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  • PGT After a Failed IVF Cycle in Thailand: Planning Your Next Steps

    After an IVF cycle that did not lead to an ongoing pregnancy, many international patients want to understand whether preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) could change the plan for a subsequent attempt. PGT is laboratory testing of embryos created during IVF; it does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child, and it is not automatically the right next step for everyone. In Thailand, as elsewhere, the decision depends on your history, the reason the earlier cycle did not succeed, and what your treating clinic can offer. This guide explains how PGT may fit into a next cycle, what to clarify before you commit, and how to plan the practical timeline.

    At a glance

    • PGT is an add-on to an IVF cycle, not a separate treatment. It requires embryos to be created and biopsied in the laboratory.
    • Whether PGT is appropriate after a failed cycle depends on the specific reason for that failure, which your clinic should help you understand.
    • PGT does not replace a full review of your previous cycle. That review usually comes first.
    • Timelines, costs, legal requirements and what a clinic can offer vary. Confirm all of these directly with the treating clinic and, where relevant, the appropriate authority.
    • Planning a next cycle involves medical, logistical and emotional steps, and it is reasonable to take them at your own pace.

    Why a failed cycle does not automatically mean PGT is next

    A single unsuccessful IVF cycle can have many explanations. Sometimes the cause is clear from the cycle records; sometimes it remains uncertain. PGT looks at the chromosomal makeup of embryos, so it is most relevant when the question is about embryo selection rather than, for example, how the uterus responded to transfer or how the ovaries responded to stimulation.

    Because of this, the first step after a failed cycle is usually a structured review with your treating clinic. That review can help distinguish between situations where PGT might add useful information and situations where a different change to the plan is more relevant. This article focuses on how PGT fits into a subsequent cycle; it does not cover recurrent implantation failure as a separate diagnosis, which involves its own assessment.

    What PGT is, and what it is not

    PGT refers to genetic testing performed on embryos before transfer. Different forms of PGT look for different things, and clinics may use slightly different terminology. In general terms:

    • PGT can provide information about the chromosomal status of an embryo.
    • It is performed on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo in the laboratory.
    • It does not treat the embryo, and it does not change the embryo’s underlying genetics.
    • It cannot guarantee that a transferred embryo will implant, that a pregnancy will continue, or that a child will be free of all health conditions.

    Your clinic should explain which type of testing it is proposing, what information the test can and cannot provide, and how the results would be used in your specific situation.

    How PGT may fit into a next cycle

    If you and your clinic decide that PGT is worth considering, it is usually planned as part of a full IVF cycle rather than as a standalone procedure. The general sequence looks like this:

    1. Review the previous cycle. Your clinic examines what happened, including stimulation, fertilization, embryo development and transfer, to identify what might be adjusted.
    2. Decide whether PGT is appropriate. This is an individual medical decision. Your clinic should explain the potential benefits and limitations for your case.
    3. Plan a new IVF cycle. This includes ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval and fertilization in the laboratory.
    4. Embryo development and biopsy. If embryos develop, a small sample may be taken for testing. Not every embryo will be suitable for biopsy or testing.
    5. Testing and results. The laboratory processes the sample and reports results. The time this takes varies.
    6. Transfer planning. Depending on the results and your clinic’s protocol, a transfer may be planned in the same cycle or in a later cycle.

    Each of these steps involves decisions that only your treating clinic can make with you. The purpose of this outline is to help you ask better questions, not to replace medical advice.

    Questions to ask your clinic before planning a next cycle

    Bringing a written list to your consultation can help you cover the points that matter most. Consider asking:

    • Based on my previous cycle, what do you think contributed to the outcome?
    • Is PGT relevant in my situation, and why or why not?
    • Which type of PGT are you proposing, and what information would it provide?
    • What are the limitations of PGT in my case?
    • How would the results change what we do next?
    • What are the alternatives to PGT for my next cycle?
    • What is the expected timeline from consultation to transfer?
    • What costs should I plan for, and what do they include?
    • What documents or preparations do I need as an international patient?
    • What are the clinic’s requirements for consent and counselling?

    If any answer is unclear, it is reasonable to ask for it to be explained again in plain language.

    Planning the timeline as an international patient

    For patients travelling to Thailand, the clinical timeline and the travel timeline need to be planned together. The exact schedule depends on your protocol and your clinic’s advice, but the categories below are useful for planning.

    Phase What it typically involves What to confirm with your clinic
    Review and decision Records review, consultation, discussion of whether PGT is appropriate How records should be shared; whether a remote consultation is possible; what decisions need to be made before travel
    Preparation Any pre-cycle tests or preparations your clinic recommends Which tests are needed, where they can be done, and how results should be submitted
    Treatment cycle Stimulation, monitoring, egg retrieval, laboratory work How long you need to be in Thailand; how monitoring is arranged; what happens if the plan changes
    Testing and results Embryo biopsy and laboratory testing How results are reported; how long they usually take; how they are discussed with you
    Transfer Embryo transfer, whether in the same or a later cycle Whether a return trip is needed; what follow-up is arranged

    Because protocols and laboratory arrangements differ, treat this table as a planning framework rather than a fixed schedule. Ask your clinic to map your own expected timeline in writing.

    Practical and emotional considerations

    A failed cycle is often emotionally difficult, and planning another one can feel overwhelming. It is reasonable to take time before deciding. Some patients find it helpful to:

    • Ask for a written summary of the previous cycle and the proposed plan.
    • Discuss the decision with a partner, family member or counsellor.
    • Clarify what support the clinic offers, including counselling or patient coordination.
    • Consider the practical demands of travel, time away from work and repeat visits.
    • Set your own pace rather than feeling pressured to decide immediately.

    These are personal decisions. Your clinic can provide medical information, but the choice about whether and when to try again is yours.

    What to confirm directly with your clinic or the relevant authority

    Because requirements can change and vary between providers, always confirm the following directly rather than relying on general information:

    • Whether PGT is available for your situation and which type is proposed.
    • The full cost of a next cycle, including laboratory testing, medication, monitoring and any additional fees.
    • What documents are required for international patients, including identification and consent forms.
    • Any visa, entry or stay requirements that apply to you.
    • Any legal or regulatory requirements related to genetic testing or assisted reproduction in Thailand.
    • How your personal data and test results will be handled.

    This guide does not provide legal, financial or medical advice. It is intended to help you prepare questions and understand the general process.

    Next-step checklist

    1. Request a full review of your previous IVF cycle.
    2. Ask whether PGT is relevant in your case, and why.
    3. Ask which type of PGT is proposed and what it can and cannot tell you.
    4. Request a written outline of the proposed next cycle and expected timeline.
    5. Ask for a clear breakdown of costs and what they include.
    6. Confirm document, travel and legal requirements with your clinic and the relevant authority.
    7. Take time to consider the decision, and ask about counselling support if you would like it.

    For more background, you can read about PGT in Thailand, IVF in Thailand, the general treatment process, and information for international patients.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does a failed IVF cycle mean I should have PGT next time?

    Not necessarily. PGT is one possible option, and whether it is appropriate depends on the reason the earlier cycle did not succeed. Your treating clinic can review your records and explain whether PGT is likely to add useful information in your situation, along with its limitations.

    Can PGT be done without another full IVF cycle?

    PGT is performed on embryos created during an IVF cycle, so it is normally part of a full cycle rather than a standalone procedure. If you have frozen embryos from a previous cycle, ask your clinic whether testing them is possible and appropriate in your case.

    How long does PGT add to the process?

    Timelines vary depending on the clinic, the laboratory and your protocol. Some clinics plan a transfer in a later cycle after results are available. Ask your clinic to outline the expected timeline for your specific plan, including how long results usually take.

    What should I confirm before travelling to Thailand for a next cycle?

    Confirm the proposed treatment plan, the expected length of stay, the full cost breakdown, required documents, and any visa or legal requirements with your clinic and the relevant authority. Requirements can change, so verify them directly rather than relying on general information.

    Does PGT guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No. PGT provides information about the embryos tested, but it cannot guarantee implantation, an ongoing pregnancy, or a child's health. Your clinic should explain what the test can and cannot do in your specific situation.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: Which Test Is Right for You?

    PGT-A and PGT-M are two types of preimplantation genetic testing used during IVF. PGT-A screens embryos for extra or missing chromosomes, while PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition known to run in your family. The right test depends on your medical history, family history, and what you and your clinician aim to learn. Neither test guarantees a healthy pregnancy or baby, and not every patient needs either test. In Thailand, availability and laboratory protocols vary by clinic, so you will need to confirm details directly with your chosen provider.

    At a glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A checks the number of chromosomes in an embryo. It is often considered when age or history suggests a higher chance of chromosomal issues.
    • PGT-M looks for a specific gene change linked to a known inherited condition in the family.
    • PGT-A is broader but less specific; PGT-M is highly targeted.
    • Both require an IVF cycle and a biopsy of embryo cells.
    • Neither test can guarantee a successful pregnancy or a child without health issues.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A stands for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. Aneuploidy means an embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes—either too many or too few. Chromosome number errors are common in human embryos and become more frequent with increasing maternal age. PGT-A is used to identify embryos with a normal number of chromosomes (euploid) versus those with an abnormal number (aneuploid).

    PGT-A does not look for specific gene mutations. It is a screening test, not a diagnostic test for a particular disease. It may be offered to patients who have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss, repeated IVF failure, or who are of advanced maternal age. However, the use of PGT-A remains debated, and it is not universally recommended for all IVF patients. Some embryos with abnormal results can sometimes self-correct, and some normal embryos may fail to implant for other reasons.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M stands for preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders. Monogenic means caused by a single gene. PGT-M is used when there is a known risk of passing on a specific inherited condition, such as cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, or Huntington’s disease. It requires that the exact gene mutation in the family has been identified through genetic testing of the parents or an affected family member.

    PGT-M is highly targeted. The laboratory builds a custom test to look for that specific mutation in the embryo. This means PGT-M is not a general screen; it is only useful when the mutation is known. Without prior genetic testing, PGT-M cannot be performed. PGT-M can reduce the chance of implanting an embryo affected by the condition, but it does not eliminate all risks, and it cannot guarantee a healthy child.

    How do PGT-A and PGT-M differ in purpose?

    The core difference is scope. PGT-A looks at all chromosomes broadly to detect numerical abnormalities. PGT-M looks at one specific gene to detect a known familial mutation. PGT-A is often used when there is no known inherited condition but there is a concern about chromosomal errors. PGT-M is used when a specific inherited condition is known to be present in the family.

    Another difference is the starting point. PGT-A can be done without prior genetic testing of the parents. PGT-M requires prior identification of the mutation, usually through a blood test of the parents or a relative. This makes PGT-M a more personalized and labor-intensive process.

    When might each test be considered?

    PGT-A may be discussed if you are of advanced maternal age, have a history of recurrent miscarriage, or have had multiple unsuccessful IVF cycles. Some clinics also offer it as an optional add-on for any IVF cycle, though its benefit for all patients is not firmly established.

    PGT-M is considered when you or your partner carry a known genetic mutation that could be passed on, or when you already have a child affected by a genetic condition. It is also an option for couples who are both carriers of the same recessive condition. In these cases, PGT-M can help select embryos that are not affected by the condition.

    It is important to note that neither test is a requirement for IVF. Many healthy babies are born from IVF without any genetic testing. The decision should be made with a genetic counselor and your fertility doctor, based on your individual circumstances.

    How are the laboratory processes different?

    Both PGT-A and PGT-M begin with an IVF cycle, where eggs are retrieved and fertilized to create embryos. The embryos are cultured for a few days until they reach the blastocyst stage. At that point, a few cells are removed from the outer layer (trophectoderm) in a procedure called a biopsy. The biopsied cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis.

    For PGT-A, the lab uses techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) to count the chromosomes. This process can be done relatively quickly and does not require a custom probe.

    For PGT-M, the lab must first develop a personalized test that can detect the specific mutation. This often involves building a probe using DNA from the parents or a reference sample. The process takes longer and requires more specialized expertise. In some cases, PGT-M may be combined with PGT-A to also check chromosome number, but this is a separate decision.

    In Thailand, not all clinics offer PGT-M, and those that do may have different laboratory protocols. You will need to ask your clinic about their experience and whether they perform the test in-house or send samples abroad.

    What are the limitations of each test?

    PGT-A can sometimes produce results that are difficult to interpret, such as mosaicism, where an embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance of mosaicism is not fully understood, and some mosaic embryos can lead to healthy pregnancies. PGT-A also cannot detect all genetic problems; it only looks at chromosome number, not gene mutations or structural rearrangements.

    PGT-M is limited to the specific mutation it was designed to detect. It cannot rule out other genetic conditions that were not tested for. It also requires that the mutation is known and that a reliable test can be built. In some cases, the test may not be informative for all embryos. Like PGT-A, PGT-M cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a child free of all health issues.

    Both tests involve a biopsy, which carries a small risk of damage to the embryo, though this risk is considered low. Neither test improves the quality of the embryos themselves; they only provide information to help select which embryos to transfer.

    How to decide which test is right for you

    The choice between PGT-A and PGT-M is not a simple either/or. Some patients may be advised to have PGT-M alone, PGT-A alone, both, or neither. The decision should be based on your medical and family history, the reason for your IVF, and your goals.

    Start by discussing your family history with your doctor. If you have a known genetic condition in the family, PGT-M may be relevant. If you have a history of miscarriage or are older, PGT-A might be discussed. A genetic counselor can help you understand your risks and the implications of testing.

    Ask your clinic about their experience with each test, their laboratory partners, and how they handle results. Because PGT is a rapidly evolving field, protocols and availability can change. What is offered today may differ from what is available next year.

    Questions to ask your clinic in Thailand

    • Do you offer PGT-A and PGT-M? If not, do you refer to another clinic?
    • What laboratory do you use for genetic testing? Is it in Thailand or overseas?
    • What is your experience with PGT-M for my specific condition?
    • How do you handle mosaic results from PGT-A?
    • What are the costs involved? (Ask for a detailed breakdown.)
    • What are the success rates for my age and diagnosis? (Understand how they define success.)
    • What are the risks and limitations of each test?
    • How long does it take to get results?
    • Do you provide genetic counseling before and after testing?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT-A or PGT-M in Thailand, begin by gathering your personal and family medical history. Speak with a genetic counselor if you have a known inherited condition. Then consult with a fertility clinic that offers the test you are interested in. Remember that PGT is a tool, not a guarantee. It can provide useful information, but it does not replace a thorough discussion with your healthcare team about your individual chances and options.

    For more general information about PGT in Thailand, explore our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also browse our guides and FAQ for additional support.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I have PGT-M without PGT-A?

    Yes, PGT-M can be performed alone. Some clinics may recommend combining it with PGT-A to also check chromosome number, but this is a separate decision based on your situation.

    Is PGT-A always necessary for IVF?

    No. PGT-A is not required for all IVF cycles. It may be offered in certain cases, such as advanced maternal age or recurrent miscarriage, but its benefit for all patients is still debated. Discuss with your doctor whether it is appropriate for you.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M in terms of what they detect?

    PGT-A detects extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy) across all chromosomes. PGT-M detects a specific gene mutation that is known to run in your family. PGT-A is a broad screen; PGT-M is a targeted test.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about embryos, but it cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a child without health issues. Other factors, including maternal health and embryo quality, also play a role.

    How do I know if I need PGT-M?

    PGT-M is considered when there is a known inherited condition in your family or if you and your partner are carriers of the same genetic condition. A genetic counselor can help assess your risk and whether PGT-M is appropriate.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A Testing in Thailand for International Patients: Who It May Help and What It Screens

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a laboratory test that can be performed on embryos created during IVF. It looks for extra or missing chromosomes — a condition called aneuploidy — before an embryo is transferred. It is not a treatment, not a guarantee of pregnancy, and not automatically necessary for everyone. Whether it is useful depends on your age, your IVF history, how many embryos you have, and what you and your clinician are trying to learn. This guide explains what PGT-A screens, how it differs from other PGT tests, who may reasonably consider it, and what to confirm directly with a clinic in Thailand.

    At a glance

    • What it is: A lab test on a small sample of embryo cells, usually at the blastocyst stage.
    • What it screens: Extra or missing whole chromosomes (aneuploidy), not single-gene disorders and not all structural chromosome problems.
    • What it does not do: It cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy, a live birth, or a healthy child. It does not diagnose a disease in you.
    • Who may consider it: Often discussed with older patients, those with repeated implantation failure or recurrent pregnancy loss, or those with many embryos who want more information before transfer.
    • Key trade-off: More information about chromosome number, but also possible embryo loss from testing, biopsy risk, cost, and the chance of a result that is hard to interpret.
    • In Thailand: Availability, lab arrangements, and which patients are offered PGT-A vary by clinic. Confirm details directly.

    What PGT-A actually screens

    Human cells normally contain 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. Aneuploidy means there is an extra or missing chromosome. Common examples include trisomy 21 (an extra copy of chromosome 21), trisomy 18, and trisomy 13, as well as missing or extra sex chromosomes. Aneuploidy is a common cause of miscarriage and can also be present in embryos that fail to implant.

    PGT-A estimates the number of chromosomes in the cells sampled from an embryo. It does not read the full DNA sequence, so it does not detect most single-gene conditions such as cystic fibrosis or spinal muscular atrophy. It also has limits for certain structural rearrangements, small deletions or duplications, and mosaic results (where different cells in the same embryo have different chromosome numbers).

    Because only a few cells are removed, PGT-A is a screening test, not a definitive diagnosis. A “normal” result reduces but does not eliminate the chance of aneuploidy, and it cannot predict whether an embryo will implant, grow normally, or result in a healthy baby.

    PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR: how they differ

    PGT is an umbrella term. The three main types answer different questions:

    Test What it looks for Typical situation
    PGT-A Extra or missing whole chromosomes (aneuploidy) General embryo screening during IVF; often discussed with older patients or those with repeated IVF failure or miscarriage
    PGT-M A specific single-gene condition known to run in the family When one or both parents carry a gene variant for a condition such as thalassemia or cystic fibrosis
    PGT-SR Structural chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations When a parent has a known balanced translocation or similar rearrangement

    Some clinics combine PGT-A with PGT-M or PGT-SR when both are relevant. The choice of test should follow a clinical discussion, not a default package.

    Who may benefit from PGT-A — and who may not

    PGT-A is not recommended for every IVF patient. Professional guidance generally supports discussing it in specific situations rather than offering it universally. It may be more relevant if you:

    • Are older, since the proportion of aneuploid embryos tends to rise with age.
    • Have a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, where aneuploidy is a common contributing factor.
    • Have had repeated IVF cycles without implantation, after other causes have been reviewed.
    • Have several embryos and want more information to help prioritize which to transfer.
    • Have a previous pregnancy or pregnancy loss known to have been aneuploid.

    It may be less clearly beneficial if you:

    • Have very few embryos, because testing can reduce the number available for transfer.
    • Are younger with a good prognosis and no history suggesting higher aneuploidy risk.
    • Prefer to avoid the possibility of losing embryos to the testing process.
    • Have a mosaic or uncertain result that could complicate decision-making.

    These are general considerations, not eligibility rules. Your own situation should be assessed by your treating clinician.

    How PGT-A fits into an IVF cycle

    1. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval — standard IVF steps.
    2. Fertilization and embryo culture — embryos grow in the lab for several days, often to the blastocyst stage.
    3. Embryo biopsy — a small number of cells are removed from the trophectoderm (the outer layer that becomes the placenta). This is a lab procedure, not a treatment for the embryo.
    4. Sample analysis — the cells are tested for chromosome number. Some clinics send samples to a partner laboratory; others use an in-house lab.
    5. Embryo freezing and storage — because testing takes time, embryos are usually frozen and transferred in a later cycle.
    6. Results discussion — you and your clinician review which embryos are available and how to proceed.
    7. Transfer — one or more embryos may be transferred, depending on your plan and clinic guidance.

    Timelines vary. Ask your clinic how long testing takes, how embryos are stored, and what happens if results are inconclusive.

    Limitations and uncertainties to understand

    • It is a screening test. A low-risk result does not guarantee a chromosomally normal pregnancy or a healthy child.
    • Mosaic results. Some embryos show a mix of normal and abnormal cells. These results can be difficult to interpret, and policies on transferring mosaic embryos vary.
    • Embryo loss. Biopsy and freezing can reduce the number of embryos available for transfer. Not every embryo survives the process.
    • No improvement guarantee. Studies have not consistently shown that PGT-A improves live birth rates for all patients. It may reduce miscarriage risk in some groups, but it does not treat infertility itself.
    • Technical limits. PGT-A does not detect all genetic conditions, and it cannot assess non-chromosomal causes of implantation failure.
    • Cost and access. PGT-A adds laboratory and biopsy costs. These vary by clinic and are not covered here.

    Alternatives and add-ons to discuss

    Depending on your situation, your clinician may discuss:

    • IVF without PGT-A — transferring untested embryos, with standard ultrasound and, where appropriate, other screening during pregnancy.
    • PGT-M or PGT-SR — if a specific inherited condition or structural rearrangement is relevant.
    • Embryo grading — a visual assessment that does not test chromosomes but can inform transfer decisions.
    • Donor eggs or sperm — in some cases, this changes the aneuploidy risk profile.
    • Prenatal testing — such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, which can confirm chromosome status during pregnancy.

    No single option is right for everyone. The goal is to match the test to your question, not to add tests by default.

    How PGT-A is discussed in Thailand

    Thailand has a well-established IVF sector serving international patients, and PGT-A is offered at many clinics. However, practices differ. Some clinics offer PGT-A routinely to certain age groups; others discuss it case by case. Laboratory arrangements — whether testing is done in-house or through a partner lab — also vary, and this can affect turnaround time and how results are reported.

    Because regulations, clinic policies, and laboratory practices can change, treat any specific claim about availability, eligibility, or process as something to verify directly with the clinic you are considering. For general guidance on preparing for treatment in Thailand, see our international patients page and PGT in Thailand overview.

    Questions to ask a clinic before deciding

    • Do you recommend PGT-A for my situation, and why or why not?
    • What exactly does your PGT-A test screen for, and what does it not detect?
    • Is testing done in your laboratory or sent elsewhere? Who analyzes the samples?
    • How do you handle mosaic or inconclusive results?
    • What proportion of embryos typically remain available for transfer after biopsy and freezing at your clinic?
    • What are the additional costs, and what do they include?
    • How long does testing take, and how are embryos stored in the meantime?
    • What are my alternatives if I choose not to test?
    • Who will explain the results to me, and in what language?
    • What follow-up or prenatal testing do you recommend after transfer?

    Next-step checklist

    1. Clarify your own reasons for considering PGT-A — what question are you trying to answer?
    2. Ask your clinician whether PGT-A is likely to change your treatment plan.
    3. Request written information about the test, its limits, and the clinic’s laboratory arrangements.
    4. Ask about costs, timelines, and what happens to embryos that are not transferred.
    5. Consider a second opinion if the recommendation feels routine rather than personalized.
    6. Review our guides and FAQ for more context on IVF and PGT decisions.

    PGT-A can provide useful information in some situations, but it is one part of a larger decision. The most reliable next step is a direct conversation with a qualified clinician who can review your history and explain what testing can and cannot do for you.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A the same as PGT-M or PGT-SR?

    No. PGT-A screens for extra or missing whole chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M looks for a specific single-gene condition known to run in a family. PGT-SR looks for structural chromosome rearrangements such as translocations. They answer different questions and may be used together in some cases.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A is a screening test. A low-risk result reduces but does not eliminate the chance of aneuploidy, and it cannot predict implantation, pregnancy, or child health. It does not detect all genetic conditions.

    Who is usually offered PGT-A?

    It is often discussed with patients who are older, have a history of recurrent pregnancy loss or repeated IVF failure, or have several embryos and want more information before transfer. It is not universally recommended, and eligibility is a clinical decision.

    Can PGT-A results be uncertain?

    Yes. Some embryos show mosaic results, where different cells have different chromosome numbers. These can be difficult to interpret, and clinic policies on transferring mosaic embryos vary. Ask your clinic how they handle uncertain results.

    What should I ask a clinic in Thailand about PGT-A?

    Ask whether they recommend it for your situation, what the test screens for, whether testing is done in-house or sent to a partner lab, how mosaic results are handled, what the additional costs are, how long results take, and what alternatives exist if you choose not to test.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • IVF for LGBTQ+ Patients in Thailand: A Practical Guide to Access, Legality, and Planning

    Thailand has become a destination for LGBTQ+ international patients seeking fertility care, but access and legality depend on your specific situation. Thai law and clinic policies can affect who can receive treatment, what documents are required, and how parentage is recognized. This guide helps you ask the right questions, plan practically, and avoid assumptions. It does not provide legal advice or medical recommendations. Always confirm current rules with the treating clinic and a qualified Thai legal professional.

    At a glance

    • Legal access for LGBTQ+ patients in Thailand is not uniform; it depends on your relationship status, nationality, and the type of treatment.
    • Clinics may have their own eligibility policies that are stricter than the law.
    • Documentation requirements vary; ask for a written checklist before you travel.
    • Remote consultations can clarify whether a clinic can serve you before you commit to travel.
    • Privacy and communication preferences should be discussed early.
    • Plan for flexibility in travel dates and a clear follow-up plan in your home country.

    Legal considerations for LGBTQ+ patients

    Thai law around fertility treatment and parentage is complex and has changed in recent years. It is not possible to give a single answer that applies to all LGBTQ+ patients. Key factors that may affect access include:

    • Your marital or relationship status and how it is recognized in Thailand.
    • Your nationality and the nationality of any partner.
    • Whether you are seeking treatment as a single person, a same-sex couple, or a different family structure.
    • The type of treatment (for example, IVF with your own gametes versus treatment involving donor gametes or a gestational carrier).

    Because these rules can change and may be interpreted differently by different clinics, you should:

    • Ask the clinic directly whether they currently accept patients in your situation.
    • Request a written summary of the legal and documentary requirements they apply.
    • Consult an independent Thai lawyer with experience in family and fertility law to understand parentage and exit requirements.
    • Check the rules in your home country for recognizing a child born through treatment abroad.

    This guide cannot tell you whether you are eligible or what the law requires in your case. Those are questions for the clinic and a legal professional.

    Questions to ask a clinic before you commit

    Use these questions to screen clinics and clarify what is possible. Ask for answers in writing so you can review them carefully.

    • Do you currently provide IVF to LGBTQ+ patients in my specific situation (single, same-sex couple, etc.)?
    • What documents do you require from me and my partner, if applicable?
    • Do you require any legal documents, such as a marriage certificate, affidavit, or consent form?
    • How do you handle donor gametes or gestational carriers, if that is part of my treatment?
    • What are your policies on privacy and communication with me?
    • Can you provide a written treatment plan and cost estimate before I travel?
    • What is your process for remote consultations and follow-up?
    • What happens if I need to change my travel dates?
    • Who will be my main point of contact, and how quickly do they respond?
    • Can you share your approach to coordinating with my doctor at home?

    Documentation and preparation

    Document requirements vary by clinic and by your situation. Common categories to prepare may include:

    • Passport and visa-related documents for travel.
    • Identification for both partners, if applicable.
    • Marriage or relationship certificates, if relevant and available.
    • Medical records, including any previous fertility tests or treatments.
    • Legal documents requested by the clinic, such as consent forms or affidavits.
    • Proof of address or contact details for follow-up.

    Do not assume that a document accepted by one clinic will be accepted by another. Ask for a checklist and confirm whether translations or notarizations are needed. Keep both digital and paper copies.

    Remote consultations and communication

    Remote consultations can help you decide whether a clinic is a good fit before you travel. They are also useful for discussing sensitive topics. Consider the following:

    • Ask whether interpreters are available and whether they are medically trained.
    • Confirm the language of written materials and consent forms.
    • Request a summary of what was discussed after each consultation.
    • Clarify how urgent questions are handled outside of scheduled appointments.
    • Discuss how your privacy will be protected, including who can access your records.
    • Ask whether consultations can be recorded for your own reference, if that helps you.

    Good communication is a two-way process. If you feel rushed or unclear, ask for clarification before making decisions.

    Privacy and respectful care

    Privacy is a common concern for LGBTQ+ patients. You may want to ask:

    • How does the clinic protect my personal and medical information?
    • Who in the clinic will know about my treatment?
    • How will staff address me and my partner?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on sharing information with anyone else?
    • Can I request a private waiting area or specific appointment times?

    You have the right to ask these questions and to choose a clinic that respects your identity and circumstances.

    Travel, accommodation, and flexibility

    Treatment timelines can be unpredictable. Build flexibility into your travel plans.

    • Ask the clinic for an estimated length of stay, but understand that it may change.
    • Choose accommodation that allows changes or extensions.
    • Consider travel insurance that covers medical and trip interruption, and check what it covers.
    • Keep some buffer days before and after your expected treatment window.
    • Ask the clinic for a list of nearby accommodation options if you need them.
    • Plan for how you will get to and from appointments.

    If you are traveling with a partner, confirm that the clinic can accommodate both of you in consultations and that your partner’s role is recognized in their processes.

    Follow-up care after you return home

    Continuity of care matters. Before you leave Thailand, ask:

    • What follow-up tests or appointments will I need, and when?
    • Can you provide a written summary of my treatment for my doctor at home?
    • How will you communicate with my local doctor, if I want that?
    • What should I do if I have questions or concerns after I return?
    • Who do I contact in an emergency?

    Arrange a plan with a healthcare provider in your home country before you travel, so you know where to go for follow-up.

    Costs: what to clarify

    Costs vary widely and depend on your treatment plan. This guide does not provide prices. Instead, ask for a detailed written estimate that covers:

    • Consultations and monitoring.
    • Laboratory fees and procedures.
    • Medications.
    • Any donor or carrier-related costs, if applicable.
    • Storage fees for embryos or gametes.
    • Administrative or legal fees.
    • What is not included.

    Ask how payments are made, what currency is used, and what the refund policy is if treatment is cancelled or changed.

    Next steps checklist

    1. Clarify your legal situation with a qualified Thai lawyer and check recognition rules in your home country.
    2. Contact several clinics to ask whether they accept patients in your situation.
    3. Request written information on documents, costs, and timelines.
    4. Schedule remote consultations to discuss your questions and assess communication.
    5. Plan travel with flexibility and arrange follow-up care at home.
    6. Keep copies of all documents and correspondence.

    For more general guidance, see our guides, information for international patients, an overview of the treatment process, and additional patient resources.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can same-sex couples get IVF in Thailand?

    Access depends on your specific situation, including your relationship status, nationality, and the type of treatment. Thai law and individual clinic policies vary. You should ask clinics directly whether they currently accept patients in your circumstances and consult a Thai legal professional for advice on parentage and legal recognition.

    What legal considerations should LGBTQ+ patients know about IVF in Thailand?

    Legal considerations may include whether your relationship is recognized, how parentage is established, and what documents are required. Rules can change and may be interpreted differently by clinics. It is important to get independent legal advice and confirm requirements with the clinic before traveling.

    How can I find an inclusive fertility clinic in Thailand?

    Ask clinics about their experience with LGBTQ+ patients, their policies on privacy and communication, and whether they can provide respectful care. Request written information and consider a remote consultation to assess whether the clinic is a good fit for you.

    What should I prepare before traveling to Thailand for IVF?

    Prepare documents such as passports, medical records, and any legal documents the clinic requests. Ask for a written checklist. Also plan for flexible travel dates, accommodation that allows changes, and follow-up care in your home country.

    How do I arrange follow-up care after returning home?

    Before you leave Thailand, ask the clinic for a written summary of your treatment and any recommended follow-up. Arrange a local healthcare provider who can continue your care. Confirm how the clinic will communicate with you and your local doctor if needed.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT for Recurrent Implantation Failure in Thailand: A Cautious Guide

    PGT, or preimplantation genetic testing, is sometimes discussed when IVF has not led to implantation after several transfers. It is not a guaranteed solution and it is not automatically right for everyone. PGT can provide extra information about an embryo’s chromosomes or a known inherited condition, but it cannot explain every case of recurrent implantation failure (RIF), and it cannot promise a pregnancy. In Thailand, as elsewhere, the decision should follow an individual medical review rather than a general rule.

    At a glance

    • RIF is usually defined after repeated transfers of apparently suitable embryos without implantation; definitions vary, so your clinic should explain the one it uses.
    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number; PGT-M looks for a known inherited condition; PGT-SR looks at a known structural chromosome rearrangement.
    • PGT is one part of a wider fertility review, not a standalone answer.
    • Results can be affected by embryo quality, laboratory technique and the limits of the test itself.
    • Ask how a result would change your treatment plan before you agree to testing.

    What recurrent implantation failure means

    Recurrent implantation failure is a working term, not a single diagnosis. It generally describes a situation where several embryos have been transferred in IVF cycles and none has implanted. The exact number of transfers and the type of embryos counted can differ between clinics and studies. Because the definition is not fixed, two clinics may label the same history differently.

    RIF is also not the same as recurrent pregnancy loss. RIF concerns implantation; recurrent pregnancy loss concerns pregnancies that begin but do not continue. The two can overlap, but they are assessed differently. If you are unsure which category your history fits, ask your clinic to explain its reasoning in plain language.

    What PGT can and cannot show

    Preimplantation genetic testing is carried out on a small sample of cells taken from an embryo, usually during an IVF cycle. There are three main types:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening) estimates whether an embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. It is the type most often discussed in relation to RIF.
    • PGT-M (monogenic disease) looks for a specific inherited condition that is already known in the family.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement) looks for chromosome rearrangements that are already known in a parent.

    PGT-A does not diagnose the cause of infertility, and it does not measure embryo quality in a complete way. It gives an estimate based on the cells sampled. Some embryos are mosaic, meaning they contain a mix of cells with different chromosome patterns. Mosaic results can be difficult to interpret, and clinics may handle them differently. PGT-M and PGT-SR are used when a specific inherited condition or rearrangement is already identified; they are not general screening tests for RIF.

    Why PGT is sometimes considered in RIF

    Chromosome errors in embryos are common, and they can affect whether an embryo implants. Because of this, some clinicians discuss PGT-A when a patient has had repeated transfers without implantation. The hope is that selecting embryos with a more typical chromosome pattern may improve the chance of implantation.

    However, the evidence is not clear-cut. Studies have reached different conclusions, and the benefit may depend on the patient’s age, the number of embryos available, the clinic’s laboratory, and the reason for the previous failures. PGT-A is not a treatment for RIF; it is a way of gathering information that may or may not change the plan. It also does not address other possible factors, such as the uterine environment, hormonal timing, immune factors, or sperm-related issues.

    How PGT fits into a broader RIF review

    A thorough review before PGT usually includes:

    • A detailed history of previous IVF cycles, including embryo stage, grading, and transfer technique.
    • Assessment of the uterine cavity, such as imaging or hysteroscopy, where appropriate.
    • Review of hormone levels and the timing of the transfer cycle.
    • Discussion of sperm health and any male-factor findings.
    • Consideration of genetic testing for the parents if a specific condition is suspected.
    • Review of lifestyle, medication, and general health factors that may affect implantation.

    PGT may be one part of this review, but it should not replace it. If a clinic suggests PGT without first looking at these other areas, it is reasonable to ask why.

    What PGT involves in practice

    PGT is performed as part of an IVF cycle. Embryos are created through IVF or ICSI, cultured for a few days, and a small number of cells are removed for testing. The embryos are usually frozen while the results are processed, and a later cycle is used to transfer an embryo. This means PGT adds steps, time, and cost to treatment.

    Not every embryo will be suitable for biopsy, and not every embryo will have a result that can be clearly interpreted. Some cycles may end with no embryo available for transfer after testing. These possibilities should be discussed before starting.

    Limitations and uncertainties

    • PGT-A cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy or a live birth.
    • It does not detect every genetic or chromosomal condition.
    • Mosaic results can be uncertain, and policies for transferring mosaic embryos vary.
    • Testing may reduce the number of embryos available for transfer.
    • The evidence for PGT-A in RIF is mixed, and it may not improve outcomes for every patient.
    • PGT does not treat uterine, hormonal, or immune factors that may contribute to RIF.

    Because of these limits, PGT should be presented as an option with possible benefits and possible downsides, not as a required step or a promise.

    Alternatives and additional considerations

    Depending on your history, your clinic may discuss other options alongside or instead of PGT. These can include:

    • Further evaluation of the uterus, such as hysteroscopy or endometrial testing.
    • Changes to the transfer cycle, such as a different protocol or timing.
    • Review of embryo culture and transfer techniques.
    • Testing for conditions that may affect implantation, if clinically indicated.
    • Consideration of donor eggs or sperm in some situations.
    • Supportive care and counselling, since RIF can be emotionally difficult.

    No single approach works for everyone. The right plan depends on your individual medical situation, your preferences, and what your clinic can offer.

    Questions to ask a clinic in Thailand

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, these questions can help you understand what is being proposed:

    • How do you define recurrent implantation failure, and does my history fit that definition?
    • What other assessments do you recommend before PGT?
    • Which type of PGT are you suggesting, and why?
    • What are the possible results, including uncertain or mosaic results, and how would each affect my plan?
    • What happens if no embryo is available for transfer after testing?
    • What are the costs involved, including testing, freezing, storage, and the transfer cycle?
    • What are the success rates for patients with a similar history at your clinic, and how are those rates measured?
    • What are the alternatives if I decide not to have PGT?
    • Who will explain the results to me, and what support is available?

    Practical next steps

    1. Gather your previous IVF records, including embryo reports and transfer notes.
    2. Ask your current or prospective clinic to review your history and explain whether PGT is likely to change your care.
    3. Request a clear written summary of the proposed plan, including tests, timelines, and costs.
    4. Consider a second opinion if you feel unsure or if PGT is presented as the only option.
    5. Take time to weigh the possible benefits and burdens with your partner or support person.

    PGT may be helpful for some patients with RIF, but it is not a cure and not a guarantee. The most useful step is a careful, individual discussion with a qualified fertility specialist who can review your full history and explain the uncertainties honestly.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT improve the chance of pregnancy in recurrent implantation failure?

    The evidence is mixed. Some studies suggest PGT-A may help in certain situations, while others do not show a clear benefit. Whether it helps depends on individual factors such as age, embryo number, and the reason for previous failures. It is not a guaranteed solution.

    Is PGT always recommended for recurrent implantation failure?

    No. PGT is one option among several. Guidelines do not universally recommend it for RIF, and the decision should be based on your individual medical history and a discussion with your specialist.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A estimates chromosome number in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that is already known in the family. PGT-SR looks for a known structural chromosome rearrangement. PGT-M and PGT-SR are used when a specific condition or rearrangement has been identified.

    Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can provide information about certain chromosome or genetic features, but it cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy or baby. It does not detect every possible condition, and some results can be uncertain.

    What should I ask a clinic in Thailand about PGT for RIF?

    Ask how they define RIF, which type of PGT they recommend and why, what other assessments they suggest, how they handle uncertain results, what the costs are, and what alternatives exist if you decide not to have PGT.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT Biopsy Results in Thailand: How to Read Your Report

    If you are waiting for or have just received PGT biopsy results from a clinic in Thailand, you likely have a report full of technical terms. This guide explains the common structure and vocabulary of a PGT report so you can prepare informed questions for your clinic. It does not interpret your specific results. Only your treating clinic and a qualified genetic counsellor can do that, because the meaning of any result depends on your personal and family history, the technology used, and the limitations of the test.

    At a glance

    • PGT reports usually describe which embryos were tested, what type of PGT was used, and a result category for each embryo.
    • Common result categories include euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, and inconclusive or no result.
    • PGT-A looks at chromosome number; PGT-M looks at a specific inherited condition; PGT-SR looks at structural chromosome rearrangements.
    • PGT is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child, and it is not necessary or suitable for every patient.
    • Always discuss your report with your clinic and a genetic counsellor before making decisions.

    What a PGT report typically contains

    Although formats vary between laboratories and clinics, a PGT report generally includes several sections. The exact layout depends on the provider, so use this as a general orientation rather than a fixed template.

    • Patient and sample information: identifiers for you and the embryos tested, plus dates of biopsy and reporting.
    • Test type: whether PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR, or a combination was performed.
    • Method: a brief description of the laboratory technique, such as the platform used for analysis.
    • Results table: one row per embryo, with a result category and sometimes a note about chromosome(s) involved.
    • Interpretation or comments: a summary from the laboratory, which may include limitations or recommendations for confirmatory testing.
    • Signatures or authorisations: names and roles of the professionals who reviewed and released the report.

    If any of these sections are missing or unclear, ask your clinic for clarification. You are entitled to understand the document that informs your care.

    Key terms you may see

    The vocabulary in PGT reports can be dense. Here are some terms you may encounter, with plain-English explanations. Remember that your clinic’s definitions may vary slightly, so confirm anything that affects your decisions.

    Embryo and biopsy

    An embryo is the early stage of development after fertilisation. A biopsy is a small sample of cells taken from the embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage, for genetic testing. The biopsy itself does not usually harm the embryo’s ability to develop, but it is an additional laboratory step.

    PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy): screens for extra or missing chromosomes across the embryo’s genome. It does not test for specific inherited diseases.
    • PGT-M (monogenic): tests for a specific single-gene condition that runs in your family, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassaemia, when the genetic variant is known.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangement): tests for chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations, that may affect fertility or pregnancy outcomes.

    Some clinics combine these tests. The report should state clearly which test or tests were performed.

    Euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic

    • Euploid: the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes for its species. This is often described as a “normal” result, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • Aneuploid: the embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes. This may be described as “abnormal” or “affected.” Aneuploid embryos are often not recommended for transfer, but the decision depends on the specific chromosomes involved and your clinic’s policy.
    • Mosaic: the embryo has a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers. Mosaic results can be complex. Some mosaic embryos may still be considered for transfer after counselling, while others may not. The report may indicate the percentage of mosaic cells, but the clinical significance is not fully understood and varies by chromosome.
    • Inconclusive or no result: the test did not produce a clear answer, often because of technical limitations. Your clinic may recommend re-biopsy or may discuss other options.

    Other terms

    • Chromosome: a structure that carries genetic information. Humans usually have 46 chromosomes in pairs.
    • Mosaicism: the presence of two or more cell populations with different genetic make-up in the same embryo.
    • Resolution: the level of detail a test can detect. Lower resolution may miss small changes.
    • Positive predictive value: the probability that a positive result is correct. This can vary with the condition and the test.

    How to read the results table

    The results table is often the most important part of the report. It usually lists each embryo with an identifier, the result category, and sometimes additional notes. Here is a general approach to reading it:

    1. Identify the embryo: each embryo should have a unique code. Make sure you understand which code corresponds to which embryo if you have more than one.
    2. Read the result category: look for terms like euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or inconclusive. The report may use different words, so check the legend or glossary.
    3. Note any chromosome details: for aneuploid or mosaic results, the report may specify which chromosome(s) are involved. This information is important for your counsellor.
    4. Check for limitations: the report may include a note about the test’s limitations, such as the possibility of false positives or false negatives.
    5. Look for recommendations: some reports include suggestions for confirmatory testing or genetic counselling.

    Do not try to interpret the results on your own. The same result can have different implications depending on your age, medical history, and the reason for testing.

    Why a genetic counsellor is essential

    PGT results are not simply “good” or “bad.” They are probabilities and risk estimates that need to be understood in your personal context. A genetic counsellor can:

    • Explain what your specific result means for your chance of pregnancy and a healthy child.
    • Discuss the limitations of the test, including the possibility of false results.
    • Help you weigh the options for embryo transfer, including transferring a mosaic embryo or considering another cycle.
    • Address emotional and ethical concerns.
    • Coordinate with your fertility doctor to align the results with your treatment plan.

    In Thailand, genetic counselling services may be available at larger fertility centres or through referral. Ask your clinic whether a counsellor is available and whether the consultation can be conducted in your language.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    When you discuss your report, consider asking these questions. They can help you understand your options and make informed decisions.

    • Which type of PGT was performed, and what does it test for?
    • What do the result categories in my report mean in plain language?
    • For any mosaic or inconclusive results, what are the recommended next steps?
    • What are the limitations of this test for my situation?
    • Can I speak with a genetic counsellor, and is interpretation included in the cost?
    • How do these results affect my transfer plan?
    • Are there any additional tests that could provide more information?
    • What are the costs for any follow-up testing or counselling?

    Next steps after receiving your report

    1. Do not panic or make immediate decisions. Take time to read the report and write down your questions.
    2. Request a consultation with your fertility doctor and, if possible, a genetic counsellor.
    3. Ask for a plain-language explanation of each embryo’s result and what it means for transfer.
    4. Discuss the limitations of the test and any uncertainty in the results.
    5. Consider your options for transfer, further testing, or another cycle, and ask about the risks and benefits of each.
    6. Confirm costs for any additional consultations, tests, or procedures.
    7. Seek support from counselling services or patient support groups if you feel overwhelmed.

    Limitations of PGT

    PGT is a screening or diagnostic tool, not a guarantee. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and it may produce results that are difficult to interpret. Some embryos may be misclassified, and mosaic results are particularly challenging. PGT also does not improve the quality of an embryo or ensure implantation. It is one part of a broader fertility treatment plan, and its use should be individualised.

    Related reading

    For more context on PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also browse our patient guides and frequently asked questions for additional support.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a mosaic result mean on my PGT report?

    A mosaic result means the embryo has a mixture of cells with different chromosome numbers. The clinical significance can vary, and some mosaic embryos may still be considered for transfer after genetic counselling. Your clinic and a genetic counsellor can help you understand the specific implications for your case.

    Can I interpret my PGT report without a genetic counsellor?

    It is not recommended. PGT results are complex and depend on your personal and family history, the test used, and laboratory limitations. A genetic counsellor or your treating doctor should interpret the report for you to avoid misunderstandings.

    What should I do if my report says 'inconclusive' or 'no result'?

    An inconclusive result means the test did not provide a clear answer, often due to technical reasons. Your clinic may recommend re-biopsy or discuss other options. Ask your doctor what the next steps are and what the limitations mean for your treatment plan.

    Is PGT necessary for everyone undergoing IVF?

    No. PGT is not necessary or suitable for every patient. It is typically considered when there is a specific reason, such as a known inherited condition, recurrent pregnancy loss, or advanced maternal age. Your doctor can help you decide whether PGT is appropriate for your situation.

    Does a euploid result guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No. A euploid result means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes, but it does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a healthy baby. Many other factors affect IVF success, and your clinic can discuss these with you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • IVF Injection Training for International Patients in Thailand: A Preparation Checklist

    If you are travelling to Thailand for IVF, you may be asked to give yourself daily fertility injections during your cycle. Injection training is the session where a nurse or clinician shows you how to prepare and administer your prescribed medication safely. This checklist explains what that training usually covers, what to confirm with your clinic before you travel, and how to build a routine you can follow with confidence. It does not replace your clinic’s instructions or your prescriber’s advice.

    At a glance

    • Injection training is a teaching session, not a test — you are allowed to ask questions and repeat demonstrations.
    • Most clinics provide training before your first injection is due, but timing varies by protocol.
    • Ask whether teaching is available in your language or with an interpreter.
    • Confirm what happens if you need help outside clinic hours.
    • Keep your medication instructions, dosing schedule and clinic contact details in one place.

    What injection training usually covers

    Training content depends on your protocol and the specific medications prescribed. In general, a teaching session may include:

    • An overview of your medication schedule and how it fits into your treatment timeline.
    • How to store medications, including any that need refrigeration or protection from light.
    • How to prepare a dose, such as drawing medication into a syringe or preparing a pen device.
    • Injection technique for the route your clinic has prescribed, such as subcutaneous or intramuscular.
    • How to rotate injection sites and care for the skin around them.
    • What to do with used needles and syringes, and how your clinic handles sharps disposal.
    • Common side effects to expect and which symptoms should prompt a call to the clinic.
    • What to do if you miss a dose, spill medication, or are unsure whether a dose was given correctly.

    Your clinic should tailor this to your prescription. If any part of the demonstration is unclear, ask for it to be repeated before you leave.

    Before you travel: questions to ask your clinic

    Getting answers before you fly can reduce stress and help you pack appropriately. Consider asking:

    1. Will injection training be included in my treatment plan, and when will it take place?
    2. Is teaching available in my language, or can an interpreter be arranged?
    3. Can I bring a partner, family member or friend to the training session?
    4. What should I do if I feel unwell or unsure after clinic hours?
    5. How should I store my medication during travel and at my accommodation?
    6. What supplies will be provided, and what should I bring or buy myself?
    7. How does the clinic prefer used needles and syringes to be returned or disposed of?
    8. Who should I contact if my travel plans change or I arrive later than expected?

    Write the answers down or save them on your phone. If your clinic provides written instructions, keep them with your medication.

    Practical preparation checklist

    Area What to confirm or prepare
    Appointments Date, time and location of injection training; whether it is in person or online.
    Language Whether teaching is in a language you understand well; interpreter availability.
    Medication Names, doses, storage requirements and how to transport them.
    Supplies Needles, syringes, sharps container, alcohol swabs and any other items your clinic recommends.
    Routine A daily time and place for injections that fits your schedule and privacy needs.
    Support Contact details for the clinic, including out-of-hours instructions.
    Records A simple log of injection times, doses and any symptoms you notice.

    This table is a planning aid only. Your clinic’s instructions take priority over any general checklist.

    During the training session

    You may feel more confident if you treat the session as a two-way conversation. Try to:

    • Watch the full demonstration once without interrupting, then ask questions.
    • Practise with a training device or demonstration materials if they are offered.
    • Ask the nurse to watch you prepare and give a dose so they can correct your technique.
    • Repeat the steps back in your own words to check your understanding.
    • Ask what a normal injection site reaction looks like and what would be unusual.
    • Confirm exactly who to call and when if you have a problem.

    It is reasonable to ask for a second demonstration or a short follow-up session if you do not feel ready. Feeling unsure is common, and clinics expect questions.

    Organising your medication routine

    A consistent routine can make self-administering fertility drugs feel more manageable. Consider these practical tips:

    • Choose a time that fits your daily schedule and set a phone reminder.
    • Prepare a clean, well-lit space where you can concentrate.
    • Keep medications, supplies and instructions together in one bag or box.
    • Check labels before each dose and follow your clinic’s storage advice.
    • Log each dose and note any symptoms or questions for your next clinic visit.
    • Plan ahead for travel days, time-zone changes or social commitments.

    Do not change your dose, timing or technique without speaking to your clinic first.

    When to contact your clinic

    Your clinic should give you clear guidance on when to seek help. In general, contact them if you are unsure whether a dose was given correctly, if you have a reaction that worries you, or if you feel unwell. If you experience severe or rapidly worsening symptoms, seek urgent medical care and inform your clinic. This article cannot tell you what is an emergency for your situation — your treating team can.

    Next steps

    1. Ask your clinic for written injection instructions and a contact plan.
    2. Confirm the date, time and language of your training session.
    3. Prepare your medication storage and travel plan.
    4. Set up a simple daily routine and log.
    5. Review the international patients page for general planning information.
    6. Browse patient resources for more checklists.
    7. If you still have questions, contact us or read the FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Will my clinic in Thailand provide injection training?

    Many clinics offer injection teaching as part of IVF preparation, but this varies. Ask your treating clinic directly whether training is included, when it takes place, and whether it is available in your language.

    Can I bring someone with me to the training session?

    Policies differ between clinics. Ask in advance whether a partner, family member or friend can attend, and whether they can also practise or take notes.

    What if I forget how to do an injection after I leave the clinic?

    Ask your clinic for written or video instructions and a contact number for questions. If you are unsure, contact your clinic before giving the dose rather than guessing.

    How should I store my IVF medication while travelling?

    Storage requirements depend on the specific medication. Ask your clinic or pharmacist for written storage instructions, including any need for refrigeration or protection from heat and light during travel.

    What should I do with used needles and syringes?

    Follow your clinic's instructions for sharps disposal. Ask whether they provide a sharps container and how to return or dispose of it safely.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Frozen Embryo Transfer After PGT in Thailand: Preparation and Medication Questions

    A frozen embryo transfer (FET) after preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is usually planned as a separate cycle from the egg retrieval. The main preparation decisions are how to prepare the uterine lining, which medications your clinic will use, how often you will be monitored, and how travel fits around those appointments. This article explains the general process and the questions to ask your treating clinic. It does not recommend a specific medication plan, because the right plan depends on your medical history, your clinic’s protocols, and your response to treatment.

    At a glance

    • FET after PGT is typically a planned, separate cycle after embryos have been tested and frozen.
    • Endometrial preparation can follow different approaches; your clinic will choose based on your situation.
    • Medication categories may include estrogen, progesterone, and sometimes other drugs to control timing.
    • Monitoring usually involves blood tests and ultrasound scans, but the schedule varies.
    • International patients should confirm appointment frequency, travel windows, and who coordinates care.
    • Ask your clinic for a written plan that lists medications, doses, monitoring dates, and contact routes.

    What “FET after PGT” means in practice

    PGT is performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF). After testing, embryos that are suitable for transfer are usually frozen and stored. A frozen embryo transfer is a later cycle in which one of those embryos is thawed and placed into the uterus. Because the embryo is already created and tested, the FET cycle focuses on preparing the uterine lining and timing the transfer.

    The exact sequence depends on your clinic and your medical history. Some patients have a natural or modified natural cycle, while others use a programmed (medicated) cycle. Your clinic will explain which approach it recommends and why.

    General steps in a frozen embryo transfer cycle

    1. Review and planning visit: Your clinic reviews your history, previous cycles, and PGT results, then outlines a proposed FET plan.
    2. Baseline assessment: A scan and sometimes blood tests confirm that you are at the right starting point.
    3. Endometrial preparation: Medication or natural cycle tracking helps the lining thicken and become receptive.
    4. Monitoring: Ultrasound scans and blood tests check lining thickness and hormone levels. The number of visits varies.
    5. Progesterone support: Progesterone is usually started before transfer to support the lining. The start time is planned precisely.
    6. Embryo thaw and transfer: The embryo is thawed and transferred in a short procedure.
    7. Post-transfer support and testing: Medication usually continues, and a pregnancy test is scheduled after a set interval.

    This is a general outline. Your clinic may adjust the order, add or remove steps, or use different monitoring intervals.

    Endometrial preparation approaches

    There are several ways to prepare the lining for a frozen transfer. The main categories are:

    • Programmed (medicated) cycle: Estrogen is used to build the lining, and progesterone is added later to create a receptive window. This approach gives the clinic more control over timing, which can be helpful for international patients who need to plan travel.
    • Natural or modified natural cycle: The clinic tracks your own ovulation and times the transfer around it. Medication may be used to support the luteal phase.
    • Stimulation-based cycle: In some cases, mild stimulation is used to prepare the lining. This is less common and depends on your history.

    Your clinic will recommend an approach based on your age, ovarian function, previous cycle response, and other medical factors. There is no single “best” protocol for everyone.

    Medication categories you may discuss

    Medication plans are individual. The following categories are commonly part of FET planning, but your clinic will decide what is appropriate for you:

    • Estrogen: Often used to thicken the uterine lining in a programmed cycle. It may be given as pills, patches, gels, or injections.
    • Progesterone: Used to support the lining before and after transfer. It may be given as injections, vaginal suppositories, gels, or other forms.
    • GnRH agonists or antagonists: Sometimes used to control the cycle and prevent premature ovulation.
    • Other medications: Your clinic may add or adjust medications based on your response, history, or specific needs.

    Do not start, stop, or change any medication without instructions from your treating clinic. Doses and timing are specific to your cycle.

    Monitoring during a FET cycle

    Monitoring helps your clinic see how your lining and hormone levels are responding. Common monitoring tools include:

    • Transvaginal ultrasound: Measures lining thickness and checks the ovaries and uterus.
    • Blood tests: Check estrogen, progesterone, and sometimes other hormones.
    • Ovulation tracking: Used in natural or modified natural cycles.

    The number of monitoring visits varies. In a programmed cycle, you may have a baseline scan, one or more lining checks, and a final check before transfer. In a natural cycle, visits may be more frequent around ovulation. Ask your clinic for an estimated schedule so you can plan travel and time off work.

    Planning travel and appointments as an international patient

    For international patients, the FET cycle involves two main planning challenges: medication timing and travel timing. Some monitoring can sometimes be done locally, with results shared with your clinic in Thailand, but this depends on the clinic’s policy and the tests required. You should confirm:

    • Which appointments must be in Thailand and which can be done locally.
    • How many days you need to be in Thailand before and after transfer.
    • Whether your clinic can adjust the cycle to fit your travel dates.
    • How prescriptions and medication supplies are arranged for your time abroad.
    • Who to contact for urgent questions while you are traveling.

    Your clinic’s international patient coordinator can often help with scheduling, but medical decisions remain with your treating doctor.

    Questions to ask your clinic before starting

    • Which endometrial preparation approach do you recommend for me, and why?
    • What medications will I take, in what form, and on what schedule?
    • What monitoring do I need, and where can each test be done?
    • How will you adjust the plan if my lining or hormone levels do not respond as expected?
    • What is the estimated timeline from start of medication to transfer and pregnancy test?
    • What are the possible side effects of the medications, and when should I contact you?
    • What travel window should I plan for, and when should I book flights?
    • What costs are involved, and what does the estimate include or exclude?
    • What is your policy on canceling or postponing a cycle?

    What to confirm about documents, costs, and legal matters

    Requirements for international patients can change and vary by clinic and individual situation. This article cannot provide exact document lists, prices, visa rules, or legal conclusions. Instead, ask your clinic and the relevant authorities directly about:

    • Identification and consent documents needed for you and any partner.
    • Any required medical records, test results, or translations.
    • Visa or entry requirements for your nationality and length of stay.
    • Itemized cost estimates, including medication, monitoring, transfer, storage, and any additional fees.
    • Legal or regulatory requirements that apply to your situation.

    Get this information in writing where possible, and keep copies for your records.

    A short next-step checklist

    • Ask your clinic for a written FET plan that includes medication names, doses, and monitoring dates.
    • Confirm which appointments must be in Thailand and which can be done locally.
    • Estimate your travel window and check flight and accommodation options.
    • Request an itemized cost estimate and ask what is not included.
    • Save your clinic’s contact details and after-hours instructions.
    • Keep a simple log of medications, appointments, and questions for your care team.

    Preparing for a frozen embryo transfer after PGT involves both medical and practical planning. Your clinic’s protocol and your individual response will shape the exact plan. Use the questions above to get clear, written information before you start, and confirm travel, cost, and document details directly with your clinic and relevant authorities.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does a frozen embryo transfer cycle take after PGT?

    The length varies. A programmed cycle often involves several weeks of medication and monitoring before transfer, while a natural cycle follows your own ovulation. Your clinic can give you an estimated timeline based on your specific plan. Ask for a written schedule so you can plan travel and time off.

    What medications are commonly used for FET after PGT?

    Common categories include estrogen to prepare the lining, progesterone to support it, and sometimes medications to control cycle timing. The exact drugs, doses, and timing are individual. Do not start or change any medication without instructions from your treating clinic.

    Can I do monitoring in my home country and travel to Thailand only for the transfer?

    Sometimes this is possible, but it depends on your clinic’s policy and the tests required. Some clinics accept local ultrasound and blood test results; others require in-person visits. Ask your clinic which appointments must be in Thailand and how results should be shared.

    What should I ask my clinic before starting a FET cycle?

    Ask which preparation approach is recommended for you, what medications and monitoring are involved, how the plan may be adjusted, the estimated timeline, possible side effects, travel windows, costs, and cancellation policies. Getting this in writing can help you plan.

    Are there legal or document requirements for international patients doing FET in Thailand?

    Requirements can vary by clinic and individual situation, and they can change. This article cannot provide legal conclusions or exact document lists. Confirm identification, consent, medical records, visa, and any legal requirements directly with your clinic and the relevant authorities.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Preparing for PGT Counselling in Thailand: Questions to Ask

    PGT counselling is a conversation with a qualified genetics professional or fertility clinician about what preimplantation genetic testing can and cannot tell you. Before you attend, it helps to write down your questions about test types, possible results, what those results may mean for your embryos, and what decisions you might face. This checklist covers the main topics to raise, so you can use your appointment to clarify your own situation rather than trying to absorb everything on the day.

    At a glance

    • PGT is a group of laboratory tests performed on embryos during IVF; it is not a treatment that guarantees a pregnancy or a healthy child.
    • PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR are different tests used for different reasons.
    • Results can be informative, uncertain, or inconclusive, and some embryos may have no result.
    • Counselling should cover consent, costs, what happens to embryos, and where to get support after testing.
    • Bring your questions in writing and ask for explanations in plain language.

    What PGT counselling is and is not

    PGT counselling is an opportunity to discuss the purpose and limits of preimplantation genetic testing in your specific situation. It is not a session that decides for you whether to test, and it is not a guarantee of any particular outcome. A counsellor or clinician can explain how PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR differ, what information each test may provide, and what remains uncertain.

    PGT is not required for all patients undergoing IVF. Whether it is relevant depends on your medical history, your reasons for considering it, and the advice of your treating team. Counselling should help you weigh the possible benefits against the limitations and the decisions that may follow.

    Questions about test types

    Ask your clinic to explain, in plain language, which test or tests they are recommending and why.

    • What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?
    • Which of these tests is being considered for my situation, and what is the reason?
    • What does each test look for, and what does it not look for?
    • Are there alternative approaches, including not testing, that we should discuss?
    • How is the sample taken from an embryo, and what are the limitations of that method?
    • What is the difference between screening and diagnosis in this context?

    Questions about possible results

    Results are not always a simple yes or no. Ask what types of results are possible and how each might be explained.

    • What results could come back, and what would each type mean in general terms?
    • What does it mean if a result is inconclusive, uncertain, or has no result?
    • Could a result be affected by factors such as embryo mosaicism or laboratory technique?
    • How will the clinic explain a result that is not clear-cut?
    • Will we have a chance to ask questions after the results are available?
    • What follow-up testing or counselling might be suggested if a result is unclear?

    Questions about consent and decision-making

    PGT consent is an important part of preparation. Ask how consent is documented and what choices you are being asked to make.

    • What information will be provided before we sign a consent form?
    • What are we consenting to, and can we change our mind later?
    • Who will have access to our genetic information and test results?
    • What are the options for embryos that are not transferred?
    • How are decisions made if we disagree with each other or with the clinic?
    • What support is available if we find the decision difficult?

    Questions about costs and practical arrangements

    Costs and logistics vary between clinics and over time. Ask for a written breakdown of what is included and what is not, and confirm details directly with your clinic.

    • What is included in the quoted price for PGT, and what might cost extra?
    • Are there separate charges for counselling, laboratory work, storage, or follow-up?
    • How and when will we receive results, and who will explain them?
    • What documents or identification do we need to bring?
    • Are there any travel or timing considerations we should plan for?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on refunds or cancellations if testing cannot proceed?

    Questions about post-test genetic support

    Post-test genetic support in Thailand may include a follow-up consultation to discuss results and next steps. Ask what is available and how to access it.

    • Who will explain the results to us, and when?
    • Will we have access to a genetics professional after testing?
    • What emotional or psychological support is available if results are unexpected?
    • Can you provide a written summary of the results for our records?
    • What are the next steps if we decide to pursue further testing or treatment?
    • How can we contact the clinic with questions after the appointment?

    How to prepare for your appointment

    Preparation can make your counselling session more productive. Consider these steps:

    1. Write down your questions in advance, starting with the ones that matter most to you.
    2. Bring a partner or support person if you would like help remembering the discussion.
    3. Ask for explanations in plain language, and request clarification if something is unclear.
    4. Take notes or ask if you can record the session, if that is permitted.
    5. Ask for written information or a summary you can review later.
    6. Confirm any follow-up appointments or contact details before you leave.

    Next steps

    After counselling, you may want to review the information you received, discuss it with your partner or support network, and decide whether you need another appointment. You can also read more about PGT in Thailand in our PGT in Thailand guide, browse our patient guides, or check the frequently asked questions for general orientation. Always confirm clinical, legal, and financial details directly with your treating clinic or the relevant authority.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. PGT-M looks for a specific inherited condition that runs in a family. PGT-SR looks at chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations. Your clinic can explain which, if any, is relevant to your situation.

    Is PGT required for all IVF patients?

    No. PGT is not required for everyone undergoing IVF. Whether it is appropriate depends on your medical history, your reasons for considering it, and the advice of your treating team. Counselling can help you understand the potential benefits and limitations.

    What does an inconclusive PGT result mean?

    An inconclusive or uncertain result means the test did not provide a clear answer. This can happen for technical reasons or because of biological factors such as mosaicism. Your clinic should explain what the result may mean and whether further testing or counselling is available.

    Can I get emotional support after PGT results?

    Many clinics offer follow-up consultations and may be able to refer you to a counsellor or psychologist. Ask your clinic what support is available and how to access it if you receive unexpected results.

    What should I bring to a PGT counselling appointment?

    Bring a written list of your questions, any relevant medical records, and a partner or support person if you wish. You may also want to bring a notebook or ask if you can record the session, if permitted.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M Testing in Thailand: What International Patients Should Know

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is a laboratory step used during IVF to test embryos for a specific inherited condition before transfer. It is not a general screening test and it is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy. It is usually considered when a person or couple has a known risk of passing on a particular genetic condition, and it is always planned alongside genetic counselling. In Thailand, several fertility clinics offer PGT-M, but availability, laboratory arrangements and requirements vary. This guide explains the general principles so you can ask better questions and plan realistically.

    At a glance

    • What it is: A targeted test on embryos created through IVF, looking for a specific inherited condition that has already been identified in your family or through carrier testing.
    • Who it may be relevant for: People with a known monogenic condition, carriers of a recessive or X-linked condition, or those with a family history where a specific gene variant has been found.
    • What it is not: A guarantee of pregnancy, a test for all possible genetic conditions, or a replacement for genetic counselling.
    • Key first step: Speak with a genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist before planning IVF abroad.
    • In Thailand: PGT-M is available at some clinics, but you will need to confirm laboratory capability, timelines and documentation directly.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is one of several preimplantation genetic testing options. It is designed to look for a known, specific monogenic disorder — a condition caused by a change in a single gene. Examples include cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, thalassaemia and Huntington’s disease, though many others exist.

    During an IVF cycle, eggs are fertilised and embryos develop in the laboratory. A small number of cells are removed from each embryo (a biopsy), usually at the blastocyst stage. The DNA from those cells is then tested for the specific gene variant that runs in your family. Embryos that do not carry the variant may be considered for transfer, depending on the clinic’s protocol and your circumstances.

    PGT-M is different from PGT-A, which counts chromosomes to look for numerical abnormalities, and from PGT-SR, which looks for structural rearrangements. PGT-M is targeted: it only looks for the condition you already know about. It does not screen for every possible genetic issue.

    Who might consider PGT-M?

    PGT-M is not for everyone. It is usually discussed when there is a known risk of passing on a specific monogenic condition. You might be referred for a conversation about PGT-M if:

    • You or your partner have been diagnosed with a monogenic condition.
    • You are both carriers of the same recessive condition (for example, thalassaemia or cystic fibrosis).
    • You are a carrier of an X-linked condition, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy or haemophilia.
    • You have a family history of a condition where a specific gene variant has been identified.
    • You have had a previous pregnancy or child affected by a monogenic condition.

    In some cases, PGT-M may not be technically possible — for example, if the genetic cause in your family has not been identified, or if the condition is caused by multiple genes or environmental factors. A genetic counsellor can help you understand whether PGT-M is an option for your specific situation.

    The general PGT-M process

    The exact steps vary by clinic and by country, but the broad sequence is similar. Timelines are not fixed and depend on your clinic, your test development, and your IVF cycle.

    1. Genetic counselling and confirmation of the diagnosis. Before anything else, a genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist reviews your family history and confirms the exact gene variant. This usually involves a blood or saliva sample from you and sometimes from family members.
    2. Test development. The laboratory builds a custom test for your specific variant. This is not an off-the-shelf test. It can take time, and not every laboratory offers this service.
    3. IVF cycle. You undergo ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval and fertilisation. Embryos are cultured in the laboratory.
    4. Embryo biopsy. A few cells are removed from each embryo, usually at the blastocyst stage. The embryos are typically frozen while testing is carried out.
    5. Genetic testing. The biopsied cells are analysed using the custom test. Results indicate which embryos carry the variant, which do not, and sometimes which are inconclusive.
    6. Results and counselling. A genetic counsellor or doctor explains the results. Not all embryos will be suitable for transfer, and some may have no result.
    7. Embryo transfer. If you have embryos that do not carry the variant, one may be transferred. Pregnancy is not guaranteed, and further testing during pregnancy (such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) may still be recommended to confirm the result.

    PGT-M in Thailand: what to confirm

    Thailand has fertility clinics that offer PGT-M, but services are not uniform. If you are considering travelling to Thailand for PGT-M, you will need to confirm several practical points directly with the clinic. Because regulations and laboratory arrangements can change, always verify current details before making plans.

    • Laboratory capability: Does the clinic perform PGT-M in-house, or does it send samples to an external laboratory? Who develops the custom test?
    • Genetic counselling: Is genetic counselling available before, during and after the process? Is it provided by a certified genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist?
    • Documentation: What medical records, genetic test results or referral letters do you need to provide? Are translations required?
    • Timelines: How long does test development take? How does this fit with your IVF cycle and travel plans?
    • Costs: What is included in the quoted price? Are there separate charges for genetic counselling, test development, IVF, biopsy, testing per embryo, freezing and transfer? Ask for a written breakdown.
    • Legal and regulatory requirements: Are there any restrictions on PGT-M in Thailand for your specific situation? What consent is required?
    • Follow-up: What happens if you have no suitable embryos, or if results are inconclusive? What support is available?

    You can find more general information for international patients on our international patients page, and an overview of PGT options in Thailand on our PGT in Thailand page.

    Benefits and limitations of PGT-M

    PGT-M can reduce the chance of passing on a specific inherited condition, but it is not a guarantee. It cannot eliminate all risk, and it does not test for conditions other than the one it was designed to detect.

    Limitations include:

    • Not all embryos will be suitable for testing or transfer.
    • Some embryos may give inconclusive results.
    • The test is specific to one condition; it does not screen for other genetic issues.
    • Pregnancy is not guaranteed after transfer.
    • Further testing during pregnancy may still be advised.
    • PGT-M adds complexity, time and cost to an IVF cycle.

    PGT-M is one option among several. Others include prenatal diagnosis, using donor gametes, adopting, or choosing not to have genetic testing. A genetic counsellor can help you weigh these options without pressure.

    Questions to ask a clinic

    Before committing to PGT-M in Thailand, consider asking:

    • Do you offer PGT-M for my specific condition?
    • Who will develop and validate the test?
    • What are the success rates for test development in cases like mine?
    • What proportion of embryos typically give a result?
    • What are the costs, and what is not included?
    • What genetic counselling is available, and in what language?
    • What are the timelines from first consultation to embryo transfer?
    • What happens if we have no embryos suitable for transfer?
    • What follow-up testing do you recommend during pregnancy?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT-M, start with genetic counselling in your home country or with a clinical geneticist. They can confirm whether PGT-M is technically possible for your family and help you understand the alternatives. If you then decide to explore treatment in Thailand, contact clinics directly to confirm their current services, requirements and costs. Our guides and FAQ sections provide further general information to help you prepare questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-M the same as PGT-A?

    No. PGT-M looks for a specific monogenic disorder, such as cystic fibrosis or thalassaemia. PGT-A counts chromosomes to look for numerical abnormalities. They test for different things and are used in different situations.

    Can PGT-M guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-M can reduce the chance of passing on a specific inherited condition, but it cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy or child. It does not test for all genetic conditions, and further testing during pregnancy may still be recommended.

    Do I need genetic counselling before PGT-M?

    Yes, genetic counselling is an essential part of the process. A genetic counsellor or clinical geneticist can confirm whether PGT-M is technically possible for your family, explain the limitations, and discuss alternatives.

    Is PGT-M available in Thailand?

    Some fertility clinics in Thailand offer PGT-M, but services vary. You will need to confirm directly with the clinic whether they can test for your specific condition, how the test is developed, and what the timelines and costs are.

    What if no embryos are suitable for transfer after PGT-M?

    This is a possible outcome. It is important to discuss with your clinic what happens in this situation, including whether another IVF cycle is an option and what support is available.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.