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  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: Understanding the Differences

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand, you may have come across terms like PGT-A and PGT-M. Both are types of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) performed on embryos before transfer. But they answer different questions. PGT-A checks for chromosomal abnormalities, while PGT-M looks for specific genetic conditions. This article explains the differences, who might consider each test, and what to discuss with your clinic.

    At a glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder that one or both parents carry.
    • Both tests require IVF and embryo biopsy.
    • Results can help guide which embryos to transfer, but they do not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, or preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Many aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. Some may lead to conditions like Down syndrome.

    PGT-A is often considered for people who have experienced recurrent miscarriage, previous failed IVF cycles, or advanced maternal age. However, it is not recommended for everyone. Some clinics may suggest PGT-A to improve embryo selection, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M, or preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders, looks for a specific genetic condition caused by a single gene mutation. Examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. This test is used when one or both parents are known carriers of a genetic disorder and want to reduce the risk of passing it on.

    PGT-M requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation. The test is highly personalized and may take longer to develop than PGT-A.

    Key differences between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    What it screens for Chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) Specific single-gene disorders
    Who may consider it People with recurrent miscarriage, repeated IVF failure, or advanced maternal age Couples who are carriers of a known genetic condition
    Requires prior genetic testing of parents? No Yes, to identify the specific mutation
    Result interpretation Embryo is classified as euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic Embryo is classified as affected, unaffected, or inconclusive
    Typical timeline Results may be available within days to weeks May take longer due to test development

    What is PGT-SR?

    You may also hear about PGT-SR, which stands for preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements. This test is used when one parent has a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation, that can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos. PGT-SR is similar to PGT-A in that it looks at chromosomes, but it focuses on specific structural changes.

    PGT-SR is less common than PGT-A or PGT-M. Your clinic can explain if it is relevant to your situation.

    How are the tests performed?

    Both PGT-A and PGT-M involve the same general steps:

    1. IVF is performed to create embryos.
    2. On day 5 or 6, a few cells are removed from each embryo (biopsy).
    3. The cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis.
    4. Results are reported to your clinic, and you discuss which embryos to transfer.

    The biopsy is a delicate procedure, but it is performed by experienced embryologists. The removal of cells does not guarantee that the embryo will be unaffected.

    Costs and timelines in Thailand

    The cost of PGT in Thailand varies depending on the clinic, the number of embryos tested, and the type of test. PGT-M is often more expensive than PGT-A because it requires developing a personalized test. You should ask your clinic for a detailed breakdown of costs, including biopsy, genetic analysis, and any additional fees.

    Timelines also vary. PGT-A results may be available within a few weeks, while PGT-M may take longer. Your clinic can give you an estimate based on your specific case.

    How to decide which test is right for you

    Deciding whether to use PGT-A, PGT-M, or no genetic testing at all is a personal choice. Here are some steps to help you decide:

    1. Review your medical history and any genetic risks with your doctor.
    2. If you have a known genetic condition in your family, consider genetic counseling.
    3. Ask your clinic about the availability and accuracy of each test.
    4. Discuss the financial implications and whether the test is covered by any package.
    5. Consider the emotional and ethical aspects of embryo testing.

    Remember, PGT is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a tool to help you make informed decisions.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • What is the difference in cost between PGT-A and PGT-M at your clinic?
    • How many embryos are typically needed for testing?
    • What is the turnaround time for results?
    • How are mosaic embryos reported and what are the options?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling as part of the process?
    • What are the limitations of the test?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, start by gathering information from reputable sources and consulting with a fertility specialist. You can also explore our PGT in Thailand guide for an overview, and check our guides for more detailed topics. For common questions, visit our FAQ page.

    Ultimately, the decision to use PGT-A or PGT-M should be made in partnership with your medical team, based on your unique circumstances.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done at the same time?

    Yes, it is possible to perform both PGT-A and PGT-M on the same embryo biopsy. This is sometimes called combined testing. However, not all clinics offer this, and it may increase the cost. You should ask your clinic if combined testing is available and what it involves.

    Is PGT-A necessary for all IVF patients?

    No, PGT-A is not necessary for everyone. It may be recommended for certain situations, such as advanced maternal age or recurrent miscarriage, but it is not a routine requirement. Your doctor can help you weigh the potential benefits and limitations based on your individual history.

    What are the risks of embryo biopsy?

    Embryo biopsy is a delicate procedure, but it is generally considered safe. There is a small risk of damaging the embryo, but experienced embryologists minimize this. The long-term effects on the child are not fully known, so it is important to discuss any concerns with your clinic.

    How long does it take to get PGT results in Thailand?

    The timeline can vary. PGT-A results may be available within a few days to a couple of weeks, while PGT-M may take longer because a personalized test needs to be developed. Your clinic can provide a more specific estimate based on your case.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT IVF Success Rates in Thailand: What the Numbers Really Mean

    When you’re researching IVF in Thailand, you’ll often see success rates quoted alongside preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). But what do these numbers really mean? PGT can help identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes or without a specific genetic condition, potentially improving the chances of a successful pregnancy. However, success rates are not a guarantee, and they depend on many factors, including your age, the reason for testing, and the clinic’s laboratory standards. This guide explains how PGT relates to IVF success in Thailand, what to look for in clinic data, and the questions to ask before you commit.

    At a Glance: PGT and IVF Success

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities, which are more common with older maternal age.
    • PGT-M and PGT-SR are used for specific genetic conditions or chromosomal rearrangements.
    • Success rates vary widely by patient profile; no clinic can guarantee a live birth.
    • Ask clinics for their own data, broken down by age and testing type.

    What Is PGT and How Does It Affect IVF Success?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is performed on embryos created through IVF before transfer. There are three main types:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with an abnormal number (aneuploid) often fail to implant or miscarry.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders) looks for specific single-gene conditions, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia, when one or both parents carry a known mutation.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements) is used when a parent has a chromosomal rearrangement, like a translocation, which can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos.

    By selecting embryos that are likely to be chromosomally normal or free of a specific condition, PGT may reduce the risk of miscarriage and increase the chance of a successful pregnancy per transfer. However, it does not guarantee a live birth, and not all patients need PGT.

    Factors That Influence PGT IVF Success Rates

    Success rates with PGT are not a single number. They depend on several key factors:

    • Maternal age: The proportion of chromosomally normal embryos declines with age. Younger women typically have more normal embryos, which can improve the odds per transfer.
    • Reason for PGT: PGT-A for general screening may have different outcomes than PGT-M for a specific genetic condition, where the goal is to avoid a particular disease.
    • Embryo quality and development: Embryos that reach the blastocyst stage (day 5-6) and are graded well are more likely to be viable.
    • Laboratory standards: The accuracy of PGT depends on the biopsy technique, genetic laboratory, and embryo culture conditions. Ask about the clinic’s experience and quality controls.
    • Number of embryos available: Not all embryos will survive the biopsy and freezing process, and some may be abnormal. A larger cohort gives more options.

    How to Interpret Clinic Success Rates

    When comparing IVF clinics in Thailand, you’ll see success rates reported in different ways. Some may report pregnancy rates per embryo transfer, while others use live birth rates. For PGT, the most meaningful metric is often the live birth rate per transfer of a tested embryo, but this can be misleading if the clinic only transfers embryos after extensive screening.

    Here are some questions to ask when reviewing clinic data:

    • What is your live birth rate per transfer for patients in my age group?
    • How many PGT cycles have you performed, and what is your experience with my specific type of testing?
    • What is your embryo survival rate after biopsy and freezing?
    • Do you report outcomes separately for PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?
    • What is your cancellation rate (cycles that do not reach transfer)?

    Remember that success rates are retrospective and may not reflect your individual situation. A clinic with a high success rate may have a selective patient population.

    PGT in Thailand: What to Consider

    Thailand has become a popular destination for IVF and PGT due to its advanced medical facilities and relatively lower costs compared to Western countries. However, there is no official national registry that publishes standardized success rates for all clinics. This means you must rely on clinic-reported data, which may not be independently verified.

    When choosing a clinic, consider:

    • Accreditation: Look for international accreditations, such as from the Joint Commission International (JCI), which indicate adherence to quality standards.
    • Laboratory quality: Ask about the genetic laboratory used for PGT. Is it on-site or outsourced? What are their quality controls?
    • Doctor’s experience: How many PGT cycles has your doctor performed? What is their approach to embryo transfer?
    • Patient support: Do they offer counseling to help you understand the implications of PGT results?

    Limitations and Alternatives to PGT

    PGT is not a guarantee of a healthy baby. It has limitations:

    • PGT-A cannot detect all chromosomal abnormalities, and some embryos may be mosaic (a mix of normal and abnormal cells).
    • PGT-M and PGT-SR require prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation or rearrangement.
    • There is a small risk of embryo damage during biopsy, though this is rare in experienced labs.
    • PGT does not eliminate the risk of birth defects or genetic conditions that are not tested.

    Alternatives to PGT include:

    • IVF without PGT: For younger women or those without known genetic risks, transferring embryos without testing may be appropriate.
    • Prenatal testing: After pregnancy, tests like amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling can diagnose certain conditions.
    • Donor embryos or gametes: If PGT is not an option, using donor eggs or sperm may reduce the risk of genetic disorders.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT in Thailand, prepare a list of questions for your consultation:

    • What is your success rate for PGT cycles in my age group?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage?
    • What is your policy on mosaic embryos?
    • How long does it take to get PGT results?
    • What are the costs for PGT, and are there any additional fees for genetic counseling?
    • Do you have a genetic counselor on staff?

    Next Steps: Making Your Decision

    Choosing to undergo PGT with IVF is a personal decision. Here’s a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Gather your medical history and any genetic test results.
    2. Research clinics in Thailand that offer PGT and compare their reported outcomes.
    3. Schedule consultations with at least two clinics to compare approaches.
    4. Ask for a breakdown of costs, including PGT, medications, and any additional procedures.
    5. Consider the emotional and financial implications of a cycle that may not result in a transfer.
    6. Discuss your options with a genetic counselor to understand the implications of PGT results.

    Remember, success rates are just one piece of the puzzle. The right clinic for you is one that offers transparent data, experienced staff, and a supportive environment.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), which are more common with advanced maternal age. PGT-M is used to detect specific single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia, when parents are known carriers. Both are performed on embryos before transfer, but they answer different questions.

    Does PGT guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No, PGT does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It can reduce the risk of miscarriage and certain genetic conditions, but many other factors affect implantation and live birth, including embryo quality, uterine health, and overall medical history.

    How do I know if I need PGT?

    PGT is typically recommended for women over 35, couples with a known genetic condition, or those with recurrent pregnancy loss or implantation failure. However, it is not necessary for everyone. Your doctor can help you decide based on your specific situation and family-building goals.

    Are PGT success rates in Thailand different from other countries?

    Success rates depend more on the patient's age and the clinic's laboratory standards than on the country itself. Thailand has many clinics with advanced technology, but there is no national registry, so you should ask each clinic for its own data and verify its credentials.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read a PGT-A Laboratory Report Before Embryo Transfer

    If you have undergone preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), your laboratory report is a key document that summarizes the chromosome status of each embryo. Reading it clearly can help you have more informed conversations with your fertility team. This guide explains the common sections of a PGT-A report, what terms like euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, and no-result mean, and what questions to ask before embryo transfer.

    At a Glance: Key Points

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer.
    • Results are typically reported as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or no-result.
    • Your report includes embryo identifiers, biopsy date, and chromosome findings.
    • Always discuss results with your clinic; they can explain what they mean for your specific situation.

    What Is PGT-A and Why Is It Done?

    PGT-A is a test performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF). It checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with the expected number of chromosomes are called euploid; those with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid. Mosaic embryos have a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby, but it can provide information that helps you and your clinic decide which embryo to transfer.

    Understanding the Structure of a PGT-A Report

    Most PGT-A reports include the following sections:

    • Patient and cycle information: Your name, date of birth, and cycle number.
    • Embryo identification: Each embryo is labeled with a unique ID or number.
    • Biopsy details: Date of biopsy and number of cells tested.
    • Chromosome results: For each embryo, the report lists the chromosome status (euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or no-result).
    • Interpretation: Some reports include a brief explanation of what the result means.

    Not all reports look the same. Your clinic can help you locate each section.

    Key Terms on Your Report

    Euploid

    Euploid means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. This is often considered a favorable result, but it does not guarantee implantation or a live birth. Other factors, such as embryo quality and uterine environment, also matter.

    Aneuploid

    Aneuploid means the embryo has missing or extra chromosomes. These embryos are generally not recommended for transfer, but your clinic can explain the specific implications.

    Mosaic

    Mosaic embryos have a mixture of normal and abnormal cells. The report may show a percentage of mosaicism. Some clinics consider transferring mosaic embryos in certain situations, but this decision is complex and should be discussed with your medical team.

    No-Result

    Sometimes the test fails to produce a result, often due to insufficient DNA or technical issues. Your clinic may recommend re-biopsy or additional testing, depending on your situation.

    How to Interpret Chromosome Numbers

    Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. PGT-A checks for the correct number in each embryo. The report may list specific chromosomes that are abnormal, such as trisomy 21 (three copies of chromosome 21) or monosomy X (one X chromosome). Your clinic can explain what these findings mean for embryo transfer.

    What to Ask Your Clinic About Your Report

    • What does this result mean for my chance of implantation?
    • Is this embryo considered transferable?
    • If the result is mosaic, what percentage of cells are abnormal?
    • Are there any additional tests recommended?
    • How does this result affect my overall treatment plan?

    Next Steps: Before Embryo Transfer

    1. Review your report with your fertility specialist.
    2. Ask about the quality of the embryo and any other factors that may affect transfer.
    3. Discuss the timing of your transfer cycle.
    4. Confirm any additional procedures, such as assisted hatching, if recommended.
    5. Make a plan for follow-up testing after transfer, if applicable.

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy. Embryos can still have abnormalities that PGT-A does not identify. Also, the test itself has limitations, such as the possibility of a no-result or the risk of biopsy affecting the embryo, though this is rare.

    Conclusion

    Reading a PGT-A report can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. Your fertility team is there to explain the results and help you make an informed decision. Use this guide to prepare questions and understand the basics before your next appointment.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does euploid mean on a PGT-A report?

    Euploid means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. It is often considered a favorable result, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred?

    Some clinics may consider transferring mosaic embryos in certain situations, but this decision is complex and should be discussed with your medical team.

    What should I do if my PGT-A report shows no result?

    If your report shows no result, your clinic may recommend re-biopsy or additional testing. Discuss your options with your fertility specialist.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No, PGT-A is a screening test and does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or live birth. It provides information about chromosome status but cannot detect all genetic conditions.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Prepare for a PGT-M Cycle with a Known Genetic Condition

    Understanding PGT-M

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is a technique used during IVF to identify embryos that do not carry a specific genetic condition. It is an option for couples or individuals who know they have a genetic mutation and want to reduce the chance of passing it on to their children. Preparing for a PGT-M cycle involves several steps, from genetic counseling to embryo biopsy. This guide outlines the process and provides questions to ask your clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Steps

    • Genetic counseling to understand your condition and testing options.
    • Probe development to create a personalized test for your mutation.
    • IVF cycle with embryo biopsy and genetic testing.
    • Transfer of unaffected embryos, if available.

    Step 1: Genetic Counseling

    Before starting a PGT-M cycle, you will meet with a genetic counselor. This session helps you understand the inheritance pattern of your condition, the risks of passing it on, and the accuracy and limitations of PGT-M. The counselor will also review your medical and family history to confirm that PGT-M is appropriate for your situation.

    What to Discuss with Your Genetic Counselor

    • Your specific genetic mutation and its inheritance pattern.
    • The risk of passing the condition to a child.
    • How PGT-M works and its success rates (ask for clinic-specific data).
    • Alternative options, such as prenatal testing or using donor gametes.
    • Emotional and ethical considerations.

    Step 2: Probe Development

    PGT-M requires a personalized test, called a probe, that detects your specific mutation. To develop this probe, you and often your partner or a family member will provide blood samples. The laboratory uses these samples to design a test that can identify embryos carrying the mutation. This process takes time, so it is important to start it well before your IVF cycle.

    Questions to Ask About Probe Development

    • How long does probe development take?
    • What samples are needed from me and my partner or family members?
    • What is the cost of probe development, and is it included in the PGT-M package?
    • What happens if the probe cannot be developed?

    Step 3: IVF Cycle with Biopsy

    Once the probe is ready, you will undergo an IVF cycle. This involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, and embryo culture. On day 5 or 6, a few cells are removed from each embryo (biopsy) and sent to the genetic laboratory for testing. Only embryos that are unaffected by the condition are considered for transfer.

    Understanding the IVF Process

    • Ovarian stimulation: You will take medications to produce multiple eggs.
    • Egg retrieval: A minor procedure to collect eggs.
    • Fertilization: Eggs are fertilized with sperm in the lab.
    • Embryo culture: Embryos grow for several days.
    • Biopsy: Cells are removed for genetic testing.
    • Genetic testing: The probe is used to analyze the embryos.
    • Transfer: An unaffected embryo is placed in the uterus.

    Step 4: Embryo Transfer and Follow-Up

    After testing, your doctor will discuss the results with you. If you have unaffected embryos, you can plan a frozen embryo transfer. If not, you may need to consider other options. After transfer, you will have a pregnancy test and follow-up care.

    Checklist of Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is your experience with PGT-M for my specific condition?
    • What is the timeline from initial consultation to embryo transfer?
    • What are the costs for genetic counseling, probe development, IVF, biopsy, and testing?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage?
    • What is the accuracy of PGT-M for my mutation?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy procedure?
    • How are embryos with uncertain results handled?
    • What support services are available?

    Next Steps

    Preparing for a PGT-M cycle requires careful planning and coordination. Start by scheduling a genetic counseling session and discussing probe development with your clinic. Use the questions above to guide your conversations. For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our patient resources or FAQ for additional guidance. When you are ready, contact us to discuss your options.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does it take to prepare for a PGT-M cycle?

    Preparation time varies. Genetic counseling and probe development can take several weeks to months, depending on the laboratory and your specific mutation. Your clinic can provide a timeline based on your situation.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M?

    Success rates depend on many factors, including the laboratory's experience, the number of embryos produced, and the accuracy of the probe. Ask your clinic for their specific success rates and what they mean for your case.

    Are there risks to the embryo from biopsy?

    Embryo biopsy is generally considered safe, but there may be a small risk of damage to the embryo. Your clinic will explain the risks and how they minimize them.

    Can PGT-M be used for any genetic condition?

    PGT-M can be used for many single-gene disorders, but not all. The feasibility depends on the specific mutation and the ability to develop a reliable probe. Your genetic counselor can advise you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Is the Cost of PGT-M in Thailand? A Guide for Patients with Genetic Disorders

    If you are considering PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) in Thailand, the cost is likely one of your first questions. While exact prices vary widely, understanding the components that make up the total cost can help you plan and compare options effectively. This guide explains the main cost factors, why quotes differ, and what to ask clinics before you commit.

    At a Glance: Key Cost Components

    • Probe development: A custom genetic test created for your specific condition.
    • IVF cycle costs: PGT-M requires IVF to create embryos for testing.
    • Embryo biopsy and testing: The laboratory work to remove and analyze cells from embryos.
    • Medications and monitoring: Fertility drugs, blood tests, and ultrasounds.
    • Additional services: Genetic counseling, shipping of samples, and storage fees.

    Understanding PGT-M and Its Costs

    PGT-M is a technique used during IVF to identify embryos that may carry a specific genetic disorder. Unlike PGT-A (which screens for chromosomal abnormalities) or PGT-SR (which checks for structural rearrangements), PGT-M is tailored to a single-gene condition. This customization is a major reason why costs can be higher and more variable.

    Probe Development: The First Major Expense

    Before any embryo can be tested, a laboratory must create a probe—a specialized test that detects the specific genetic mutation in your family. This process requires samples from you, your partner, and often other family members. The cost of probe development is usually a separate, one-time fee. It can take several weeks to complete, and the probe is then used for all embryos in your cycle.

    Because each family’s genetic situation is unique, probe development costs are not standardized. Factors that may influence the price include the complexity of the genetic condition, the laboratory’s technology, and the number of family samples needed.

    IVF Cycle Costs

    PGT-M cannot be done without IVF, as embryos must be created in the laboratory. The IVF cycle itself includes ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, and embryo culture. These costs are typically bundled into a package, but the exact inclusions vary by clinic. Some packages may include medications, while others charge them separately.

    Embryo Biopsy and Genetic Testing

    Once embryos reach a certain stage (usually day 5 or 6), a few cells are removed in a process called biopsy. The cells are then sent to a genetic laboratory for analysis. This step involves both the biopsy procedure and the genetic testing itself. The testing fee may be per embryo or per cycle, and some clinics offer discounts for testing multiple embryos.

    Medications and Monitoring

    Fertility medications are a significant part of IVF costs. The type and dosage of drugs depend on your individual response to stimulation. Monitoring appointments, including blood tests and ultrasounds, are also necessary to track follicle development. These costs are often itemized separately.

    Why Quotes Vary: What to Compare

    When you request quotes from different clinics, you will notice that prices can differ substantially. This is not just about profit margins—it reflects differences in services, technology, and what is included. To make a fair comparison, ask each clinic for a detailed breakdown of costs, including:

    • Probe development fees
    • IVF cycle base cost
    • Embryo biopsy and genetic testing fees
    • Medication costs (and whether they are included)
    • Monitoring and consultation fees
    • Any additional charges for embryo freezing, storage, or shipping

    Also ask whether the quote is in Thai baht or another currency, and whether it includes VAT. Some clinics may offer package deals that bundle multiple services, but ensure you understand what is not included.

    Questions to Ask a Clinic

    Before choosing a clinic for PGT-M, consider asking these questions:

    • What is the total cost for a complete PGT-M cycle, including probe development and testing?
    • Are medications included in the quote? If not, what is the estimated cost?
    • How many embryos are included in the testing fee? What is the cost for additional embryos?
    • What is the timeline for probe development and when will we know if it is successful?
    • Are there any additional fees for genetic counseling, embryo storage, or shipping samples?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on refunds if the cycle is canceled or no embryos are suitable for transfer?

    Next Steps: Planning Your Budget

    Once you have gathered quotes and asked the right questions, you can begin to plan your budget. Keep in mind that PGT-M is a complex procedure, and the cost is an investment in your family’s future. It is wise to set aside a contingency fund for unexpected expenses, such as additional testing or a second cycle.

    If you are considering PGT-M in Thailand, take the time to research clinics thoroughly. Look for experience with your specific genetic condition, and ask about their laboratory partnerships and success rates—though remember that success rates are not a guarantee of outcome.

    For more information on PGT in general, see our PGT in Thailand guide. If you have further questions, our FAQ section may help, or you can contact us for personalized assistance. You may also find our guides useful as you navigate your fertility journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    Why is PGT-M more expensive than PGT-A?

    PGT-M requires a custom probe to detect a specific genetic mutation, which involves additional laboratory work and often family samples. PGT-A is a more standardized test for chromosomal abnormalities, so it does not require the same level of customization.

    Does the cost of PGT-M include the IVF cycle?

    Typically, PGT-M costs are separate from the IVF cycle, but some clinics offer packages that bundle both. Always ask for a detailed breakdown to understand what is included.

    Are there any additional costs I should expect?

    Yes, you may encounter costs for medications, monitoring, embryo storage, shipping of samples, and genetic counseling. Some clinics also charge for consultations or additional tests.

    Can I use my own genetic counselor or laboratory?

    Some clinics may allow you to work with an external genetic counselor or laboratory, but this can affect the overall cost and coordination. It is best to discuss this with the clinic directly.

    Is PGT-M covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Insurance coverage for PGT-M is rare and varies by policy. Most patients pay out of pocket. Check with your insurance provider to see if any part of the treatment is covered.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Testing Costs in Thailand: What to Expect

    If you are considering IVF with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, one of the first questions you likely have is: What does it cost and what does the price include? While exact figures vary by clinic and individual treatment plan, understanding the typical cost components can help you compare quotes meaningfully and avoid surprises.

    PGT-A is an optional add-on to IVF that screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. The total cost is usually separate from the base IVF cycle fee and can be broken down into several parts. This guide explains the common components, what to ask clinics, and how to plan your budget.

    At a Glance: Key Cost Components

    • Biopsy fee: The embryology lab procedure to remove a few cells from each embryo.
    • Genetic analysis fee: The laboratory test that analyzes the biopsied cells.
    • Embryo freezing (vitrification): If you freeze embryos while waiting for results or before transfer.
    • Shipping and handling: If the biopsy samples are sent to an external genetics lab.
    • Consultation and counseling: Genetic counseling before and after testing.
    • Medication and monitoring: Additional IVF medications or monitoring if the cycle is modified.

    What Is Typically Included in a PGT-A Quote?

    When you receive a quote for PGT-A, it may include some or all of the following:

    • The biopsy procedure performed by the embryology team.
    • The genetic analysis of a specified number of embryos (often up to 8 or 10).
    • A written report of results.
    • Genetic counseling to explain the results.

    However, clinics may quote a base price that covers only the biopsy and analysis, with additional fees for embryo freezing, shipping, or extra embryos beyond a certain number. Always ask for a detailed breakdown.

    Potential Additional Fees to Consider

    Beyond the core biopsy and analysis, you may encounter these extra costs:

    • Embryo freezing and storage: If you freeze embryos for future use, there is usually an annual storage fee.
    • Shipping to an external lab: Some clinics send biopsies to a genetics laboratory in another country, which adds shipping and handling charges.
    • Extra embryos: If you have more embryos than the quoted number, each additional embryo may incur an extra analysis fee.
    • Repeat testing: In rare cases, a biopsy may fail or produce inconclusive results, and a repeat test may be needed.
    • Medication adjustments: If your IVF cycle requires additional medications or monitoring due to the testing plan.

    Why Prices Vary Between Clinics

    Several factors influence the total cost of PGT-A in Thailand:

    • Laboratory type: In-house genetics labs may offer lower prices than external labs.
    • Technology used: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is common, but some labs may use different platforms.
    • Number of embryos tested: Many clinics offer a package for a set number of embryos, with per-embryo fees beyond that.
    • Included services: Some quotes include genetic counseling, while others charge separately.
    • Clinic location and reputation: Clinics in major cities or with specialized expertise may have higher fees.

    How to Compare Quotes Effectively

    When comparing PGT-A costs between clinics, ask these questions:

    • What exactly is included in the quoted price? (Biopsy, analysis, report, counseling?)
    • How many embryos does the base price cover?
    • What is the fee for each additional embryo?
    • Are there separate charges for embryo freezing, storage, or shipping?
    • Is the genetic analysis done in-house or at an external lab? If external, what are the shipping costs?
    • What happens if a biopsy fails or results are inconclusive? Is there a retest fee?
    • Are there any discounts for combined IVF and PGT-A packages?
    • What is the payment schedule and are there refund policies?

    Budget Planning Tips

    To plan your budget effectively:

    • Request a written itemized quote from each clinic.
    • Ask about package deals that bundle IVF and PGT-A.
    • Consider the number of embryos you are likely to have based on your age and previous cycles.
    • Factor in potential additional fees for freezing and storage.
    • Check whether your home country offers any tax deductions or insurance coverage for fertility treatments.

    Next Steps: Questions to Ask Before You Commit

    Before you decide on a clinic, schedule a consultation and ask:

    • What is the total estimated cost for my specific situation?
    • What is the success rate for PGT-A in your lab? (Ask for their own data, not general statistics.)
    • How long will it take to receive results?
    • What support is available for international patients, such as translation services or coordination?

    Taking the time to compare quotes and understand inclusions can help you make an informed decision that fits your budget and needs.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A testing included in the standard IVF cost in Thailand?

    No, PGT-A is typically an optional add-on and is charged separately from the base IVF cycle fee. Always confirm with your clinic what is included in your IVF quote and what is extra.

    What factors affect the cost of PGT-A in Thailand?

    The cost can vary based on the number of embryos tested, whether the genetic analysis is done in-house or at an external lab, the technology used, and whether additional services like embryo freezing or genetic counseling are included.

    Are there any hidden fees I should ask about?

    Yes, ask about fees for embryo freezing and storage, shipping to an external lab, additional embryos beyond the quoted number, and any charges for repeat testing if a biopsy fails.

    Can I negotiate the price of PGT-A with a clinic?

    Some clinics may offer package deals or discounts, especially if you combine IVF and PGT-A. It is always worth asking about available packages or payment plans.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-SR for Balanced Translocation Carriers: What to Ask and Consider

    Understanding PGT-SR and Balanced Translocations

    If you or your partner carry a balanced translocation, you may have been told that PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) could help during IVF. This test is designed to identify embryos that have a normal or balanced set of chromosomes, avoiding those with an unbalanced rearrangement that could lead to miscarriage or a child with health problems.

    PGT-SR is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is one option to consider, and it requires careful discussion with your fertility team and a genetic counselor.

    At a Glance

    • PGT-SR is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF.
    • It aims to detect embryos with unbalanced chromosome rearrangements.
    • It does not test for all genetic conditions or guarantee a live birth.
    • Your clinic will need to confirm the exact testing platform and its limitations.

    What Is a Balanced Translocation?

    A balanced translocation is a chromosomal rearrangement where pieces of chromosomes have swapped places, but the total amount of genetic material is normal. Carriers usually have no health problems themselves, but they may produce eggs or sperm with unbalanced chromosomes, which can lead to miscarriage or a child with disabilities.

    PGT-SR is specifically designed for this situation, but it is not the only option. Some carriers may consider prenatal testing after natural conception, or they may choose not to test at all. The right choice depends on your personal, medical, and ethical considerations.

    How PGT-SR Works

    PGT-SR is performed as part of an IVF cycle. After eggs are fertilized, embryos are cultured for several days. A few cells are then biopsied from each embryo and sent for genetic analysis. The test looks for the specific translocation you carry, aiming to identify embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome pattern.

    The process involves several steps, and your clinic will guide you through each one. It is important to understand that the test is not 100% accurate, and there is a small risk of misdiagnosis. Your clinic should explain the laboratory methods they use and the quality controls in place.

    What PGT-SR Can and Cannot Tell You

    PGT-SR can identify embryos that appear to have a normal or balanced chromosome set for the translocation in question. However, it cannot guarantee that an embryo is completely free of all genetic or chromosomal issues. It also does not test for single-gene disorders or other chromosomal abnormalities unrelated to the translocation.

    Furthermore, PGT-SR does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a live birth. Embryo quality, uterine factors, and other medical issues also play a role. The test is a screening tool, not a cure.

    Alternatives to PGT-SR

    If you are a balanced translocation carrier, you may have other options:

    • Natural conception with prenatal testing: You could conceive naturally and undergo chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis during pregnancy to check the baby’s chromosomes.
    • IVF without PGT-SR: You could have IVF and transfer embryos without genetic testing, accepting the risk of an unbalanced embryo.
    • Using donor eggs or sperm: Some carriers choose to use a donor to avoid passing on the translocation.
    • Not testing: You may decide not to pursue any testing and accept the natural risks.

    Each option has its own benefits and drawbacks. A genetic counselor can help you weigh them based on your specific translocation and personal values.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-SR, consider asking your fertility clinic and genetic counselor the following questions:

    • What specific testing method will be used for PGT-SR, and what are its accuracy and limitations?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage in cases like mine?
    • What is the expected turnaround time for results, and how does that affect the IVF cycle?
    • Are there any additional tests recommended, such as PGT-A for other chromosomes?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any financial risks if no embryos are suitable for transfer?
    • What is the policy on transferring embryos with uncertain results?
    • How will the embryos be frozen and stored if needed?

    These questions can help you understand what to expect and make an informed decision.

    Next Steps and Considerations

    If you are considering PGT-SR, here is a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Confirm your translocation diagnosis with a genetic counselor.
    2. Discuss your reproductive options, including PGT-SR, prenatal testing, and alternatives.
    3. Choose an IVF clinic with experience in PGT-SR and ask about their laboratory protocols.
    4. Understand the costs, timelines, and potential outcomes before starting.
    5. Consider the emotional and ethical aspects of embryo testing.

    Remember, PGT-SR is a personal choice. Take the time you need to gather information and support.

    Learn More

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-SR the same as PGT-A?

    No. PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) screens embryos for any abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-SR is specifically designed to detect unbalanced rearrangements caused by a known structural rearrangement like a balanced translocation. Some clinics may combine both tests, but they are different.

    Can PGT-SR guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-SR can reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with an unbalanced translocation, but it cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a baby without health issues. Other genetic conditions and factors are not covered by this test.

    What happens if no embryos are suitable for transfer after PGT-SR?

    If no embryos have a normal or balanced result, you may need to consider another IVF cycle, use donor gametes, or explore other family-building options. Your clinic will discuss the possibilities based on your individual situation.

    Does PGT-SR require IVF?

    Yes, PGT-SR is performed on embryos created through IVF. It cannot be done with natural conception. If you prefer not to use IVF, prenatal testing is an alternative to consider.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-SR for Repeated Implantation Failure: What’s the Difference?

    If you have experienced repeated implantation failure (RIF), you may be exploring genetic testing options for embryos. Two tests often discussed are PGT-A and PGT-SR. Both are forms of preimplantation genetic testing, but they look for different types of chromosomal issues. This article explains the difference, how they might be used in RIF, and what to keep in mind.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements of chromosomes, such as translocations.
    • Both tests require IVF and a biopsy of the embryo.
    • Neither test guarantees pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a test that looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A aims to identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which may improve the chances of implantation.

    What is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is used when one or both parents carry a structural chromosomal rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation or inversion. These rearrangements do not usually affect the parent’s health, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may cause implantation failure or miscarriage. PGT-SR identifies embryos with a normal or balanced chromosomal structure.

    Key differences between PGT-A and PGT-SR

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-SR
    What it screens for Abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) Structural rearrangements (e.g., translocations, inversions)
    Who might consider it People with RIF, advanced maternal age, or previous miscarriages Couples where one partner has a known structural rearrangement
    How it works Biopsied cells are analyzed for chromosome count Biopsied cells are analyzed for chromosome structure
    Goal Select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes Select embryos with normal or balanced chromosome structure

    How PGT-A might be used in RIF

    In RIF, the cause is often unknown. PGT-A may be offered to check whether chromosomal abnormalities in embryos are contributing to implantation failure. If most embryos are aneuploid, transferring a euploid embryo might improve the chance of implantation. However, PGT-A does not address other potential causes of RIF, such as uterine factors, immune issues, or embryo-endometrium interaction.

    How PGT-SR might be used in RIF

    PGT-SR is typically considered only if a parent is known to carry a structural rearrangement. If you have RIF and a family history of translocations or repeated miscarriages, your doctor may recommend karyotyping (a blood test) for you and your partner. If a rearrangement is found, PGT-SR can help select embryos with a normal or balanced structure.

    Limitations of PGT-A and PGT-SR

    • Not a guarantee: Even a genetically normal embryo may not implant or lead to a live birth.
    • Biopsy risks: Embryo biopsy is invasive and requires skilled laboratory expertise.
    • Mosaicism: PGT-A may not always detect mosaicism (a mix of normal and abnormal cells).
    • Cost and time: Genetic testing adds to the cost of IVF and may delay embryo transfer.
    • Not for everyone: These tests are not necessary for all patients and may not be recommended in every case.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • What is your experience with PGT-A and PGT-SR?
    • What is the biopsy technique, and how many cells are taken?
    • How are results reported, and what do they mean for my embryos?
    • What are the costs for the test and the IVF cycle?
    • How long will it take to get results?
    • What are the alternatives if I do not want genetic testing?

    Next steps

    1. Discuss your history of RIF with your fertility specialist.
    2. Ask whether genetic testing is appropriate for your situation.
    3. Consider genetic counseling to understand the implications.
    4. Review the costs and logistics with your clinic.
    5. Make an informed decision based on your personal circumstances.

    For more information, see our PGT in Thailand guide, explore our guides, or check the FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A help with repeated implantation failure?

    PGT-A may help identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes, which could be a cause of implantation failure. However, it does not address other potential causes, and a normal result does not guarantee pregnancy.

    Is PGT-SR only for people with known chromosomal rearrangements?

    Yes, PGT-SR is typically recommended when one or both parents carry a structural rearrangement, such as a translocation. If you have RIF and suspect a rearrangement, your doctor may suggest karyotyping first.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements. Both require IVF and embryo biopsy, but they look for different types of chromosomal issues.

    Are PGT-A and PGT-SR guaranteed to result in a baby?

    No. Genetic testing can help select embryos with a higher chance of implantation, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a live birth. Other factors also affect success.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What PGT-A Can and Cannot Tell You: Understanding Its Limitations

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a screening test used during IVF to check embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It helps embryologists select embryos that are more likely to implant and develop normally. However, PGT-A is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or baby, and it has important limitations that you should understand before deciding whether to use it.

    At a Glance: Key Limitations of PGT-A

    • PGT-A cannot detect all genetic disorders, only chromosomal number abnormalities.
    • It cannot identify structural chromosome rearrangements (that’s PGT-SR).
    • It cannot detect single-gene disorders (that’s PGT-M).
    • Mosaicism results may be uncertain and require confirmatory testing.
    • PGT-A does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects.
    • It cannot predict the health of a future child.

    What PGT-A Can Detect

    PGT-A screens for aneuploidy, which means having too many or too few chromosomes. This is a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage. By identifying embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid), PGT-A can help reduce the risk of miscarriage and improve the chances of a successful pregnancy in certain situations.

    What PGT-A Cannot Detect

    Single-Gene Disorders

    PGT-A does not test for specific genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. For those, you would need PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders), which is a different test that looks for specific gene mutations.

    Structural Chromosome Abnormalities

    PGT-A does not detect balanced translocations or other structural rearrangements of chromosomes. If you or your partner have a known chromosomal rearrangement, PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) is the appropriate test.

    Mosaicism

    Mosaicism occurs when an embryo has both normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A may report an embryo as mosaic, meaning it has a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The clinical significance of mosaicism is not fully understood, and the accuracy of the result depends on the biopsy sample. A mosaic embryo may still lead to a healthy baby, but it carries a higher risk of abnormalities. Confirmatory testing, such as prenatal diagnosis (amniocentesis or CVS), is often recommended if a mosaic embryo is transferred.

    Epigenetic and Multifactorial Conditions

    PGT-A does not assess epigenetic changes (how genes are expressed) or complex conditions like autism, diabetes, or heart disease, which are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

    Why PGT-A Results Are Not Absolute

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It provides information about the chromosomes in the cells biopsied from the embryo, but it cannot guarantee that the embryo is completely normal. The biopsy samples only a few cells from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta), which may not represent the entire embryo. Additionally, technical limitations can lead to false positives or false negatives.

    The Need for Confirmatory Testing

    If you become pregnant after transferring a PGT-A tested embryo, your doctor may recommend prenatal testing, such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis, to confirm the chromosomal status of the fetus. This is especially important if the embryo was mosaic or if you have other risk factors.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What type of genetic testing does your lab use for PGT-A?
    • How does your clinic report mosaicism, and what is your policy on transferring mosaic embryos?
    • What is the accuracy rate of PGT-A at your lab?
    • Do you recommend confirmatory testing after a PGT-A pregnancy?
    • What are the costs and timelines for PGT-A?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    Before deciding on PGT-A, discuss with your fertility specialist:

    • Your medical history and reasons for considering PGT-A.
    • The limitations and potential benefits in your specific situation.
    • Alternative options, such as not testing or using other screening methods.
    • The emotional and financial implications.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool to help you make informed choices, but it is not a guarantee. Take your time, ask questions, and consider genetic counseling if needed.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, visit our guides, or check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic abnormalities?

    No, PGT-A only screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). It does not detect single-gene disorders, structural rearrangements, or complex conditions influenced by multiple genes and environment.

    What is mosaicism in PGT-A results?

    Mosaicism means an embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A may report an embryo as mosaic, but the clinical significance is uncertain. Confirmatory testing is often recommended if a mosaic embryo is transferred.

    Is PGT-A a guarantee of a healthy baby?

    No, PGT-A is a screening test that reduces the risk of miscarriage and chromosomal abnormalities, but it cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy or baby. It does not detect all genetic conditions or birth defects.

    Do I need confirmatory testing after PGT-A?

    Your doctor may recommend prenatal testing, such as CVS or amniocentesis, to confirm the chromosomal status of the fetus, especially if the embryo was mosaic or you have other risk factors.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders. They are used for different purposes and can be done together if needed.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How PGT-A Affects the Number of Embryos Available for Transfer

    When you undergo IVF, the number of embryos you have can drop at several stages. PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is one of those stages. It screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. Because not all embryos will be chromosomally normal, PGT-A can reduce the number of embryos available for transfer. This article explains why that happens, what it means for your decisions, and how to plan for the possibility of needing more than one cycle.

    At a Glance

    • PGT-A tests embryos for chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Not all embryos will be normal, so the number available for transfer may decrease.
    • This reduction is part of the IVF process and can affect your timeline and decisions.
    • Planning for multiple cycles can help manage expectations.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for aneuploidy, which means having an abnormal number of chromosomes. Embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (46) are considered euploid and are more likely to implant and develop normally. Embryos with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid and may fail to implant or result in miscarriage.

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy, but it provides information that can help you and your clinic decide which embryos to transfer.

    How PGT-A Reduces the Number of Usable Embryos

    During IVF, you may produce several embryos. After fertilization, embryos are cultured for a few days. At the blastocyst stage, a few cells are biopsied and sent for PGT-A testing. The results typically categorize embryos as:

    • Euploid: normal chromosome number, suitable for transfer.
    • Aneuploid: abnormal chromosome number, generally not recommended for transfer.
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells, which may have reduced potential.

    Because a significant proportion of embryos can be aneuploid, especially as maternal age increases, the number of embryos that are suitable for transfer may be lower than the total number of embryos you produce. This is often called embryo attrition.

    What This Means for Your Decision-Making

    Knowing that PGT-A can reduce the number of available embryos helps you prepare emotionally and practically. Here are some key points to consider:

    • Expect attrition: It is normal for not all embryos to be normal. Discuss with your clinic what percentage of embryos typically come back as euploid for your age group.
    • Transfer decisions: If you have fewer euploid embryos, you may need to decide how many to transfer in a single cycle. Your clinic will guide you based on your situation.
    • Consider all options: If you have no euploid embryos, you may need to consider another IVF cycle, using donor eggs, or other alternatives. Your clinic can discuss these options with you.

    Planning for Multiple Cycles

    Because PGT-A can reduce the number of transferable embryos, it is wise to plan for the possibility of more than one IVF cycle. Here are some steps to consider:

    1. Discuss your goals: Talk to your clinic about how many embryos you hope to have for transfer and whether you are open to multiple cycles.
    2. Understand your ovarian reserve: Your age and ovarian reserve affect how many eggs you are likely to produce. This can influence the number of embryos you may get.
    3. Budget and time: Multiple cycles involve additional time and cost. Ask your clinic for a breakdown of costs per cycle and any package deals.
    4. Emotional preparation: The uncertainty of embryo numbers can be stressful. Consider counseling or support groups.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    To make informed decisions, ask your clinic the following questions:

    • What is the expected attrition rate from eggs to blastocysts and then to euploid embryos for someone my age?
    • How many embryos do you recommend we aim for before considering transfer?
    • What are the options if we have no euploid embryos?
    • Are there any additional tests or procedures that might help?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-A, take these steps:

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to understand if PGT-A is right for you.
    2. Ask for a detailed explanation of the testing process and what the results mean.
    3. Plan financially and emotionally for the possibility of multiple cycles.
    4. Explore resources on PGT in Thailand and general guides to help you prepare.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool to provide information, not a guarantee. The number of embryos available for transfer can be lower than expected, but this knowledge helps you make the best decisions for your family-building journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A always reduce the number of embryos available?

    Not always, but it can. PGT-A identifies embryos with chromosomal abnormalities, and those are typically not transferred. The reduction depends on factors like maternal age and embryo quality. Some patients may have many euploid embryos, while others may have few or none.

    What happens if I have no euploid embryos after PGT-A?

    If no embryos are euploid, your clinic will discuss options such as another IVF cycle, using donor eggs, or considering mosaic embryos. The decision depends on your individual situation and should be made with your medical team.

    Can PGT-A improve my chances of pregnancy?

    PGT-A can help select embryos that are more likely to implant, but it does not guarantee pregnancy. It may reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities, but other factors also affect success.

    Is PGT-A recommended for everyone?

    No. PGT-A is often recommended for women over 35, those with recurrent miscarriage, or previous failed IVF cycles. However, it is not necessary for everyone. Your clinic can advise based on your medical history.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.