasound and blood tests. Your clinic will provide a schedule.

    Can I bring my own IVF medications to Thailand?

    You should check with your clinic and Thai customs regulations. Some medications require a prescription and may be restricted. Most clinics can provide medications locally or guide you on procurement.

    How long do I need to stay in Thailand for the medication and retrieval phase?

    Typically 2-3 weeks for stimulation, egg retrieval, and recovery. Embryo biopsy and PGT analysis may take additional weeks, but you may not need to stay in Thailand during the entire analysis period.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M for Single Gene Disorders in Thailand: Process and Cost

    What Is PGT-M?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders (PGT-M) is a technique used during IVF to identify embryos that carry a specific single gene disorder. It is designed for couples where one or both partners are known carriers of a genetic condition, such as cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, or thalassemia. PGT-M allows embryologists to biopsy embryos and test them for the specific mutation before transfer, with the goal of selecting embryos that are unaffected.

    It is important to understand that PGT-M does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child. It is a screening tool that reduces the risk of passing on a known genetic condition, but it cannot detect all possible genetic abnormalities or ensure embryo viability.

    PGT-M vs. Other PGT Types

    PGT-M is distinct from PGT-A (aneuploidy testing) and PGT-SR (structural rearrangement testing). PGT-A screens for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, while PGT-SR detects chromosomal structural changes. PGT-M focuses specifically on single gene mutations. Some clinics may offer combined testing, but this should be discussed with your provider.

    The Process of PGT-M in Thailand

    1. Pre-Testing and Genetic Counseling

    Before starting PGT-M, you must have a confirmed genetic diagnosis. This typically requires genetic reports from a certified laboratory showing the specific mutation(s) in the carrier(s). Many clinics require a genetic counseling session to discuss inheritance patterns, testing limitations, and implications for the child.

    2. Probe Development

    PGT-M requires a customized genetic probe for your family’s mutation. This is a laboratory process where markers linked to the mutation are identified. Probe development can take several weeks to months, depending on the complexity of the mutation and the laboratory’s workload. Some clinics may have pre-validated probes for common mutations, which can shorten the timeline.

    You will need to provide blood samples from both partners and, if available, from an affected child or other family members. The probe is then validated before it can be used on embryos.

    3. IVF Cycle and Embryo Biopsy

    Once the probe is ready, you proceed with an IVF cycle. Ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and fertilization are performed as usual. Embryos are cultured to the blastocyst stage (day 5 or 6), and a few cells are biopsied from the trophectoderm (future placenta). The biopsy is then sent to the genetics laboratory for analysis.

    4. Genetic Analysis and Embryo Selection

    The laboratory uses the custom probe to test each embryo for the mutation. Results typically take 1–2 weeks. Embryos are classified as unaffected (free of the mutation), affected (carrying the mutation), or inconclusive. Only unaffected embryos are considered for transfer.

    5. Embryo Transfer and Follow-Up

    A frozen embryo transfer (FET) is usually performed in a subsequent cycle. After transfer, prenatal diagnosis (e.g., chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) is recommended to confirm the genetic status of the pregnancy, as PGT-M is highly accurate but not 100%.

    Timeline Overview

    The entire process from initial consultation to embryo transfer can take 4–8 months or longer. Key steps include:

    • Genetic counseling and report review: 1–2 weeks
    • Probe development: 4–12 weeks (or longer for rare mutations)
    • IVF cycle (stimulation to biopsy): 4–6 weeks
    • Genetic analysis: 1–2 weeks
    • Frozen embryo transfer: 4–8 weeks after analysis

    These are general estimates; actual timelines vary by clinic and individual circumstances.

    Cost Considerations

    The cost of PGT-M in Thailand varies widely depending on the clinic, the complexity of the probe, and the number of embryos tested. Typical cost components include:

    • Genetic counseling and report review fees
    • Probe development fee (often a one-time cost per mutation)
    • IVF cycle costs (medications, monitoring, egg retrieval, lab fees)
    • Embryo biopsy fee
    • PGT-M analysis fee per embryo
    • Embryo freezing and storage fees
    • Frozen embryo transfer cycle costs

    Some clinics offer package prices that include multiple cycles or a set number of embryos. It is essential to request a detailed cost breakdown from your chosen clinic. Prices are typically quoted in Thai baht or US dollars, and payment plans may be available.

    Because exact figures are time-sensitive and clinic-specific, we recommend contacting clinics directly for current pricing.

    Required Documents and Preparations

    To begin the PGT-M process, you will need:

    • Genetic test reports confirming the mutation(s) in the carrier(s)
    • Medical records related to your fertility and general health
    • Blood samples from both partners (and possibly affected family members) for probe development
    • Passports and visas for travel to Thailand (if applicable)

    Confirm with your clinic whether they require original documents or certified translations.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the estimated timeline for probe development and the full cycle?
    • What is the cost of probe development, and is it refundable if the cycle is canceled?
    • How many embryos are typically needed for a reasonable chance of an unaffected embryo?
    • What is the accuracy rate of PGT-M for our specific mutation?
    • Do you offer combined PGT-A and PGT-M testing? What are the pros and cons?
    • What happens if no unaffected embryos are available?
    • What prenatal testing do you recommend after a PGT-M pregnancy?

    Limitations and Risks

    PGT-M is not foolproof. Risks include:

    • No embryos may be unaffected, especially if the carrier is homozygous or if few embryos are produced.
    • Inconclusive results may occur, requiring additional testing or discarding the embryo.
    • Mosaicism (mixed cell lines) can complicate interpretation.
    • Biopsy may damage the embryo, though the risk is low with experienced labs.
    • PGT-M does not test for all genetic disorders; only the specific mutation is analyzed.

    It is crucial to have realistic expectations and discuss all options with your genetic counselor and fertility specialist.

    Alternatives to PGT-M

    If PGT-M is not suitable or available, alternatives include:

    • Prenatal diagnosis (CVS or amniocentesis) during a natural pregnancy, with the option to terminate if affected.
    • Donor gametes (egg or sperm) from a non-carrier.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing using polar body biopsy (less common).
    • Adoption or remaining child-free.

    Each option has its own ethical, emotional, and practical considerations.

    Further Reading

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand overview, patient guides, and frequently asked questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does PGT-M probe development take in Thailand?

    Probe development typically takes 4 to 12 weeks, but can be longer for rare or complex mutations. Some clinics have pre-validated probes for common mutations, which can reduce the time. Confirm the estimated timeline with your chosen clinic.

    What genetic reports are needed for PGT-M?

    You need a confirmed genetic diagnosis from a certified laboratory showing the specific mutation(s) in the carrier(s). Reports should include the gene name, mutation details, and inheritance pattern. Some clinics also require reports from affected family members for probe validation.

    Is PGT-M covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Insurance coverage for PGT-M is rare and varies by policy. Most patients pay out-of-pocket. Check with your insurance provider and clinic for any possible reimbursement or package deals.

    Can PGT-M be combined with PGT-A?

    Yes, many clinics offer combined PGT-A and PGT-M testing on the same biopsy. This screens for both chromosomal abnormalities and the specific single gene disorder. Discuss the additional cost and potential benefits with your clinic.

    What happens if all embryos are affected?

    If no unaffected embryos are available, options include using donor gametes, considering prenatal diagnosis in a future natural pregnancy, or exploring adoption. Your clinic and genetic counselor can help you explore alternatives.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT for Chromosomal Abnormalities in Thailand: A Guide for Patients

    What Is Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a technique used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to screen embryos for genetic or chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. It is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or live birth, but it can help select embryos with a lower risk of certain conditions. In Thailand, PGT is available at several fertility centers, and the technology is broadly divided into three main types: PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR.

    PGT-A: Testing for Aneuploidy

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes, known as aneuploidy. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). An extra or missing chromosome can lead to conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Turner syndrome (monosomy X), and often results in implantation failure or miscarriage.

    How PGT-A Works

    During an IVF cycle, embryos are cultured for 5–6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage. A few cells are biopsied from the trophectoderm (the outer layer that becomes the placenta) and sent for genetic analysis. The embryo is then frozen while the results are processed. PGT-A uses techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to count the chromosomes.

    Who Might Consider PGT-A?

    PGT-A is often recommended for patients with:

    • Advanced maternal age (typically 35 or older)
    • Recurrent miscarriage (two or more pregnancy losses)
    • Previous aneuploid pregnancy
    • Severe male factor infertility
    • Repeated IVF failure

    However, not all patients need PGT-A. Younger patients with no history of miscarriage or genetic disorders may have a low risk of aneuploidy, and the added cost and procedure may not be justified. Discuss your individual risk factors with your fertility specialist.

    Understanding PGT-A Results

    Results are reported as:

    • Euploid: Normal number of chromosomes. These embryos have the highest chance of implantation and a healthy pregnancy.
    • Aneuploid: Abnormal number of chromosomes. These embryos are unlikely to result in a live birth and are typically not transferred.
    • Mosaic: A mix of normal and abnormal cells. Mosaic embryos may have reduced potential, but some can still lead to healthy pregnancies. The decision to transfer a mosaic embryo should be made with genetic counseling.

    It is important to note that PGT-A cannot detect all genetic disorders, and a euploid result does not guarantee a healthy baby.

    PGT-SR: Testing for Structural Rearrangements

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is designed for patients who carry balanced chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions. These individuals have a normal total amount of genetic material but have chromosomes that are rearranged. While they are usually healthy, they are at increased risk of producing embryos with unbalanced rearrangements, which can lead to miscarriage or birth defects.

    How PGT-SR Works

    The process is similar to PGT-A: embryos are biopsied at the blastocyst stage, and the cells are analyzed to determine whether the chromosomal rearrangement is balanced or unbalanced. PGT-SR often uses the same technology as PGT-A (e.g., NGS) but with specialized analysis to detect the specific rearrangement.

    Who Might Consider PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR is typically offered to:

    • Individuals or couples known to carry a balanced translocation or inversion
    • Patients with recurrent miscarriage or a history of a child with an unbalanced rearrangement

    If you have a known chromosomal rearrangement, genetic counseling can help you understand the risks and whether PGT-SR is appropriate.

    Understanding PGT-SR Results

    Results indicate whether the embryo has:

    • Balanced (normal or balanced carrier): The embryo has a normal chromosome structure or carries the same balanced rearrangement as the parent. These embryos are suitable for transfer.
    • Unbalanced: The embryo has extra or missing genetic material due to the rearrangement. These embryos are unlikely to result in a healthy pregnancy and are typically not transferred.

    As with PGT-A, PGT-SR cannot detect all genetic issues, and a balanced result does not guarantee a healthy baby.

    PGT-M: Testing for Monogenic Disorders

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is used to detect single-gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It is relevant for patients with a known genetic mutation in the family. PGT-M requires a custom test to be developed for each family, which takes time and additional cost. While not directly about chromosomal abnormalities, PGT-M may be combined with PGT-A or PGT-SR in some cases.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT is a powerful tool but has important limitations:

    • Not 100% accurate: There is a small risk of misdiagnosis due to mosaicism, technical error, or contamination.
    • Embryo biopsy risk: Although rare, the biopsy procedure may damage the embryo.
    • No guarantee of pregnancy: Even a euploid embryo may fail to implant or miscarry due to other factors.
    • Cost: PGT adds significant expense to an IVF cycle. In Thailand, costs vary by clinic and the number of embryos tested. Confirm exact pricing with your chosen clinic.
    • Time: Testing takes several weeks, so embryos must be frozen and transferred in a subsequent cycle.

    Alternatives to PGT

    For some patients, alternatives may be considered:

    • Prenatal testing: Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis during pregnancy can diagnose chromosomal abnormalities, but these tests carry a small risk of miscarriage and cannot be used to select embryos.
    • Donor eggs or sperm: Using gametes from a screened donor can reduce the risk of chromosomal abnormalities, especially in cases of advanced maternal age or known genetic disorders.
    • Natural conception with genetic counseling: Some couples may choose to conceive naturally and undergo prenatal testing, accepting the risk of miscarriage or affected pregnancy.

    Your fertility specialist can help you weigh the options based on your medical history and personal values.

    What to Discuss with Your Clinic in Thailand

    When considering PGT in Thailand, ask your clinic about:

    • Which types of PGT are offered (PGT-A, PGT-SR, PGT-M)
    • The laboratory’s experience and accreditation
    • Costs for biopsy, testing, and embryo freezing
    • Turnaround time for results
    • Success rates for PGT cycles (note: these vary widely and should be interpreted cautiously)
    • Genetic counseling services

    For more information, see our PGT in Thailand overview, patient guides, and frequently asked questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-SR detects unbalanced structural rearrangements like translocations. PGT-A is used for general aneuploidy risk, and PGT-SR is for patients with known balanced rearrangements.

    Who should consider PGT for chromosomal abnormalities?

    Patients with advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, previous aneuploid pregnancy, or known chromosomal rearrangements may benefit. However, not everyone needs PGT; discuss your specific situation with a fertility specialist.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain chromosomal abnormalities, but it cannot detect all genetic conditions, and there is still a chance of miscarriage or other complications.

    How long does PGT take in Thailand?

    After embryo biopsy, results typically take 1–2 weeks. Embryos are frozen while waiting, so transfer occurs in a later cycle. Confirm exact timelines with your clinic.

    What are the risks of embryo biopsy?

    The biopsy is generally safe, but there is a small risk of embryo damage or reduced viability. The procedure is performed by experienced embryologists to minimize risk.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How Many IVF Cycles Are Typically Needed in Thailand for a Live Birth?

    Understanding IVF Cycle Numbers in Thailand

    If you are considering IVF in Thailand, you may wonder how many treatment cycles are typically needed to achieve a live birth. The honest answer is that there is no single number that applies to everyone. The number of cycles depends on a range of personal factors, including your age, fertility diagnosis, embryo quality, and whether you use preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). This article explains the key variables and helps you prepare for discussions with your fertility clinic.

    Key Factors That Influence the Number of Cycles

    Age

    Age is one of the strongest predictors of IVF success. Younger women generally have higher success rates per cycle, meaning they may need fewer cycles. As age increases, especially after 40, the chance of live birth per cycle declines, and more cycles may be required. However, individual results vary widely.

    Fertility Diagnosis

    The reason for infertility also matters. For example, women with tubal factor infertility may have different outcomes than those with diminished ovarian reserve or male factor infertility. Some diagnoses, such as severe endometriosis or low sperm count, may require more cycles or additional treatments like ICSI or donor gametes.

    Embryo Quality and PGT

    Embryo quality is a critical factor. High-quality embryos have a greater chance of implantation and live birth. Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) can screen embryos for chromosomal abnormalities, which may increase the likelihood of a successful pregnancy per transfer. However, PGT also reduces the number of usable embryos, potentially requiring more cycles to obtain a euploid embryo for transfer.

    Number of Embryos Transferred

    In Thailand, the number of embryos transferred is regulated to reduce the risk of multiple pregnancies. Typically, one or two embryos are transferred per cycle. Transferring more embryos does not necessarily increase the live birth rate and carries higher risks. Confirm current regulations with your clinic.

    Cumulative Success Rates

    Many clinics report success rates per cycle, but cumulative success rates—the chance of live birth after multiple cycles—are more meaningful. For example, a woman under 35 might have a higher chance of live birth per cycle, and after three cycles, the cumulative chance could be higher. These figures are general estimates and vary by clinic and patient population. Always ask your clinic for their own cumulative data.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    To better understand your personal prognosis, consider asking your fertility specialist these questions:

    • What is the live birth rate per cycle for someone with my age and diagnosis?
    • What is the cumulative live birth rate after multiple cycles?
    • How does embryo quality affect my chances?
    • Would PGT improve my chances or reduce the number of cycles needed?
    • What is the typical number of cycles for patients similar to me?

    Important Considerations

    IVF is both an emotional and financial journey. Planning for multiple cycles can help manage expectations and reduce stress. Some patients achieve success in one cycle, while others may need several. It is also possible that no number of cycles will lead to a live birth, and alternative paths such as donor eggs, donor embryos, or surrogacy may be considered.

    Thailand offers a range of fertility clinics with varying expertise and success rates. It is essential to choose a clinic that is transparent about its outcomes and provides personalized care. Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) is a dedicated fertility center in Bangkok’s Rama 9 area, holding JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP and UK NEQAS certifications. DHC is Thailand PGT’s featured commercial hospital partner and appears first in comparison content for that disclosed reason.

    Related Reading

    Frequently asked questions

    How many IVF cycles are typically needed for a live birth in Thailand?

    There is no fixed number. It depends on age, diagnosis, embryo quality, and other factors. Younger women may need fewer cycles, while older women or those with complex diagnoses may require more. Discuss cumulative success rates with your clinic.

    Does PGT reduce the number of cycles needed?

    PGT can increase the chance of success per transfer by selecting chromosomally normal embryos, but it may also reduce the number of usable embryos, potentially requiring more cycles to obtain a euploid embryo. The overall effect varies.

    What is a cumulative live birth rate?

    It is the chance of having a live birth after a series of IVF cycles, usually expressed as a percentage. For example, after three cycles, the cumulative rate may be higher than the per-cycle rate. Ask your clinic for their data.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR: Which Genetic Test Is Right for Your IVF in Thailand

    What Is Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used to screen embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) for genetic abnormalities before transfer to the uterus. PGT is performed on a few cells biopsied from an embryo at the blastocyst stage (typically day 5 or 6 of development). The goal is to help select embryos that are more likely to result in a healthy pregnancy, but it is important to understand that PGT does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy child. The three main types of PGT are PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR, each designed for different clinical scenarios.

    PGT-A: Screening for Chromosomal Aneuploidy

    What PGT-A Screens For

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. A normal human cell should have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Aneuploidy—having too many or too few chromosomes—is a common cause of implantation failure, miscarriage, and conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21). PGT-A identifies embryos with a normal chromosome count (euploid) versus those with an abnormal count (aneuploid).

    Who Might Consider PGT-A

    • Women of advanced maternal age (typically 35 and older), as the risk of aneuploidy increases with age.
    • Couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage, which may be due to chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Couples with repeated IVF implantation failure.
    • Individuals with a known balanced translocation (though PGT-SR is more specific for structural rearrangements).
    • Any patient who wishes to reduce the chance of transferring an aneuploid embryo, though it is not a guarantee.

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A cannot detect all genetic disorders, such as single-gene diseases (e.g., cystic fibrosis) or structural chromosomal rearrangements. It also cannot guarantee that a euploid embryo will implant or result in a live birth. Mosaicism—where an embryo has both normal and abnormal cells—can lead to ambiguous results. Additionally, the biopsy process carries a small risk of embryo damage, though this is low in experienced laboratories.

    PGT-M: Testing for Single-Gene Disorders

    What PGT-M Screens For

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is used to detect specific inherited single-gene conditions. This test is tailored to a particular genetic mutation known to run in a family, such as cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, sickle cell anemia, or Tay-Sachs disease. PGT-M requires prior knowledge of the specific mutation and often involves creating a customized test for the couple.

    Who Might Consider PGT-M

    • Couples where one or both partners carry a known genetic mutation for a serious inherited disorder.
    • Couples who have had a child with a genetic condition and wish to avoid passing it on.
    • Individuals with a family history of a genetic disease who have undergone genetic counseling and testing.

    Limitations of PGT-M

    PGT-M is highly specific and cannot screen for other genetic abnormalities unless combined with PGT-A. The test development process can take weeks to months, and not all mutations are testable. PGT-M reduces but does not eliminate the risk of having an affected child; rare recombination events or technical errors can occur. Genetic counseling is essential before and after testing.

    PGT-SR: Detecting Structural Chromosomal Rearrangements

    What PGT-SR Screens For

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is designed for individuals who carry a balanced structural chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation (where a piece of one chromosome attaches to another) or an inversion (where a chromosome segment is reversed). While carriers of balanced rearrangements are usually healthy, their embryos may inherit unbalanced rearrangements, leading to miscarriage or birth defects. PGT-SR identifies embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome structure.

    Who Might Consider PGT-SR

    • Couples where one partner is a known carrier of a balanced translocation or inversion.
    • Couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage or infertility linked to a structural rearrangement.
    • Individuals who have been diagnosed through karyotype testing.

    Limitations of PGT-SR

    PGT-SR cannot detect all types of chromosomal abnormalities; it focuses on the specific rearrangement. It may be combined with PGT-A for comprehensive screening. As with other PGT methods, there is a small risk of misdiagnosis, and not all embryos will be suitable for transfer.

    How to Choose the Right Test

    The decision between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR depends on your medical history, genetic background, and reproductive goals. Here are some general considerations:

    • If you have no known genetic condition but are concerned about age-related chromosomal abnormalities, PGT-A may be appropriate.
    • If you or your partner carries a specific single-gene disorder, PGT-M is the test of choice, often combined with PGT-A.
    • If you have a balanced translocation or inversion, PGT-SR is recommended, sometimes alongside PGT-A.
    • If you have both a single-gene mutation and a structural rearrangement, a combination of tests may be possible.

    It is essential to consult with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor to determine which test—or combination of tests—is right for you. They will review your medical history, order necessary carrier screening or karyotyping, and explain the implications of test results.

    PGT in Thailand: What to Expect

    Thailand has become a popular destination for IVF with PGT due to its advanced medical facilities and competitive costs. Several fertility centers in Bangkok offer PGT services, including Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC), Bumrungrad International Hospital, Gift Fertility Clinic, Intrarat Hospital, PMG Hospital, and Prime Fertility Clinic. Each provider has its own laboratory capabilities, genetic testing partnerships, and pricing structures. It is important to verify directly with the clinic whether they offer the specific type of PGT you need, the turnaround time for results, and what is included in the quoted price.

    PGT is typically performed on embryos created through IVF with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to avoid contamination from sperm cells. After biopsy, embryos are frozen (vitrified) while awaiting test results, which can take 1–2 weeks depending on the laboratory. A subsequent frozen embryo transfer (FET) is then scheduled.

    Alternatives and Important Considerations

    PGT is not the only option for genetic screening. Alternatives include:

    • Prenatal diagnostic testing (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy, which can confirm genetic abnormalities but carries a small risk of miscarriage.
    • Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), a blood test that screens for common aneuploidies but is not diagnostic.
    • Carrier screening before conception to identify genetic risks.

    PGT is an elective procedure and is not medically necessary for all patients. It does not guarantee a live birth or a healthy child, and there are ethical considerations regarding embryo selection. Discuss all options thoroughly with your healthcare team.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic problems?

    No, PGT-A only screens for the correct number of chromosomes. It does not detect single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. For those, PGT-M or PGT-SR is needed.

    Is PGT covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Insurance coverage for PGT varies widely. Most international patients pay out-of-pocket. Check with your clinic and insurance provider for specific coverage details.

    How long does PGT take?

    After embryo biopsy, results typically take 1–2 weeks. The entire IVF cycle, including PGT and frozen embryo transfer, may take 2–3 months.

    Does PGT harm the embryo?

    The biopsy removes a few cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta), and studies suggest the risk of damage is low when performed by experienced embryologists. However, no procedure is risk-free.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT as part of your IVF journey in Thailand, start by consulting with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor. They can help you understand which test is appropriate based on your personal and family medical history. For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, other guides, and FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic problems?

    No, PGT-A only screens for the correct number of chromosomes. It does not detect single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. For those, PGT-M or PGT-SR is needed.

    Is PGT covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Insurance coverage for PGT varies widely. Most international patients pay out-of-pocket. Check with your clinic and insurance provider for specific coverage details.

    How long does PGT take?

    After embryo biopsy, results typically take 1–2 weeks. The entire IVF cycle, including PGT and frozen embryo transfer, may take 2–3 months.

    Does PGT harm the embryo?

    The biopsy removes a few cells from the trophectoderm (future placenta), and studies suggest the risk of damage is low when performed by experienced embryologists. However, no procedure is risk-free.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Legal Aspects of IVF and PGT in Thailand for Foreigners: A Practical Guide

    Introduction

    International patients considering IVF and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in Thailand often have questions about the legal framework. While Thailand is a destination for fertility treatment, the legal landscape can be complex and varies depending on your home country and specific circumstances. This guide provides an overview of key legal aspects to consider, but it does not constitute legal advice. Always consult a qualified Thai lawyer with expertise in reproductive law before making decisions.

    General Legal Framework

    Thailand’s regulations on assisted reproductive technology (ART) are derived from several pieces of legislation and professional guidelines. Foreign patients should be aware that these laws may differ significantly from those in their home countries. It is important to verify current requirements with a Thai lawyer or the relevant authority.

    Embryo Disposition

    One of the most important legal considerations is what happens to embryos created during treatment. In Thailand, the legal status of embryos and the rules for their disposition are subject to specific regulations. Key points to discuss with your clinic and lawyer include:

    • Storage: Embryos can be frozen and stored for future use, but storage periods and conditions vary by clinic. You should confirm the maximum storage duration and any associated costs.
    • Donation: Donating embryos to another couple or for research may be legally complex and requires specific consent. Not all clinics offer this option.
    • Disposal: If you no longer wish to store embryos, you can request their disposal. However, you must provide written consent, and the clinic will have its own procedures.
    • Transfer abroad: Moving embryos to another country involves additional legal and logistical hurdles, including export/import regulations and customs requirements.

    It is essential to discuss embryo disposition options with your clinic and have a clear written agreement before treatment begins.

    Surrogacy Restrictions

    Thailand’s surrogacy laws strictly regulate surrogacy. Key points for foreign patients:

    • Commercial surrogacy is restricted for foreigners. Only altruistic surrogacy may be permitted under certain conditions, and typically only for married Thai couples. Foreigners should confirm current legal options with a Thai lawyer.
    • Foreigners may face limitations in entering surrogacy agreements in Thailand. It is essential to verify the latest legal provisions.
    • Penalties: Violating surrogacy laws can result in criminal penalties, including imprisonment and fines.

    If you are considering surrogacy, you must explore legal options in your home country or other jurisdictions where it is permitted.

    Genetic Testing Limits

    PGT is available in Thailand, but there are legal and ethical boundaries:

    • PGT for medical reasons: Testing for chromosomal abnormalities or single-gene disorders is generally permitted. However, the specific conditions that can be tested may be limited by clinic policies and Thai regulations.
    • PGT for sex selection: Sex selection for non-medical reasons may be prohibited. Some clinics may offer sex selection for medical reasons (e.g., to avoid X-linked disorders), but you should confirm this with the clinic and understand the legal basis.
    • PGT for other traits: Testing for non-medical traits such as eye color or intelligence may not be legally permitted and is not offered by reputable clinics.

    Always ask your clinic for a clear list of conditions they can test for and any legal restrictions that apply.

    Documentation and Consent

    Proper documentation is critical for legal clarity. You should expect to sign the following:

    • Informed consent forms for IVF, ICSI, PGT, and embryo handling.
    • Embryo disposition agreement outlining what will happen to unused embryos.
    • Gamete and embryo ownership agreement clarifying who has rights to the embryos in case of separation, death, or dispute.
    • Medical records release forms if you want your records sent to another doctor.

    All documents should be provided in English (or your preferred language) and explained to you before signing. Keep copies for your records.

    Legal Advice and Next Steps

    Because laws can change and individual circumstances vary, it is essential to:

    • Consult a Thai lawyer who specializes in reproductive law. They can review your specific situation and advise on legal risks.
    • Check your home country’s laws regarding embryo disposition, surrogacy, and genetic testing. Some countries have restrictions that may affect your ability to bring embryos or children back.
    • Contact your chosen clinic for their specific policies and any legal updates.

    For more information on planning your treatment, see our guides on International Patients, Treatment Process, and Patient Resources.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Frequently asked questions

    Is IVF legal for foreigners in Thailand?

    Yes, IVF is legal for foreigners in Thailand. However, surrogacy is heavily restricted, and commercial surrogacy may be illegal for foreigners. Always consult a Thai lawyer for your specific case.

    Can I choose the sex of my embryo through PGT in Thailand?

    Sex selection for non-medical reasons may be prohibited in Thailand. Some clinics may offer it for medical reasons (e.g., to avoid genetic disorders), but you should confirm with the clinic and understand the legal basis.

    What happens to my embryos if I die or separate from my partner?

    This depends on the agreements you sign with the clinic. It is crucial to have a clear embryo disposition agreement that specifies your wishes in such scenarios. Consult a lawyer to ensure your rights are protected.

    Can I take my embryos out of Thailand?

    Yes, but it involves legal and logistical steps, including export permits and compliance with the destination country's regulations. Contact your clinic and a lawyer for guidance.

    Do I need a visa for IVF treatment in Thailand?

    Most foreign patients enter Thailand on a tourist visa or visa exemption. For longer stays, you may need a medical visa. Check with the Thai embassy or consulate in your country for current requirements.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M for Genetic Disorders in Thailand: What International Patients Need to Know

    What Is PGT-M?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic Disorders (PGT-M) is a technique used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to screen embryos for specific inherited genetic conditions. It is designed for couples or individuals who carry a known genetic mutation and wish to reduce the risk of passing that condition to their child. PGT-M is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or baby, and it is not suitable for everyone.

    How PGT-M Works

    The PGT-M process involves several steps:

    • IVF cycle: Eggs are retrieved and fertilized with sperm in the laboratory to create embryos.
    • Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo, typically on day 5 or 6 (blastocyst stage).
    • Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are analyzed to determine whether the embryo carries the specific genetic mutation of concern.
    • Embryo selection: Only embryos that are free of the targeted mutation are considered for transfer to the uterus.

    PGT-M requires prior knowledge of the specific genetic mutation in the family. A custom genetic test must be developed for each family, which can take several weeks to months.

    Which Genetic Disorders Can PGT-M Screen For?

    PGT-M can screen for many monogenic disorders, including but not limited to:

    • Cystic fibrosis
    • Sickle cell disease
    • Tay-Sachs disease
    • Huntington’s disease
    • Spinal muscular atrophy
    • Beta-thalassemia
    • Fragile X syndrome

    The specific conditions that can be tested depend on the laboratory’s capabilities and the availability of a validated test for the mutation. Patients should discuss their specific genetic condition with their fertility center and genetic counselor.

    PGT-M Process in Thailand

    Thailand has become a destination for IVF and PGT services, including PGT-M. The process for international patients typically involves:

    1. Initial consultation: A remote or in-person consultation with a fertility specialist and genetic counselor to review medical history and genetic test results.
    2. Genetic test development: If not already available, a custom test for the specific mutation is developed. This may require blood samples from the couple and sometimes other family members.
    3. IVF cycle: The patient travels to Thailand for the IVF cycle, which includes ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, and embryo culture.
    4. Biopsy and testing: Embryo biopsy is performed at the fertility center, and the cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis.
    5. Embryo transfer: A frozen or fresh embryo that is free of the mutation is transferred to the uterus.

    The entire process can take several months, including the time needed for genetic test development and the IVF cycle.

    Genetic Counseling and Legal Considerations

    Genetic counseling is an essential part of PGT-M. A genetic counselor can help patients understand the implications of their genetic condition, the limitations of testing, and the potential outcomes. In Thailand, genetic counseling services may be available at some fertility centers; patients should confirm availability and language support directly.

    Legal considerations vary by country. Patients should be aware that regulations regarding PGT-M in Thailand may change, and they should seek up-to-date legal advice from relevant authorities. Additionally, some countries have restrictions on embryo selection or the disposal of affected embryos. International patients should consult with their home country’s regulations and consider how they align with the process in Thailand.

    Choosing a Fertility Center for PGT-M in Thailand

    When selecting a fertility center for PGT-M, consider the following:

    • Experience with PGT-M: Ask about the center’s experience with PGT-M and the specific genetic condition you are concerned about.
    • Laboratory partnerships: Confirm which genetics laboratory the center works with and whether they have experience with your mutation.
    • Success rates: Inquire about the center’s overall IVF success rates, but remember that PGT-M success depends on many factors, including the number of embryos available.
    • International patient services: Check if the center offers support for international patients, such as translation services, travel coordination, and remote consultations.

    Several fertility centers in Bangkok offer PGT-M services. For example, Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) is a dedicated fertility center that provides IVF and PGT services. DHC holds multiple quality certifications including JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, and UK NEQAS. Their 2026 hospital profile reports an average embryo-transfer success rate of approximately 80% for 2025; this is not an individual prediction or guarantee. DHC is Thailand PGT’s featured commercial hospital partner.

    Other centers include Bumrungrad International Hospital, a large multidisciplinary hospital with reproductive medicine services, and Prime Fertility Clinic, which holds JCI Ambulatory Care accreditation. Gift Fertility Clinic and Intrarat Hospital also offer fertility services, but patients should confirm their PGT capabilities directly.

    It is important to note that the order of centers listed here is an editorial comparison and not a ranking of outcomes. Patients should conduct their own research and obtain written quotations before making a decision.

    Alternatives and Limitations

    PGT-M is not the only option for couples at risk of passing on a genetic disorder. Alternatives include:

    • Prenatal diagnosis: Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis during pregnancy to test the fetus, followed by the option to continue or terminate the pregnancy.
    • Donor gametes: Using donor eggs or sperm that do not carry the mutation.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A): This screens for chromosomal abnormalities but not specific monogenic disorders.

    Limitations of PGT-M include:

    • Not 100% accurate: There is a small risk of misdiagnosis due to technical errors or mosaicism.
    • Requires sufficient embryos: Not all embryos may be free of the mutation, and some may not survive the biopsy process.
    • Does not guarantee pregnancy: Even with a healthy embryo, implantation and pregnancy are not guaranteed.
    • Cost: PGT-M adds significant cost to an IVF cycle, and insurance coverage is limited.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), while PGT-M screens for specific single-gene disorders. PGT-A is often used to improve IVF success rates, whereas PGT-M is used to prevent inherited genetic conditions.

    How long does the PGT-M process take?

    The entire process, from genetic test development to embryo transfer, can take 3 to 6 months. The test development alone may take 4 to 8 weeks.

    Is PGT-M legal in Thailand?

    Patients should consult with their fertility center and legal advisors for the most current information regarding regulations.

    Can PGT-M screen for all genetic disorders?

    No, PGT-M can only screen for disorders caused by a known single-gene mutation. It cannot screen for complex conditions caused by multiple genes or environmental factors.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M?

    Success depends on many factors, including the number of embryos produced, the accuracy of the genetic test, and the fertility of the couple. There is no single success rate for PGT-M.

    Conclusion

    PGT-M offers a way for couples with known genetic disorders to reduce the risk of passing them on to their children. In Thailand, several fertility centers provide PGT-M services, but careful planning, genetic counseling, and legal awareness are essential. Patients should consult with multiple providers, ask detailed questions, and obtain written quotations before proceeding.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, other guides, and FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), while PGT-M screens for specific single-gene disorders. PGT-A is often used to improve IVF success rates, whereas PGT-M is used to prevent inherited genetic conditions.

    How long does the PGT-M process take?

    The entire process, from genetic test development to embryo transfer, can take 3 to 6 months. The test development alone may take 4 to 8 weeks.

    Is PGT-M legal in Thailand?

    Patients should consult with their fertility center and legal advisors for the most current information regarding regulations.

    Can PGT-M screen for all genetic disorders?

    No, PGT-M can only screen for disorders caused by a known single-gene mutation. It cannot screen for complex conditions caused by multiple genes or environmental factors.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M?

    Success depends on many factors, including the number of embryos produced, the accuracy of the genetic test, and the fertility of the couple. There is no single success rate for PGT-M.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M for IVF in Thailand: Key Differences Explained

    What Is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). A normal human embryo should have 46 chromosomes. PGT-A can detect extra or missing chromosomes, such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) or monosomy X (Turner syndrome). This test is often recommended for women of advanced maternal age, couples with recurrent miscarriage, or those with repeated IVF failure. PGT-A does not test for specific genetic diseases.

    What Is PGT-M?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic Disorders (PGT-M) looks for specific single-gene mutations that cause inherited conditions such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. It is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation and want to avoid passing it to their child. PGT-M requires a custom test design based on the family’s mutation, which takes time and genetic counseling.

    What Is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) detects chromosomal structural abnormalities like translocations or inversions. It is similar to PGT-A but focuses on rearrangements rather than number changes. Some laboratories combine PGT-A and PGT-SR into a single test.

    How Are PGT-A and PGT-M Different?

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screen for chromosome number abnormalities Detect specific single-gene disorders
    Who needs it Advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, repeated IVF failure Couples known to carry a genetic mutation
    Test development Standardized, no custom setup Custom test required per family
    Results Euploid (normal), aneuploid, or mosaic Affected, unaffected carrier, or unaffected non-carrier
    Limitations Does not detect all genetic diseases; mosaicism can be uncertain Cannot screen for chromosome number issues; requires prior genetic knowledge

    When Is Each Test Recommended?

    PGT-A is typically offered to women over 35, couples with a history of miscarriage, or those who have had multiple unsuccessful IVF cycles. It can also be used for sex selection in some countries, though regulations vary. PGT-M is recommended when one or both partners have a known genetic condition or are carriers of a recessive disorder. Some couples may choose both PGT-A and PGT-M if they have both age-related risk and a genetic mutation.

    How Are PGT-A and PGT-M Performed in Thailand?

    Both tests require an IVF cycle to create embryos. On day 5 or 6, a few cells are biopsied from the trophectoderm (future placenta) and sent to a genetics laboratory. In Thailand, many fertility centers offer PGT-A and PGT-M through partnerships with accredited labs. The process is similar to international standards. Patients should confirm the laboratory’s certifications and turnaround times directly with their chosen clinic.

    What Do the Results Mean?

    For PGT-A, an embryo can be classified as euploid (normal chromosome number), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells). Only euploid embryos are typically considered for transfer, though mosaic embryos may be used in some cases after counseling. For PGT-M, results indicate whether the embryo carries the mutation, is an unaffected carrier, or is unaffected and non-carrier. Transfer decisions depend on the specific condition and patient preference.

    Alternatives and Limitations

    PGT-A does not guarantee a healthy baby; it only screens for chromosome number issues. Some embryos with normal PGT-A results may still have other genetic or developmental problems. PGT-M cannot detect chromosome abnormalities, so some couples may opt for both tests. Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) during pregnancy is an alternative for chromosome screening but does not replace PGT. Preimplantation genetic testing is not suitable for all patients; a fertility specialist can help determine the best approach.

    Cost Considerations

    PGT-A and PGT-M add to the cost of an IVF cycle. In Thailand, prices vary by clinic and the number of embryos tested. PGT-M is generally more expensive due to the custom test design. Patients should request a detailed quotation that includes biopsy, genetic analysis, and any additional storage or shipping fees. Exact prices are not provided here and should be confirmed directly with the clinic.

    Choosing a Clinic in Thailand

    When selecting a clinic for PGT in Thailand, consider the laboratory’s accreditation, the experience of the genetic team, and the availability of genetic counseling. Some hospitals, such as Bumrungrad International Hospital, offer integrated services with reproductive medicine and prenatal genetics. Dedicated fertility centers like Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) provide PGT alongside advanced embryo culture technologies. Always verify current services and pricing directly with the clinic.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, some laboratories offer combined testing. This requires a single biopsy and separate analyses for chromosome number and specific gene mutations. Discuss with your clinic whether combined testing is available and appropriate for your situation.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain genetic abnormalities, but it cannot prevent all birth defects or health issues. It is a screening tool, not a guarantee.

    Is PGT legal in Thailand?

    PGT is available in Thailand, but regulations may apply. Patients should consult their clinic about legal requirements and any restrictions on embryo testing or sex selection.

    How long does PGT take?

    PGT-A results are typically available within 1-2 weeks after biopsy. PGT-M may take longer due to custom test design, sometimes 4-6 weeks or more. Plan accordingly with your IVF cycle timeline.

    Related Resources

    For more information, visit our PGT in Thailand guide, explore our guides, or check the FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, some laboratories offer combined testing. This requires a single biopsy and separate analyses for chromosome number and specific gene mutations. Discuss with your clinic whether combined testing is available and appropriate for your situation.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain genetic abnormalities, but it cannot prevent all birth defects or health issues. It is a screening tool, not a guarantee.

    Is PGT legal in Thailand?

    PGT is available in Thailand, but regulations may apply. Patients should consult their clinic about legal requirements and any restrictions on embryo testing or sex selection.

    How long does PGT take?

    PGT-A results are typically available within 1-2 weeks after biopsy. PGT-M may take longer due to custom test design, sometimes 4-6 weeks or more. Plan accordingly with your IVF cycle timeline.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.