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  • Best PGT-A Labs in Thailand: An Editorial Comparison

    When you are choosing a PGT-A lab in Thailand, the goal is to find a center whose laboratory standards, genetic testing approach, and clinical team match your needs. This comparison focuses on key decision criteria such as accreditation, laboratory experience, and service scope. The order of providers below is an editorial comparison, not a ranking of success rates or clinical outcomes. Always confirm current details directly with each center.

    At a Glance: What to Compare

    • Accreditation: Look for recognized certifications such as JCI, RTAC, ISO, or CAP.
    • Laboratory type: In-house genetics lab vs. external referral.
    • PGT-A method: Typically next-generation sequencing (NGS).
    • Experience: Years in operation and number of cycles.
    • Services: IVF, ICSI, embryo freezing, and genetic counseling.
    • International support: Language assistance, coordination, and travel logistics.

    How We Compare

    We evaluated each center based on publicly available information from official websites and reputable medical directories. The criteria include accreditation, laboratory capabilities, service breadth, and patient support. We do not rank by success rates because those depend on individual patient factors and are not directly comparable across centers.

    Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC)

    DHC is a dedicated fertility center in Bangkok’s Rama 9 area. It provides IVF, ICSI, embryo culture, PGT, egg freezing, embryo freezing, and embryo transfer services. DHC holds JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, and UK NEQAS certifications or quality credentials. Its materials list Embryoscope+, Geri incubators, IVF Witness, IMSI, and MACS. The 2026 hospital profile reports a 78% average embryo-transfer success rate for 2025 (approximately 80%), but this is not an individual prediction or guarantee. The June 2026 reference price for the basic single-cycle medical package is THB 490,000; final costs vary by medication, testing, storage, procedures, and travel.

    What to ask DHC: Which genetic testing method is used for PGT-A? Is the genetics lab in-house or external? What does the package include and exclude?

    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center

    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center is located on the 5th Floor of D Building at Bangkok Hospital Headquarter. The center describes reproductive endocrinologists, embryologists, an in-house embryology laboratory, male-factor testing, and multidisciplinary care. Published services include IVF, ICSI, PGT-A, egg and embryo freezing, semen analysis, and gynecologic surgery support. Official fly-in packages reviewed in July 2026 list THB 335,000 from stimulation through embryo transfer and THB 456,000 with PGT and freezing for two embryos, valid to 31 December 2026. Hospital terms and exclusions apply.

    What to ask Bangkok Hospital: Is the PGT-A performed in the in-house lab or sent out? What is the turnaround time for results? Are there additional costs for embryo biopsy and shipping?

    Jetanin Hospital

    Jetanin Hospital is a specialist fertility hospital in central Bangkok founded in December 1995. Its official history describes more than 30 years of fertility care and a team spanning reproductive physicians, embryologists, molecular geneticists, laboratory staff, nurses, and counselors. Published services include IVF/ICSI, IUI, IMSI, PESA/TESE, egg and embryo freezing, blastocyst culture, EmbryoScope, sperm testing, and genetic carrier screening. Jetanin’s genetics laboratory describes PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR using NGS and Sanger sequencing. Its embryo, genetics, and sperm laboratories are presented as in-house services. Jetanin states that it became the first IVF center in Southeast Asia accredited by both JCI and RTAC. Its facilities page also describes ISO 15189 and ISO 15190 laboratory standards and annual quality-control audits.

    What to ask Jetanin: Can you provide the current certificate scope for JCI and RTAC? How many PGT-A cycles does the lab process annually? What is the average turnaround time for results?

    MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center

    MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center is located within MedPark Hospital in Bangkok. Its official center page describes reproductive medicine, urology, infertility nursing, and embryology support. Published services include IVF/ICSI, IUI, egg, sperm, and embryo freezing, PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR, recurrent miscarriage evaluation, and fertility preservation. MedPark describes ESHRE-certified embryologists, time-lapse incubation, and AI-assisted embryo assessment. The official page listed an IVF/ICSI package at THB 280,000 when reviewed; validity, medication, PGT, freezing, storage, transfer, and exclusions require written confirmation.

    What to ask MedPark: Are the embryologists ESHRE-certified? How does AI-assisted assessment affect embryo selection? What is the cost for PGT-A add-on?

    Bumrungrad International Hospital

    Bumrungrad International Hospital is a large multidisciplinary hospital in central Bangkok. The referenced provider listing describes IVF, ICSI, and reproductive medicine services. The listing names Dr. Phattaraphum Phophong and describes training in reproductive medicine and prenatal genetics. Its integrated setting may interest patients who need access to other medical specialties. Current fertility-team, laboratory, PGT, and price details should be confirmed directly.

    What to ask Bumrungrad: Which doctor will lead my cycle? Is the PGT-A lab on-site or outsourced? What are the current package prices?

    Superior A.R.T. Thailand

    Superior A.R.T. is a specialist assisted-reproduction and genetics center in Bangkok. Its official website states that it was established in 2007 and provides fertility and genetic services through assisted-reproduction laboratories. Published materials emphasize IVF, ICSI, and PGT pathways. Patients should confirm the treating doctor, current laboratory plan, PGT method, written package boundary, and age-specific outcome definitions.

    What to ask Superior A.R.T.: What is the laboratory’s accreditation? How many PGT-A cycles are performed per year? What is the success rate for your specific age group?

    Other Centers to Consider

    Several other Bangkok centers offer fertility services, but their PGT-A laboratory details are less publicly documented. These include Gift Fertility Clinic, Prime Fertility Clinic, Intrarat Hospital, and PMG Hospital. If you are considering these, request written confirmation of their laboratory accreditation, PGT-A method, and experience.

    Comparison Table

    Center Location Key Services Accreditation / Quality PGT-A Lab
    DHC Rama 9, Bangkok IVF, ICSI, PGT, freezing JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, UK NEQAS In-house (per profile)
    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center Huai Khwang, Bangkok IVF, ICSI, PGT-A, freezing Ask the clinic to confirm. In-house embryology lab
    Jetanin Hospital Pathum Wan, Bangkok IVF/ICSI, PGT-A/M/SR, freezing JCI, RTAC, ISO 15189, ISO 15190 In-house genetics lab
    MedPark IVF Khlong Toei, Bangkok IVF/ICSI, PGT-A/M/SR, freezing ESHRE-certified embryologists Not specified
    Bumrungrad Central Bangkok IVF, ICSI, reproductive medicine Ask the clinic to confirm. Not specified
    Superior A.R.T. Ratchathewi, Bangkok IVF, ICSI, PGT Ask the clinic to confirm. Not specified

    Questions to Ask Any PGT-A Lab

    • What accreditation does your laboratory hold, and can you share the current certificate?
    • Is PGT-A performed in-house or sent to an external lab? If external, which lab?
    • What genetic testing method is used (e.g., NGS)?
    • What is the average turnaround time for PGT-A results?
    • How many PGT-A cycles does your lab process per year?
    • What is the experience of the embryologists and geneticists?
    • Are there additional costs for embryo biopsy, shipping, or storage?
    • What is the success rate for patients in my age group, and how is it defined?

    Next Steps

    1. Shortlist 2-3 centers based on your priorities (accreditation, location, cost).
    2. Request a written quotation that itemizes all costs, including PGT-A.
    3. Ask for the specific doctor and embryologist who will handle your case.
    4. Verify current accreditation and laboratory details directly.
    5. Consider a virtual consultation to discuss your medical history.

    For more background on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. To explore all hospitals, visit our hospitals page. For more comparisons, see hospital rankings. Read our partner disclosure for transparency about commercial relationships.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does PGT-A stand for?

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. It is a test performed on embryos created through IVF to check for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, which can affect implantation and development.

    How do I choose a PGT-A lab in Thailand?

    Consider factors such as laboratory accreditation (e.g., JCI, RTAC, ISO), whether the lab is in-house or external, the experience of the embryology team, turnaround time for results, and the overall cost. Always request written confirmation of these details.

    Is PGT-A the same as genetic testing for single-gene disorders?

    No. PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), while PGT-M is used for single-gene disorders. Some labs offer both, but they are different tests.

    What is the typical turnaround time for PGT-A results?

    Turnaround time varies by lab, but it often takes about 7-14 days after embryo biopsy. Ask the specific lab for their current average.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No. PGT-A can help select embryos with a normal number of chromosomes, but it does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or live birth. Success depends on many factors, including embryo quality and maternal age.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Embryo Storage Agreement in Thailand: What to Check Before Freezing

    Understanding Your Embryo Storage Agreement

    When you decide to freeze embryos in Thailand, the storage agreement is a legal document that outlines the terms of cryopreservation. It specifies how long embryos can be stored, the associated fees, and what happens in various scenarios. Reviewing this agreement carefully before signing helps you plan and avoid surprises. This checklist guides you through the key points to consider.

    At a Glance: Key Areas to Review

    • Storage duration and renewal terms
    • Fee structure and payment schedule
    • Procedures for non-payment
    • Clinic closure or transfer policies
    • Consent and disposition options
    • Legal and regulatory considerations

    Storage Duration and Renewal

    Most storage agreements specify an initial storage period, often one year, with options for renewal. Check how renewals are handled: automatically or by written consent. Understand the maximum storage time allowed by the clinic and Thai regulations. Ask about the process for extending storage and any deadlines for renewal.

    Fee Structure and Payment Terms

    Storage fees can be charged annually or per cycle. Clarify what the fee covers, such as storage, monitoring, and administrative costs. Ask about payment methods, due dates, and whether fees are subject to change. Inquire about discounts for multi-year prepayment, but confirm if such fees are refundable.

    What Happens if You Miss a Payment?

    Agreements typically outline consequences for non-payment. This may include a grace period, notification attempts, and eventual disposal of embryos. Understand the timeline and what actions the clinic will take. Some clinics may require a written warning before any action. Ensure you provide updated contact information to avoid missing notices.

    Clinic Closure or Transfer of Embryos

    In the event the clinic closes, the agreement should state how embryos will be handled. Options may include transfer to another facility or disposal, but only with your consent. Ask about the clinic’s policy on transferring embryos to another clinic of your choice. Confirm that the agreement allows for release of embryos to a receiving facility.

    Consent and Disposition Options

    You should have control over what happens to your embryos. The agreement should specify options for disposal, donation for research, or donation to another couple, but only if you choose. Review the consent forms to ensure your wishes are documented. Consider what happens in case of divorce, death, or loss of capacity. Update your consent as needed.

    Legal and Regulatory Considerations

    Thai regulations may govern embryo storage, but specifics vary. Ask the clinic about the legal framework and your rights. Confirm that the clinic is licensed and follows professional standards. If you are an international patient, understand how Thai law applies to you and whether your home country’s laws have any impact.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the initial storage period and how do I renew?
    • What are the annual fees and what do they include?
    • What is your policy if I miss a payment?
    • What happens if the clinic closes?
    • Can I transfer my embryos to another clinic?
    • How do I update my consent or contact details?

    Next Steps: Before You Sign

    1. Read the entire agreement and ask for clarification on any unclear terms.
    2. Compare storage fees and policies at different clinics if possible.
    3. Discuss long-term plans with your partner and document your wishes.
    4. Keep a copy of the signed agreement and all correspondence.
    5. Set reminders for renewal and payment deadlines.

    Taking time to review the storage agreement helps ensure your embryos are handled according to your wishes. For more information on costs, visit our embryo storage cost guide. For additional resources, see our patient resources. If you have questions, contact us. For general questions, check our FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is typically included in an embryo storage agreement in Thailand?

    An embryo storage agreement usually covers the duration of storage, fees, renewal terms, and what happens in cases like non-payment or clinic closure. It also includes consent for how embryos may be used or disposed of. Always read the specific agreement provided by your clinic.

    Can I transfer my embryos to another clinic in Thailand?

    Yes, you can usually request a transfer of your embryos to another clinic. However, the process may involve additional fees and paperwork. Your current clinic should have a policy for releasing embryos, and the receiving clinic must be able to accept them. Confirm the details with both clinics.

    What happens to my embryos if I stop paying storage fees?

    If you stop paying storage fees, the clinic may attempt to contact you and provide a grace period. If you do not respond, the agreement may allow the clinic to dispose of the embryos. It is important to keep your contact information updated and to communicate with the clinic if you face financial difficulties.

    Are there legal limits on how long embryos can be stored in Thailand?

    Thai regulations may set limits on embryo storage duration, but these can vary. Your clinic should inform you about the maximum storage period and any legal requirements. It is advisable to ask about this when reviewing your agreement.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A for Repeated Implantation Failure in Thailand: Does It Help?

    Understanding repeated implantation failure

    Repeated implantation failure (RIF) is usually defined as the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after transferring several good-quality embryos. The exact number of failed transfers used in the definition varies among clinics, so it’s important to ask your doctor how they assess your situation.

    RIF can be emotionally and physically exhausting. You may be searching for answers and wondering whether a test like PGT-A could be the key. This guide explains what PGT-A is, how it relates to RIF, and what to consider before pursuing it in Thailand.

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for an abnormal number of chromosomes, a condition called aneuploidy. Embryos with an abnormal chromosome count often fail to implant or miscarry.

    PGT-A involves taking a small sample of cells from the embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage, and analyzing the DNA. Only embryos that appear to have the expected number of chromosomes are considered for transfer.

    It’s important to understand that PGT-A is a screening test, not a guarantee. It cannot detect all genetic problems, and it does not ensure a pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    How PGT-A relates to RIF

    One possible cause of RIF is that the embryos transferred were chromosomally abnormal. If that is the case, PGT-A could help by identifying embryos with a normal chromosome count, potentially reducing the number of failed transfers.

    However, aneuploidy is only one of many possible reasons for RIF. Other factors include uterine abnormalities, hormonal issues, immune responses, and problems with the embryo’s ability to implant even when chromosomes are normal.

    Therefore, PGT-A is not automatically recommended for everyone with RIF. It may be more useful in certain situations, such as when you have had several failed transfers and are producing multiple embryos, or when you are older and the risk of aneuploidy is higher.

    What the evidence says

    Research on PGT-A for RIF has shown mixed results. Some studies suggest that PGT-A may reduce the time to pregnancy by avoiding transfers of aneuploid embryos, but it does not necessarily increase the overall live birth rate per cycle. Other studies have not found a clear benefit for all age groups.

    Because the evidence is not conclusive, many fertility specialists recommend a thorough evaluation before deciding on PGT-A. They may suggest investigating uterine health, fallopian tubes, hormonal levels, and other factors that could affect implantation.

    Before considering PGT-A: a full workup

    If you have experienced RIF, your doctor may recommend a series of tests to look for other causes. These may include:

    • Imaging of the uterus, such as ultrasound or hysteroscopy, to check for polyps, fibroids, or scar tissue.
    • Assessment of the uterine lining, including thickness and pattern.
    • Hormonal testing to rule out thyroid or prolactin issues.
    • Evaluation of the semen, if not already done.
    • Genetic testing of you and your partner to check for chromosomal rearrangements that could affect embryo development.

    This workup helps identify whether aneuploidy is likely to be the main issue or whether other problems need to be addressed first.

    When PGT-A might be considered

    PGT-A may be more relevant if you have:

    • Had several failed transfers with embryos that appeared morphologically good.
    • Produced a higher number of embryos, allowing for testing and selection.
    • Advanced maternal age, which increases the risk of aneuploidy.
    • Had previous miscarriages that may have been due to chromosomal abnormalities.

    But even in these cases, PGT-A is not a guarantee. It can help you avoid transferring embryos that are likely to fail, but it cannot overcome uterine or other factors that may also be preventing implantation.

    Alternatives and complementary approaches

    If PGT-A is not recommended or not available, there are other strategies that may be considered:

    • Endometrial receptivity testing, which evaluates the uterine lining’s readiness for implantation.
    • Treatment of any identified uterine issues, such as polyps or fibroids.
    • Adjustments to the IVF protocol, such as changing medication or timing.
    • Use of assisted hatching, though evidence is limited.
    • Exploring the possibility of using donor eggs, if aneuploidy is a major concern.

    Your doctor can help you weigh these options based on your specific history.

    Questions to ask your clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, ask your clinic:

    • What is your definition of RIF, and do you recommend PGT-A for my situation?
    • What other tests do you suggest before PGT-A?
    • How many embryos do I need to have for PGT-A to be worthwhile?
    • What is the process for embryo biopsy and testing?
    • How long does testing take, and how does that affect my treatment timeline?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any additional fees?
    • What are the limitations of PGT-A, and what results can I expect?

    Next steps

    Deciding whether to use PGT-A after RIF is personal and should be made with your doctor. Here is a simple checklist:

    1. Review your full medical history and previous IVF cycles.
    2. Complete a thorough workup to rule out uterine and hormonal issues.
    3. Discuss the potential benefits and limitations of PGT-A with your specialist.
    4. Ask about the laboratory’s experience and quality standards.
    5. Consider the emotional and financial investment before proceeding.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool, not a promise. It may help you make more informed decisions about which embryos to transfer, but it does not guarantee success. Take your time, ask questions, and choose a path that feels right for you.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A recommended for all cases of repeated implantation failure?

    No. PGT-A is not recommended for everyone with RIF. It may be considered when aneuploidy is suspected as a cause, such as after several failed transfers with good-quality embryos or in cases of advanced maternal age. A full evaluation is needed to determine if PGT-A is appropriate.

    Can PGT-A guarantee a successful pregnancy after RIF?

    No. PGT-A can help identify embryos with a normal chromosome count, but it cannot guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a live birth. Other factors such as uterine health and embryo quality also play a role.

    What other tests might be done before PGT-A for RIF?

    Doctors may recommend imaging of the uterus, hormonal testing, semen analysis, and genetic testing of the parents to look for other causes of RIF. This helps ensure that aneuploidy is the likely issue before proceeding with PGT-A.

    How long does PGT-A take in Thailand?

    The testing process typically adds a few weeks to the IVF cycle because embryos need to grow to the blastocyst stage before biopsy, and the genetic analysis takes time. Your clinic can provide a specific timeline based on their procedures.

    Does PGT-A increase the chance of a live birth for women with RIF?

    The evidence is mixed. Some studies suggest PGT-A may reduce the number of failed transfers by avoiding aneuploid embryos, but it may not increase the overall live birth rate per cycle. It is important to discuss the potential benefits and limitations with your doctor.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A and Advanced Paternal Age in Thailand: What to Consider

    If you are an older father exploring IVF in Thailand, you may have heard about preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). This guide explains what PGT-A can and cannot tell you about embryo health, and how paternal age fits into the picture. It is designed to help you ask informed questions and weigh your options with your fertility team.

    At a Glance: PGT-A and Paternal Age

    • PGT-A screens embryos for abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy).
    • Maternal age is the strongest known factor in embryo aneuploidy.
    • Paternal age may affect sperm DNA quality, but its impact on aneuploidy is less clear.
    • PGT-A is not a guarantee of a healthy baby; it is one piece of information.
    • In Thailand, PGT-A is available in many IVF centers, but criteria and policies vary.

    Understanding PGT-A

    PGT-A is a test performed on embryos created through IVF. A few cells are removed from each embryo, usually on day 5 or 6, and analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities. Embryos with the expected number of chromosomes (euploid) are considered more likely to implant and develop normally, while those with missing or extra chromosomes (aneuploid) often fail to implant or result in miscarriage.

    It is important to understand that PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic guarantee. It does not detect all genetic conditions, nor does it ensure a successful pregnancy or a healthy child. The test can reduce the risk of transferring an aneuploid embryo, but it cannot eliminate all risks.

    Paternal Age and Fertility

    While female age is well known to affect egg quality and embryo aneuploidy, the role of paternal age is less straightforward. Research suggests that as men age, sperm quality may decline, including increased DNA fragmentation. However, the link between paternal age and chromosomal abnormalities in embryos is not as strong as the maternal age link.

    Some studies have found a slight increase in certain aneuploidies with older paternal age, but the overall effect is small compared to maternal age. Sperm DNA fragmentation, which is more common in older men, may affect embryo development and miscarriage rates, but it is not the same as aneuploidy. PGT-A does not measure DNA fragmentation.

    Should Older Fathers Consider PGT-A?

    The decision to use PGT-A should be made in consultation with your fertility specialist, considering your full medical history and IVF plan. If you are an older father, you may wonder if PGT-A is necessary. Here are some points to discuss:

    • Your partner’s age: Since maternal age is the dominant factor in aneuploidy, PGT-A may be more relevant if your partner is also of advanced maternal age.
    • Previous pregnancy history: If you have had miscarriages or failed IVF cycles, PGT-A might provide useful information.
    • Sperm health: If semen analysis shows high DNA fragmentation, your doctor may recommend lifestyle changes or treatments, but PGT-A will not address this directly.
    • Number of embryos: PGT-A requires embryos to reach the blastocyst stage for biopsy. If you have few embryos, testing may reduce the number available for transfer.

    PGT-A is not a one-size-fits-all solution. Some couples may benefit, while others may not find it necessary. Your clinic can help you weigh the potential benefits and limitations based on your specific situation.

    PGT-A in Thailand: What to Expect

    Thailand has many IVF centers that offer PGT-A. The process typically involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture to blastocyst, biopsy, and genetic analysis. The biopsy is usually performed by an embryologist, and the analysis is done in a genetics laboratory.

    When considering PGT-A in Thailand, you should ask about:

    • Laboratory accreditation and experience
    • Biopsy technique and timing
    • Genetic analysis method (e.g., next-generation sequencing)
    • Turnaround time for results
    • Costs and what they include
    • Policies on embryo freezing and transfer

    It is also important to understand that PGT-A is an additional step that adds cost and time to your IVF cycle. Not all clinics may recommend it for every patient, and some may have specific criteria for offering the test.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-A, consider asking your fertility team:

    • Based on our ages and history, what is the potential benefit of PGT-A for us?
    • How many embryos do we need to have before testing is worthwhile?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy procedure to the embryo?
    • How accurate is the test, and what are its limitations?
    • What are the costs, and are there any additional fees for genetic counseling?
    • How will the results affect our transfer plan?

    These questions can help you make an informed decision that aligns with your goals and values.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand as an older father, here is a practical checklist:

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to review your medical history and IVF plan.
    2. Ask about the clinic’s experience with PGT-A and their success rates (if available).
    3. Discuss the potential benefits and limitations of PGT-A in your specific case.
    4. Clarify all costs and timelines before starting the cycle.
    5. Consider genetic counseling to understand the implications of test results.

    Remember, PGT-A is a personal choice. Take the time to gather information and ask questions so you can feel confident in your decision.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does paternal age affect embryo aneuploidy?

    Paternal age has a smaller effect on embryo aneuploidy compared to maternal age. Some studies suggest a slight increase in certain chromosomal abnormalities with older fathers, but the overall impact is not as strong. Other factors like sperm DNA fragmentation may also play a role in embryo health, but PGT-A does not measure that.

    What is the difference between sperm DNA fragmentation and aneuploidy?

    Sperm DNA fragmentation refers to breaks or damage in the DNA of sperm, which can affect embryo development and increase miscarriage risk. Aneuploidy is an abnormal number of chromosomes in the embryo, which can lead to implantation failure or genetic disorders. PGT-A screens for aneuploidy, not DNA fragmentation.

    Is PGT-A recommended for all older fathers?

    No. PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. The decision depends on many factors, including the female partner's age, embryo number, and previous pregnancy history. Your fertility specialist can help you determine if PGT-A is likely to be beneficial in your case.

    What are the limitations of PGT-A?

    PGT-A cannot detect all genetic conditions, and it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. The biopsy procedure carries a small risk to the embryo, and there is a possibility of false results. Additionally, PGT-A requires embryos to reach the blastocyst stage, which may not happen for all embryos.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A and Embryo Mosaicism: What Do Mosaic Results Mean?

    If you have received a mosaic embryo result after PGT-A, you may be wondering what it means for your fertility journey. Mosaicism is a term used when an embryo has a mix of cells with different chromosomal makeups. This guide explains mosaicism in plain language, how it is reported, and what options you might consider. It is important to discuss your specific results with a genetic counselor and your fertility clinic, as every situation is unique.

    At a Glance

    • Mosaic embryos have both normal and abnormal cells.
    • PGT-A reports mosaicism as a percentage range, but the exact percentage may vary.
    • Mosaic results are not a guarantee of success or failure.
    • Options include transferring the embryo, further testing, or discarding, but decisions are personal and medical.
    • Always consult a genetic counselor to understand your specific results.

    What Is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a test that screens embryos created through IVF for chromosomal abnormalities. It is not a diagnostic test for all genetic conditions, but it can help identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes, which may affect implantation or development.

    PGT-A is optional and not suitable for everyone. It is often considered by people who have experienced recurrent miscarriage, have had previous failed IVF cycles, or are of advanced maternal age. However, the decision to use PGT-A should be made with your doctor, who can explain the potential benefits and limitations based on your history.

    What Is Embryo Mosaicism?

    Mosaicism occurs when an embryo contains two or more cell populations with different chromosomal content. For example, some cells may have the typical 46 chromosomes, while others may have an extra or missing chromosome. This is different from a uniformly abnormal embryo, where all cells have the same abnormality.

    Mosaicism can arise during cell division after fertilization. The degree of mosaicism is often described as a percentage, such as 20% or 60%, indicating the proportion of abnormal cells. However, this percentage is an estimate based on the biopsy sample and may not reflect the entire embryo.

    How Are Mosaic Results Reported?

    PGT-A results are typically categorized as:

    • Euploid: All cells tested have the expected number of chromosomes.
    • Aneuploid: All cells tested have an abnormal number of chromosomes.
    • Mosaic: A mix of normal and abnormal cells is detected.

    Mosaic results may be further described as low, medium, or high level, depending on the proportion of abnormal cells. The exact reporting criteria can vary between laboratories, so it is important to ask your clinic how they interpret and report mosaicism.

    What Do Mosaic Results Mean for Your Embryo?

    A mosaic result does not mean the embryo is definitely abnormal or definitely normal. The clinical significance of mosaicism is still being studied. Some mosaic embryos may self-correct during development, while others may not implant or may lead to miscarriage. In some cases, a mosaic embryo can result in a healthy baby, but this is not guaranteed.

    It is also important to note that PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It cannot detect all chromosomal abnormalities, and a mosaic result does not provide a definitive answer about the embryo’s potential.

    Options After a Mosaic Result

    If you receive a mosaic result, you may have several options, but these depend on your clinic’s policies, your medical history, and local regulations. Possible options include:

    • Transfer the mosaic embryo: Some clinics may offer transfer, especially if the mosaicism is low-level. However, this decision involves careful counseling about potential risks and outcomes.
    • Further testing: You might consider additional genetic testing, such as PGT-M or PGT-SR, if there is a specific genetic concern. However, these tests are for specific conditions and may not clarify mosaicism.
    • Discard the embryo: Some patients choose not to transfer a mosaic embryo, but this is a personal decision.
    • Consider another IVF cycle: You may decide to undergo another cycle to create more embryos for testing.

    It is crucial to discuss these options with your fertility specialist and a genetic counselor. They can provide guidance based on the latest research and your individual circumstances.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    When discussing your mosaic result, consider asking the following questions:

    • What is the exact level of mosaicism reported, and how does your lab define low, medium, or high?
    • What is your clinic’s policy on transferring mosaic embryos?
    • What are the potential risks and outcomes associated with transferring this embryo?
    • Are there any additional tests that could provide more information?
    • What support services are available, such as genetic counseling?

    Next Steps

    After receiving a mosaic result, take time to process the information. Schedule a consultation with your clinic and a genetic counselor to discuss your options in detail. Remember that you are not alone, and many people face similar decisions. Seek support from your medical team and loved ones as you navigate this complex situation.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You may also find our guides and FAQ sections helpful.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can a mosaic embryo result in a healthy baby?

    Yes, there have been cases where mosaic embryos have led to healthy live births, but this is not guaranteed. The outcome depends on the specific chromosomal abnormality, the level of mosaicism, and other factors. It is important to discuss your specific situation with a genetic counselor.

    Is a mosaic embryo considered abnormal?

    A mosaic embryo has both normal and abnormal cells, so it is not classified as uniformly normal or abnormal. The clinical significance is uncertain, and it may behave differently depending on the proportion of abnormal cells and which chromosomes are affected.

    Should I transfer a mosaic embryo?

    The decision to transfer a mosaic embryo is personal and should be made with your fertility doctor and genetic counselor. They can help you weigh the potential risks and benefits based on your medical history and the specific characteristics of the embryo.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation. They are different tests used for different purposes.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Male Factor Infertility in Thailand: Diagnosis and Treatment Options

    When a couple struggles to conceive, the cause is often thought to be female, but male factor issues are equally common. In fact, male infertility contributes to about half of all infertility cases. If you are considering fertility treatment in Thailand, understanding the male side of the equation is essential. This guide explains common male fertility problems, the diagnostic tests you may undergo, and the treatment options available, including ICSI and surgical sperm retrieval. It is designed to help you ask the right questions and plan your next steps with confidence.

    At a Glance: Male Factor Infertility in Thailand

    • Common issues: Low sperm count, poor motility, abnormal shape, or blockages.
    • Diagnosis: Semen analysis, hormone tests, physical exam, and sometimes genetic testing.
    • Treatment options: Lifestyle changes, medication, intrauterine insemination (IUI), conventional IVF, ICSI, and surgical sperm retrieval.
    • ICSI: A lab technique where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg, often used for male factor.
    • Sperm retrieval: Procedures like TESE or PESA for men with no sperm in the ejaculate.
    • Planning: Confirm all details with your chosen clinic, as protocols and requirements vary.

    Understanding Male Factor Infertility

    Male factor infertility refers to any issue with a man’s reproductive system that reduces the chances of natural conception. The most common problems are related to sperm production or delivery:

    • Low sperm count (oligospermia): Fewer sperm than normal in the ejaculate.
    • Poor sperm motility (asthenospermia): Sperm do not swim effectively.
    • Abnormal sperm morphology (teratospermia): Sperm have an unusual shape that may affect their ability to fertilize an egg.
    • Azoospermia: No sperm in the ejaculate, which may be due to a blockage or a problem with sperm production.

    These issues can be caused by genetic factors, hormonal imbalances, infections, varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum), lifestyle factors, or certain medications. In many cases, the exact cause remains unknown.

    Diagnostic Tests for Male Infertility

    Before any treatment, a thorough evaluation is needed. The first step is usually a semen analysis, but other tests may be recommended to understand the underlying cause.

    Semen Analysis

    This test examines a semen sample to measure sperm count, motility, and morphology. It is the cornerstone of male fertility testing. You will likely need to abstain from ejaculation for a few days before providing a sample. The clinic will give you specific instructions.

    Hormone Testing

    Blood tests can check levels of hormones that affect sperm production, such as testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). Abnormal levels may point to a hormonal issue.

    Physical Examination

    A urologist or fertility specialist may perform a physical exam to check for varicocele, blockages, or other anatomical issues.

    Genetic Testing

    In some cases, genetic tests may be recommended to identify chromosomal abnormalities or gene mutations that could affect sperm production or be passed on to children. This is especially important if sperm count is extremely low or absent.

    Other Tests

    Depending on your situation, your doctor might suggest imaging tests like scrotal ultrasound or a testicular biopsy to determine if sperm are being produced.

    Note: The specific tests you need will depend on your medical history and initial results. Always confirm the recommended diagnostic plan with your treating clinic.

    Treatment Options for Male Factor Infertility

    Once a diagnosis is made, several treatment paths may be available. The right option depends on the severity of the issue, the woman’s age and fertility status, and your preferences.

    Lifestyle Changes and Medication

    For mild issues, improving lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and avoiding smoking or excessive alcohol may help. In some cases, medications to correct hormonal imbalances or treat infections can improve sperm parameters.

    Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)

    IUI involves placing specially prepared sperm directly into the uterus around the time of ovulation. It may be an option for mild male factor issues, but success rates are generally lower than IVF.

    In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and ICSI

    IVF involves retrieving eggs from the female partner, fertilizing them with sperm in the lab, and transferring a resulting embryo to the uterus. When male factor is significant, ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) is often used. In ICSI, a single sperm is selected and injected directly into an egg to achieve fertilization. This technique is particularly helpful for low sperm count, poor motility, or abnormal morphology.

    Surgical Sperm Retrieval

    For men with azoospermia (no sperm in the ejaculate), sperm can sometimes be retrieved directly from the testicles or epididymis through surgical procedures. Common techniques include:

    • Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE): A small piece of testicular tissue is removed and examined for sperm.
    • Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA): Sperm is aspirated from the epididymis using a fine needle.
    • Microdissection TESE (Micro-TESE): A more precise version of TESE using an operating microscope to find areas with sperm.

    These procedures are usually performed under local or general anesthesia and are often done on the same day as the egg retrieval. The retrieved sperm can then be used for ICSI.

    Planning Your Treatment in Thailand

    If you are considering treatment in Thailand, here are key steps to plan your journey:

    1. Initial Consultation

    Most clinics offer an initial consultation, either in person or via telemedicine. You will discuss your medical history, previous tests, and treatment goals. It is a good time to ask about the clinic’s experience with male factor infertility.

    2. Diagnostic Testing

    You may need to undergo semen analysis and other tests in Thailand or bring recent results from your home country. Confirm with the clinic which tests they require and whether they accept external results.

    3. Treatment Cycle Planning

    If IVF with ICSI is recommended, the female partner will undergo ovarian stimulation, which involves daily injections for about 10-14 days. The male partner may need to provide a semen sample on the day of egg retrieval, or undergo surgical sperm retrieval if needed.

    4. Travel and Stay

    Plan to stay in Thailand for at least 2-3 weeks for a fresh IVF cycle. This includes time for stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, and embryo transfer. If you are using a frozen embryo transfer, the timeline may be different. Check with your clinic for specific recommendations.

    5. Legal and Documentation

    As an international patient, you will need a valid passport and possibly a visa. Thailand offers visa exemptions for many countries, but confirm the requirements with the Thai embassy. You may also need to provide certain medical records and consent forms. The clinic’s international patient coordinator can guide you.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before committing to a clinic, consider asking:

    • What is your experience with male factor infertility and ICSI?
    • What diagnostic tests do you recommend for my situation?
    • Do you offer surgical sperm retrieval on-site? What is the success rate for retrieving sperm in cases like mine?
    • What is the estimated timeline for a full cycle?
    • What are the costs for the male-related procedures, and what is included?
    • Do you have a genetic counselor if needed?
    • What are the legal requirements for international patients?

    Next Steps

    If you are ready to move forward, here is a simple checklist:

    1. Gather your medical records, including any previous semen analyses.
    2. Research clinics that specialize in male factor infertility.
    3. Schedule an initial consultation to discuss your case.
    4. Ask about required tests and whether you can do them at home.
    5. Plan your travel and accommodation, keeping in mind the recommended stay.
    6. Confirm all costs and legal requirements in writing.

    Remember, every case is unique. The information here is a general guide, and your treating clinic will provide personalized advice based on your medical situation.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the most common cause of male factor infertility?

    The most common causes include low sperm count, poor sperm motility, abnormal sperm shape, and blockages that prevent sperm from being ejaculated. These can be due to genetic factors, hormonal imbalances, infections, varicocele, or lifestyle factors. In many cases, the exact cause is unknown.

    How is male infertility diagnosed?

    Diagnosis typically starts with a semen analysis to evaluate sperm count, motility, and morphology. Additional tests may include hormone blood tests, a physical examination, genetic testing, and sometimes imaging or biopsy. The specific tests depend on your situation and are determined by your doctor.

    What is ICSI and when is it used?

    ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) is a laboratory technique where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg to achieve fertilization. It is commonly used when there are significant male factor issues, such as very low sperm count, poor motility, or abnormal sperm shape, or when previous IVF fertilization failed.

    Can sperm be retrieved surgically if there is no sperm in the ejaculate?

    Yes, for men with azoospermia (no sperm in the ejaculate), sperm can sometimes be retrieved directly from the testicles or epididymis using procedures like TESE, PESA, or micro-TESE. The retrieved sperm can then be used for ICSI. The success of these procedures depends on the underlying cause.

    How long do I need to stay in Thailand for IVF treatment?

    For a fresh IVF cycle, you should plan to stay for at least 2-3 weeks, which includes time for ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, and embryo transfer. If you are using frozen embryos, the timeline may be shorter. Your clinic will provide a personalized schedule.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Embryo Transfer Day in Thailand: What to Expect Step by Step

    Understanding Embryo Transfer Day

    Embryo transfer is a crucial step in your IVF journey. On this day, a carefully selected embryo is placed into your uterus. While the procedure is typically quick and painless, knowing what to expect can help you feel more at ease. This guide walks you through a typical transfer day in Thailand, from arrival to post-transfer instructions. Remember, every clinic may have specific protocols, so always confirm details with your treating team.

    At a Glance: Key Points for Transfer Day

    • Arrive at the clinic with a full bladder as instructed.
    • Bring your passport and any required documents.
    • Follow your doctor’s medication schedule exactly.
    • The transfer procedure itself usually takes only a few minutes.
    • After transfer, you can resume normal activities but avoid strenuous exercise.

    Before the Transfer: Preparation Steps

    Medication and Instructions

    Your clinic will give you specific instructions for medications leading up to the transfer. These may include progesterone supplements to prepare your uterine lining. Follow the schedule precisely and ask if you have any doubts.

    Bladder Preparation

    You may be asked to come with a full bladder, as this helps the doctor visualize your uterus via ultrasound. Drink water as directed, but avoid overfilling to prevent discomfort.

    What to Bring

    Bring your passport, any medical records, and a list of current medications. Also, have a phone charger and a book or music to help you relax while waiting.

    Arrival at the Clinic

    Plan to arrive at the clinic at your scheduled time. Check-in may involve confirming your identity and reviewing your treatment plan. You might have a final ultrasound to check your uterine lining and bladder fullness.

    The Embryo Transfer Procedure

    Step-by-Step Process

    1. You will lie on an examination table, similar to a gynecological exam.
    2. The doctor will insert a speculum to visualize your cervix.
    3. A thin, flexible catheter is passed through the cervix into the uterus.
    4. The embryo, loaded in a small drop of fluid, is gently placed into the uterine cavity.
    5. The catheter is removed, and you may rest for a short period.

    The entire procedure typically takes only a few minutes. You may feel mild cramping or nothing at all.

    After the Transfer: Post-Transfer Instructions

    After the transfer, you will rest for a short while before being discharged. Your clinic will provide instructions for the following days, which may include:

    • Continuing progesterone and other medications as prescribed.
    • Avoiding heavy lifting and vigorous exercise.
    • Resuming normal daily activities, including work, unless advised otherwise.
    • Noting any symptoms to report, such as severe pain or heavy bleeding.

    You will likely have a pregnancy test scheduled about two weeks after the transfer. Ask your clinic when to take it and what to do if you have questions.

    Checklist for Transfer Day

    • Confirm appointment time and location with your clinic.
    • Follow medication schedule and bladder instructions.
    • Pack your passport, documents, and personal items.
    • Arrange transportation to and from the clinic.
    • Wear comfortable clothing.
    • Have a light meal unless instructed otherwise.
    • Bring a list of questions for your doctor.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the exact time of my transfer?
    • Should I have a full bladder? How much water should I drink?
    • Are there any restrictions on food or drink before the procedure?
    • What medications should I take on the day of transfer?
    • How long will the procedure take?
    • What are the post-transfer instructions?
    • When will I have a pregnancy test?

    Travel and Logistics for International Patients

    If you are traveling to Thailand for your transfer, plan to stay for at least a few days after the procedure. Discuss your travel plans with your clinic to ensure you have adequate time for rest and any follow-up appointments. Confirm visa requirements and travel insurance coverage with relevant authorities.

    Emotional Preparation

    Embryo transfer can be emotionally charged. It’s normal to feel a mix of hope and anxiety. Consider bringing a supportive partner or friend, and practice relaxation techniques such as deep breathing. Remember that the outcome is not guaranteed, and it’s important to have realistic expectations.

    Next Steps

    After your transfer, focus on following your clinic’s instructions and taking care of your physical and emotional well-being. If you have any concerns, don’t hesitate to contact your clinic. For more information about the IVF process in Thailand, explore our resources on embryo transfer in Thailand and IVF in Thailand. You can also review our treatment process overview and information for international patients.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does an embryo transfer procedure take?

    The actual embryo transfer procedure typically takes only a few minutes. However, you should expect to spend a few hours at the clinic for preparation, the procedure, and a short rest afterward.

    Is embryo transfer painful?

    Most women experience little to no pain during embryo transfer. You may feel mild cramping similar to menstrual cramps. The procedure is usually well-tolerated without anesthesia.

    Can I travel immediately after embryo transfer?

    It is generally recommended to avoid long-distance travel immediately after transfer. Discuss your travel plans with your clinic, as they may advise you to rest for a day or two before flying.

    What should I eat on embryo transfer day?

    You can eat a light meal before the procedure unless your clinic advises otherwise. Avoid foods that may cause bloating or discomfort. Stay hydrated, but follow your clinic's instructions about fluid intake for bladder filling.

    When will I know if the transfer was successful?

    A pregnancy test is usually scheduled about two weeks after the transfer. Your clinic will provide specific instructions on when and how to take the test.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Embryo Storage Fees in Thailand: What to Expect Per Year

    Understanding Embryo Storage Fees in Thailand

    If you are considering IVF in Thailand and planning to freeze embryos for future use, one of the practical questions is: what will it cost to store them each year? Embryo storage fees are separate from the initial IVF cycle and embryo freezing procedure. They cover the ongoing cryopreservation (freezing) and maintenance of your embryos in a laboratory’s storage tanks.

    In Thailand, annual storage fees vary by clinic and by the number of embryos stored. While exact prices depend on the clinic and your specific situation, understanding how fees are structured can help you plan financially and avoid surprises.

    At a Glance: Key Points About Embryo Storage

    • Annual storage fees are typically charged per year, often per embryo or per batch.
    • Fees usually cover laboratory storage, monitoring, and administrative costs.
    • Contracts may include terms about payment schedules, renewal, and what happens if fees are not paid.
    • Ask about discounts for multi-year prepayment or if you store multiple embryos.
    • Confirm whether the fee includes any future handling, such as thawing or transfer preparation.

    How Embryo Storage Fees Are Structured

    Clinics in Thailand generally structure embryo storage fees in one of two ways:

    • Per embryo per year: You pay a set amount for each embryo stored annually.
    • Per batch or per cycle: You pay a flat annual fee for all embryos from one IVF cycle, regardless of how many are stored.

    Some clinics may also charge an initial setup or documentation fee when you first freeze embryos, but this is usually part of the IVF package. The annual storage fee is what you will pay each year to keep your embryos in the lab.

    What the Annual Fee Typically Covers

    While the exact inclusions vary, annual embryo storage fees generally cover:

    • Storage in cryopreservation tanks with liquid nitrogen.
    • Monitoring of storage conditions and temperature.
    • Security and backup systems to protect your embryos.
    • Administrative record-keeping.

    Some clinics may include a yearly review or communication about your storage status. However, the fee usually does not include future procedures like thawing, genetic testing, or embryo transfer. Those are separate costs you will incur when you decide to use your embryos.

    Contract Terms and Renewal Policies

    Before you sign a storage agreement, ask about the contract terms. Key points to clarify include:

    • Billing cycle: Is the fee charged annually in advance? When is the renewal date?
    • Payment methods: Can you pay by bank transfer, credit card, or in person?
    • Renewal reminders: Will the clinic notify you before your storage period ends?
    • What happens if you miss a payment? Some clinics may have a grace period, while others may require you to sign a consent form for disposal if fees are not paid.
    • Transfer of embryos: If you move to another clinic, what is the process and cost for transporting your embryos?

    It is important to keep your contact information up to date with the clinic so you do not miss renewal notices.

    What Happens If You Do Not Pay Storage Fees?

    If you stop paying storage fees, the clinic will typically try to contact you. Policies vary, but common practices include:

    • A grace period (e.g., 30-90 days) to make the payment.
    • If no payment is received, the clinic may ask you to sign a form to discard the embryos or donate them for research or to another couple, depending on your prior consent.
    • In some cases, the clinic may continue to store embryos but charge late fees.

    Because policies differ, it is critical to read your storage agreement carefully and ask about the clinic’s specific procedure for non-payment.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About Storage Fees

    When comparing clinics or before signing a storage agreement, ask these questions:

    • What is the annual storage fee per embryo or per batch?
    • Are there any additional fees for the first year, such as an initial setup fee?
    • Does the fee include any future handling, like thawing or preparation for transfer?
    • Is there a discount for paying multiple years in advance?
    • What is the clinic’s policy if I miss a payment?
    • How will I be reminded to renew my storage?
    • Can I transfer my embryos to another clinic, and what are the costs?
    • Are there any long-term storage limits?

    Getting clear answers will help you compare costs and avoid unexpected charges.

    Budgeting for Long-Term Storage

    Embryo storage is often an ongoing cost that you may need to budget for over several years. When planning your finances, consider:

    • How many embryos you plan to store.
    • How long you expect to store them (e.g., until you complete your family).
    • Potential future costs for using the embryos, such as thawing and transfer.
    • Whether your insurance or any package covers storage (most do not).

    Some clinics may offer package deals that include a certain number of years of storage with your IVF cycle. Ask about such options.

    Next Steps: What to Do Now

    1. Contact your IVF clinic or potential clinics to request their current embryo storage fee schedule.
    2. Ask for a written copy of the storage agreement and review the terms.
    3. Clarify all costs, including any additional fees for handling or disposal.
    4. Set up a reminder for your annual renewal date.
    5. Keep your contact details updated with the clinic.

    For more information on IVF costs in Thailand, see our IVF cost guide. If you need help understanding your options, visit our patient resources or contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    How much does embryo storage cost per year in Thailand?

    Annual embryo storage fees in Thailand vary by clinic and by the number of embryos stored. Some clinics charge per embryo, while others charge a flat fee per batch or cycle. Exact prices depend on the clinic's policy and your specific situation, so it is best to request a current fee schedule directly from the clinic.

    Are embryo storage fees included in the IVF package?

    Some IVF packages may include the first year of storage or a limited storage period, but ongoing annual storage fees are usually separate. Check your IVF package details and ask the clinic if any storage is included and for how long.

    What happens if I don't pay my embryo storage fees in Thailand?

    If you do not pay storage fees, the clinic will typically contact you and may offer a grace period. If payment is not made, the clinic may ask you to sign a consent form to discard or donate the embryos, depending on your prior instructions. Policies vary, so it is important to understand your clinic's specific terms.

    Can I transfer my embryos to another clinic in Thailand?

    Yes, it is usually possible to transfer embryos to another clinic, but there may be costs for preparation, transportation, and the receiving clinic's storage fees. Contact both clinics to understand the process and any requirements.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M for Aneuploidy Screening in Thailand: What’s the Difference?

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand, you may have come across terms like PGT-A and PGT-M. Both are types of preimplantation genetic testing, but they serve different purposes. This guide explains the difference, focusing on which test screens for aneuploidy, and how they may be used together.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A screens embryos for aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes).
    • PGT-M tests for specific genetic mutations that one or both parents carry.
    • They answer different questions and can be used together in some cases.
    • Neither test guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What Is Aneuploidy?

    Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell, arranged in 23 pairs. An embryo with an extra or missing chromosome is considered aneuploid. Many aneuploid embryos do not implant or result in miscarriage, and some can lead to conditions such as Down syndrome.

    PGT-A is designed to detect aneuploidy in embryos created through IVF before transfer.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. It screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities, specifically looking for extra or missing chromosomes. This test can help identify embryos that are more likely to implant and develop normally, but it does not guarantee success.

    PGT-A is sometimes recommended for women of advanced maternal age, couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage, or those who have had multiple failed IVF cycles. However, it is not necessary for everyone.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M stands for preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders. It is used when one or both parents carry a specific genetic mutation that could cause a serious inherited condition, such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease. PGT-M tests embryos for that particular mutation, allowing the transfer of embryos that do not carry it.

    PGT-M is not a general screening test; it is targeted to a known genetic risk.

    Key Differences: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screens for aneuploidy (chromosomal number abnormalities) Tests for a specific genetic mutation
    Who may consider it People with concerns about embryo chromosome health Couples with a known inherited condition
    What it detects Extra or missing chromosomes Presence or absence of a specific mutation
    Can it be used together? Yes, with PGT-M Yes, with PGT-A

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M Be Used Together?

    Yes, in some situations, both tests may be performed on the same embryo. For example, if a couple carries a genetic mutation and also wants to screen for aneuploidy, they might use PGT-M to select embryos without the mutation and PGT-A to select embryos with a normal chromosome number. This combined approach can provide more information, but it is not always necessary or available.

    Discuss with your clinic whether combined testing is appropriate for your situation.

    What About PGT-SR?

    You may also hear about PGT-SR, which stands for preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements. This test is used when one parent has a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation, that could lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos. PGT-SR is different from PGT-A and PGT-M, but it also aims to identify embryos with a higher chance of implantation.

    How Are These Tests Performed?

    PGT is performed on embryos created through IVF. After fertilization, embryos are cultured for several days. A small number of cells are then biopsied from each embryo, usually on day 5 or day 6. These cells are sent to a laboratory for genetic analysis. The results help guide which embryos to consider for transfer.

    The biopsy process is delicate and requires specialized expertise. The testing itself is done in a genetics laboratory, which may be located within the clinic or at an external facility.

    What Do the Results Mean?

    PGT-A results typically categorize embryos as:

    • Euploid – normal number of chromosomes
    • Aneuploid – abnormal number of chromosomes
    • Mosaic – a mix of normal and abnormal cells

    PGT-M results indicate whether an embryo carries the specific mutation tested for. However, results are not always black and white. Mosaic embryos, for example, may have varying levels of abnormal cells, and their potential is still being studied.

    It is important to discuss your results with a genetic counselor or your doctor to understand what they mean for your specific situation.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it has limitations:

    • It does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • It cannot detect all genetic conditions or birth defects.
    • It involves an invasive biopsy, which carries a small risk to the embryo.
    • It is not necessary for everyone and may not be recommended for all patients.
    • Results can be inconclusive or show mosaicism, which can be difficult to interpret.

    Before deciding on PGT, consider your medical history, age, and personal preferences. A fertility specialist can help you weigh the potential benefits and risks.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, ask your clinic:

    • Which type of PGT do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    • Does your laboratory have experience with PGT-A and PGT-M?
    • How long will it take to get results?
    • What are the costs involved, and are they separate from IVF?
    • How do you handle mosaic or inconclusive results?
    • Is genetic counseling available?

    Next Steps

    If you are exploring PGT in Thailand, take these steps:

    1. Research clinics that offer PGT and understand their approach.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your medical history and testing options.
    3. Ask about the laboratory used for genetic analysis.
    4. Clarify costs and timelines.
    5. Consider speaking with a genetic counselor.

    For more information, see our PGT in Thailand guide, explore other guides, or check our FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A screen for aneuploidy?

    Yes, PGT-A is specifically designed to screen embryos for aneuploidy, which is an abnormal number of chromosomes. It can identify embryos with extra or missing chromosomes, which may affect implantation or development.

    Can PGT-M detect aneuploidy?

    No, PGT-M is not designed to detect aneuploidy. It tests for a specific genetic mutation that one or both parents carry. If you need both aneuploidy screening and mutation testing, you may consider using PGT-A and PGT-M together.

    Is PGT-A necessary for everyone doing IVF?

    No, PGT-A is not necessary for everyone. It may be recommended for certain situations, such as advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, or previous failed IVF cycles. Your doctor can help you decide if it is appropriate for you.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (chromosome number abnormalities), while PGT-SR is used when one parent has a structural rearrangement of chromosomes, such as a translocation. Both aim to identify embryos with a higher chance of implantation, but they address different types of chromosomal issues.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M for HLA Matching in Thailand: What Patients Need to Know

    Understanding PGT-A and PGT-M

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a set of techniques used to screen embryos created through IVF before transfer. Two common types are PGT-A and PGT-M. PGT-A (aneuploidy testing) checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes, which can affect implantation or lead to miscarriage. PGT-M (monogenic testing) looks for specific single-gene disorders, such as thalassemia, and can also be used to identify embryos with a particular tissue type, known as HLA matching.

    For patients who already have a child with a condition like thalassemia or a blood disorder, PGT-M can help select an embryo that is both free of the genetic condition and a tissue match for the existing child. This allows the birth of a healthy sibling whose umbilical cord blood or bone marrow could potentially be used for treatment.

    Why PGT-A Alone Is Not Enough for HLA Matching

    HLA (human leukocyte antigen) typing is a genetic test that determines tissue compatibility. PGT-A does not examine HLA genes; it only counts chromosomes. Therefore, PGT-A cannot tell you whether an embryo is a match for a sibling. To achieve HLA matching, PGT-M must be performed using a specific test designed to identify the HLA type of each embryo.

    In some cases, clinics may combine PGT-A and PGT-M in the same IVF cycle. This means embryos are screened for both chromosomal abnormalities and the specific genetic condition, as well as HLA type. However, PGT-A alone will not provide the information needed for HLA matching.

    How PGT-M for HLA Matching Works in Thailand

    In Thailand, PGT-M for HLA matching is offered at specialized fertility centers. The process typically involves several steps:

    1. Consultation and genetic counseling: You will meet with a fertility specialist and a genetic counselor to discuss your family history, the genetic condition involved, and the feasibility of HLA matching.
    2. IVF cycle: You undergo ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, and the eggs are fertilized with sperm in the laboratory to create embryos.
    3. Embryo biopsy: A few cells are removed from each embryo, usually on day 5 or 6 of development.
    4. Genetic testing: The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for PGT-M, which includes testing for the specific genetic disorder and HLA typing.
    5. Embryo selection: Only embryos that are both unaffected by the genetic condition and HLA-matched to the existing child are considered for transfer.
    6. Frozen embryo transfer: A suitable embryo is thawed and transferred to your uterus.

    It is important to note that the entire process requires careful planning and coordination between the fertility clinic and the genetics laboratory. Not all clinics in Thailand may offer PGT-M for HLA matching, so you will need to confirm availability and specific protocols with the clinic you choose.

    Key Differences Between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Screen for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) Detect specific single-gene disorders and HLA type
    What it tests Number of chromosomes Specific gene mutations and HLA markers
    Can it select for HLA match? No Yes, when designed for that purpose
    Typical use To improve implantation chances and reduce miscarriage risk To avoid passing on a genetic disease and to find a tissue match for a sibling
    Combination Often used alone or with PGT-M May be combined with PGT-A for additional screening

    Considerations for Patients Seeking HLA-Matched Embryos

    If you are considering PGT-M for HLA matching in Thailand, there are several factors to keep in mind:

    • Genetic counseling: You will need to understand the inheritance pattern of the condition and the probability of having an HLA-matched, unaffected embryo. This is not guaranteed, and the number of suitable embryos may be limited.
    • Legal and ethical aspects: HLA matching for the purpose of creating a “savior sibling” may be regulated in some countries. In Thailand, you should discuss the legal framework with your clinic and possibly seek independent legal advice.
    • Cost: PGT-M for HLA matching is more complex and expensive than standard PGT-A. Costs can vary significantly between clinics, so you should request a detailed breakdown.
    • Time: The entire process, from initial consultation to embryo transfer, may take several months. Be prepared for potential delays.
    • Success rates: The chance of achieving a pregnancy and a live birth depends on many factors, including your age, the number of embryos available, and the quality of the laboratory. No clinic can guarantee a successful outcome.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before proceeding, consider asking the following questions:

    • Does your clinic offer PGT-M for HLA matching?
    • What is the experience of your genetics laboratory with HLA typing?
    • How many embryos are typically needed to have a reasonable chance of finding an HLA match?
    • What is the cost of PGT-M for HLA matching, and what does it include?
    • Are there any legal restrictions in Thailand regarding HLA matching?
    • What is the timeline from start to embryo transfer?

    Next Steps

    If you are ready to explore PGT-M for HLA matching in Thailand, here is a simple checklist:

    1. Research fertility clinics that offer PGT-M and have experience with HLA matching.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your specific situation.
    3. Ask for a referral to a genetic counselor who can explain the testing process and implications.
    4. Request a detailed cost estimate and timeline.
    5. Clarify any legal or ethical questions with the clinic or a legal professional.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, you can visit our PGT in Thailand page. You may also find our guides helpful, and check our FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A be used for HLA matching?

    No, PGT-A only screens for chromosomal abnormalities and does not test HLA type. HLA matching requires PGT-M, which is specifically designed to identify tissue compatibility.

    Is PGT-M for HLA matching available in Thailand?

    Yes, some fertility clinics in Thailand offer PGT-M for HLA matching, but availability may vary. You should confirm with the clinic directly and ask about their experience with this specific testing.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M for HLA matching?

    Success rates depend on many factors, including the number of embryos produced, the genetic condition involved, and the laboratory's expertise. There is no guarantee of finding an HLA-matched embryo or achieving a pregnancy. Discuss your individual chances with your clinic.

    Is PGT-M for HLA matching legal in Thailand?

    Legal regulations may apply to HLA matching for medical purposes. It is essential to consult with your clinic and possibly seek legal advice to understand the current legal framework in Thailand.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.