Thailand PGT CMS

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  • PGT-A vs PGT-M for Single Gene Disorders: What Patients in Thailand Should Know

    PGT-A vs PGT-M: What’s the Difference?

    If you carry a single gene disorder (also called a monogenic condition), you may be exploring preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) as part of your IVF journey. Two common types of PGT are PGT-A and PGT-M. While both involve testing embryos created through IVF, they answer different questions.

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It is often used to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy, especially for people of advanced maternal age or those with recurrent miscarriage.

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) looks for a specific genetic mutation that causes a particular single gene disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Huntington’s disease. If you or your partner carry a known mutation, PGT-M can identify embryos that do not inherit the disorder.

    For patients with a known single gene disorder, PGT-M is usually the necessary test. PGT-A alone cannot tell you whether an embryo carries your specific mutation. In some cases, both PGT-A and PGT-M may be performed together, but they serve distinct purposes.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A: Checks chromosome number (aneuploidy). Does not test for specific gene mutations.
    • PGT-M: Tests for a specific single gene mutation. Requires prior genetic testing of parents and often other family members.
    • PGT-SR: Tests for structural rearrangements of chromosomes (e.g., translocations). Sometimes relevant if you also have a chromosome issue.
    • Which one?: If you have a known single gene disorder, PGT-M is essential. PGT-A may be added for chromosome screening.

    Why PGT-M Is Necessary for Single Gene Disorders

    Single gene disorders are caused by mutations in a specific gene. PGT-M is designed to detect whether an embryo has inherited that mutation. Without PGT-M, you cannot know if an embryo is affected by the condition you carry.

    PGT-A, on the other hand, only counts chromosomes. An embryo can have a normal number of chromosomes but still carry a disease-causing mutation. Therefore, PGT-A is not a substitute for PGT-M when you have a known monogenic disorder.

    In some situations, your clinic may recommend doing both PGT-A and PGT-M. This is because embryos that are free of the mutation may still have chromosome abnormalities that could affect implantation or lead to miscarriage. Combining both tests can provide more complete information, but it also adds complexity and cost.

    How PGT-M Works

    PGT-M is a multi-step process that begins before you start an IVF cycle. Here is a general overview:

    1. Genetic counseling and testing: You and your partner will meet with a genetic counselor. The specific mutation must be identified through genetic testing of you, your partner, and sometimes other family members.
    2. IVF and embryo biopsy: After eggs are retrieved and fertilized, embryos are grown in the lab for several days. A few cells are then removed from each embryo (biopsy).
    3. Genetic analysis: The biopsied cells are analyzed for the specific mutation. This requires a customized test for your family’s mutation.
    4. Embryo selection: Embryos that do not carry the mutation are considered for transfer.

    Because PGT-M requires a personalized test, it is not a one-size-fits-all procedure. The laboratory needs time to develop and validate the test before your cycle begins.

    PGT-A: What It Can and Cannot Do

    PGT-A is often used to select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes. It can help reduce the risk of miscarriage due to aneuploidy and may improve the efficiency of IVF by avoiding transfer of embryos that are unlikely to implant.

    However, PGT-A does not test for single gene mutations. If you have a known monogenic disorder, PGT-A results will not tell you whether an embryo is affected by that condition. Therefore, PGT-A is not a replacement for PGT-M.

    Some patients may choose to have both PGT-A and PGT-M. This can be beneficial because it provides two layers of information: the specific mutation status and the chromosome status. But it also means more testing, which can increase the time and cost of the IVF cycle.

    PGT-SR: When Chromosome Structure Matters

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is used when one or both parents have a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation. This can cause embryos to have missing or extra chromosome segments, leading to miscarriage or birth defects.

    If you have a single gene disorder, PGT-SR is not typically needed unless you also have a known chromosomal rearrangement. Your genetic counselor can help determine if PGT-SR is relevant for your situation.

    Choosing Between PGT-A and PGT-M in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, you will likely work with an IVF clinic that offers genetic testing services. The choice between PGT-A and PGT-M depends on your medical history and genetic status.

    For patients with a known single gene disorder, PGT-M is the primary test. PGT-A may be added if you also want chromosome screening. Some clinics may offer a combined approach, but this is not always necessary.

    When researching clinics in Thailand, ask about their experience with PGT-M for your specific condition. Not all laboratories may have the capability to develop a customized test for every mutation. It is important to confirm that the clinic can handle your case.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • Do you offer PGT-M for my specific single gene disorder?
    • How long does it take to develop a personalized PGT-M test?
    • Can you perform PGT-A and PGT-M together on the same embryo biopsy?
    • What is the success rate for embryos that are free of the mutation?
    • What are the limitations of PGT-M? Are there any embryos that may have unclear results?
    • What is the cost of PGT-M, and does it include genetic counseling and test development?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Confirm your genetic diagnosis and the specific mutation with a genetic counselor.
    2. Research IVF clinics in Thailand that offer PGT-M for your condition.
    3. Ask about the laboratory’s experience with your type of mutation.
    4. Discuss whether PGT-A is also recommended in your case.
    5. Understand the timeline, including the time needed for test development.
    6. Clarify all costs and what they include.

    PGT is a personal decision. It is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child, but it can provide valuable information to help you make informed choices. Always consult with your medical team to determine the best approach for your situation.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect single gene disorders?

    No. PGT-A only checks for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It does not test for specific gene mutations. If you have a known single gene disorder, you need PGT-M to determine whether an embryo carries the mutation.

    Is PGT-M necessary if I have a single gene disorder?

    Yes, if you want to identify embryos that do not carry the specific mutation causing your disorder. PGT-M is the only type of PGT that tests for a particular monogenic condition. PGT-A cannot provide that information.

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, in many cases both tests can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. This provides information about both the specific mutation and chromosome number. However, not all clinics may offer combined testing, so it is important to ask.

    How long does PGT-M take in Thailand?

    The timeline can vary. PGT-M requires a personalized test to be developed for your family's mutation, which can take several weeks or months. Your clinic can give you a more specific estimate based on your case.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Lab Accreditation in Thailand: What to Look For and Where to Start

    When you are researching preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, one of the first questions is often: “Is the lab accredited?” Accreditation matters because it signals that a laboratory follows recognized quality standards, participates in external quality assessments, and is regularly audited. However, there is no single global “PGT-A accreditation.” Instead, you will see a mix of hospital accreditations, laboratory standards, and proficiency testing schemes. This guide explains what those credentials mean, which Bangkok fertility centers currently publish relevant information, and how to compare them fairly.

    At a Glance: What to Look For in a PGT-A Lab

    • Hospital or clinic accreditation: JCI, RTAC, ISO 9001 – these assess overall quality and safety of the facility.
    • Laboratory-specific standards: ISO 15189 (medical laboratories) and ISO 15190 (laboratory safety) are more specific to lab operations.
    • Proficiency testing: CAP (College of American Pathologists) and UK NEQAS (United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Service) check lab accuracy through external samples.
    • Genetics lab scope: Confirm that the lab actually performs PGT-A (not just IVF) and uses validated methods like next-generation sequencing (NGS).
    • In-house vs. referral: Some centers have their own genetics lab; others send biopsies to an external lab. Ask which applies to you.

    Understanding PGT-A Lab Certifications

    PGT-A involves three steps: embryo biopsy, genetic amplification, and analysis. Each step can be affected by lab quality. Accreditation helps reduce the risk of errors, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Here are the main credentials you will encounter in Thailand:

    JCI (Joint Commission International)

    JCI accredits hospitals and clinics worldwide, focusing on patient safety, staff qualifications, and quality improvement. It is a broad organizational accreditation, not a specific test for genetic accuracy.

    RTAC (Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee)

    RTAC is an Australian accreditation scheme specifically for fertility clinics. It assesses the entire IVF service, including laboratory practices, counseling, and ethical standards. Some Thai centers highlight RTAC as a mark of reproductive-specific quality.

    ISO 9001

    ISO 9001 is a general quality management standard. It shows that a clinic has documented processes and continuous improvement, but it does not directly evaluate medical or laboratory competence.

    ISO 15189 and ISO 15190

    ISO 15189 is the international standard for medical laboratories – it covers technical competence, quality control, and traceability. ISO 15190 addresses laboratory safety. These are more relevant to the actual testing lab than hospital-level accreditations.

    CAP and UK NEQAS

    CAP (College of American Pathologists) accreditation and UK NEQAS proficiency testing are external quality assurance programs. They send unknown samples to the lab and compare results with peers. Participation indicates that the lab is regularly checked for accuracy.

    ESHRE Certification for Embryologists

    ESHRE (European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology) offers certification for individual embryologists, not the lab itself. If a center mentions ESHRE-certified staff, it suggests a certain level of professional training.

    When you see a clinic list several of these credentials, it is a positive sign, but always ask for the current certificate and its scope. Accreditation can lapse or cover only certain departments.

    How We Compare PGT-A Labs in Bangkok

    This article is an editorial comparison, not a ranking of success rates or clinical outcomes. We selected centers from our hospital library that publish relevant information about fertility services and, in some cases, laboratory quality. The order below is not a “best to worst” list. Instead, we present each center with the same set of questions: What accreditations are published? Is the genetics lab in-house? What PGT methods are described? What should you confirm directly?

    We start with Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) because it is our featured commercial partner, but that does not mean it is the right choice for everyone. Always verify details with the clinic before making decisions.

    1. Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC)

    DHC is a dedicated fertility center in Bangkok’s Rama 9 area. Its official materials list a range of quality credentials: JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, and UK NEQAS. This combination covers both organizational quality (JCI, ISO 9001) and laboratory proficiency (CAP, UK NEQAS). DHC also describes an in-house embryology lab and provides PGT services, along with IVF, ICSI, embryo culture, egg freezing, and embryo freezing.

    DHC’s published equipment includes Embryoscope+ and Geri time-lapse incubators, IVF Witness for sample tracking, and IMSI and MACS for sperm selection. These are not accreditations, but they indicate a focus on laboratory technology.

    DHC’s 2026 hospital profile reports an average embryo-transfer success rate of about 78% for 2025. This is a clinic-wide average, not a prediction for any individual. The June 2026 reference price for the basic single-cycle medical package is THB 490,000, but final costs vary with medication, testing, storage, and travel.

    What to confirm: Ask for the current certificates for each credential (JCI, RTAC, CAP, UK NEQAS) and their expiration dates. Clarify whether PGT-A is performed in-house or sent to an external lab. Request a written quotation that itemizes PGT-A biopsy, genetic analysis, and any additional fees.

    2. Jetanin Hospital

    Jetanin is a specialist fertility hospital in central Bangkok, founded in 1995. Its official history describes a team that includes reproductive physicians, embryologists, molecular geneticists, and laboratory staff. Jetanin states that it became the first IVF centre in Southeast Asia accredited by both JCI and RTAC. Its facilities page also mentions ISO 15189 and ISO 15190 laboratory standards and annual quality-control audits.

    Jetanin’s genetics laboratory describes PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR using NGS and Sanger sequencing. The embryo, genetics, and sperm laboratories are presented as in-house services. This is a strong signal for patients who want a fully integrated lab.

    What to confirm: Verify the current scope of JCI and RTAC certificates – do they cover the genetics lab specifically? Ask for the latest ISO 15189 audit report. Confirm which geneticist will interpret your results and how you will receive counseling.

    3. MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center

    MedPark is located within MedPark Hospital in Bangkok. Its official center page describes reproductive medicine, urology, infertility nursing, and embryology support. Published services include IVF/ICSI, IUI, egg, sperm, and embryo freezing, PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR, recurrent miscarriage evaluation, and fertility preservation.

    MedPark highlights ESHRE-certified embryologists, time-lapse incubation, and AI-assisted embryo assessment. The center does not explicitly list JCI or RTAC on the page we reviewed, but it does mention ESHRE certification for staff. The official page listed an IVF/ICSI package at THB 280,000 when reviewed, but validity and inclusions require written confirmation.

    What to confirm: Ask whether the genetics lab is in-house or outsourced. Request details on the PGT-A platform (e.g., NGS) and the embryologists’ ESHRE certificates. Clarify what the package includes – medication, PGT, freezing, and transfer may be extra.

    4. Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center

    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center is part of Bangkok Hospital Headquarter. Its official center page describes reproductive endocrinologists, embryologists, an in-house embryology laboratory, and male-factor testing. Published services include IVF, ICSI, PGT-A, egg and embryo freezing, and semen analysis.

    The center does not list specific accreditations on the page we reviewed, but it is part of a large hospital network that may hold JCI or other certifications. The official fly-in packages reviewed in July 2026 list THB 335,000 from stimulation through embryo transfer and THB 456,000 with PGT and freezing for two embryos, valid to 31 December 2026.

    What to confirm: Ask for the hospital’s current accreditations and whether they cover the fertility center’s lab. Confirm if PGT-A is performed in-house or referred. Request a detailed quotation that matches the package inclusions.

    5. Bumrungrad International Hospital

    Bumrungrad is a large multidisciplinary hospital in central Bangkok. Its provider listing describes IVF, ICSI, and reproductive medicine services. The listing names Dr. Phattaraphum Phophong, with training in reproductive medicine and prenatal genetics. Bumrungrad’s integrated setting may be useful if you need other medical specialties, but the fertility team and laboratory details are not fully described in the public profile.

    What to confirm: Ask for the current fertility center accreditations, the embryology lab’s quality certifications, and whether PGT-A is available on-site. Request the names and credentials of the geneticists who would handle your case.

    6. Superior A.R.T. Thailand

    Superior A.R.T. is a specialist assisted-reproduction and genetics center in Bangkok, established in 2007. Its official website emphasizes IVF, ICSI, and PGT pathways. The center does not publish specific accreditations in the profile we reviewed, but it is dedicated to reproductive genetics.

    What to confirm: Ask for the laboratory’s quality certifications (e.g., ISO 15189, CAP, UK NEQAS). Confirm the PGT-A method and whether the lab is in-house. Request a written package boundary that lists what is included and what is not.

    7. Prime Fertility Clinic

    Prime Fertility Clinic is located at Pearl Bangkok. Its provider listing describes IVF, ICSI, embryo freezing, assisted hatching, and international-patient care. The listing names Dr. Poonkiat Punyamitr and reports 19 years of experience. Prime describes JCI Ambulatory Care accreditation, which is a specific JCI program for outpatient clinics.

    What to confirm: Ask whether the JCI accreditation covers the laboratory and PGT services. Confirm if PGT-A is performed on-site or sent to an external lab. Request a written quotation that includes all genetic testing fees.

    Comparison Table: PGT-A Lab Features at a Glance

    Center Published Accreditations PGT-A Services Lab Type Price Information
    DHC JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, UK NEQAS PGT (including PGT-A) In-house embryology lab THB 490,000 basic cycle (June 2026)
    Jetanin JCI, RTAC, ISO 15189, ISO 15190 PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR In-house genetics lab Not listed
    MedPark ESHRE-certified embryologists PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR Not specified IVF/ICSI package THB 280,000 (reviewed)
    Bangkok Hospital Not listed PGT-A In-house embryology lab Packages from THB 335,000
    Bumrungrad Not listed IVF, ICSI (PGT not specified) Not specified Not listed
    Superior A.R.T. Not listed PGT pathways Not specified Not listed
    Prime JCI Ambulatory Care IVF, ICSI (PGT not specified) Not specified Not listed

    Note: “Not listed” means the information is not in the current hospital library profile. Always ask the clinic for current certificates and written quotations.

    Questions to Ask Any PGT-A Lab in Thailand

    • Which accreditations do you hold, and can you share the current certificates with expiration dates?
    • Is the PGT-A genetic analysis performed in your own laboratory or sent to an external facility?
    • What genetic testing platform do you use (e.g., NGS, array CGH)?
    • How many embryos have you biopsied and analyzed in the last year?
    • What is your policy on embryo re-biopsy or inconclusive results?
    • Who interprets the genetic results, and will I receive genetic counseling?
    • What is the total cost for PGT-A, including biopsy, analysis, and any additional storage or shipping fees?

    Next Steps: Your PGT-A Lab Checklist

    1. Shortlist 2–3 centers that match your medical and travel needs.
    2. Request written confirmation of accreditations and laboratory scope.
    3. Ask for a detailed quotation that separates IVF, PGT-A, medication, and storage costs.
    4. Clarify whether the center has experience with your specific situation (e.g., advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage).
    5. Arrange a consultation to discuss your results and the lab’s quality controls.

    Choosing a PGT-A lab is a personal decision. Accreditation is one piece of the puzzle, but you also need to feel confident in the medical team, the communication, and the overall care plan. Use this guide as a starting point, and always verify the latest information directly with the clinic.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the most important accreditation for a PGT-A lab in Thailand?

    There is no single 'most important' accreditation. Look for a combination: hospital-level accreditations like JCI or RTAC, laboratory-specific standards like ISO 15189, and proficiency testing such as CAP or UK NEQAS. Each covers different aspects of quality.

    Does JCI accreditation guarantee accurate PGT-A results?

    No. JCI accreditation assesses overall hospital quality and safety, not the specific accuracy of genetic tests. It is a good baseline, but you should also ask about laboratory-specific standards and external quality assessments.

    Should I choose a clinic with an in-house genetics lab?

    An in-house lab can mean shorter transport times and more integrated care, but external labs can also be highly accredited. The key is to ask where your samples will be analyzed and what quality controls that lab follows.

    Are PGT-A success rates published by Thai clinics reliable?

    Published success rates are averages and may not reflect your individual chances. Always ask how the rate was calculated, what patient population it includes, and whether it is verified by an independent body.

    How much does PGT-A cost in Thailand?

    Costs vary widely. Some clinics list package prices, but PGT-A is often an add-on. For example, DHC lists a basic cycle at THB 490,000, and Bangkok Hospital lists packages from THB 335,000. Always request a written quotation that itemizes PGT-A fees.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A for Recurrent Miscarriage in Thailand: What to Consider

    Recurrent miscarriage—often defined as two or more pregnancy losses—can be emotionally and physically exhausting. When you are exploring next steps, you may hear about preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). PGT-A screens embryos created through IVF for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, which are a common cause of early pregnancy loss. But is PGT-A right for everyone with recurrent miscarriage? Not necessarily. This guide explains what PGT-A can and cannot do, how it fits into a broader evaluation, and what to consider if you are looking at clinics in Thailand.

    At a glance: PGT-A and recurrent miscarriage

    • What PGT-A does: It screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) before transfer.
    • Who may consider it: People with recurrent miscarriage, especially when other causes have been ruled out or when maternal age is advanced.
    • What it does not do: It does not guarantee a pregnancy or a live birth, and it does not test for all genetic conditions.
    • What to do first: A thorough medical evaluation for recurrent miscarriage is essential before deciding on PGT-A.

    Understanding recurrent miscarriage

    Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is typically defined as two or more consecutive miscarriages. It affects a small percentage of couples trying to conceive. Causes can include chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo, uterine structural issues, hormonal or immune factors, blood clotting disorders, and lifestyle influences. In many cases, no clear cause is found.

    Because chromosomal abnormalities in embryos are a leading cause of early miscarriage, PGT-A has been proposed as a way to select embryos with the expected number of chromosomes, potentially reducing the risk of another loss. However, PGT-A is not a first-line test for everyone. Your doctor will usually recommend a full evaluation first, which may include blood tests, imaging of the uterus, and genetic testing of the parents.

    What is PGT-A and how does it work?

    PGT-A is a technique used during in vitro fertilization (IVF). After eggs are fertilized to create embryos, a small number of cells are removed from each embryo (usually at the blastocyst stage, around day 5 or 6 of development). These cells are then analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities. Embryos with the expected number of chromosomes (euploid) are considered suitable for transfer, while those with missing or extra chromosomes (aneuploid) are typically not transferred.

    It is important to understand that PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It looks for common chromosomal abnormalities but cannot detect all genetic problems. Also, the biopsy and testing process is not perfect; there is a small risk of error, and some embryos may be mosaic (containing both normal and abnormal cells).

    Can PGT-A help with recurrent miscarriage?

    The answer depends on the cause of your miscarriages. If the losses are due to chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo, PGT-A may help by identifying embryos that are less likely to miscarry. However, if the cause is uterine, hormonal, or immune-related, PGT-A will not address that issue.

    Research on PGT-A for recurrent miscarriage has shown mixed results. Some studies suggest that PGT-A may reduce the miscarriage rate in certain groups, especially women over 35, but it does not necessarily improve the overall chance of a live birth per IVF cycle. Other studies have not found a clear benefit for all women with recurrent pregnancy loss. This is why PGT-A is not universally recommended for RPL; it is a decision to make with your doctor based on your specific history and test results.

    What Thai clinics offer for PGT-A

    Thailand has many fertility clinics that offer IVF and preimplantation genetic testing, including PGT-A. If you are considering treatment in Thailand, you will find that clinics typically provide a range of services, such as:

    • Initial consultations and fertility assessments
    • IVF with PGT-A (often as part of a package)
    • Genetic counseling before and after testing
    • Embryo biopsy and genetic analysis (often done in collaboration with an accredited laboratory)

    However, the availability and specifics of PGT-A can vary between clinics. Some clinics may offer PGT-A as a standard option, while others may recommend it only in certain situations. It is essential to ask about the clinic’s experience with PGT-A for recurrent miscarriage, the laboratory they use, and their success rates—though keep in mind that success rates are not always directly comparable.

    Questions to ask a Thai clinic about PGT-A

    Before you decide on a clinic, consider asking these questions:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A for patients who have had recurrent miscarriages?
    • Which genetic laboratory do you use, and are they accredited?
    • What is the biopsy technique, and how many cells are removed?
    • How do you handle mosaic embryos or inconclusive results?
    • What is the cost of PGT-A in addition to the IVF cycle?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling to help interpret results?
    • What are the next steps if no euploid embryos are available?

    Alternatives and complementary tests

    PGT-A is not the only option. Depending on your situation, your doctor may suggest:

    • Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) – if you or your partner carry a specific genetic condition.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements (PGT-SR) – if you or your partner have a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation.
    • Karyotyping of both partners – to check for balanced translocations that may not affect health but can cause miscarriages.
    • Uterine evaluation – such as hysteroscopy or saline infusion sonography to check for structural issues.
    • Immune testing and treatment – if an immune cause is suspected.

    Your doctor will help you decide which tests are appropriate based on your history.

    Limitations and risks of PGT-A

    It is crucial to have realistic expectations. PGT-A has limitations:

    • It does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or live birth.
    • It cannot detect all genetic abnormalities, such as those caused by small deletions or duplications.
    • There is a small risk that the biopsy could damage the embryo, though this is rare.
    • Testing may result in no embryos suitable for transfer, which can be emotionally difficult.
    • PGT-A adds significant cost to an IVF cycle.

    Also, PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. For younger women without a history of miscarriage, PGT-A may not improve live birth rates and could lead to unnecessary discard of embryos that might have self-corrected.

    Next steps: making a decision

    If you are considering PGT-A for recurrent miscarriage in Thailand, here is a step-by-step approach:

    1. Complete a full RPL evaluation – work with a reproductive specialist to rule out other causes.
    2. Discuss your specific history – share your age, number of losses, and any previous test results.
    3. Ask about PGT-A’s potential benefit for you – your doctor can explain the evidence in your context.
    4. Research clinics in Thailand – look for clinics with experience in PGT-A and genetic counseling.
    5. Clarify costs and logistics – ask about the full cost of IVF with PGT-A, including medications, biopsy, and analysis.
    6. Consider genetic counseling – before and after testing to understand your results and options.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool, not a promise. It can provide valuable information to help you and your doctor make decisions, but it is not a guarantee of a healthy baby. Take your time, ask questions, and choose a clinic that supports you with clear communication and realistic guidance.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A recommended for all women with recurrent miscarriage?

    No. PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. It may be considered when chromosomal abnormalities are suspected as a cause, especially in women over 35 or after a full evaluation has ruled out other factors. Your doctor will assess your individual history.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a live birth?

    No. PGT-A can reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities, but it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a live birth. Other factors, such as uterine health and embryo implantation, also play a role.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens embryos for abnormal numbers of chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for specific genetic disorders that the parents are known to carry. They are used for different purposes and can be done together in some cases.

    How much does PGT-A cost in Thailand?

    The cost of PGT-A in Thailand varies by clinic and may be included in an IVF package or added separately. It is important to ask for a detailed breakdown of costs, including the biopsy, genetic analysis, and any additional fees.

    What happens if no normal embryos are available after PGT-A?

    If no euploid embryos are available, your doctor will discuss options such as repeating an IVF cycle, using donor eggs, or considering other treatments. This is an emotionally challenging outcome, and genetic counseling can help you understand your choices.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A and PGT-M: questions each test is intended to answer

    How to use this guide

    This page provides the explanation. For a separate practical record, use PGT-A or PGT-M enquiry: laboratory preparation and quote checklist. Record the responsible provider’s answers rather than treating a generic example as confirmation for your case.

    PGT-A vs PGT-M: Understanding the Basics

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand, you may come across two common genetic tests: PGT-A and PGT-M. Both are performed on embryos before transfer, but they answer different questions. PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) checks for the correct number of chromosomes, while PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders) looks for specific inherited genetic conditions. This guide explains the difference to help you discuss options with your fertility team.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A: Screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-M: Tests for a specific genetic disorder that runs in the family.
    • Purpose: PGT-A aims to improve IVF success by selecting chromosomally normal embryos; PGT-M aims to avoid passing on a known genetic condition.
    • Who it’s for: PGT-A is often considered for women of advanced maternal age or those with recurrent miscarriage; PGT-M is for couples with a known monogenic disorder.
    • Method: Both require a biopsy of a few cells from the embryo, usually on day 5 or 6.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, previously known as preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), checks embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. An extra or missing chromosome is called aneuploidy. Many aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A can identify which embryos have the correct number of chromosomes, potentially helping your doctor choose the embryo most likely to lead to a successful pregnancy.

    PGT-A is often recommended for:

    • Women over 35, as the risk of aneuploidy increases with age.
    • Couples who have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss.
    • Couples with previous failed IVF cycles.
    • Couples who want to reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities.

    It is important to note that PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy baby. It only screens for chromosomal number abnormalities, not all genetic conditions.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is used when one or both partners carry a specific genetic mutation that could cause a monogenic disorder, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. The test identifies embryos that have inherited the mutation, allowing the transfer of embryos free from that particular condition.

    PGT-M is typically recommended for:

    • Couples with a known genetic disorder in their family.
    • Couples who are carriers of an autosomal recessive or X-linked condition.
    • Couples who have had a child with a genetic disorder and wish to avoid passing it on.

    PGT-M requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation. The test is highly specific and does not screen for other chromosomal abnormalities unless combined with PGT-A.

    Key Differences Between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    Purpose Checks for chromosomal number abnormalities Checks for a specific genetic mutation
    Who it’s for General IVF patients, especially those with age-related risks Couples with a known genetic disorder
    Method Biopsy of embryo cells, then analysis of chromosomes Biopsy of embryo cells, then analysis for specific mutation
    Result Identifies embryos with normal chromosome number Identifies embryos without the specific mutation
    Limitations Does not detect all genetic disorders Does not detect chromosomal abnormalities unless combined with PGT-A

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M Be Combined?

    Yes, in some cases, PGT-A and PGT-M can be performed together on the same embryo biopsy. This is sometimes called PGT-A+PGT-M or comprehensive PGT. Combining them allows you to screen for both chromosomal abnormalities and a specific genetic mutation. However, this may increase the cost and complexity of the testing. Your fertility clinic can advise whether combined testing is appropriate for your situation.

    How Are PGT-A and PGT-M Performed?

    Both tests follow a similar process:

    1. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval: Eggs are collected and fertilized with sperm in the lab.
    2. Embryo culture: Embryos are grown to the blastocyst stage, usually by day 5 or 6.
    3. Biopsy: A few cells are removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm).
    4. Genetic analysis: The cells are sent to a genetics lab for analysis.
    5. Embryo transfer: A healthy embryo is selected for transfer, usually in a subsequent cycle.

    The biopsy is performed by an embryologist, and the analysis is done in a specialized laboratory. The time required for results may vary, so ask your clinic about the expected timeline.

    When Is Each Test Recommended?

    Your doctor may recommend PGT-A if you have no known genetic disorder but want to reduce the risk of chromosomal abnormalities. PGT-M is recommended when there is a specific genetic condition in your family. In some cases, both tests may be suggested, especially if you are of advanced maternal age and also carry a genetic mutation.

    It is essential to have genetic counseling before undergoing PGT-M to understand the implications of the results and the limitations of the test.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    When considering PGT-A or PGT-M in Thailand, ask your fertility clinic:

    • Which genetic tests do you offer, and what is the difference in your lab?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage?
    • How long does it take to get results?
    • What are the risks of embryo biopsy?
    • What is the cost of PGT-A and PGT-M, and are they covered by any packages?
    • Do you have genetic counseling available?

    Next Steps

    If you are deciding between PGT-A and PGT-M, start by discussing your medical history and family history with a fertility specialist. They can help you determine which test, if any, is appropriate. You may also want to consult a genetic counselor to understand the implications of testing.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, or visit our guides section. If you have specific questions, check our FAQ page.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Accuracy in Thailand: What Patients Should Know

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a screening method used during IVF to check embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. Many patients in Thailand consider PGT-A to increase the chance of a successful pregnancy, especially after repeated implantation failure or at an older maternal age. However, PGT-A is not a guarantee of a healthy baby, and its accuracy depends on several factors. This guide explains what PGT-A can and cannot tell you, how results are interpreted, and what to consider when choosing PGT-A in Thailand.

    What Is PGT-A and How Does It Work?

    PGT-A is a test performed on embryos created through IVF. A few cells are removed from the embryo (usually from the trophectoderm, which becomes the placenta) and analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities. The goal is to identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid) versus those with missing or extra chromosomes (aneuploid). Transferring a euploid embryo may reduce the risk of miscarriage and increase the chance of implantation, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy child.

    How Accurate Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A is highly accurate in detecting chromosomal abnormalities in the sampled cells, but it is not 100% perfect. The accuracy can be affected by:

    • Mosaicism: Embryos may have a mix of normal and abnormal cells. A biopsy may not capture the true chromosomal status of the entire embryo.
    • Technical limitations: The testing method (e.g., next-generation sequencing) has a small error rate.
    • Embryo self-correction: Some embryos with abnormal cells may self-correct during development, leading to a false positive result (embryo labeled abnormal but could have developed normally).

    In Thailand, as elsewhere, the accuracy of PGT-A depends on the laboratory’s quality, the biopsy technique, and the genetic testing platform used. However, no specific accuracy rates can be provided without official data from Thai clinics.

    What Do PGT-A Results Mean?

    PGT-A results are typically reported as:

    • Euploid: Normal chromosome number – suitable for transfer.
    • Aneuploid: Abnormal chromosome number – generally not recommended for transfer.
    • Mosaic: Mixed cell population – may be considered for transfer in some cases, but with caution.
    • No result: The test failed to produce a result – may require re-biopsy or additional testing.

    It is important to understand that PGT-A does not test for all genetic disorders. It only screens for chromosomal abnormalities, not single-gene disorders (which require PGT-M) or structural rearrangements (which require PGT-SR).

    Factors That Can Affect PGT-A Accuracy in Thai Labs

    Several factors can influence the reliability of PGT-A results in Thailand:

    • Embryo biopsy timing: Biopsy is usually done on day 5 or 6 (blastocyst stage). Biopsy too early or too late may affect accuracy.
    • Number of cells biopsied: A sufficient number of cells is needed for reliable analysis.
    • Laboratory quality: The experience of the embryology team and the laboratory’s accreditation play a role.
    • Genetic testing platform: Different platforms have varying levels of sensitivity and specificity.
    • Embryo quality: Poor-quality embryos may have higher rates of mosaicism, affecting interpretation.

    When considering PGT-A in Thailand, ask the clinic about their laboratory protocols, quality control measures, and how they handle inconclusive or mosaic results.

    PGT-A vs. Other Genetic Tests

    PGT-A is often confused with other types of preimplantation genetic testing:

    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders): Tests for specific single-gene diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements): Tests for chromosomal structural abnormalities, such as translocations.

    These tests are different from PGT-A and are used for different medical indications. Some patients may need more than one type of testing.

    Who Might Consider PGT-A?

    PGT-A is not recommended for everyone. It may be considered in cases such as:

    • Advanced maternal age (usually over 35)
    • Previous miscarriage or implantation failure
    • Severe male factor infertility
    • Previous aneuploidy pregnancy

    However, the decision to use PGT-A should be made in consultation with a fertility specialist, considering individual circumstances and risks.

    Limitations and Risks of PGT-A

    PGT-A has limitations that patients should understand:

    • Not a guarantee: A euploid embryo may still fail to implant or result in miscarriage.
    • Biopsy risk: The biopsy procedure carries a small risk of damaging the embryo.
    • False positives/negatives: As mentioned, mosaicism and technical errors can lead to incorrect results.
    • Cost: PGT-A adds to the cost of IVF, and not all patients will benefit.

    It is essential to have realistic expectations and discuss the potential benefits and risks with your doctor.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic in Thailand

    Before undergoing PGT-A in Thailand, consider asking:

    • What genetic testing platform do you use, and what is its accuracy rate?
    • How many cells are biopsied, and what is your success rate for obtaining a result?
    • How do you handle mosaic embryos?
    • What is your laboratory’s accreditation and quality control process?
    • How will PGT-A results be interpreted in my specific case?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-A in Thailand, take these steps:

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to determine if PGT-A is appropriate for you.
    2. Research clinics and their laboratory standards.
    3. Ask detailed questions about the testing process and result interpretation.
    4. Consider the financial implications and whether PGT-A is covered by any packages.

    For more information on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You may also find our general guides and FAQ helpful.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A 100% accurate?

    No, PGT-A is not 100% accurate. It can have false positives and false negatives due to mosaicism, technical limitations, and embryo self-correction. However, it is a reliable screening tool when performed in a quality laboratory.

    What is a false positive in PGT-A?

    A false positive occurs when PGT-A labels an embryo as abnormal (aneuploid) when it actually has the potential to develop into a healthy baby. This can happen due to mosaicism or technical errors.

    How accurate is PGT-A in Thailand?

    The accuracy of PGT-A in Thailand depends on the clinic's laboratory standards, biopsy technique, and testing platform. There is no single accuracy rate for the entire country. It is best to ask your specific clinic about their quality control and success rates.

    Can PGT-A results be wrong?

    Yes, PGT-A results can be wrong, though rarely. Mosaicism and technical errors can lead to incorrect results. This is why it is important to discuss the limitations with your doctor.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT-A does not guarantee a healthy baby. It only screens for chromosomal abnormalities and does not detect all genetic disorders or birth defects. A euploid embryo may still fail to implant or miscarry.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • IVF and Genetic Carrier Screening in Thailand: What to Know

    What Is Genetic Carrier Screening?

    Genetic carrier screening is a blood or saliva test that looks for changes (variants) in genes that can cause certain inherited conditions. If you carry a variant for a condition, you usually do not have the condition yourself, but you may pass the variant to your children. When both partners carry a variant in the same gene, there is a chance their child could inherit the condition.

    Carrier screening can be done before pregnancy or as part of your IVF planning. It is not a routine test for everyone, and it does not screen for all possible genetic conditions. The decision to have carrier screening is personal and should be made with the help of a genetic counselor or healthcare provider.

    At a Glance: Key Points

    • Carrier screening identifies genetic variants that may not affect you but could affect your children.
    • It is most informative when both partners are tested.
    • Results can help you understand reproductive options, including IVF with preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M).
    • Carrier screening is not a guarantee of a healthy baby and does not replace other prenatal tests.
    • In Thailand, carrier screening is available in many fertility centers, but availability and panels vary.

    How Carrier Screening Relates to IVF and PGT-M

    If you are planning IVF, carrier screening results may influence your treatment plan. For example, if both partners are carriers for the same autosomal recessive condition, you may consider IVF with PGT-M. PGT-M is a technique used to test embryos for a specific genetic condition before transfer. It is not a routine add-on for all IVF patients; it is used when there is a known risk of passing on a particular genetic disorder.

    Carrier screening is not the same as PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy), which screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities. PGT-M is targeted to a specific gene, while PGT-A looks at chromosome number. Some patients may have both types of testing, but the decision depends on your medical history and reproductive goals.

    What Does Carrier Screening Test For?

    Carrier screening panels vary. Some test for a few common conditions, while expanded panels may screen for hundreds of conditions. In Thailand, the specific panel offered will depend on the laboratory and clinic. Common conditions screened include cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, thalassemia, and others, but the exact list varies.

    It is important to ask your clinic which conditions are included in the panel and whether it is tailored to your ethnic background. Some genetic conditions are more common in certain populations, and a genetic counselor can help you understand which panel may be most relevant for you.

    What Do Results Mean?

    Carrier screening results can be positive, negative, or inconclusive. A positive result means you carry a variant for a condition, but it does not mean you have the condition. A negative result reduces the likelihood that you are a carrier for the conditions tested, but it does not eliminate all risk. Inconclusive results are rare but may require further testing.

    If both partners are carriers for the same condition, the chance of having an affected child is 25% with each pregnancy. This is a statistical chance, not a certainty. A genetic counselor can explain your specific results and what they mean for your family planning.

    Carrier Screening in Thailand: What to Consider

    If you are considering carrier screening in Thailand, here are some points to discuss with your clinic:

    • Which genetic conditions are included in the screening panel?
    • Is the test performed in Thailand or sent to an overseas laboratory?
    • How long will it take to receive results?
    • Will a genetic counselor be available to explain the results?
    • How do results affect your IVF treatment plan, if at all?

    Costs for carrier screening can vary widely, and insurance coverage may not apply. It is best to ask for a detailed quote and check whether the fee includes counseling.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What type of carrier screening do you offer, and what conditions does it cover?
    • Do you recommend carrier screening for all IVF patients, or only for those with a family history?
    • If we both are carriers, what are our options for IVF and PGT-M?
    • Are there any limitations to the screening test?
    • Can we meet with a genetic counselor before and after testing?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Discuss your family history and any known genetic conditions with your healthcare provider.
    2. Ask your fertility clinic about carrier screening options and whether they recommend it for you.
    3. If you decide to proceed, arrange for both partners to be tested.
    4. Plan to review results with a genetic counselor to understand your options.
    5. Consider how results may affect your IVF timeline and treatment decisions.

    Carrier screening is a personal choice. It can provide useful information, but it is not required for everyone. Always seek guidance from qualified professionals who can interpret your results in the context of your overall health and reproductive plans.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is genetic carrier screening necessary before IVF?

    Carrier screening is not necessary for everyone. It is recommended when there is a family history of a genetic condition, or when you want more information about your risks. Discuss with your doctor whether it is appropriate for you.

    What is the difference between carrier screening and PGT-M?

    Carrier screening tests parents to see if they carry a gene variant. PGT-M tests embryos for a specific genetic condition before transfer. Carrier screening can identify couples at risk, and PGT-M can help select embryos that do not have the condition.

    Can carrier screening be done in Thailand?

    Yes, many fertility clinics in Thailand offer carrier screening. The availability of specific panels may vary, so ask your clinic about the tests they provide.

    What if both partners are carriers for the same condition?

    If both partners are carriers for the same autosomal recessive condition, there is a 25% chance with each pregnancy that the child will be affected. You may consider IVF with PGT-M to test embryos for that condition. A genetic counselor can explain your options.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Prepare for IVF as a Patient with Diabetes in Thailand

    If you have diabetes and are considering IVF in Thailand, preparation involves more than just choosing a clinic. Your overall health, especially blood sugar management, plays a key role in how your body responds to fertility treatment. This checklist helps you organize your preparation, focusing on what you can do before starting treatment and what to discuss with your healthcare team.

    At a Glance: Key Preparation Steps

    • Work with your diabetes care team to optimize blood sugar levels before starting IVF.
    • Gather your medical records, including recent HbA1c results and any diabetes-related complications.
    • Discuss your fertility goals with both your endocrinologist and fertility specialist.
    • Ask your IVF clinic about their experience with patients who have diabetes.
    • Plan for medication adjustments and monitoring during the IVF cycle.

    Understanding the Impact of Diabetes on IVF

    Diabetes can affect fertility in both men and women, and it may influence IVF outcomes. High blood sugar levels can impact egg quality, embryo development, and implantation. For men, diabetes may affect sperm quality. However, with careful management, many people with diabetes successfully undergo IVF. The key is to work closely with your healthcare providers to stabilize your condition before and during treatment.

    Step 1: Optimize Blood Sugar Management

    Before starting IVF, aim to have your blood sugar levels as well controlled as possible. This often means working with your endocrinologist or diabetes specialist to adjust your medication, diet, and lifestyle. Your HbA1c level, which reflects average blood sugar over the past two to three months, is a useful indicator. Discuss with your doctor what target range is appropriate for you, as individual goals may vary.

    Medication Review

    Some diabetes medications may need to be adjusted or changed during IVF treatment, especially if you become pregnant. For example, certain oral medications may not be recommended during pregnancy, and your doctor may switch you to insulin. Review all your medications with your healthcare team before starting IVF.

    Monitoring Plan

    Plan for more frequent blood sugar monitoring during your IVF cycle. Hormonal medications used in IVF can affect blood sugar levels, so you may need to check your levels more often and adjust your insulin or other medications accordingly. Your fertility clinic should coordinate with your diabetes team to ensure a safe monitoring plan.

    Step 2: Build Your Multidisciplinary Care Team

    IVF with diabetes requires collaboration between your fertility specialist, endocrinologist, and possibly other specialists such as a dietitian or cardiologist. Before starting treatment, ensure that all your providers are aware of your plans and can communicate with each other. This helps prevent complications and ensures that your care is coordinated.

    Questions to Ask Your Fertility Clinic

    • Do you have experience treating patients with diabetes?
    • How do you coordinate care with my endocrinologist?
    • What additional monitoring will I need during the IVF cycle?
    • Are there any specific risks I should be aware of?
    • How will my diabetes affect the choice of fertility medications?

    Step 3: Gather Your Medical Records

    When you consult with an IVF clinic in Thailand, bring a comprehensive summary of your diabetes history. This includes:

    • Recent HbA1c results and blood sugar logs
    • List of current medications and dosages
    • Any diabetes-related complications (e.g., kidney, eye, or nerve issues)
    • History of any previous fertility treatments
    • Any other medical conditions or surgeries

    Having this information ready helps the clinic assess your situation and plan your treatment appropriately.

    Step 4: Plan for Travel and Stay in Thailand

    If you are traveling to Thailand for IVF, consider how your diabetes management will be affected by travel. Plan for:

    • Carrying enough medication and supplies for your stay, plus extra in case of delays.
    • Adjusting medication schedules for time zone changes.
    • Knowing where to get medical help if needed.
    • Keeping your diabetes care team informed of your travel plans.

    Discuss with your clinic about the recommended length of stay and any requirements for monitoring during your time in Thailand.

    Step 5: Understand the IVF Process and Timeline

    IVF involves several steps, including ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, and embryo transfer. Each step may require adjustments based on your diabetes. For example, the medications used for ovarian stimulation can affect blood sugar levels, and the egg retrieval procedure may require fasting, which can impact your glucose control. Your clinic should provide a clear timeline and instructions for each stage.

    Questions to Ask About the IVF Cycle

    • What is the typical timeline for an IVF cycle at your clinic?
    • How will my blood sugar be managed during procedures that require fasting?
    • What are the signs of complications I should watch for?
    • How will you monitor my response to fertility medications?

    Step 6: Prepare for Potential Outcomes

    IVF does not guarantee pregnancy, and diabetes can add complexity. It is important to have realistic expectations and to discuss potential outcomes with your doctor. Ask about the likelihood of success based on your individual circumstances, but remember that no one can predict the outcome. Also, discuss what happens if you do become pregnant, including how your diabetes will be managed during pregnancy.

    Next Steps: Your Pre-IVF Checklist

    • Schedule a preconception consultation with your endocrinologist.
    • Get a full health assessment, including kidney and eye checks if recommended.
    • Choose an IVF clinic in Thailand and schedule a consultation.
    • Ask the clinic about their experience with diabetic patients.
    • Coordinate with both your diabetes team and fertility clinic to create a unified plan.
    • Plan your travel and accommodation, considering your medical needs.

    For more general information on IVF and fertility treatment, visit our guides and patient resources. If you have specific questions, feel free to contact us or check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I undergo IVF if I have diabetes?

    Yes, many people with diabetes successfully undergo IVF. However, it requires careful management of your blood sugar levels and close coordination between your fertility specialist and diabetes care team. Your doctor will assess your individual situation to determine the best approach.

    How does diabetes affect IVF success?

    Diabetes can affect fertility and IVF outcomes, particularly if blood sugar levels are not well controlled. High blood sugar may impact egg and sperm quality, embryo development, and implantation. Optimizing your blood sugar before and during treatment can help improve your chances.

    What should I bring to my first IVF consultation in Thailand?

    Bring a summary of your diabetes history, including recent HbA1c results, blood sugar logs, a list of current medications, and any information about diabetes-related complications. Also bring any previous fertility treatment records and a list of questions for the doctor.

    Will my diabetes medications need to change during IVF?

    Possibly. Some diabetes medications may not be suitable during IVF or pregnancy, and your doctor may adjust your treatment. For example, you might need to switch to insulin. Always consult with your healthcare team before making any changes.

    How can I manage my blood sugar during an IVF cycle?

    Your healthcare team will help you create a monitoring plan. You may need to check your blood sugar more frequently and adjust your medication doses. Also, follow your doctor's advice on diet and lifestyle during the cycle.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: What’s the Difference?

    Understanding PGT-A and PGT-M

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand, you may come across terms like PGT-A and PGT-M. Both are advanced genetic tests performed on embryos before transfer, but they answer different questions. PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) checks whether an embryo has the correct number of chromosomes. PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders) looks for a specific inherited genetic condition, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassemia. In short, PGT-A is a general screen, while PGT-M is a targeted test for a known genetic risk.

    At a Glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A: Screens for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) that may affect implantation or lead to miscarriage.
    • PGT-M: Tests for a specific single-gene disorder that runs in the family.
    • PGT-SR: A related test for structural rearrangements like translocations.
    • Choice depends on your medical history: PGT-A is often considered for advanced maternal age or recurrent miscarriage; PGT-M is used when both partners are carriers of a genetic condition.

    What Does PGT-A Test For?

    PGT-A, formerly known as PGS, evaluates embryos for aneuploidy—having too many or too few chromosomes. Most embryos with aneuploidy fail to implant or result in miscarriage. By selecting embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, PGT-A may improve the chances of a successful pregnancy, especially for women over a certain age or those with recurrent implantation failure.

    PGT-A does not test for specific genetic diseases. It is a general screen that looks at all chromosomes. It can identify conditions like Down syndrome (trisomy 21) but cannot tell you if an embryo carries a gene for a single-gene disorder.

    What Does PGT-M Test For?

    PGT-M is used when there is a known genetic condition in the family. It requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation. PGT-M then checks embryos for that exact mutation, allowing transfer of embryos that do not carry the disorder.

    PGT-M is often used for conditions like thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, and many others. It is also used for HLA matching (to create a sibling donor for an existing child with a condition like Fanconi anemia).

    PGT-SR: A Related Test

    PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) is used when one parent has a balanced translocation or other chromosomal rearrangement. This can cause embryos to have missing or extra chromosomal material, leading to miscarriage or birth defects. PGT-SR identifies embryos with normal or balanced chromosomes.

    How Are PGT-A and PGT-M Performed?

    Both tests require IVF. After eggs are fertilized, embryos are cultured for several days until they reach the blastocyst stage. A few cells are then biopsied from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta). The cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis.

    PGT-A uses techniques like next-generation sequencing (NGS) to count chromosomes. PGT-M uses PCR or other methods to detect the specific mutation. In some cases, PGT-A and PGT-M can be performed simultaneously on the same biopsy.

    Which Test Is Right for You?

    The choice between PGT-A and PGT-M depends on your medical history and reproductive goals. Here are some typical scenarios:

    • PGT-A may be considered if: You are over a certain age (often 35 or older), have experienced recurrent miscarriage, have had repeated IVF failures, or have a history of chromosomal abnormalities in a previous pregnancy.
    • PGT-M may be considered if: You or your partner are carriers of a single-gene disorder, you have a family history of a genetic condition, or you have a child with a genetic disorder and wish to avoid passing it on.
    • PGT-SR may be considered if: You or your partner have a chromosomal rearrangement such as a translocation.

    It is important to note that PGT is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. Even with PGT, there is a small risk of misdiagnosis, and not all embryos that appear normal will implant. PGT is not recommended for everyone; your fertility specialist can help you weigh the benefits and limitations.

    What Are the Limitations of PGT?

    PGT-A and PGT-M have limitations. PGT-A cannot detect all genetic abnormalities, such as microdeletions or uniparental disomy. PGT-M is highly accurate but requires prior genetic testing of the parents. Both tests involve embryo biopsy, which carries a small risk of damage, though this is rare. Additionally, PGT does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects entirely.

    Cost Considerations in Thailand

    The cost of PGT in Thailand varies depending on the clinic, the number of embryos tested, and whether you need PGT-A, PGT-M, or both. PGT-M is generally more expensive than PGT-A because it requires developing a customized test for your specific mutation. Costs may also include genetic counseling, biopsy, and laboratory fees. It is essential to ask your clinic for a detailed breakdown of costs and what is included.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT, consider asking your fertility specialist or clinic:

    • What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M in your practice?
    • Which test do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    • What is the accuracy rate of your genetic testing?
    • How many embryos typically survive the biopsy and testing process?
    • What are the costs for PGT-A, PGT-M, and combined testing?
    • How long does it take to receive results?
    • Are there any additional tests or counseling required?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, start by consulting with a fertility specialist who can review your medical history and recommend the appropriate testing. You may also want to speak with a genetic counselor to understand your risks and options. Once you have a clear picture, you can compare clinics and their PGT services.

    For more information on PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done together?

    Yes, in many cases PGT-A and PGT-M can be performed on the same embryo biopsy. This allows you to screen for chromosomal abnormalities and test for a specific genetic disorder simultaneously. However, not all clinics offer combined testing, so you should confirm with your clinic.

    Is PGT-M only for single gene disorders?

    PGT-M is primarily used for single-gene disorders (monogenic conditions) such as cystic fibrosis, thalassemia, and Huntington's disease. It can also be used for HLA matching in certain situations. For chromosomal structural issues, PGT-SR is more appropriate.

    How long does PGT testing take in Thailand?

    The time for PGT results can vary by clinic and the type of test. Typically, PGT-A results may take a few days to a week, while PGT-M may take longer because a customized test needs to be developed. Your clinic will provide a specific timeline.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No, PGT does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It reduces the risk of transferring embryos with certain genetic abnormalities, but there is still a small chance of misdiagnosis, and other factors can affect pregnancy outcomes.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Prepare for IVF with Endometriosis in Thailand: A Patient Checklist

    If you have endometriosis and are considering IVF in Thailand, preparation goes beyond booking a flight and packing your bags. Endometriosis can affect ovarian reserve, egg quality, and how your body responds to stimulation. A thoughtful, personalized plan—developed with your fertility team—can help you feel more in control. This checklist outlines the key areas to discuss and prepare for, so you can approach your treatment with clarity and confidence.

    At a Glance: Your IVF Preparation Checklist

    • Gather your medical records, especially surgery notes and pathology reports.
    • Understand your ovarian reserve through blood tests and ultrasound.
    • Discuss your endometriosis history and any previous treatments with your doctor.
    • Ask about stimulation protocols tailored to your situation.
    • Plan for pre-cycle testing and any required clearances.
    • Consider lifestyle adjustments that support overall health.
    • Prepare questions for your clinic and know what to confirm before you travel.

    1. Understand Your Endometriosis History

    Your endometriosis journey is unique. Before starting IVF, your doctor will want a complete picture of your condition. Be ready to discuss:

    • Diagnosis: How was endometriosis diagnosed? Was it through symptoms, ultrasound, MRI, or surgery?
    • Surgery history: Have you had laparoscopy or other surgeries for endometriosis? When? What was removed (cysts, lesions, adhesions)?
    • Pathology reports: If you had surgery, bring the pathology report. It can confirm the type and stage of endometriosis.
    • Current symptoms: Pain, heavy bleeding, or other symptoms can influence your treatment plan.

    This information helps your fertility team assess how endometriosis may affect your IVF cycle and tailor your approach.

    2. Assess Your Ovarian Reserve

    Endometriosis, especially ovarian endometriomas (chocolate cysts), can impact ovarian reserve. Your doctor will likely recommend tests to evaluate your egg supply:

    • Blood tests: Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol levels.
    • Ultrasound: Antral follicle count (AFC) and assessment of any ovarian cysts.

    These results help predict how you might respond to stimulation and guide medication dosing. Ask your doctor what these numbers mean for your specific situation.

    3. Discuss Stimulation Protocols

    There is no one-size-fits-all IVF protocol for endometriosis. Your doctor may consider:

    • Long or short protocols: The choice depends on your ovarian reserve, age, and endometriosis severity.
    • Suppression before stimulation: Some protocols use medications to quiet endometriosis activity before starting stimulation.
    • Medication types and doses: These are personalized based on your test results and history.

    Ask your clinic to explain the proposed protocol, why it was chosen, and what to expect at each step.

    4. Plan Pre-Cycle Testing and Clearances

    Before starting IVF, you’ll need standard fertility testing and possibly additional checks:

    • Infectious disease screening: HIV, hepatitis, and others as required by the clinic.
    • Hormonal profile: Day-2 or day-3 blood tests.
    • Ultrasound: To check the uterus, ovaries, and any endometriomas.
    • Semen analysis: If you have a male partner, his fertility assessment is also important.

    Your clinic will provide a list of required tests. Some may need to be done in Thailand, while others can be done in your home country. Confirm which results are accepted.

    5. Consider Lifestyle and Wellness

    While no lifestyle change guarantees success, supporting your overall health can be beneficial:

    • Nutrition: A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
    • Exercise: Moderate activity, but avoid overexertion, especially if you have pain.
    • Stress management: IVF can be emotionally taxing. Consider counseling, meditation, or support groups.
    • Supplements: Only take what your doctor recommends. Some supplements may interact with fertility medications.

    Discuss any supplements or alternative therapies with your fertility team before starting.

    6. Ask Your Clinic These Questions

    When you consult with a Thai fertility clinic, come prepared with questions. Here are some to consider:

    • How does my endometriosis history affect my IVF plan?
    • What is your experience treating patients with endometriosis?
    • What stimulation protocol do you recommend for me, and why?
    • Will you monitor my cycle closely? How often will I have ultrasounds and blood tests?
    • What are the potential risks or complications I should be aware of?
    • How do you handle ovarian cysts or endometriomas during stimulation?
    • What is the estimated timeline for my cycle?
    • What are the costs, and what is included in the package?

    Write down the answers and compare them with your own research.

    7. Plan Your Travel and Stay

    If you’re traveling to Thailand for IVF, consider these logistics:

    • Duration of stay: IVF cycles typically require 2-4 weeks in the country, but confirm with your clinic.
    • Accommodation: Choose a place near the clinic or with easy access to transportation.
    • Communication: Ensure you have a reliable way to contact your clinic, and ask about language support.
    • Legal and documentation: Check if you need any visas or medical records translated. Confirm with the Thai embassy or your clinic.

    These details are often overlooked but can reduce stress during your cycle.

    8. Next Steps: Your Action Plan

    1. Gather all medical records, including surgery notes and pathology reports.
    2. Complete any required blood tests and ultrasounds in your home country if possible.
    3. Research Thai fertility clinics that specialize in endometriosis and IVF.
    4. Schedule a consultation to discuss your history and proposed protocol.
    5. Ask for a written treatment plan and cost estimate.
    6. Plan your travel, accommodation, and time off work.
    7. Prepare emotionally and physically with support from your healthcare team.

    Remember, every patient is different. Your fertility team in Thailand will guide you based on your specific needs. Use this checklist as a starting point, and always seek personalized medical advice.

    For more resources, explore our guides and patient resources. If you have questions, contact us or check our FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does endometriosis affect IVF success rates?

    Endometriosis can impact fertility, but IVF is often used to help patients conceive. Success depends on many factors, including age, ovarian reserve, and the severity of endometriosis. Your doctor can give you a more personalized assessment.

    Should I have surgery for endometriosis before IVF?

    Whether surgery is recommended depends on your symptoms, the size of any cysts, and your ovarian reserve. Some patients benefit from surgery, while others may proceed directly to IVF. Discuss the risks and benefits with your fertility specialist.

    What is the best IVF protocol for endometriosis?

    There is no single best protocol. Your doctor will tailor the protocol based on your ovarian reserve, age, and endometriosis history. Options may include long protocols, short protocols, or those with suppression. Ask your clinic to explain their recommendation.

    How long do I need to stay in Thailand for IVF?

    Typically, an IVF cycle requires about 2-4 weeks in Thailand, but this can vary based on your individual treatment plan and response to medications. Confirm the expected duration with your clinic before traveling.

    Can I do any tests in my home country before coming to Thailand?

    Yes, many clinics accept blood tests and ultrasounds done in your home country, as long as they are recent and from a reputable lab. Check with your chosen clinic to see which tests they require and whether they accept external results.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read Your PGT-A Report in Thailand: A Glossary for Patients

    Receiving your PGT-A report can feel overwhelming. It is full of medical terms and abbreviations that are not part of everyday language. This guide explains the most common terms you will see on a PGT-A report from a clinic in Thailand, in plain English. It is not medical advice, and it does not replace a detailed discussion with your doctor. Instead, it helps you understand the basics so you can ask informed questions.

    At a glance: key terms on your PGT-A report

    • Euploid – the expected number of chromosomes (usually 46).
    • Aneuploid – missing or extra chromosomes.
    • Mosaic – a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers.
    • No result – the test did not produce a clear answer.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. It is a test that can be done on embryos created through IVF before they are transferred to the uterus. The test looks at the number of chromosomes in the embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. Having too many or too few chromosomes can affect whether an embryo develops normally or implants successfully.

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is one tool that may help you and your doctor choose which embryo to transfer. Not every patient needs PGT-A, and its usefulness depends on your individual situation.

    Common terms and abbreviations

    Euploid

    Euploid means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. In a PGT-A report, this is often written as “euploid” or “normal.” A euploid embryo has the best chance of implanting and developing, but it is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy child.

    Aneuploid

    Aneuploid means the embryo has missing or extra chromosomes. This is often written as “aneuploid” or “abnormal.” Aneuploid embryos usually do not implant, or they may miscarry. Some aneuploid conditions, like trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), can result in a live birth with health challenges. Your doctor can explain the specific aneuploidy found in your report.

    Mosaic

    Mosaic means the embryo has a mix of cells: some with the expected number of chromosomes and some with an abnormal number. This is written as “mosaic” or “mosaic aneuploid.” The percentage of abnormal cells may be reported, for example, “20% mosaic.” Mosaic embryos are a gray area. They may have a lower chance of success than euploid embryos, but they can still lead to a healthy birth. The decision to transfer a mosaic embryo is complex and should be made with your doctor.

    No result

    Sometimes the test does not produce a clear answer. This can happen if the biopsy sample was too small, the DNA did not amplify well, or the embryo was not suitable for testing. “No result” does not mean the embryo is abnormal. It simply means the test could not give a definitive answer. Your clinic may offer retesting or discuss other options.

    Other abbreviations you might see

    • PGT-M – preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (single-gene diseases).
    • PGT-SR – preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements (like translocations).
    • CNV – copy number variation, a type of genetic change.
    • SNP – single nucleotide polymorphism, a type of genetic marker.

    These tests are different from PGT-A. Your report may include results from multiple tests if you had them done together.

    How to read your report: a step-by-step approach

    1. Find the embryo identification. Each embryo is usually labeled with a number or code.
    2. Look for the chromosome result. This is often listed as “euploid,” “aneuploid,” “mosaic,” or “no result.”
    3. Check for specific chromosomes. If an aneuploidy is found, the report may list which chromosome is affected (for example, “trisomy 21”).
    4. Note the mosaic percentage. If the embryo is mosaic, the report may show the percentage of abnormal cells.
    5. Read any additional comments. Some reports include notes from the laboratory about the quality of the sample or the confidence of the result.

    If anything is unclear, write down your questions and ask your clinic. They can explain what the results mean for your specific embryos.

    What your report does not tell you

    A PGT-A report does not tell you everything about an embryo. It does not guarantee that an embryo will implant, develop, or result in a healthy baby. It also does not screen for all genetic conditions. PGT-A only looks at the number of chromosomes, not the structure or specific genes. Other tests, like PGT-M, are needed for single-gene disorders.

    Additionally, PGT-A cannot predict the future health of a child. Even a euploid embryo may have other issues that are not detected by this test.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • What does this result mean for my chances of pregnancy?
    • Are there any limitations to this test?
    • Should I consider retesting a “no result” embryo?
    • What are the options for mosaic embryos?
    • How does this result affect my transfer plan?

    Next steps after receiving your report

    • Schedule a follow-up appointment with your doctor to discuss the results.
    • Bring a list of questions to the appointment.
    • Ask for a written explanation if needed.
    • Consider genetic counseling if you have questions about specific results.

    Remember, your PGT-A report is a piece of information, not a final verdict. Your doctor will help you interpret it in the context of your overall treatment.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You may also find our guides and FAQ sections helpful.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does euploid mean on a PGT-A report?

    Euploid means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (usually 46). It is often called 'normal.' A euploid embryo has a good chance of implanting, but it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What does aneuploid mean?

    Aneuploid means the embryo has missing or extra chromosomes. This can affect implantation or lead to miscarriage. Some aneuploidies, like trisomy 21, can result in a live birth with health challenges. Your doctor can explain the specific finding.

    What is a mosaic embryo?

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. For example, some cells may be euploid and some aneuploid. The report may show a percentage of abnormal cells. Mosaic embryos have a lower chance of success than euploid embryos, but they can still lead to a healthy birth. The decision to transfer a mosaic embryo is complex.

    What does 'no result' mean on a PGT-A report?

    'No result' means the test could not produce a clear answer. This can happen if the sample was too small or the DNA did not amplify well. It does not mean the embryo is abnormal. Your clinic may offer retesting or discuss other options.

    Is PGT-A the same as PGT-M?

    No. PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (chromosome number). PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders. They are different tests with different purposes. Your report may include results from both if you had them done.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.