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  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand: What International Patients Should Know Before Starting

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test performed on a small number of cells taken from an embryo during IVF. It looks for extra or missing chromosomes. It is not a treatment, not a guarantee of pregnancy, and not right for every patient. If you are an international patient planning IVF in Thailand, the practical questions are: what does the test actually tell you, how does it change the cycle timeline, what might a report show, and what should you confirm with the clinic before you start? This guide walks through those points in plain English.

    At a glance

    • What it is: a chromosome screening test on a biopsy of embryo cells, usually done in the laboratory before transfer.
    • What it is not: a diagnosis of a specific disease, a guarantee of a healthy child, or a required step in IVF.
    • Where it fits: after fertilisation and embryo development, before any embryo transfer.
    • What a report may show: results described as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or inconclusive — each with different implications.
    • What to confirm: who performs the biopsy, where testing happens, how results are explained, what happens to embryos that are not transferred, and the full cost picture.

    What PGT-A is — and what it is not

    PGT-A examines the number of chromosomes in the cells sampled from an embryo. Humans typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes. An embryo with the expected number is often described as euploid. An embryo with an extra or missing chromosome is described as aneuploid. Some embryos show a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers; these are described as mosaic.

    PGT-A is different from PGT-M (which looks for a specific inherited condition) and PGT-SR (which looks at structural chromosome rearrangements). If you are exploring PGT generally, it helps to know which test is being discussed, because the purpose, the laboratory method, and the counselling needs differ.

    PGT-A does not:

    • diagnose a disease in an embryo or a future child;
    • predict whether an embryo will implant;
    • guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a child without a health condition;
    • replace other prenatal testing or clinical judgement.

    It is one piece of information that you and your clinician may consider alongside your history, the embryo’s development, and your priorities.

    How PGT-A fits into an IVF cycle

    The exact sequence varies by clinic and by your protocol, but the general flow is:

    1. Ovarian stimulation and monitoring — medications are used to encourage multiple eggs to mature, with monitoring visits.
    2. Egg retrieval and fertilisation — eggs are collected and combined with sperm in the laboratory.
    3. Embryo development — embryos are observed for several days. Biopsy for PGT-A is typically performed at a specific stage of development, as determined by the laboratory.
    4. Biopsy and sample preparation — a small number of cells are removed from the embryo and prepared for testing.
    5. Testing — the sample is analysed, either in the same laboratory or at a partner laboratory.
    6. Results and discussion — you receive a report, and a clinician explains what the results may mean for your situation.
    7. Transfer or storage — depending on results and your decisions, an embryo may be transferred, kept in storage, or handled according to the clinic’s policy and your consent.

    Because testing takes time, PGT-A often means a frozen embryo transfer rather than a fresh transfer in the same cycle. That changes the timeline and may affect travel planning. Ask the clinic how many days or weeks are typically needed between retrieval and transfer in your case, and whether any steps can be done remotely.

    What a PGT-A report may show

    Reports vary in wording and detail. Common categories include:

    Report term Plain-English meaning What it does not tell you
    Euploid The tested cells showed the expected number of chromosomes. It does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a child without a health condition.
    Aneuploid The tested cells showed an extra or missing chromosome. It does not describe every cell in the embryo with certainty, and it does not by itself define what you should do next.
    Mosaic The tested cells showed a mix of chromosome patterns. It does not predict a specific outcome, and interpretation may depend on the proportion and type of cells involved.
    Inconclusive / no result The laboratory could not produce a clear result from the sample. It does not mean the embryo is affected or unaffected; it means the information is limited.

    Some reports include additional detail, such as which chromosome was involved or the estimated percentage of mosaic cells. Ask the clinic to walk you through your own report line by line, and to explain the limits of the test in your specific case.

    Who might consider PGT-A — and who might not

    PGT-A is not universally recommended. Whether it is offered or discussed may depend on factors such as your age, your reproductive history, the number of embryos available, previous IVF cycles, and your personal preferences. Some patients choose it to gain information; others decide that the added cost, waiting time, and uncertainty are not worth it for them.

    There is no single right answer. A useful conversation with your clinician covers:

    • what information PGT-A could add in your situation;
    • what it cannot tell you;
    • what alternatives exist, including transferring an untested embryo;
    • how you would use the result if it were euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or inconclusive.

    If you are not sure whether PGT-A is relevant to you, that is a clinical discussion, not a decision you need to make from a website.

    PGT-A lab questions to ask before you commit

    The laboratory side of PGT-A matters, and it is reasonable to ask direct questions. You can ask these before starting a cycle, and you can ask for written answers where possible.

    • Where is the biopsy performed, and who performs it?
    • Is testing done in-house or sent to an external laboratory? If external, which laboratory, and how are samples transported?
    • What testing method is used, and what does the clinic say about its validation and quality controls?
    • How are inconclusive or no-result cases handled, and is there a repeat-testing policy?
    • How are mosaic results reported and explained?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on embryos that are not transferred — storage, donation for research, or other options — and what consent is required?
    • Who explains the report to you, in what language, and is an interpreter available if needed?
    • What is the total cost of PGT-A, including biopsy, laboratory fees, shipping if applicable, storage, and any repeat testing?

    If a clinic cannot answer these questions clearly, that is useful information for your decision-making.

    Practical planning for international patients

    PGT-A can affect how long you need to stay in Thailand, or how many trips you make. Because results take time and transfer is often in a later cycle, some patients plan two visits; others arrange monitoring locally and travel for key steps. The right plan depends on your protocol, your clinic’s requirements, and your own circumstances.

    Before you book travel, confirm with the clinic:

    • which appointments must be in person and which can be done remotely or locally;
    • how results are communicated and how quickly;
    • what happens if results are delayed or inconclusive;
    • what documents, consent forms, or identification the clinic needs from you;
    • what payment methods and currency arrangements are accepted;
    • what the clinic’s policy is on cancellation, refunds, and storage fees.

    For visa, entry, and legal questions, check with the relevant embassy, immigration authority, or a qualified legal professional. Clinic staff can sometimes point you to general information, but they are not a substitute for official guidance.

    Costs: what to ask, not what to assume

    PGT-A pricing is not standardised, and published figures can become outdated. Rather than relying on a number you saw online, ask for a written breakdown that separates:

    • IVF cycle costs (monitoring, retrieval, laboratory work, medication);
    • embryo biopsy;
    • PGT-A laboratory analysis per embryo or per batch;
    • embryo freezing and storage;
    • frozen embryo transfer;
    • any repeat testing or additional fees;
    • consultations, interpretation, and follow-up.

    Ask whether the quote is fixed or an estimate, what could change it, and when payment is due. This helps you compare clinics on a like-for-like basis and avoid surprises.

    Limitations and uncertainty

    PGT-A is a screening test with technical limits. A biopsy samples only a few cells, so it may not represent every cell in the embryo. Some embryos are mosaic, and the clinical meaning of mosaicism is an area of ongoing discussion. Results can be inconclusive. Even a euploid result does not guarantee that an embryo will implant or develop into a healthy child, and an aneuploid result does not necessarily mean an embryo could never produce a pregnancy — though many clinics and patients treat it as a reason not to transfer.

    Because of these limits, PGT-A is best understood as one input among several. It does not remove the need for clinical judgement, and it does not replace prenatal testing or other care during pregnancy.

    Next steps

    1. Write down your questions, including the lab questions above.
    2. Ask your clinic for a written summary of how PGT-A would fit into your cycle, including timeline and costs.
    3. Ask how results would be explained to you, and in what language.
    4. Consider what you would do with each possible result before you start.
    5. Confirm travel, document, and payment logistics directly with the clinic and, where relevant, official authorities.

    If you are at the beginning of your research, you may find it helpful to read our information for international patients, our overview of PGT in Thailand, our guides, and our FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A required for IVF in Thailand?

    No. PGT-A is an optional laboratory test, not a required part of IVF. Whether it is offered or recommended depends on your clinical situation and the clinic's practice. You can ask your clinician whether it is relevant for you and what the alternatives are.

    Does a euploid result guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No. A euploid result means the tested cells showed the expected number of chromosomes, but it does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a child without a health condition. Many other factors affect outcomes.

    How long does PGT-A add to an IVF cycle?

    Timelines vary by clinic, laboratory, and your protocol. Because testing takes time, transfer is often in a later cycle. Ask your clinic for an estimate for your specific situation and how it affects travel planning.

    What should I ask about the laboratory doing the testing?

    Ask where the biopsy is performed, whether testing is in-house or sent to an external laboratory, what method is used, how inconclusive results are handled, and who explains the report to you. Clear answers help you understand the process.

    What happens to embryos that are not transferred after PGT-A?

    Policies vary. Options may include continued storage, donation for research, or other choices, depending on the clinic and your consent. Ask the clinic to explain its policy and any associated fees before you start.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M vs PGT-SR in Thailand: How International Patients Understand the Differences

    PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR are three different types of preimplantation genetic testing used during IVF. They are not interchangeable. PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in a family. PGT-SR looks at chromosome structure, usually when a parent has a known rearrangement. In Thailand, as elsewhere, the right test — if any — depends on your medical history, your family history and what your clinic can actually offer. This guide explains the differences in plain English and lists questions to ask before you decide.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A — checks chromosome number (for example, extra or missing chromosomes).
    • PGT-M — checks for a specific gene change linked to a known inherited condition.
    • PGT-SR — checks for chromosome structural rearrangements, such as translocations.
    • None of these tests is a guarantee of pregnancy, live birth or a healthy child.
    • Not every patient needs PGT. Some clinics may recommend it; others may not.
    • Availability, eligibility and cost vary by clinic and should be confirmed directly.

    What is preimplantation genetic testing?

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a group of laboratory tests performed on a small number of cells taken from an embryo during IVF, usually before the embryo is transferred to the uterus or frozen. The goal is to give the care team more information about the embryo’s chromosomes or genes.

    PGT is not a treatment for infertility. It is a screening or diagnostic tool that may help some patients make decisions about which embryo(s) to transfer. It does not improve the quality of an embryo, and it cannot guarantee that an embryo will implant, that a pregnancy will continue, or that a child will be free of all health conditions.

    The three main PGT types

    PGT-A: chromosome number

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. Aneuploidy means an embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes — for example, an extra copy or a missing copy of a particular chromosome. PGT-A is sometimes called chromosome screening.

    PGT-A does not look for a specific inherited disease. It gives a broad view of chromosome number across the embryo’s cells. It may be discussed with patients who are older, who have had repeated implantation failure or recurrent pregnancy loss, or who have had previous IVF cycles. However, professional guidelines differ on who should be offered PGT-A, and it is not universally recommended. Some embryos with abnormal PGT-A results can still develop, and some with normal results do not implant. This is why PGT-A is best understood as one piece of information, not a final answer.

    PGT-M: a specific inherited condition

    PGT-M stands for preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic (single-gene) disorders. It is used when a family has a known inherited condition caused by a change in a single gene — for example, cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, or certain types of thalassemia. PGT-M requires that the specific gene change in the family has already been identified, usually through genetic testing of the parents or an affected family member.

    PGT-M is highly targeted. It looks only for the condition in question, not for other chromosome problems. It is typically considered when both parents are carriers of the same recessive condition, when one parent has a dominant condition, or when there is a known X-linked condition in the family. A genetic counsellor or specialist usually needs to be involved before PGT-M can be arranged.

    PGT-SR: chromosome structure

    PGT-SR stands for preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements. It is used when one parent has a known chromosome rearrangement, such as a translocation, inversion or deletion. These rearrangements can increase the risk of miscarriage or of a child being born with a chromosome condition.

    PGT-SR is different from PGT-A because it looks at the structure and arrangement of chromosomes, not just the number. Like PGT-M, it requires prior genetic testing to characterise the rearrangement. It is not a general screening test and is not appropriate for everyone.

    How the three tests compare

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M PGT-SR
    What it looks for Chromosome number (aneuploidy) A specific single-gene condition Chromosome structural rearrangements
    Typical reason to consider Age, repeated implantation failure, recurrent loss, or clinic policy Known inherited condition in the family Known translocation or other rearrangement in a parent
    Prior genetic testing needed? No Yes — the specific gene change must be identified Yes — the rearrangement must be characterised
    Scope Broad chromosome screen Targeted to one condition Targeted to a structural issue
    Guarantee of outcome? No No No

    This table is a general orientation only. Your clinic will explain which test, if any, is relevant to your situation.

    Who might be offered each test?

    PGT is not a routine part of every IVF cycle. The following are common reasons a clinic might discuss a particular test, but they are not rules and they are not recommendations.

    • PGT-A may be discussed for patients with advanced maternal age, a history of recurrent miscarriage, repeated IVF failure, or a previous pregnancy with a chromosome condition. Some clinics offer it more broadly; others do not.
    • PGT-M may be discussed when there is a known single-gene disorder in the family and the specific mutation has been identified. It usually requires genetic counselling and a custom laboratory setup.
    • PGT-SR may be discussed when a parent carries a balanced translocation or another structural rearrangement, which can affect the chance of a healthy pregnancy.

    In all cases, the decision is individual. A clinic may recommend for or against PGT based on your medical history, the number of embryos available, laboratory capacity and other factors.

    What PGT can and cannot tell you

    PGT can provide information about the chromosomes or genes of the cells that were tested. It cannot tell you whether an embryo will implant, whether a pregnancy will be healthy, or what the child’s future health will be. It also cannot detect every possible genetic condition. Some tests have technical limitations, and occasionally results are inconclusive or need to be repeated.

    It is also important to know that PGT is not a substitute for prenatal testing. Some patients choose to have prenatal testing during pregnancy even after PGT, because PGT is not 100% accurate and because some conditions cannot be detected in an embryo.

    Alternatives to PGT

    Depending on your situation, alternatives may include:

    • Proceeding with IVF without PGT and transferring an embryo based on standard selection.
    • Using donor eggs or donor sperm, which may change the genetic risk profile.
    • Prenatal testing (such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) during pregnancy, if you become pregnant.
    • Preconception genetic carrier screening for both partners, which can identify risks before treatment.
    • Choosing not to pursue IVF or genetic testing at all, and instead exploring other family-building options.

    These are not necessarily better or worse than PGT; they are different paths with different trade-offs. A genetic counsellor or your treating doctor can help you weigh them.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, the following questions can help you understand what is available and what to expect. Ask for written information where possible.

    1. Which PGT tests does your laboratory perform, and are they done on-site or sent to another facility?
    2. For my situation, which test — if any — would you recommend, and why?
    3. What are the limitations of the test you are recommending?
    4. What proportion of embryos typically receive a result, and what happens if the result is inconclusive?
    5. What are the costs of the test itself, and are there separate costs for genetic counselling, embryo biopsy, freezing or storage?
    6. Do you require genetic counselling before PGT-M or PGT-SR, and can you provide it or refer me?
    7. How will the results affect the decision about which embryo to transfer?
    8. What are the laws or clinic policies in Thailand that apply to PGT and to my situation?
    9. What support is available for international patients, such as interpretation or help with travel logistics?
    10. Can you provide information in writing so I can review it with my home doctor?

    Next steps for international patients

    If you are new to PGT, a practical first step is to gather your own medical and family history, including any previous genetic test results. Then contact a few clinics that accept international patients and ask the questions above. Compare their answers, not just their prices. You may also want to speak with a genetic counsellor in your home country before you travel, so you understand the test and its implications.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. If you are planning a trip for treatment, our international patients page covers practical topics. You can also browse our guides and FAQ for related questions.

    A note on uncertainty

    PGT is a rapidly evolving field. Guidelines, laboratory techniques and clinic policies can change. This article is for general education and does not replace personalised medical advice. Always confirm details directly with your treating clinic and, where relevant, with a qualified genetic counsellor.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the main difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene change. PGT-SR looks at the structure of chromosomes, usually when a parent has a known rearrangement such as a translocation. They are different tests used for different reasons.

    Do I need PGT for IVF in Thailand?

    Not necessarily. PGT is not required for every IVF cycle. Whether it is offered or recommended depends on your medical history, family history, the clinic's policy and other factors. Your treating doctor can explain if it is relevant for you.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about the chromosomes or genes of the tested embryo, but it cannot guarantee pregnancy, live birth or a child free of all health conditions. It also cannot detect every possible genetic issue. Some patients still choose prenatal testing during pregnancy.

    How much does PGT cost in Thailand?

    Costs vary widely depending on the clinic, the type of test, the number of embryos tested and whether genetic counselling or other services are included. We do not list prices because they change and depend on your individual situation. Ask each clinic for a written cost breakdown.

    What should I ask a Thai clinic before choosing PGT?

    Ask which tests they perform, whether the laboratory is on-site, what the limitations are, how results are reported, what the total cost includes, whether genetic counselling is required, and how results will affect embryo transfer decisions. Also ask about support for international patients.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Request Medical Records from a Thai Fertility Clinic: A Guide for International Patients

    You can usually request your fertility records from a Thai clinic by contacting the clinic directly, confirming your identity, and specifying exactly which documents you need and where they should be sent. Most clinics have an internal process for this, but the steps, forms, fees, and timelines vary. This guide explains what to prepare, what to ask for, and how to plan for translation or transfer abroad. It does not replace instructions from your treating clinic.

    At a glance

    • Contact the clinic’s patient services, medical records, or international patient department.
    • Be ready to prove your identity and, if needed, your legal authority to request records.
    • List the exact documents you want, the date range, and the preferred format.
    • Ask about translation, certification, and secure delivery options.
    • Confirm any fees and expected processing time before you submit the request.
    • Keep copies of everything you send and receive.

    Step 1: Identify the right contact point

    Start with the clinic where you received treatment. Ask for the department that handles medical records, health information, or international patient services. If you are not sure who to contact, the clinic’s main reception or patient coordinator can usually direct you.

    Useful questions to ask:

    • Who is the correct person or department to send a records request to?
    • Do you have a standard request form, or should I write a letter?
    • Can this be handled by email, or do you require a signed paper form?
    • What identification do you need from me?

    Step 2: Prepare your identification and authorization

    Clinics must protect patient privacy, so they will ask you to prove who you are. Requirements differ, but common items include:

    • A copy of your passport or another government-issued photo ID.
    • Your full name as it appears in the clinic’s records, plus any name changes.
    • Your date of birth and contact details used at the clinic.
    • Your patient or hospital number, if you have it.
    • A signed authorization form if the clinic provides one.

    If you are requesting records for someone else, such as a spouse or a child, ask the clinic what legal authority they require. This may include a signed consent, a power of attorney, or proof of guardianship. Do not assume that one document will be accepted in every case; confirm with the clinic.

    Step 3: Specify exactly what you need

    Vague requests can lead to delays or incomplete files. Make a written list of the documents you want and include the date range. Depending on your situation, you may need some or all of the following:

    • Consultation notes and treatment summaries.
    • Laboratory results, including hormone tests and semen analysis.
    • Ultrasound reports and other imaging reports.
    • Embryology records, such as fertilization and embryo development summaries.
    • Medication lists and treatment protocols.
    • Discharge summaries or procedure notes.
    • Billing statements or receipts, if you need them for insurance or reimbursement.

    Also state the format you prefer: paper copies, PDF by secure email, or a CD or USB drive. If you need the records sent directly to another clinic or doctor, provide that recipient’s full name, address, email, and any required consent.

    Step 4: Ask about translation and certification

    If your next clinic or insurer needs records in another language, ask whether the Thai clinic can provide a translated version or whether you should arrange translation yourself. Questions to ask:

    • Can you provide records in English or another language?
    • Is the translation certified or notarized?
    • Do you work with a specific translation service, or can I choose my own?
    • Will the translation include the clinic’s letterhead and a signature or stamp?

    Keep in mind that translation quality and acceptance can vary. Your receiving clinic or insurer may have its own requirements, so confirm with them before you pay for translation.

    Step 5: Confirm fees, delivery, and processing

    Many clinics charge a fee for copying, printing, translation, or postage. Ask for a clear breakdown before you agree. Also ask how the records will be sent and whether the method is secure.

    Item to confirm Why it matters
    Cost and payment method Fees vary; you may need to pay before records are released.
    Processing time Timelines differ; ask for an estimate but treat it as approximate.
    Delivery method Secure email, courier, or pickup each have different risks and costs.
    Tracking If sent by courier, ask for a tracking number.
    Recipient details Incorrect details can delay or misdirect your records.

    Do not rely on a promised deadline for travel or treatment planning. Build in extra time and follow up politely if you have not heard back.

    Step 6: Plan for transfer abroad

    If you are moving care to another country, your new clinic may need records before it can advise you. Ask your new clinic what it needs, in what format, and whether it accepts records directly from the Thai clinic. You may need to sign a release form for the Thai clinic to send records to a named recipient.

    For IVF records transfer abroad, consider whether you need:

    • A summary letter from the treating doctor.
    • Raw laboratory data, not just a summary.
    • Embryology details, if embryos or gametes are involved.
    • Any legal or consent documents related to storage or transfer.

    Rules about moving embryos or gametes are complex and vary by country. This guide does not interpret those rules. Ask your treating clinic and your receiving clinic what they require, and consult the relevant authorities if needed.

    Checklist before you send your request

    • I know the correct department or contact person.
    • I have a copy of my ID and any required authorization.
    • I have listed each document I need and the date range.
    • I have stated my preferred format and delivery method.
    • I have asked about translation and certification.
    • I have asked about fees and expected processing time.
    • I have provided the recipient’s details if records are to be sent elsewhere.
    • I have kept a copy of my request and any replies.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • What is your process for a medical records request from an international patient?
    • Do you have a form I must complete, or can I write a letter?
    • What identification and authorization do you require?
    • Can you provide records in English, and is translation certified?
    • What are the fees, and how do I pay?
    • How long does it usually take, and how will you send the records?
    • Can you send records directly to my new clinic or doctor?
    • Who can I contact if I have follow-up questions?

    Next steps

    Once you have your records, review them for completeness. If something is missing, contact the clinic again with a specific list. If you are sharing records with a new provider, ask them to confirm what they received. For more general guidance on coordinating care, see our patient resources and FAQ. If you need help finding a clinic, you can explore hospitals or contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I request my fertility records by email?

    Many clinics accept email requests, but policies vary. Some may require a signed form or a copy of your ID. Ask the clinic directly what it accepts and whether it can send records securely by email.

    How long does it take to get medical records from a Thai clinic?

    Processing times differ by clinic and by the complexity of your request. We cannot promise a timeline. Ask the clinic for an estimate, plan for extra time, and follow up if you have not heard back.

    Will my records be in English?

    Not always. Some clinics provide English translations, while others provide records in Thai and expect you to arrange translation. Ask what is available and whether the translation is certified or notarized.

    Can the clinic send my records directly to a doctor in another country?

    Often yes, if you provide the recipient's details and any required consent. Confirm with both the Thai clinic and the receiving doctor what they need and whether they accept records directly.

    Is there a fee for requesting my records?

    Some clinics charge for copying, printing, translation, or postage. Fees vary, so ask for a clear breakdown before you agree. Payment methods also differ.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Mosaic Embryo Results from a Thai Lab: Questions for International Patients

    If you have received a mosaic PGT-A result from a laboratory in Thailand, you are likely dealing with two challenges at once: understanding a complex genetic report and coordinating follow-up care across countries and time zones. A mosaic result means the laboratory detected a mix of cells with different chromosomal patterns in the same embryo sample. It is not a simple positive or negative, and it does not by itself tell you what will happen next. The most useful next step is usually to ask your laboratory and treating team specific questions about how the result was reported, what its limitations are, and which options they can discuss with you.

    At a glance

    • A mosaic PGT-A result describes a mixture of chromosomal patterns within one embryo sample, not a diagnosis of a future child.
    • Laboratories differ in how they classify, report, and describe mosaicism, so the same raw data may be summarised differently.
    • Mosaic reporting is an area of active discussion, and professional guidance continues to evolve.
    • Your treating clinic, not the laboratory alone, is responsible for explaining how a result may affect your care.
    • You can ask for a copy of the full report, a plain-language explanation, and a discussion of alternatives.

    What a mosaic PGT-A result can mean

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a laboratory test performed on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage. The test looks at the number of chromosomes in those cells. A result may be described as euploid (the expected number of chromosomes), aneuploid (an extra or missing chromosome), or mosaic.

    Mosaic means the laboratory found evidence of more than one chromosomal pattern in the sample. This can happen because the cells sampled are not identical, or because the testing method has technical limits. Mosaicism exists on a spectrum. Some mosaic results involve a small proportion of cells with a different pattern; others involve a larger proportion. Laboratories may use different thresholds to decide when to call a result mosaic, and some may add a level such as low-level or high-level.

    A mosaic result is not the same as a diagnosis of a health condition in a future child. It is a laboratory observation about a sample of cells. How that observation relates to the whole embryo, and to a potential pregnancy, is something your treating clinician can discuss with you in the context of your full history.

    Why mosaic reporting varies between laboratories

    If you compare reports from different laboratories, or read about mosaic results online, you may notice inconsistencies. This is expected. Several factors can influence how a mosaic result is described:

    • Testing platform and protocol. Different PGT-A methods have different sensitivities and may detect or report mosaicism differently.
    • Thresholds and categories. Laboratories set their own cut-offs for what counts as mosaic, and some use different categories or confidence levels.
    • Sample quality and biopsy technique. The number and quality of cells analysed can affect the result.
    • Reporting language. Some reports use technical terms without much explanation; others include a summary or a comment from a genetic counsellor.
    • Local practice and professional guidance. Recommendations about how to use mosaic results in decision-making are not uniform and may change over time.

    Because of this variation, a mosaic result from a Thai laboratory should be interpreted in the context of that laboratory’s own reporting standards and your clinic’s protocols. It is reasonable to ask for clarification rather than assuming a universal meaning.

    Questions to ask the laboratory

    You may be able to contact the laboratory directly, or you may need to ask your clinic to request information on your behalf. These questions can help you understand the report:

    1. What exactly does the report say about this embryo, in plain language?
    2. What proportion of cells showed the different chromosomal pattern, and how was that measured?
    3. What thresholds or categories does the laboratory use for mosaic results?
    4. Does the report include a confidence level or a note about technical limitations?
    5. Was the result reviewed by a genetic counsellor or another specialist, and is a written summary available?
    6. Can you provide the full report, including any appendices or raw data that may be shared with my clinic?
    7. How does this laboratory usually describe mosaic results to treating clinics?
    8. Are there any quality-control or accreditation details you can share about the testing process?

    If language is a barrier, ask whether the laboratory or your clinic can provide a translated summary or an interpreter for a call. It is also reasonable to ask for the information in writing so you can review it carefully.

    Questions to ask your treating clinic

    Your treating clinic is responsible for putting the laboratory result into the context of your care. These questions can guide that conversation:

    • How do you interpret this mosaic result for someone with my history and priorities?
    • What are the possible next steps, and what are the trade-offs of each?
    • If transfer is considered, how would you monitor and follow up?
    • What alternatives exist, such as transferring a different embryo, further testing, or another cycle?
    • What does current professional guidance say about mosaic results, and how do you apply it in your practice?
    • Can we discuss this with a genetic counsellor or another specialist before deciding?
    • What information would you need from me to make a more personalised recommendation?
    • How do you document and communicate decisions about mosaic embryos?

    You do not have to decide immediately. It is reasonable to ask for time, a second opinion, or a follow-up appointment to review the report together.

    What a mosaic result does not tell you

    It is important to be clear about the limits of PGT-A and mosaic reporting:

    • PGT-A does not guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a child without a health condition.
    • A mosaic result does not predict how a specific embryo will develop.
    • PGT-A does not test for all genetic conditions; other tests such as PGT-M or PGT-SR look at different questions.
    • A mosaic result is not a reason to stop treatment or to continue it; it is one piece of information among many.
    • Reporting standards and clinical guidance can change, so older information may not reflect current practice.

    Your clinic can explain how PGT-A fits into your overall care and what other factors, such as your age, history, and previous cycles, may matter.

    Coordinating care across borders

    International patients often face extra steps: time zones, language, records transfer, and travel planning. A few practical habits can help:

    • Ask for all reports in a format you can share easily with another clinician.
    • Keep a written list of your questions and the answers you receive.
    • Confirm who your main point of contact is at the clinic and how to reach them.
    • Ask whether a teleconsultation or a written summary can be arranged before you travel.
    • Check what follow-up is expected and how results will be communicated to you.

    For more general orientation, you can review our pages on PGT in Thailand, hospitals, guides, and FAQ. These resources are educational and do not replace advice from your treating team.

    Next-step checklist

    1. Request the full laboratory report and any available plain-language summary.
    2. Write down your top three questions for the laboratory and your top three for the clinic.
    3. Ask whether a genetic counsellor or specialist can join a discussion.
    4. Ask about alternatives and the trade-offs, without pressure to decide immediately.
    5. Confirm how and when you will receive follow-up information.
    6. Keep copies of all records in a secure place you can access from home.

    Receiving a mosaic result can feel uncertain, but you are not without options. Asking focused questions helps you and your care team make decisions that fit your situation.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a mosaic PGT-A result mean the embryo is abnormal?

    A mosaic result means the laboratory found a mix of chromosomal patterns in the sampled cells. It is not the same as a diagnosis of a health condition in a future child. How the result may relate to a potential pregnancy is something your treating clinician can discuss with you, taking your full history into account.

    Why do mosaic results seem to be reported differently by different labs?

    Laboratories use different testing methods, thresholds, and reporting formats. Some include confidence levels or comments; others do not. Because of this, a mosaic result should be interpreted using the reporting standards of the laboratory that issued it, and your clinic can help explain what those standards mean for you.

    Can I ask for a second opinion on a mosaic result?

    Yes. It is reasonable to ask your clinic for a second opinion or a review by a genetic counsellor or another specialist. You can also ask for the full report so another clinician can review it. Your clinic can explain how to arrange this.

    What should I do if I do not understand the report language?

    Ask the laboratory or your clinic for a plain-language explanation or a translated summary. If a call is arranged, you can request an interpreter. It can help to ask for the explanation in writing so you can review it carefully and share it with others.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A is a screening test that looks at chromosome number in a sample of cells. It does not guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a child without a health condition. Your clinic can explain what PGT-A can and cannot tell you in your situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M in Thailand: How International Patients Prepare Records for Genetic Counselling

    If you are considering PGT-M in Thailand, the quality of your genetic counselling conversation often depends on the records you bring to it. PGT-M, or preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic conditions, looks for a specific inherited condition in embryos created through IVF. Before any clinic can discuss whether PGT-M may be relevant for you, it needs a clear picture of the condition in your family. That picture comes from medical records, genetic test reports and a careful family history. This guide explains what to gather, how to organise it, and what to confirm directly with qualified professionals. It does not replace medical advice or predict outcomes.

    At a glance

    • PGT-M is condition-specific; it is not a general embryo screening test.
    • Genetic counselling usually comes before any decision about IVF or PGT-M.
    • Records that identify the exact genetic variant are often the most useful starting point.
    • Family history details can help clarify inheritance patterns and which relatives may need testing.
    • Clinics and laboratories may have different requirements, so confirm their document list directly.
    • PGT-M cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a child without the condition.

    What PGT-M is and what it is not

    PGT-M is a laboratory test performed on embryos during IVF. It is designed for people who have, or carry, a known monogenic condition — a condition linked to a specific gene or DNA change. Examples include cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, thalassaemia and many others. The test looks for the specific variant that has been identified in the family.

    PGT-M is not the same as PGT-A, which counts chromosomes, or PGT-SR, which looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. It is also not a guarantee. Even when testing is technically possible, it cannot promise a successful pregnancy, a live birth or a child unaffected by the condition. Some families may choose other paths, including prenatal testing, donor gametes, adoption or accepting the natural chance of having an affected child. A genetic counsellor can discuss these alternatives without pressure.

    Why records matter for genetic counselling

    Genetic counselling is a conversation with a trained professional who helps you understand how a condition runs in your family, what testing options exist and what the results might mean. For PGT-M, the counsellor and the laboratory need to know exactly which genetic variant to look for. Without that information, the test cannot be designed reliably.

    Records also help the counsellor assess whether PGT-M is technically feasible for your situation. Some variants are easier to test than others. Some families need additional testing of relatives to establish a reliable test. The more complete your records, the more productive the first conversation is likely to be.

    Checklist: records to gather before counselling

    Use this checklist as a starting point. Not every item will apply to every family, and your clinic may ask for something different. Confirm the exact list with the clinic or genetic counselling service you plan to use.

    1. Genetic test reports

    • Any genetic test report that names the gene and the specific variant, often written as a DNA change such as c.1521_1523delCTT or similar.
    • Reports from affected family members, carriers or previous pregnancies, if available.
    • Laboratory name, report date and the method used, if stated.
    • Any re-analysis or updated report if the original was issued some time ago.

    If you do not have a report that identifies the variant, ask the original testing laboratory or your doctor whether it can be requested. In some cases, additional testing may be needed before PGT-M can be considered.

    2. Clinical records about the condition

    • Clinic letters, discharge summaries or specialist notes describing the diagnosis.
    • Results of relevant blood tests, imaging or other investigations.
    • Details of any treatments, surgeries or medications related to the condition.
    • For carrier couples, records showing each partner’s carrier status.

    These records help the counsellor understand how the condition affects your family and whether there are any features that might influence testing.

    3. Family history information

    • A simple family tree, sometimes called a pedigree, showing parents, siblings, children, aunts, uncles and cousins.
    • For each relative, note whether they have the condition, are a known carrier, are unaffected or their status is unknown.
    • Age at diagnosis or at death, where relevant and known.
    • Any history of pregnancy loss, stillbirth or infant death.
    • Ethnic background, as some conditions are more common in certain populations.
    • Consanguinity, meaning whether parents are related by blood, if you are comfortable sharing this.

    You do not need to have every detail. Gaps are normal. The counsellor can help you identify what else might be useful and how to ask relatives for information.

    4. Fertility and reproductive history

    • Previous IVF cycles, including stimulation protocols, number of eggs retrieved, fertilisation results and embryo outcomes.
    • Any previous PGT results, if applicable.
    • Previous pregnancies, including outcomes.
    • Relevant gynaecological or urological records.

    This information helps the clinic discuss whether IVF is likely to be part of your path and what previous cycles might mean for planning.

    5. Identification and administrative documents

    • Passport or other identification for both partners.
    • Marriage certificate or equivalent, if required by the clinic or by Thai law for your situation.
    • Any consent forms or referral letters requested by the clinic.

    Document requirements can change and may depend on your nationality, marital status and the clinic’s own policies. Confirm the current list directly with the clinic and, where relevant, with official Thai authorities. Do not rely on general guides for legal or entry requirements.

    How to organise your records

    A clear, indexed folder — digital or paper — makes counselling easier. Consider this structure:

    1. Summary page: one page listing your names, contact details, the condition in question, the gene and variant if known, and a short timeline of key events.
    2. Genetic reports: original reports in date order, with translations if they are not in English or Thai.
    3. Clinical records: specialist letters and test results, grouped by family member.
    4. Family tree: a diagram with a short written explanation.
    5. Fertility history: previous cycle summaries and outcomes.
    6. Questions: a running list of things you want to ask.

    If your records are in another language, ask the clinic whether certified translations are needed. Do not assume that English is sufficient for every document.

    Questions to ask before and during genetic counselling

    These questions can help you get the most from the conversation. Write down the answers.

    • Based on our records, is PGT-M technically possible for our condition?
    • Is any additional testing needed before PGT-M can be designed?
    • What are the limitations of PGT-M for our specific variant?
    • What are the alternatives to PGT-M, and what do they involve?
    • What records or translations are still missing from our file?
    • How will results be reported, and what might a result not tell us?
    • What are the next steps if we decide to proceed, and what if we decide not to?
    • Who will be our main contact for questions after the consultation?

    You can also ask whether the clinic works with a specific genetics laboratory, how samples are transported, and what happens if testing is not possible. These are practical questions, not commitments.

    Referral questions for your doctor at home

    If you are seeking a referral or gathering records from your home country, your doctor may be able to help with:

    • Requesting the original genetic test report from the laboratory.
    • Clarifying the exact variant and its classification.
    • Providing a summary letter about the condition in your family.
    • Arranging additional testing for relatives if needed.
    • Explaining what is known about the condition’s inheritance pattern.

    These steps can take time, so start early. Some laboratories have their own request processes and may charge a fee.

    What PGT-M cannot do

    It is important to be realistic. PGT-M cannot guarantee that an embryo will be free of the condition, that an embryo will implant, that a pregnancy will continue, or that a child will be unaffected. It also cannot detect every possible genetic condition. Some variants are not testable with current methods. Mosaic results, where only some cells show a change, can be difficult to interpret. A genetic counsellor can explain these uncertainties in the context of your specific situation.

    PGT-M is also not a required step for everyone with a known genetic condition. Some people choose other options. The decision is personal and should be made with qualified professionals who know your medical history.

    Next steps

    1. Collect the records listed above, starting with any genetic test report that names the variant.
    2. Write a one-page summary and a simple family tree.
    3. List your questions and note which ones are most important to you.
    4. Contact the clinic or genetic counselling service you are considering and ask for their document checklist and process.
    5. Confirm any legal, travel or administrative requirements directly with the clinic and relevant authorities.
    6. Take time to consider the alternatives and discuss them with your partner or support network.

    For more general information, see our pages for international patients, PGT in Thailand, guides and frequently asked questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Do I need a genetic test report before PGT-M counselling?

    It is very helpful. PGT-M is designed around a specific genetic variant, so a report that identifies the gene and variant gives the counsellor and laboratory the information they need to discuss whether testing is possible. If you do not have one, the counsellor can explain how to request it or whether additional testing may be needed.

    What if I do not know all the details of my family history?

    That is common. Start with what you know and note the gaps. A genetic counsellor can help you identify which relatives might be able to provide missing information and how to approach them. You do not need a complete family tree before the first conversation.

    Can PGT-M guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-M cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth or a child without the condition. It also cannot detect every genetic condition. A genetic counsellor can explain the limitations for your specific situation and discuss other options.

    Are there alternatives to PGT-M?

    Yes. Alternatives may include prenatal testing, using donor gametes, adoption, or accepting the natural chance of having an affected child. The best option depends on your medical situation, your values and what is available to you. Discuss these with a qualified professional.

    How long does it take to prepare records for PGT-M counselling?

    It varies. Requesting original genetic reports or arranging additional testing can take time, so it is best to start early. Your clinic can give you a clearer idea once they see what you already have.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Reviewing a Previous IVF Cycle with a Thai Clinic: Records and Questions to Bring

    If you have already completed an IVF cycle elsewhere and are now considering treatment in Thailand, a prior-cycle review can help you and a Thai clinic plan the next steps. It is not a way to predict whether a future cycle will work. Instead, it is a structured conversation about what was done, what was learned, and what options may be worth discussing. This guide explains how to assemble a clear prior-cycle summary, how to share records across borders, and what to ask during a remote or in-person consultation.

    At a glance

    • Gather records that describe your diagnosis, stimulation, retrieval, fertilization, embryo development, transfer, and any outcomes.
    • Ask how the Thai clinic prefers to receive records and how it protects your privacy.
    • Prepare questions about how the review will be used for planning, not for predicting success.
    • Plan for travel flexibility, accommodation, and follow-up after you return home.
    • Confirm all document, cost, legal, and clinical details directly with the clinic and relevant authorities.

    Why a prior-cycle review is useful

    A previous IVF cycle contains information that can help a new clinical team understand your history. The review is a planning exercise. It can clarify which tests were done, how you responded to medication, how embryos developed, and what happened after transfer. It can also highlight missing information that may need to be collected before any new treatment is considered.

    A review does not guarantee an embryo, a pregnancy, a live birth, or a particular clinical outcome. It also does not determine whether you are eligible for treatment in Thailand. Those decisions belong to the treating clinic and depend on many factors, including your current health and local regulations.

    Records to gather before you contact a Thai clinic

    Try to collect the following documents from your previous clinic. If some are unavailable, note that in your summary rather than leaving gaps unexplained.

    Medical history and diagnosis

    • Your fertility diagnosis or reason for treatment, if one was given.
    • Relevant medical, surgical, and medication history.
    • Allergy information and any known reactions to medications.
    • Results of any genetic or chromosomal testing you have had.

    Cycle monitoring and stimulation

    • Baseline hormone blood tests and ultrasound findings.
    • Medication names, doses, and the dates they were started or changed.
    • Monitoring blood test results and ultrasound measurements during stimulation.
    • The trigger medication used and the timing of the trigger.

    Retrieval and laboratory information

    • Number of eggs retrieved and how many were mature.
    • Fertilization method used and fertilization results.
    • Embryo development records, including day-by-day grading if available.
    • Any genetic testing performed on embryos and the reports.
    • Whether embryos were frozen, and how many remain in storage.

    Transfer and outcomes

    • Date of transfer and whether it was a fresh or frozen embryo transfer.
    • Endometrial preparation details, if relevant.
    • Any pregnancy test results and follow-up findings.
    • Complications or side effects you experienced.

    Administrative and consent documents

    • Discharge summaries or cycle summaries from your previous clinic.
    • Consent forms related to embryo storage or disposal.
    • Contact details for your previous clinic, in case the Thai clinic needs to request records directly.

    How to create a one-page prior-cycle summary

    A short summary can help a Thai clinic review your history quickly. Consider including:

    1. Your name, date of birth, and contact details.
    2. A brief timeline of fertility treatment, including dates.
    3. Key diagnoses and test results.
    4. Medications and doses used in the most recent cycle.
    5. Retrieval, fertilization, embryo, and transfer details.
    6. Outcomes and any complications.
    7. Questions you want the clinic to address.

    Keep the summary factual. Avoid interpreting results yourself. If you are unsure about a detail, write “not sure” or “to confirm with previous clinic” rather than guessing.

    Sharing records across borders

    Transferring fertility records to Thailand involves privacy and practical considerations. Ask the Thai clinic:

    • Which documents it needs first, and whether translations are required.
    • How it prefers to receive records, such as through a secure portal or encrypted email.
    • Who will have access to your records and how they are stored.
    • Whether it can contact your previous clinic directly, and what consent it needs from you.
    • How long it retains records and how you can request copies or deletion.

    You may also want to ask your previous clinic about its process for releasing records to an overseas provider. Timelines and fees for copying records vary, so confirm these with both clinics.

    Preparing for a remote consultation

    Many international patients begin with a remote consultation. To make the most of it:

    • Send your records in advance and confirm they were received.
    • Test your video or phone connection beforehand.
    • Have your one-page summary and a list of questions in front of you.
    • Ask for an interpreter if you are not comfortable discussing medical details in English or Thai.
    • Take notes or ask if you can record the conversation, if the clinic permits it.
    • Ask what information is still missing and how it can be obtained.

    Questions to ask a Thai clinic about your prior cycle

    These questions can help you understand how the clinic reviews outside records and how it approaches planning.

    About the review process

    • Who will review my previous cycle records, and what is their role?
    • How long does a review usually take after records are received?
    • Will I receive a written summary of the review?
    • What additional tests or records would help clarify my history?

    About planning, not prediction

    • How will this review inform a discussion about possible next steps?
    • What uncertainties remain after reviewing my records?
    • What factors would you consider when discussing options with me?
    • How do you explain the difference between planning and predicting outcomes?

    About practical arrangements

    • What documents do I need to bring or send for an in-person visit?
    • How much time should I plan to spend in Thailand for consultation and possible treatment?
    • What are the estimated costs for consultation, tests, and any proposed treatment?
    • What payment methods are accepted, and are there any currency or transfer considerations?
    • Can you recommend accommodation options near the clinic?
    • How do you coordinate follow-up with my doctor at home?

    About privacy and communication

    • How will we communicate securely before, during, and after my visit?
    • Who is my main point of contact for questions?
    • How do you handle language differences and medical interpretation?
    • What is your process for obtaining my consent to share information?

    Travel, accommodation, and follow-up planning

    Treatment timelines can change, so build flexibility into your travel plans. Consider refundable tickets or changes that are easy to make. Ask the clinic for a general sense of how long appointments may take, but treat any timeline as an estimate rather than a guarantee.

    For accommodation, look for options that allow you to rest, prepare simple meals, and reach the clinic easily. Ask whether the clinic has partnerships or suggestions, but confirm prices and terms directly with the accommodation provider.

    Before you return home, ask how follow-up will work. You may want a summary letter for your local doctor, a plan for any medication or monitoring, and a clear point of contact for questions that arise later.

    Next-step checklist

    • Request a complete copy of your previous IVF records.
    • Write a one-page factual summary of your prior cycle.
    • List your questions about the review process and planning.
    • Contact the Thai clinic to ask how it receives and reviews records.
    • Confirm privacy, translation, and consent processes.
    • Schedule a remote consultation and send records in advance.
    • Plan travel with flexibility and confirm accommodation details.
    • Arrange follow-up with your local doctor before you travel home.

    For more context, you can explore hospitals, international patient information, the treatment process, and patient resources.

    Frequently asked questions

    What records should I bring to a prior IVF cycle review in Thailand?

    Bring records that describe your diagnosis, stimulation medications and monitoring, retrieval and fertilization results, embryo development and genetic testing if any, transfer details, and outcomes. Also include discharge summaries, consent forms, and contact details for your previous clinic. If something is missing, note it so the Thai clinic can help you request it.

    Can a Thai clinic review my previous IVF cycle remotely?

    Many clinics offer remote consultations, but the process varies. Ask how the clinic prefers to receive records, whether translations are needed, and how it protects your privacy. A remote review can help with planning, but it does not predict future outcomes or determine eligibility.

    Will reviewing my prior cycle tell me if IVF will work in Thailand?

    No. A prior-cycle review is a planning tool. It can help a clinic understand your history and discuss possible next steps, but it cannot guarantee an embryo, pregnancy, live birth, or any specific outcome. Your treating clinic will explain what is known and what remains uncertain.

    How should I prepare questions for a second-opinion IVF consultation in Thailand?

    Write down what you want to understand about your previous cycle, what tests or records are missing, and how the clinic approaches planning. Ask who reviews your records, how long it takes, what costs are involved, and how follow-up with your home doctor will work. Keep the focus on planning rather than prediction.

    What practical arrangements should I consider before traveling to Thailand for IVF?

    Plan for flexible travel dates, ask the clinic for a general estimate of appointment duration, and look for accommodation that is comfortable and easy to reach. Confirm costs, payment methods, and follow-up plans directly with the clinic. Document, visa, and legal requirements should be confirmed with the clinic and relevant authorities.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Verify a Thai Fertility Hospital’s Laboratory Pathway for PGT

    Verifying a PGT laboratory pathway means confirming three things in writing: where the embryo biopsy is performed, where the genetic analysis is carried out, and who signs and explains the final report. In Thailand, some fertility centres describe in-house embryology and genetics laboratories, while others may refer samples to an external genetics laboratory. The pathway can also differ by test type, such as PGT-A, PGT-M or PGT-SR. Because these details affect counselling, timelines and cost, they are worth confirming directly with each hospital before you commit.

    At a glance

    • Ask for the physical location of embryo biopsy, genetic testing and result reporting.
    • Confirm whether the genetics laboratory is in-house or an external referral partner.
    • Request the name and role of the person who will explain the PGT report to you.
    • Ask how laboratory records, images and reports will be shared with you and your home clinic.
    • Get the pathway, inclusions and exclusions in a written quotation before paying.

    Why the laboratory pathway matters in PGT

    PGT involves several laboratory steps after egg retrieval and fertilisation. Embryos are cultured, a small number of cells may be biopsied at a defined stage, and the biopsy sample is prepared for genetic analysis. The analysis itself may use different methods depending on the test. Each handover between the embryology laboratory and the genetics laboratory is a point where you may want clarity on responsibility, documentation and communication.

    For international patients, the pathway also affects logistics. If testing is done externally, there may be additional transport steps, different reporting timelines and separate consent forms. If testing is in-house, the hospital may describe a more integrated workflow. Neither approach is automatically better for every patient; the right questions are about transparency, accreditation scope and how results will be explained to you.

    What public information can and cannot tell you

    Hospital websites and provider listings can show whether a centre advertises PGT services, describes an embryology laboratory, or names genetics laboratory methods. For example, some hospital profiles describe in-house embryo, genetics and sperm laboratories, while others describe PGT services without specifying whether the genetics analysis is performed on site. A public page is a starting point, not proof of your individual pathway.

    Public information usually does not tell you:

    • Whether your specific test type will be handled in-house or referred out.
    • Which laboratory will receive your biopsy sample on the day.
    • Who will write and sign the final report.
    • How raw data, images or re-analysis requests are handled.
    • What the total cost will be once medication, testing, freezing, storage and transfer are included.

    These are the gaps to close directly with the hospital.

    A checklist for verifying the PGT laboratory pathway

    Use the following questions as a written checklist. You can send them by email before a consultation and ask for answers in writing.

    1. Embryology laboratory and biopsy

    • Where is the embryology laboratory located, and is it on the same site as the clinic or hospital?
    • Who performs the embryo biopsy, and what is their role and training?
    • At what embryo stage is biopsy typically performed for my case?
    • How are embryos identified and tracked through culture, biopsy and freezing?
    • What quality credentials or accreditation does the embryology laboratory hold, and what is the current scope of those credentials?

    2. Genetics laboratory and test method

    • Is the genetic analysis performed in an in-house genetics laboratory or sent to an external laboratory?
    • If external, what is the name and location of the receiving laboratory?
    • Which PGT method is planned for my case, and what technology does it use?
    • Does the laboratory participate in external quality assessment or proficiency testing for the relevant test?
    • What is the typical turnaround time from biopsy to written report?

    3. Reporting and communication

    • Who writes the final PGT report, and who explains it to me?
    • Will I receive a copy of the full report, and in what language?
    • How will the report be shared with my home clinic or referring doctor, if I want that?
    • What happens if the result is inconclusive or requires re-analysis?
    • Who is my point of contact for laboratory questions after I return home?

    4. Records, consent and data

    • What consent forms will I sign for biopsy, genetic testing and data sharing?
    • How long are laboratory records and embryo records kept, and can I request copies?
    • Are images or raw data available on request, and are there any restrictions?
    • How is my personal and genetic information protected?

    5. Cost and package boundaries

    • Does the quoted package include biopsy, genetic testing, freezing and storage, or are these separate?
    • Are there additional charges for external laboratory referral, courier, re-analysis or extended storage?
    • What is excluded from the quotation, and what might change the final price?
    • Is the quotation valid for a defined period, and what happens if my timeline changes?

    How to compare hospital-based PGT pathways

    When comparing hospitals, use the same criteria for each so the comparison is fair. The table below shows the kind of information you can collect. It is a template, not a ranking, and you should fill it with written answers from each hospital.

    Verification item What to ask Why it matters
    Biopsy location On-site embryology laboratory or elsewhere? Affects transport steps and continuity of care.
    Genetics laboratory In-house or external referral? Affects reporting, timelines and consent.
    Test method Which PGT method is planned? Different tests suit different clinical questions.
    Reporting clinician Who signs and explains the report? You need a named contact for results.
    Records sharing How are reports sent to you and your home clinic? Supports continuity after you travel home.
    Cost inclusions What is included and excluded? Reduces surprise costs.

    Questions to ask during a consultation

    Bring these questions to your consultation, and ask for written answers where possible:

    1. Can you describe the full laboratory pathway for my case, from egg retrieval to final PGT report?
    2. Which laboratory will perform each step, and is any step outsourced?
    3. What accreditation or quality credentials apply to the laboratory performing my test, and what is the current scope?
    4. Who will explain the PGT result to me, and how soon after biopsy should I expect it?
    5. How will my records be shared with my home clinic if I request it?
    6. What is included in the written quotation, and what could change the final cost?

    Next-step checklist before you commit

    • Request a written pathway description for your specific test type.
    • Ask for the name and location of the genetics laboratory, whether in-house or external.
    • Confirm the reporting clinician and how results will be communicated.
    • Ask for a written quotation that lists inclusions and exclusions.
    • Confirm how records and reports will be shared with you and your home clinic.
    • Keep copies of all written answers and consent forms.

    Where to go next

    You can review hospital profiles and comparison pages on this site to shortlist providers, then use the checklist above to verify each laboratory pathway directly. See our hospital profiles, hospital rankings and editorial policy for how we present provider information.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I verify a PGT laboratory pathway before travelling to Thailand?

    Yes, in part. You can ask the hospital for a written description of where biopsy and genetic testing take place, who reports results, and how records are shared. Some details, such as the exact laboratory workflow on the day, may only be confirmed during the treatment cycle. Ask for written answers and keep them for comparison.

    What is the difference between an in-house and an external genetics laboratory for PGT?

    An in-house genetics laboratory performs the analysis within the same organisation as the fertility clinic. An external laboratory receives the biopsy sample from another provider. Both arrangements exist in Thailand. The important questions are who performs the test, what accreditation applies, how the sample is transported, and who explains the report to you.

    Which PGT test method should I ask about?

    PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR are different tests used for different clinical questions. The appropriate test depends on your medical history and should be discussed with a qualified clinician. When verifying a laboratory pathway, ask which method is planned for your case and what technology the laboratory uses.

    How can I confirm that a hospital's laboratory credentials are current?

    Ask the hospital for the current scope of any accreditation or quality credential it holds, and whether the credential covers the specific test you need. You can also ask whether the laboratory participates in external quality assessment. Public pages may describe credentials, but the current scope should be confirmed directly.

    What should I do if the hospital cannot answer my laboratory questions in writing?

    If a hospital cannot provide written answers about its laboratory pathway, reporting and costs, that is useful information for your comparison. You may wish to ask again through a different contact channel or consider other providers. Do not rely on verbal assurances alone for details that affect your treatment plan or budget.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Thailand PGT IVF Glossary for International Patients: Key Terms Explained

    If you are considering preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) as part of IVF in Thailand, you may encounter a dense set of acronyms and laboratory terms. This glossary explains the most common ones in plain English. It is not a substitute for advice from your treating clinic. Terminology can vary between providers, and some tests or services may not be available at every clinic or appropriate for every patient. Always confirm definitions, availability, and what any result means for you directly with your care team.

    At a glance

    • PGT refers to testing embryos for specific genetic or chromosomal information before transfer.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR are different categories of testing, not different stages of IVF.
    • Embryology terms describe how eggs, sperm, and embryos are handled and assessed in the laboratory.
    • Clinic terms describe appointments, consent, and coordination steps you may need to plan for.
    • Definitions and availability can differ between clinics and countries; confirm locally.

    Core IVF and PGT terms

    IVF (in vitro fertilization): A treatment where an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body, and an embryo is later transferred to the uterus or frozen for future use.

    PGT (preimplantation genetic testing): Testing performed on cells taken from an embryo during IVF. It is used to look for certain chromosomal or genetic information. PGT is not a guarantee of a particular outcome, and not all embryos are suitable for testing.

    PGT-A (aneuploidy): Looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. It is sometimes called chromosomal screening. Results are reported in categories such as euploid, aneuploid, or mosaic, but reporting conventions can vary.

    PGT-M (monogenic): Looks for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene change, when a known familial variant has been identified.

    PGT-SR (structural rearrangement): Looks for chromosomal structural rearrangements, such as translocations, that may be carried by a parent.

    Mosaic embryo: An embryo with cells that do not all have the same chromosomal makeup. The implications of a mosaic result are complex and should be discussed with a genetic counselor or your clinic.

    Euploid / aneuploid: Terms used in PGT-A reporting. Euploid generally means the expected number of chromosomes; aneuploid means an unexpected number. These are laboratory categories, not predictions about a specific pregnancy.

    Embryology and laboratory terms

    Oocyte: The medical term for an egg cell.

    Embryo: The early stage of development after an egg is fertilized.

    Blastocyst: An embryo at a later stage of development, typically around day five or six after fertilization. PGT is often performed at this stage, but timing depends on the clinic and the embryo.

    Trophectoderm biopsy: A procedure where a few cells are removed from the outer layer of a blastocyst for testing. The inner cell mass, which becomes the fetus, is generally not removed.

    Vitrification: A fast freezing method used to store eggs, sperm, or embryos. Not all clinics use the same freezing or storage protocols.

    ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection): A technique where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg. It may be recommended for certain fertility factors, but the reasons vary by patient.

    Embryo grading: A laboratory scoring system used to describe embryo appearance. Grading systems differ between clinics and are not the same as genetic testing results.

    Clinic, coordination, and consent terms

    Stimulation protocol: The medication plan used to encourage the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. Protocols are individualized and should be explained by your treating clinician.

    Monitoring: Blood tests and ultrasound scans used during stimulation to track response. The schedule is set by your clinic.

    Trigger shot: A medication given to prepare for egg collection. Timing is critical and must follow your clinic’s instructions exactly.

    Egg collection: A minor procedure to retrieve eggs from the ovaries. It is usually performed under sedation or anesthesia, depending on the clinic.

    Embryo transfer: Placement of an embryo into the uterus. It may be done in a fresh cycle or a frozen cycle.

    Consent forms: Documents that explain risks, benefits, and choices. You should read them carefully and ask questions before signing. Requirements vary by clinic and country.

    Genetic counseling: A service that helps you understand genetic test results and their implications. Availability and referral pathways differ between clinics.

    Common acronyms you may see

    Acronym Plain-language meaning
    IVF In vitro fertilization
    PGT Preimplantation genetic testing
    PGT-A PGT for aneuploidy (chromosome number)
    PGT-M PGT for monogenic (single-gene) conditions
    PGT-SR PGT for structural rearrangements
    ICSI Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
    AMH Anti-Müllerian hormone, a marker sometimes used in fertility assessment
    hCG Human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone measured in some pregnancy tests

    This table is a general orientation only. Your clinic may use additional terms or define these differently.

    Important differences and uncertainties

    PGT is not one single test. PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR look for different things and are used in different situations. A clinic may offer one or more of these, depending on its laboratory arrangements and your medical history. Availability can change, and not every patient is a candidate for every test.

    Results are reported in categories that can be complex. A “normal” or “abnormal” result on a report does not automatically mean a pregnancy will or will not happen. Mosaic results, in particular, require careful interpretation. Ask your clinic who will explain the result to you and whether genetic counseling is included.

    Costs, legal rules, and documentation requirements for international patients are not uniform. They can depend on your nationality, the clinic, and current regulations. This article does not state specific prices, visa rules, or legal conclusions because those details must be confirmed with the clinic and relevant authorities.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • Which types of PGT do you offer, and how do you decide if PGT is appropriate for me?
    • Who will explain my PGT results, and is genetic counseling available?
    • What do your embryo grading and PGT reporting categories mean in plain language?
    • What are the estimated costs for consultation, laboratory work, PGT, medication, and storage?
    • What documents do I need to provide as an international patient, and what are the current entry or stay requirements?
    • What are the clinic’s policies on embryo storage, consent, and communication if I return home?
    • How do you handle questions or emergencies after I leave Thailand?

    Next-step checklist

    1. Write down the terms you do not understand and ask your clinic for plain-language definitions.
    2. Request a written summary of any recommended tests, including what they look for and their limitations.
    3. Ask for a cost breakdown in writing, noting which items are included and which are separate.
    4. Confirm document, travel, and legal requirements with the clinic and your own country’s authorities before booking.
    5. Keep a copy of your consent forms and laboratory reports for your records.

    For more guidance, see our international patients page, browse the FAQ, explore our guides, or contact us with questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does PGT stand for in IVF?

    PGT stands for preimplantation genetic testing. It is a category of tests performed on cells taken from an embryo during IVF to look for certain chromosomal or genetic information. There are different types, including PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR, and they are used for different purposes. Your clinic can explain which type, if any, may be relevant to your situation.

    Is PGT the same as PGS or PGD?

    Older terms like PGS (preimplantation genetic screening) and PGD (preimplantation genetic diagnosis) have largely been replaced by the umbrella term PGT, with subtypes PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR. Some clinics or older documents may still use PGS or PGD. If you see these terms, ask your clinic to clarify exactly what test is being discussed.

    Will PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT provides information about certain chromosomal or genetic features of an embryo, but it cannot guarantee a pregnancy, a live birth, or a child without any health conditions. Results can be complex, and some findings, such as mosaic results, require careful interpretation. Your clinic or a genetic counselor can discuss what a specific result may mean for you.

    How much does PGT cost in Thailand?

    Costs vary widely depending on the clinic, the type of PGT, the number of embryos tested, medication, and other services. This article does not list specific prices because they change and depend on your individual plan. Ask your clinic for a written cost breakdown that separates consultation, laboratory, testing, medication, and storage fees.

    What should I ask my clinic before starting PGT IVF in Thailand?

    Ask which PGT types they offer, how they decide if testing is appropriate, who explains results, and whether genetic counseling is available. Also ask for a written cost estimate, a list of required documents, current entry or stay requirements, and how they handle follow-up after you return home. Confirm all details directly with the clinic and relevant authorities.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT IVF in Thailand: A Plain-English Guide to Genetic Testing in IVF

    Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is a laboratory step that can be added to an IVF cycle. It examines a small sample of cells taken from an embryo to look for certain chromosome or gene findings before an embryo is considered for transfer. In Thailand, as elsewhere, PGT is optional rather than automatic, and it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child. It is one piece of information that you and a qualified clinical team may weigh alongside your history, the number and quality of embryos, and your own priorities. This guide explains the main PGT types, how results are usually described, who might consider testing, and what to confirm directly with a clinic in Thailand.

    At a glance

    • PGT is an add-on to IVF, not a separate treatment.
    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number; PGT-M looks at a specific inherited condition; PGT-SR looks at a known structural chromosome rearrangement.
    • Results are reported as normal, abnormal, mosaic or inconclusive — each with different implications.
    • PGT cannot detect every possible health issue, and it does not guarantee a live birth.
    • Availability, eligibility, cost and legal rules vary; confirm them with the treating clinic and relevant authorities.

    What PGT is — and what it is not

    PGT stands for preimplantation genetic testing. It is performed on embryos created through IVF, usually a few days after fertilisation, when the embryo has reached a stage where a few cells can be sampled. The sample is sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis. The embryo itself is typically frozen while waiting for results, then transferred in a later cycle if you and your clinician decide to proceed.

    PGT is not a treatment for infertility, and it does not improve the underlying quality of an embryo. It is a screening or diagnostic tool that provides additional information. It also cannot replace prenatal testing or newborn screening, and it cannot rule out all genetic or health conditions. Some findings are uncertain, and some embryos may be classified as mosaic — meaning the sample showed a mix of cells with and without a particular finding. Mosaic results are often the most difficult to interpret, and clinics may discuss them differently depending on the specific finding and their own protocols.

    The three main types of PGT

    The term PGT covers several different tests. They are not interchangeable, and the right one — if any — depends on why testing is being considered.

    PGT-A (aneuploidy screening)

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in the sampled cells. Human embryos can have an extra or missing chromosome, a condition called aneuploidy. Aneuploidy becomes more common with increasing maternal age, and many aneuploid embryos do not implant or lead to a pregnancy. PGT-A is sometimes discussed as a way to prioritise embryos for transfer, but it is not universally recommended. Some studies suggest possible benefits in certain groups, while others show no clear advantage for all patients. It is a personal decision that should be based on your individual circumstances and a discussion with your clinician.

    PGT-M (monogenic disease testing)

    PGT-M is used when there is a known risk of passing on a specific inherited condition caused by a change in a single gene — for example, cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy or certain types of thalassaemia. It requires a known genetic variant in the family, and often a genetic counselling consultation before IVF. The test looks for that specific variant in the embryo. PGT-M is usually considered when one or both parents are carriers or affected, and when the condition is serious enough that the family wishes to avoid passing it on.

    PGT-SR (structural rearrangement testing)

    PGT-SR is for people who carry a balanced structural chromosome rearrangement, such as a translocation or inversion. Carriers are often healthy but may have a higher chance of producing embryos with unbalanced chromosome arrangements, which can lead to miscarriage or a child with health problems. PGT-SR looks for those unbalanced arrangements. Like PGT-M, it is targeted to a known finding in the parents.

    How PGT results are usually described

    PGT reports typically use a few standard categories. The exact wording and thresholds can vary between laboratories, so ask your clinic to explain their reporting in plain language.

    Result category What it generally means What it does not mean
    Normal / euploid The sampled cells showed the expected number of chromosomes (for PGT-A) or did not show the specific variant or rearrangement being tested for (for PGT-M or PGT-SR). It does not guarantee a healthy pregnancy or child. Other genetic or health issues may still occur.
    Abnormal / aneuploid or affected The sampled cells showed an extra or missing chromosome, or the specific condition being tested for was detected. It does not always mean the embryo could never produce a pregnancy, but clinics generally do not prioritise these embryos for transfer.
    Mosaic The sample contained a mixture of cells with and without the finding. The proportion and type of mosaic cells matter. It is not a simple yes or no. Some mosaic embryos can lead to healthy pregnancies, but the chance is less predictable. Counselling is important.
    Inconclusive / no result The laboratory could not obtain a clear result, sometimes because the sample was too small or the DNA did not amplify. It does not mean the embryo is abnormal. A repeat sample or further discussion may be needed.

    Who might consider PGT — and who might not

    PGT is not necessary for everyone doing IVF. It is usually discussed in specific situations:

    • PGT-M or PGT-SR: when there is a known inherited condition or a balanced chromosome rearrangement in the family.
    • PGT-A: sometimes discussed for patients with a history of recurrent miscarriage, repeated IVF failure, or when the number of embryos available makes selection a concern. However, evidence for broad use is mixed, and guidelines in different countries vary.
    • Age-related considerations: because aneuploidy is more common with increasing maternal age, some clinics discuss PGT-A more often in older patients. This is a conversation to have with your clinician, not a rule.

    PGT may not be suitable if there are very few embryos, if the embryo quality is poor, or if the specific genetic finding cannot be tested reliably. It also adds cost and time to an IVF cycle, and it requires a genetics laboratory with appropriate expertise. In Thailand, as in other countries, not every clinic offers every type of PGT, and some may refer samples to a partner laboratory. Ask directly about who performs the testing and how results are reported.

    How PGT fits into an IVF cycle in Thailand

    The general sequence is similar to IVF anywhere, but the exact steps and timing depend on the clinic and your protocol. A typical path looks like this:

    1. Consultation and planning: discuss your history, whether PGT is appropriate, and which type. For PGT-M or PGT-SR, a genetic counselling session is usually needed first.
    2. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval: standard IVF steps to collect eggs.
    3. Fertilisation and embryo culture: eggs are fertilised and embryos are grown for several days.
    4. Embryo biopsy: a few cells are removed from each embryo that will be tested. This is a laboratory procedure.
    5. Sample analysis: the cells are sent to a genetics laboratory. Embryos are usually frozen during this waiting period.
    6. Results and counselling: you and your clinician review the results and discuss which embryo(s), if any, to transfer.
    7. Frozen embryo transfer: if you decide to proceed, a prepared cycle is used to transfer an embryo to the uterus.

    Timelines vary. The waiting period for results can range from days to a few weeks depending on the test and the laboratory. Ask your clinic for a realistic estimate for your case.

    Limitations and uncertainties to keep in mind

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it has clear limits:

    • It is not a guarantee. A normal result does not ensure implantation, pregnancy, live birth or a child without health issues.
    • It cannot test for everything. PGT-A looks at chromosome number, not gene-level conditions. PGT-M tests only for the specific variant it is designed to detect.
    • Mosaic results are complex. The biopsy samples only a few cells, which may not represent the whole embryo. Some mosaic embryos can develop normally, but the risk is not fully understood.
    • Technical limitations exist. Sometimes no result is obtained, and sometimes a result may be inaccurate (false positive or false negative), though laboratories work to minimise this.
    • It does not replace prenatal testing. Even after PGT, standard prenatal screening or diagnostic testing may still be recommended during pregnancy.

    Alternatives and additional options

    If PGT is not right for you, or if you want to consider other paths, these may be discussed:

    • IVF without PGT: transferring embryos based on visual assessment and your clinical history.
    • Prenatal testing: tests during pregnancy, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, can diagnose certain conditions. These are different from PGT and carry their own considerations.
    • Genetic counselling: a specialist can help you understand risks, options and the implications of test results, whether or not you choose PGT.
    • Donor gametes or embryos: in some situations, using donor eggs, sperm or embryos may be an alternative path. This involves its own legal and ethical considerations.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    When you contact a clinic, these questions can help you compare options and understand what is realistic:

    • Which types of PGT do you offer directly, and which are sent to an external laboratory?
    • What are the qualifications and accreditation of the genetics laboratory you use?
    • How do you report mosaic and inconclusive results, and what counselling do you provide?
    • What is the additional cost of PGT, including biopsy, analysis and any genetic counselling?
    • How long does it take to receive results, and how does that affect the transfer timeline?
    • What are the success rates for frozen embryo transfer after PGT at your clinic, and how do you define success?
    • Are there any legal or regulatory restrictions in Thailand that apply to my situation?
    • What support do you offer for international patients, such as language interpretation or help with travel planning?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT IVF in Thailand, start by clarifying your own reasons for testing and what you hope to learn. Gather any relevant genetic or medical records. Then speak with a qualified clinic and, if possible, a genetic counsellor. Ask for clear explanations of the tests, the possible results and the uncertainties. Remember that PGT is a personal decision, and there is no single right answer for everyone. For more context, see our PGT in Thailand overview, browse our guides, or check the FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT required for IVF in Thailand?

    No. PGT is an optional add-on to IVF, not a required step. Whether it is appropriate depends on your medical history, the reason for testing, and your clinic's assessment. Some patients choose IVF without PGT. Discuss the pros and cons with your treating clinician.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene variant. PGT-SR tests for a known structural chromosome rearrangement, such as a translocation. Each type is used in different situations and is not interchangeable.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide useful information about certain chromosome or gene findings, but it cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy, a live birth, or a child without health issues. It does not detect all possible conditions, and some results are uncertain. Prenatal testing may still be recommended during pregnancy.

    What does a mosaic PGT result mean?

    A mosaic result means the sampled cells showed a mixture of cells with and without a particular chromosome finding. The implications depend on the specific finding and the proportion of mosaic cells. Some mosaic embryos can lead to healthy pregnancies, but the chance is less predictable. Your clinic should provide counselling to help you understand your options.

    How much does PGT cost in Thailand?

    Costs vary widely depending on the clinic, the type of PGT, the number of embryos tested, and whether genetic counselling or other services are included. We do not list prices because they change and depend on your individual situation. Ask the clinic for a detailed quote and clarify what is included.

    Do I need genetic counselling before PGT?

    For PGT-M and PGT-SR, genetic counselling is typically recommended or required before proceeding, because it helps confirm the specific genetic finding and explains the implications. For PGT-A, counselling may also be helpful to discuss the limitations and uncertainties. Ask your clinic about their process.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read a PGT-A Report from a Thai Lab: A Patient Orientation

    A PGT-A report is a laboratory document that summarises the chromosome screening performed on one or more embryos. It usually lists each embryo tested, the laboratory’s classification for that embryo, and technical notes about the method used. The report is not a diagnosis of you or your partner, and it does not predict whether a pregnancy will occur. Your fertility care team is responsible for interpreting the report alongside your clinical history. This orientation explains the sections you are likely to see and the questions worth asking before you make any decisions.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes; it does not test for every possible genetic condition.
    • Reports vary between laboratories, so the same word or symbol may not mean the same thing everywhere.
    • Each embryo is usually reported separately, with a classification and sometimes a confidence note.
    • Results are one part of a wider clinical picture, not a standalone answer.
    • Ask your care team to walk you through the report line by line if anything is unclear.

    What PGT-A is and what it is not

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a laboratory technique used during IVF to assess whether an embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. Chromosomes are the structures that carry genetic material. An embryo with an unexpected number of chromosomes is described as aneuploid; one with the expected number is described as euploid.

    PGT-A is different from PGT-M, which looks for a specific inherited condition, and from PGT-SR, which looks at structural chromosome rearrangements. A PGT-A report will not tell you about every possible genetic condition, and it does not measure embryo quality in a general sense. It is also not a guarantee of implantation, pregnancy, live birth or child health. Some embryos classified as euploid do not lead to a pregnancy, and some embryos classified as aneuploid can sometimes result in a pregnancy, although this is uncommon. Your care team can explain what the evidence means for your situation.

    The common sections of a PGT-A report

    Laboratory reports differ, but many PGT-A reports from Thai laboratories include some version of the following sections. Use this list as a map, not as a substitute for the explanation from your clinic.

    Patient and sample identification

    This section usually includes your name or a patient identifier, your partner’s details if relevant, the date the sample was received, and a laboratory reference number. Check that the identifiers match your own records. If something looks wrong, contact your clinic before interpreting anything else.

    Embryo list and labelling

    Each embryo is normally listed separately, often with a laboratory label such as a number or code. The report may also note the day the embryo was biopsied or frozen. This labelling matters because it links a result to a specific embryo. If you are unsure which embryo is which, ask your clinic to match the labels to your treatment records.

    Result classification for each embryo

    This is the part most patients look at first. Common categories include:

    • Euploid — the laboratory found the expected number of chromosomes.
    • Aneuploid — the laboratory found an unexpected number of chromosomes.
    • Mosaic — the laboratory found a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers.
    • Inconclusive or no result — the laboratory could not produce a clear classification, often because the sample did not yield enough DNA.

    Some reports use additional terms or subcategories. The exact wording is laboratory-specific, so ask your care team what each term means in your report.

    Chromosome-specific detail

    For aneuploid or mosaic results, the report may name the chromosome or chromosomes involved and describe whether there is an extra copy (sometimes written as a trisomy) or a missing copy (sometimes written as a monosomy). It may also indicate whether the finding involves a sex chromosome or an autosome. This level of detail can be useful for your care team, but it is easy to misread without clinical context. Avoid drawing conclusions from a single line.

    Mosaic percentage or level

    When a mosaic result is reported, the laboratory may include an estimated percentage of cells affected. This figure is an estimate, not a precise measurement, and laboratories may use different thresholds to describe low-level or high-level mosaicism. The clinical meaning of a mosaic result is an area of ongoing discussion, and your care team is best placed to explain how it may apply to you.

    Method and technical notes

    This section describes the laboratory technique used, such as the platform or the number of cells analysed. It may also include quality indicators, limits of the test, and a disclaimer that the result relates only to the sample received. These notes are not usually meant for patients to interpret alone, but they can help your care team explain the reliability of a result.

    Signatures, accreditation and report date

    Many reports include the name of the laboratory, the date of the report, and a signature or authorisation. Some may list accreditation details. If you want to understand what a particular accreditation covers, ask your clinic or the laboratory directly.

    How to read the report without over-interpreting it

    A PGT-A report is a technical document, and it is normal to feel uncertain when reading it. A few habits can help you stay oriented:

    1. Read the whole report, not just the result column. The technical notes and disclaimers often explain the limits of the test.
    2. Check the embryo labels against your records. A result only matters if it is linked to the correct embryo.
    3. Write down unfamiliar terms. Bring the list to your next appointment rather than searching for answers in isolation.
    4. Ask what is not covered. PGT-A does not screen for every condition, and a euploid result does not rule out all possible issues.
    5. Ask about uncertainty. Inconclusive results, mosaic results and low-level findings all carry some uncertainty. Your care team can explain what that uncertainty means for your decisions.

    Questions to ask your care team

    These questions can help you get a clear, personalised explanation:

    • Can you walk me through each section of this report in plain language?
    • What does the classification for each embryo mean in my case?
    • How does this laboratory define terms such as mosaic or inconclusive?
    • What are the limits of this test for my situation?
    • How might these results affect the options you would discuss with me?
    • If a result is uncertain, what would you recommend as a next step?
    • Are there any findings that need genetic counselling?
    • Can I have a copy of the full report and any accompanying notes?

    What the report does not tell you

    It is just as important to understand what a PGT-A report cannot do. It does not:

    • Guarantee that an embryo will implant or lead to a live birth.
    • Guarantee the health of a future child.
    • Diagnose a condition in you or your partner.
    • Replace a full clinical assessment or genetic counselling.
    • Predict how you will respond to any particular treatment plan.

    Because of these limits, PGT-A is not a required step for every patient. Whether it is appropriate for you depends on your history, your reasons for considering it, and the advice of your care team.

    Next steps after receiving your report

    Once you have the report in hand, a calm sequence can help you move forward:

    1. Save a copy of the full report, including any technical pages.
    2. Note the questions you want to ask, and bring them to your appointment.
    3. Ask your clinic to explain any terms or classifications you do not understand.
    4. Ask whether genetic counselling would be helpful for your situation.
    5. Discuss how the results fit with your wider treatment plan and your preferences.
    6. Take time to consider your options before making decisions.

    If you are still comparing clinics or planning your next steps, you can review the hospital directory, read more about PGT in Thailand, browse the guides, or check the FAQ for general information. These resources are for orientation only and do not replace personalised medical advice.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a euploid result on a PGT-A report mean the embryo will definitely lead to a pregnancy?

    No. A euploid classification means the laboratory found the expected number of chromosomes in the sample analysed. It does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, live birth or child health. Many other factors affect outcomes, and your care team can explain what the result may mean in your situation.

    What does a mosaic result mean on a PGT-A report?

    A mosaic result usually means the laboratory found a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers. The report may include an estimated percentage, but this is an estimate and laboratories may use different thresholds. The clinical meaning of mosaicism is complex, so it is best discussed with your care team or a genetic counsellor.

    Why does my report say inconclusive or no result?

    An inconclusive result often means the laboratory could not obtain enough DNA or a clear signal from the sample. This is a technical limitation rather than a statement about the embryo's health. Your clinic can explain what options, if any, are available in your case.

    Can I interpret my PGT-A report without my doctor?

    You can read the report, but interpreting it accurately usually requires clinical context. Terms and thresholds vary between laboratories, and a single line rarely tells the whole story. It is safer to bring your questions to your care team rather than drawing conclusions on your own.

    Does PGT-A test for all genetic conditions?

    No. PGT-A screens for extra or missing chromosomes. It does not test for every possible genetic condition. Other tests, such as PGT-M or PGT-SR, may be relevant for specific inherited conditions or structural rearrangements. Your care team can explain which test, if any, is appropriate for your situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.