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  • How to Read a PGT-M Report in Thailand: A Guide for International Patients

    Receiving a PGT-M report can feel overwhelming, especially when you are navigating fertility treatment in a new country. This guide explains the typical sections of a PGT-M report, what the results mean for your embryos, and why you should always discuss the findings with a genetic counselor. While this overview helps you understand the basics, only a qualified professional can provide personalized interpretation based on your specific family history and treatment plan.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-M Reports

    • PGT-M looks for a specific genetic condition that runs in your family.
    • The report shows whether each embryo is affected, unaffected, or inconclusive for that condition.
    • Results are not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child; they are one part of the embryo selection process.
    • A genetic counselor must explain your results in the context of your medical and family history.

    What Is PGT-M and Why Is It Done?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders (PGT-M) is a technique used during IVF to test embryos for a specific inherited condition, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. The goal is to identify embryos that do not carry the condition, so that only those embryos are considered for transfer. PGT-M is not a routine test for all IVF patients; it is recommended when there is a known genetic risk in one or both parents.

    In Thailand, PGT-M is offered at specialized fertility centers. The process involves creating embryos in the lab, taking a small sample of cells from each embryo (usually on day 5 or 6), and analyzing that sample for the specific genetic mutation. The results are compiled into a report that your fertility team will review with you.

    Understanding the Structure of a PGT-M Report

    While the exact layout may vary between laboratories, most PGT-M reports include the following sections:

    Patient and Cycle Information

    This section identifies you and your partner, the cycle date, and the IVF cycle number. It may also list the indication for testing, such as the specific genetic condition being screened for. Check that your names and dates are correct, as errors here could affect the interpretation.

    Embryo Identification

    Each embryo is given a unique identifier, often a number or code. This is crucial for tracking which embryo corresponds to which result. Make sure you understand how your clinic labels embryos, as this will be used in all future discussions.

    Genetic Status of Each Embryo

    This is the core of the report. For each embryo, the laboratory will indicate whether it is:

    • Unaffected (or not carrying the familial mutation): The embryo does not have the specific genetic change tested for. This is often the preferred status for transfer, but it does not guarantee the embryo is free of all genetic or chromosomal issues.
    • Affected (or carrying the familial mutation): The embryo has the genetic change associated with the condition. These embryos are typically not considered for transfer, but you should discuss the implications with your counselor.
    • Inconclusive or no result: The test could not determine the status due to technical issues or insufficient DNA. These embryos may be re-tested or considered with caution.

    Some reports also include a note about whether the embryo is a carrier (if the condition is recessive) or shows a normal number of chromosomes. However, PGT-M is not the same as PGT-A (aneuploidy screening), which checks for chromosomal abnormalities. Your clinic may recommend additional testing if needed.

    Methodology and Quality Metrics

    This section describes the laboratory techniques used, such as PCR or next-generation sequencing, and may include quality indicators like amplification success rates. While you do not need to understand every technical detail, it is helpful to know that the laboratory follows standardized protocols. If you have questions about the reliability of the results, ask your clinic for more information.

    How to Interpret the Results for Transfer Decisions

    The primary purpose of the PGT-M report is to guide which embryos are suitable for transfer. In general, an unaffected embryo is preferred, but the final decision depends on many factors, including the embryo’s overall quality, your medical history, and the availability of other embryos.

    It is important to understand that PGT-M only tests for the specific condition you were screened for. It does not rule out other genetic or chromosomal problems, nor does it guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. The report is a tool to reduce the risk of passing on a known condition, not a promise of a perfect outcome.

    Your fertility doctor and genetic counselor will help you weigh the results. They may also consider whether to perform additional testing, such as PGT-A, to check for chromosomal abnormalities. This is a separate test and may not be included in your PGT-M report.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About Your PGT-M Report

    When you receive your report, prepare a list of questions to ask your medical team. Here are some suggestions:

    • What does each embryo’s status mean for my chance of a healthy pregnancy?
    • Are there any embryos that are inconclusive? What are my options for those?
    • Should I consider additional testing, such as PGT-A, for these embryos?
    • How does the embryo quality (grading) factor into the transfer decision?
    • What is the likelihood of a false positive or false negative result?
    • How long do I have to decide which embryo to transfer?

    Write down the answers and bring a trusted friend or partner to the consultation if possible. It can be helpful to have a second set of ears.

    Next Steps After Receiving Your PGT-M Report

    Once you have reviewed the report with your team, you will likely move toward planning a frozen embryo transfer (FET). This involves preparing your uterus with medication and scheduling the transfer of the chosen embryo. The timeline for this varies depending on your cycle and clinic protocols.

    If you have questions about the logistics of treatment in Thailand, such as travel arrangements or accommodation, your clinic’s international patient coordinator can assist. They can also help you understand any documentation you may need for your stay.

    Remember that PGT-M is just one step in your fertility journey. It provides valuable information, but it does not replace the need for ongoing prenatal care and genetic counseling if you become pregnant.

    Checklist for Reviewing Your PGT-M Report

    • Verify your personal details and cycle information.
    • Identify each embryo by its unique code.
    • Understand the genetic status for each embryo (unaffected, affected, inconclusive).
    • Ask about any inconclusive results and your options.
    • Discuss the implications for transfer with your doctor and genetic counselor.
    • Clarify whether additional testing is recommended.
    • Confirm the next steps for scheduling a transfer.

    Why Genetic Counseling Is Essential

    PGT-M results are complex and can have emotional and medical implications. A genetic counselor is trained to explain the results in the context of your family history, the specific condition, and the limitations of the test. They can help you understand the risks of passing on the condition, the likelihood of a successful pregnancy with a given embryo, and the options available to you.

    In Thailand, many fertility clinics have genetic counselors on staff or can refer you to one. Even if you are an international patient, you should have access to counseling services, either in person or via telemedicine. Do not hesitate to ask for a counseling session before making any decisions.

    Ultimately, the decision of which embryo to transfer is yours, but you should make it with the full support and guidance of your medical team.

    Further Resources

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, including the different types of testing, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides for other fertility topics, or check our FAQ for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does 'unaffected' mean on a PGT-M report?

    An 'unaffected' embryo does not carry the specific genetic mutation that was tested for. This is generally the preferred status for transfer, but it does not guarantee the embryo is free of all genetic or chromosomal issues.

    Can a PGT-M report tell me if my embryo is healthy?

    No. PGT-M only tests for the specific genetic condition you were screened for. It does not rule out other genetic or chromosomal abnormalities, nor does it guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What should I do if my PGT-M report shows an inconclusive result?

    If an embryo has an inconclusive result, discuss with your clinic whether re-testing is possible or whether the embryo can be considered for transfer with caution. Your genetic counselor can help you weigh the risks and options.

    Is PGT-M the same as PGT-A?

    No. PGT-M tests for a specific monogenic condition, while PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities. They are separate tests and may be used together in some cases.

    Do I need a genetic counselor to interpret my PGT-M report?

    Yes, it is strongly recommended. A genetic counselor can explain your results in the context of your family history and the specific condition, and help you understand the implications for transfer.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A and Egg Freezing in Thailand: What to Know

    Understanding PGT-A and Egg Freezing

    If you are considering egg freezing in Thailand, you may have heard about PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy). PGT-A is a test that checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. It is often used during IVF to help select embryos for transfer. But how does it work when eggs are frozen first? This guide explains the basics, the timing, and the limitations you should discuss with your clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Points

    • PGT-A is optional and not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • Testing is usually done on embryos, not on eggs directly.
    • Frozen eggs can be thawed, fertilized, and grown to the blastocyst stage before biopsy.
    • Timing of testing may affect your treatment plan and costs.
    • Discuss logistics, costs, and legal aspects with your clinic.

    How PGT-A Works with Frozen Eggs

    When you freeze eggs, they are stored until you are ready to use them. Later, the eggs are thawed and fertilized with sperm to create embryos. These embryos are typically cultured for about five to six days until they reach the blastocyst stage. At that point, a few cells are removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) for testing. This biopsy is sent to a genetics laboratory to analyze the chromosomes.

    PGT-A can identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid) and those with an abnormal number (aneuploid). Aneuploid embryos may fail to implant or may lead to miscarriage. However, PGT-A does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a screening tool, not a diagnostic test for all genetic conditions.

    Timing of PGT-A on Frozen Eggs

    The timing of PGT-A is important. In a typical IVF cycle with fresh eggs, testing occurs after fertilization and embryo culture. With frozen eggs, the process is similar: eggs are thawed, fertilized, and cultured to blastocyst. The biopsy is then performed, and the embryos are usually frozen while waiting for results. This is called a freeze-all cycle.

    Some clinics may offer the option to test eggs before freezing, but this is less common and may not be as reliable. Most often, PGT-A is performed on embryos created from frozen eggs. The entire process—from thawing to biopsy—requires careful coordination between the fertility clinic and the genetics laboratory. Ask your clinic about their specific protocols and timelines.

    Potential Limitations of PGT-A on Frozen Eggs

    There are several limitations to consider. First, not all eggs will survive the thawing process. The survival rate can vary, and some eggs may not fertilize or develop into blastocysts. This means you may have fewer embryos available for testing than you might expect.

    Second, PGT-A is a screening test, not a guarantee. It can reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with an abnormal number of chromosomes, but it cannot detect all genetic problems. Also, a normal PGT-A result does not ensure a live birth.

    Third, the biopsy and freezing process may slightly reduce the viability of some embryos, although this is generally considered safe. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-A with frozen eggs, ask your clinic the following questions:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A on embryos from frozen eggs?
    • What is the expected survival rate for thawing my frozen eggs?
    • How many embryos typically reach the blastocyst stage for biopsy?
    • What is the turnaround time for PGT-A results?
    • How are embryos frozen after biopsy, and what is the success rate for thawing them later?
    • What are the costs for PGT-A, and are there additional fees for freezing and storage?
    • Are there any legal or regulatory considerations for genetic testing in Thailand?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to review your medical history and goals.
    2. Ask about the clinic’s protocols for egg freezing and PGT-A.
    3. Clarify costs, including medications, procedures, and genetic testing.
    4. Understand the legal and ethical aspects of genetic testing in Thailand.
    5. Consider genetic counseling to interpret PGT-A results and make informed decisions.

    For more information on PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional resources.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A be done on frozen eggs directly?

    PGT-A is typically performed on embryos, not on eggs. Eggs are thawed, fertilized, and cultured to the blastocyst stage before a biopsy is taken. Some clinics may offer testing of polar bodies from eggs, but this is less common and may have limitations.

    How long does PGT-A take after egg freezing?

    The process involves thawing eggs, fertilization, embryo culture to blastocyst (about 5-6 days), biopsy, and then genetic analysis. Results may take several days to a few weeks, depending on the laboratory. Your clinic can provide a specific timeline.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities but does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It can reduce the risk of miscarriage due to aneuploidy, but other factors also affect outcomes.

    What are the risks of PGT-A on frozen eggs?

    Risks include the possibility that some eggs may not survive thawing, embryos may not develop to the biopsy stage, and the biopsy itself may slightly affect embryo viability. Discuss these risks with your clinic.

    Is PGT-A mandatory for egg freezing in Thailand?

    No, PGT-A is optional. It is a personal choice based on your medical history, age, and preferences. Your clinic can help you decide if it is appropriate for you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Verify a Fertility Clinic’s Genetics Laboratory: A Patient Checklist

    Why verifying the genetics laboratory matters

    When you are considering IVF with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), the genetics laboratory plays a central role in the accuracy and reliability of your results. The quality of the lab, the experience of the team, and the clarity of their processes can affect your decision-making at every step. This guide helps you ask the right questions and gather the information you need to compare clinics with confidence.

    At a glance: what to check

    • Accreditation and certifications of the genetics lab
    • Types of genetic tests offered and their limitations
    • Biopsy procedure: who performs it and when
    • Transport logistics if samples are sent to an external lab
    • Counseling and support before and after testing
    • Turnaround time for results and how you will receive them

    Accreditation and quality standards

    Start by asking about the laboratory’s accreditations and quality management systems. Look for recognized international standards, such as ISO 15189, which specifies requirements for quality and competence in medical laboratories. Also ask if the lab participates in external quality assessment (EQA) programs, which test their proficiency against other labs. These details give you a baseline for reliability.

    Questions to ask:

    • What accreditations does the genetics laboratory hold?
    • How often is the lab inspected, and by which body?
    • Does the lab participate in external quality assessment schemes?
    • Can you provide documentation of recent quality audits?

    Types of genetic tests and their scope

    PGT can screen for chromosomal abnormalities (PGT-A), specific genetic disorders (PGT-M), or structural rearrangements (PGT-SR). Each test has different capabilities and limitations. Ask the clinic which tests they offer and whether they are performed in-house or referred to an external laboratory. Also ask about the technology used, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), and what the test can and cannot detect.

    Questions to ask:

    • Which PGT tests do you offer (PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR)?
    • Are these tests performed in your own lab or sent to an external facility?
    • What technology is used, and what are its limitations?
    • How do you handle cases where the test result is inconclusive?

    Biopsy procedure and embryo handling

    The biopsy is a delicate step where a few cells are removed from the embryo for testing. Ask about the experience of the embryology team, the stage at which the biopsy is performed (usually on day 5 or 6), and how the embryos are handled and labeled to avoid mix-ups. Also ask about the criteria for embryo freezing and the survival rates after thawing, if relevant.

    Questions to ask:

    • Who performs the biopsy, and what is their experience?
    • At what stage are embryos biopsied?
    • How do you ensure accurate labeling and traceability of embryos?
    • What is your policy on embryos that do not survive the biopsy or freezing process?

    Transport logistics for external labs

    If the clinic sends samples to an external genetics laboratory, you need to understand the logistics. Ask about the courier service, the temperature control during transport, and the chain of custody. Also ask how long the transport takes and whether there is any risk of sample degradation. This is especially important for international patients who may be coordinating from abroad.

    Questions to ask:

    • If samples are sent to an external lab, how are they transported?
    • What measures are in place to maintain sample integrity during transport?
    • How long does transport take, and how does that affect the timeline?
    • Who is responsible if a sample is lost or damaged in transit?

    Turnaround time and result reporting

    Knowing how long it takes to get results is crucial for planning your treatment cycle. Ask for the typical turnaround time for each type of test, and whether it includes the time for transport if applicable. Also ask how results are communicated to you—whether through a genetic counselor, a doctor, or a written report—and whether you will have a chance to discuss the implications before making decisions.

    Questions to ask:

    • What is the typical turnaround time for PGT results?
    • How will I receive my results, and who will explain them to me?
    • Will I have a follow-up consultation to discuss the results?
    • What happens if the results are unclear or need further testing?

    Counseling and support

    Genetic testing can bring complex emotional and medical information. Ask about the availability of genetic counseling before and after testing. A good clinic will offer support to help you understand the implications of the results, including the risks of passing on genetic conditions and the options available to you. This is not just a medical decision but a personal one.

    Questions to ask:

    • Is genetic counseling available before and after testing?
    • Who provides the counseling—a genetic counselor, a doctor, or both?
    • How do you support patients who receive unexpected or difficult results?
    • Are there any additional costs for counseling services?

    Comparing clinics: a practical approach

    When comparing clinics, create a simple table to record your findings. Use the same set of questions for each clinic so you can compare apples to apples. Consider factors like accreditation, test types, biopsy experience, transport logistics, turnaround time, and counseling support. Also think about the overall communication and transparency you experience during your inquiries—this can be a good indicator of how the clinic operates.

    Here is a sample comparison table you can use:

    Criteria Clinic A Clinic B Clinic C
    Accreditation
    Tests offered
    Biopsy experience
    Transport logistics
    Turnaround time
    Counseling support

    Next steps: your checklist

    Before you commit to a clinic, take these steps:

    1. List your questions and send them to the clinic in writing.
    2. Ask for documentation of accreditations and quality standards.
    3. Clarify whether the lab is in-house or external, and understand the logistics.
    4. Ask about the specific tests you may need and their limitations.
    5. Inquire about counseling services and how results will be explained.
    6. Compare your findings across clinics using a consistent checklist.
    7. Trust your instincts about the clinic’s transparency and communication.

    Remember, verifying the genetics laboratory is about ensuring you have the information you need to make informed decisions. Take your time, ask questions, and choose a clinic that aligns with your needs and values.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the most important thing to verify about a genetics laboratory?

    Accreditation and participation in external quality assessment are key indicators of a lab's reliability. Ask for documentation and details about their quality management systems.

    Should I choose a clinic with an in-house genetics lab or one that sends samples externally?

    Both can be reliable. In-house labs may offer faster turnaround and more direct communication, while external labs may have specialized expertise. Ask about transport logistics and how results are reported.

    How long does it typically take to get PGT results?

    Turnaround times vary depending on the test type and whether the lab is in-house or external. Ask the clinic for their specific timeline, including any transport time.

    What should I do if I receive unexpected genetic results?

    A good clinic will provide genetic counseling to help you understand the implications and explore your options. Ask about counseling services before you start treatment.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M in Thailand: A Step-by-Step Guide for Known Genetic Disorders

    Understanding PGT-M

    Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) is a technique used during IVF to identify embryos that do not carry a specific genetic condition known to run in a family. It is a complex process that requires careful planning, specialized laboratory expertise, and close coordination between the IVF clinic and genetic laboratory. This guide explains the general steps involved in a PGT-M cycle in Thailand, so you can approach treatment with realistic expectations and informed questions.

    At a Glance: Key Steps in a PGT-M Cycle

    • Genetic counseling and family history review
    • Confirming the genetic diagnosis and identifying the specific mutation
    • Developing a personalized test (probe) for the family’s mutation
    • IVF cycle with ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval
    • Embryo biopsy at the blastocyst stage
    • Genetic analysis of biopsied cells
    • Transfer of a suitable embryo (if available)

    Step 1: Genetic Counseling and Family History Review

    Before starting PGT-M, you will meet with a genetic counselor or a specialist to discuss your family history, the specific genetic condition, and how it is inherited. This consultation helps confirm that PGT-M is appropriate for your situation and clarifies the risks and limitations. You should bring any previous genetic test results, medical records, and details about affected family members.

    Step 2: Confirming the Genetic Diagnosis

    PGT-M requires a precise understanding of the genetic mutation causing the disorder. This often involves a blood test from the affected parent or child to identify the exact mutation. In some cases, additional family members may need to be tested to establish a clear genetic link. The laboratory will use this information to design a personalized test for your embryos.

    Step 3: Developing a Personalized Test (Probe)

    Once the mutation is identified, the genetic laboratory creates a customized test, sometimes called a probe, that can detect the mutation in embryonic cells. This development process can take several weeks and requires a sample from the affected individual and often other family members. The probe must be validated to ensure accuracy before it is used on embryos.

    Step 4: IVF Cycle and Embryo Creation

    PGT-M is performed in conjunction with in vitro fertilization (IVF). You will undergo ovarian stimulation to produce multiple eggs, which are then retrieved and fertilized with sperm in the laboratory. The resulting embryos are cultured for about five to six days until they reach the blastocyst stage, when they are ready for biopsy.

    Step 5: Embryo Biopsy

    At the blastocyst stage, a few cells are carefully removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) that will become the placenta. This biopsy is performed by an embryologist using specialized equipment. The biopsied cells are sent to the genetic laboratory for analysis, while the embryos are frozen to await results.

    Step 6: Genetic Analysis

    The biopsied cells undergo genetic testing to determine whether each embryo carries the familial mutation. The analysis also often includes screening for chromosomal abnormalities (PGT-A) to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy. Results typically take several days to a few weeks, depending on the laboratory and the complexity of the test.

    Step 7: Embryo Transfer

    Once results are available, you and your doctor will discuss which embryos, if any, are suitable for transfer. A frozen embryo transfer (FET) is usually performed in a subsequent cycle, after the uterus is prepared with hormones. Any unaffected embryos may be frozen for future use.

    Important Considerations for PGT-M in Thailand

    Specialized Laboratory Support

    PGT-M requires a highly specialized genetic laboratory with experience in developing and running personalized tests. Not all IVF clinics have in-house genetic labs, so many partner with external laboratories. When choosing a clinic, ask about their experience with PGT-M, the laboratory they use, and their success rates with this specific procedure.

    Timeline and Planning

    A PGT-M cycle involves multiple steps that can take several months from initial consultation to embryo transfer. The probe development alone can take weeks, and the IVF cycle adds additional time. International patients should plan for at least two trips to Thailand: one for the initial consultation and possibly egg retrieval, and another for embryo transfer. However, exact timelines vary, so confirm with your clinic.

    Legal and Regulatory Considerations

    Thailand has regulations governing assisted reproductive technology, including PGT. It is essential to verify the current legal framework with your clinic or a local authority, as rules may change. Your clinic should provide guidance on what is permitted and any documentation required for international patients.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • How many PGT-M cycles have you performed, and what is your experience with my specific genetic condition?
    • Which genetic laboratory do you use, and is it accredited?
    • How long does probe development take, and what samples are needed?
    • What is the expected timeline from consultation to embryo transfer?
    • What are the costs for PGT-M, and what do they include?
    • What is your policy on embryo freezing and storage?

    Next Steps: Your PGT-M Checklist

    • Gather your genetic test results and family medical history.
    • Research IVF clinics in Thailand that offer PGT-M and have relevant experience.
    • Schedule a genetic counseling session to confirm the diagnosis and discuss PGT-M suitability.
    • Ask clinics about their laboratory partnerships and PGT-M success rates.
    • Clarify legal and documentation requirements for international patients.
    • Plan your travel and accommodation, considering the potential need for multiple visits.

    PGT-M is a powerful tool for families with known genetic disorders, but it is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or child. It is a complex procedure that requires careful planning and expert care. By understanding the steps and asking the right questions, you can make informed decisions about your fertility journey in Thailand.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does a PGT-M cycle take in Thailand?

    A PGT-M cycle typically spans several months, including genetic counseling, probe development, IVF, biopsy, and embryo transfer. The exact timeline varies by clinic and individual circumstances, so it's best to ask your clinic for a personalized schedule.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M?

    Success rates depend on many factors, including the specific genetic condition, the laboratory's expertise, and the woman's age. There is no guaranteed outcome, and you should discuss realistic expectations with your doctor.

    Is PGT-M legal in Thailand?

    Thailand has regulations for assisted reproductive technology, but specific rules may change. It is essential to verify the current legal status with your clinic or a local authority before proceeding.

    Can PGT-M test for multiple genetic disorders at once?

    In some cases, PGT-M can be designed to test for more than one genetic condition, but this depends on the laboratory's capabilities and the specific mutations involved. Your genetic counselor can advise on what is possible.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-M in Thailand: Understanding the Differences

    If you are exploring IVF in Thailand, you may have come across terms like PGT-A and PGT-M. Both are types of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) performed on embryos before transfer. But they answer different questions. PGT-A checks for chromosomal abnormalities, while PGT-M looks for specific genetic conditions. This article explains the differences, who might consider each test, and what to discuss with your clinic.

    At a glance: PGT-A vs PGT-M

    • PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder that one or both parents carry.
    • Both tests require IVF and embryo biopsy.
    • Results can help guide which embryos to transfer, but they do not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, or preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Many aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. Some may lead to conditions like Down syndrome.

    PGT-A is often considered for people who have experienced recurrent miscarriage, previous failed IVF cycles, or advanced maternal age. However, it is not recommended for everyone. Some clinics may suggest PGT-A to improve embryo selection, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy.

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M, or preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders, looks for a specific genetic condition caused by a single gene mutation. Examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. This test is used when one or both parents are known carriers of a genetic disorder and want to reduce the risk of passing it on.

    PGT-M requires prior genetic testing of the parents to identify the specific mutation. The test is highly personalized and may take longer to develop than PGT-A.

    Key differences between PGT-A and PGT-M

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-M
    What it screens for Chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) Specific single-gene disorders
    Who may consider it People with recurrent miscarriage, repeated IVF failure, or advanced maternal age Couples who are carriers of a known genetic condition
    Requires prior genetic testing of parents? No Yes, to identify the specific mutation
    Result interpretation Embryo is classified as euploid (normal), aneuploid (abnormal), or mosaic Embryo is classified as affected, unaffected, or inconclusive
    Typical timeline Results may be available within days to weeks May take longer due to test development

    What is PGT-SR?

    You may also hear about PGT-SR, which stands for preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements. This test is used when one parent has a chromosomal rearrangement, such as a translocation, that can lead to unbalanced chromosomes in embryos. PGT-SR is similar to PGT-A in that it looks at chromosomes, but it focuses on specific structural changes.

    PGT-SR is less common than PGT-A or PGT-M. Your clinic can explain if it is relevant to your situation.

    How are the tests performed?

    Both PGT-A and PGT-M involve the same general steps:

    1. IVF is performed to create embryos.
    2. On day 5 or 6, a few cells are removed from each embryo (biopsy).
    3. The cells are sent to a genetics laboratory for analysis.
    4. Results are reported to your clinic, and you discuss which embryos to transfer.

    The biopsy is a delicate procedure, but it is performed by experienced embryologists. The removal of cells does not guarantee that the embryo will be unaffected.

    Costs and timelines in Thailand

    The cost of PGT in Thailand varies depending on the clinic, the number of embryos tested, and the type of test. PGT-M is often more expensive than PGT-A because it requires developing a personalized test. You should ask your clinic for a detailed breakdown of costs, including biopsy, genetic analysis, and any additional fees.

    Timelines also vary. PGT-A results may be available within a few weeks, while PGT-M may take longer. Your clinic can give you an estimate based on your specific case.

    How to decide which test is right for you

    Deciding whether to use PGT-A, PGT-M, or no genetic testing at all is a personal choice. Here are some steps to help you decide:

    1. Review your medical history and any genetic risks with your doctor.
    2. If you have a known genetic condition in your family, consider genetic counseling.
    3. Ask your clinic about the availability and accuracy of each test.
    4. Discuss the financial implications and whether the test is covered by any package.
    5. Consider the emotional and ethical aspects of embryo testing.

    Remember, PGT is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a tool to help you make informed decisions.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • What is the difference in cost between PGT-A and PGT-M at your clinic?
    • How many embryos are typically needed for testing?
    • What is the turnaround time for results?
    • How are mosaic embryos reported and what are the options?
    • Do you offer genetic counseling as part of the process?
    • What are the limitations of the test?

    Next steps

    If you are considering PGT in Thailand, start by gathering information from reputable sources and consulting with a fertility specialist. You can also explore our PGT in Thailand guide for an overview, and check our guides for more detailed topics. For common questions, visit our FAQ page.

    Ultimately, the decision to use PGT-A or PGT-M should be made in partnership with your medical team, based on your unique circumstances.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A and PGT-M be done at the same time?

    Yes, it is possible to perform both PGT-A and PGT-M on the same embryo biopsy. This is sometimes called combined testing. However, not all clinics offer this, and it may increase the cost. You should ask your clinic if combined testing is available and what it involves.

    Is PGT-A necessary for all IVF patients?

    No, PGT-A is not necessary for everyone. It may be recommended for certain situations, such as advanced maternal age or recurrent miscarriage, but it is not a routine requirement. Your doctor can help you weigh the potential benefits and limitations based on your individual history.

    What are the risks of embryo biopsy?

    Embryo biopsy is a delicate procedure, but it is generally considered safe. There is a small risk of damaging the embryo, but experienced embryologists minimize this. The long-term effects on the child are not fully known, so it is important to discuss any concerns with your clinic.

    How long does it take to get PGT results in Thailand?

    The timeline can vary. PGT-A results may be available within a few days to a couple of weeks, while PGT-M may take longer because a personalized test needs to be developed. Your clinic can provide a more specific estimate based on your case.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Embryo Storage Fees in Thailand: What to Know Before You Sign

    If you are considering embryo storage in Thailand, you likely have questions about the costs, the contract, and what happens over time. This guide explains the typical components of embryo storage fees, what to look for in a storage agreement, and how to approach renewal. Because fees and policies vary by clinic, the most important step is to ask for written terms before you sign.

    At a Glance: Embryo Storage in Thailand

    • Embryo storage involves an initial freezing cycle and ongoing annual storage fees.
    • Fees typically cover cryopreservation, storage, and sometimes monitoring.
    • Contracts outline payment intervals, renewal procedures, and conditions for release or disposal.
    • Always request a written agreement and clarify all terms before signing.

    Understanding Embryo Storage Fees

    Embryo storage fees in Thailand generally consist of two parts: the initial cryopreservation (freezing) fee and the ongoing storage fee. The initial fee covers the laboratory work to freeze and vitrify your embryos. The storage fee is usually charged annually, though some clinics may offer quarterly or semi-annual payment options.

    Additional costs may arise if you need to transfer embryos to another facility, release them for donation or research, or dispose of them. Some clinics may also charge for annual reviews or maintenance of stored embryos.

    Because fees vary widely, it is essential to ask for a detailed breakdown. Do not assume that the initial IVF cycle fee includes storage beyond the first year.

    What to Look for in an Embryo Storage Agreement

    Before you sign an embryo storage agreement, review it carefully. Key elements to check include:

    • Fee structure: What is included in the initial fee? What is the annual storage fee? Are there any additional charges?
    • Payment intervals: When is payment due? Is it monthly, quarterly, or annually? What happens if you miss a payment?
    • Renewal procedures: How do you renew the storage agreement? Is there a notice period? Can you renew online or in person?
    • Release conditions: What are the procedures for releasing embryos for transfer, donation, or research? Are there any restrictions?
    • Disposal policies: Under what circumstances can embryos be disposed of? What is the process for consent?
    • Transfer to another clinic: If you move, can you transfer embryos to another facility? What are the costs and logistics?

    If any terms are unclear, ask the clinic to explain them in writing. Do not rely on verbal assurances.

    Renewal Process: What to Expect

    Embryo storage agreements typically require annual renewal. The clinic will send you a reminder before the renewal date, along with an invoice for the next storage period. You may need to sign a new consent form or confirm your contact details.

    It is important to keep your contact information up to date with the clinic. If you move or change your phone number, notify the clinic immediately. Failure to respond to renewal notices could result in the eventual disposal of your embryos, depending on the clinic’s policy.

    Some clinics may offer automatic renewal with a credit card on file. If you prefer not to have automatic renewal, ask about alternative payment methods.

    Releasing or Disposing Embryos

    If you decide to use your embryos for a future transfer, donate them, or dispose of them, you will need to follow the clinic’s procedures. This typically involves signing a release form and possibly paying a fee for the release or disposal.

    Before you make any decision, consider the legal and ethical implications. In Thailand, embryo disposition is governed by regulations, and you should consult with your clinic and possibly a legal advisor to understand your options.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    When comparing embryo storage options, ask these questions:

    • What is the total cost for the first year of storage?
    • Are there any discounts for multi-year storage?
    • What happens if I miss a payment?
    • How do I renew my storage agreement?
    • Can I transfer my embryos to another clinic? What are the costs?
    • What are the conditions for releasing or disposing embryos?
    • Do you have a written storage agreement I can review?

    Next Steps: Your Embryo Storage Checklist

    1. Request a written storage agreement from your clinic.
    2. Review the fee structure and payment intervals.
    3. Clarify renewal procedures and set reminders.
    4. Keep your contact information updated.
    5. Understand the release and disposal policies.
    6. Compare costs and terms with other clinics if needed.

    For more information on IVF costs and patient resources, visit our IVF cost guide and patient resources. If you have specific questions, contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    How much does embryo storage cost in Thailand?

    Embryo storage fees in Thailand vary by clinic. Typically, you pay an initial freezing fee and an annual storage fee. Some clinics may offer quarterly or semi-annual payment options. Always ask for a detailed breakdown of costs before signing an agreement.

    What happens if I don't renew my embryo storage agreement?

    If you do not renew your embryo storage agreement, the clinic may attempt to contact you. After a certain period, depending on the clinic's policy and Thai regulations, your embryos may be disposed of. It is crucial to keep your contact information updated and respond to renewal notices.

    Can I transfer my embryos to another clinic in Thailand?

    Yes, it is often possible to transfer embryos to another clinic, but there may be costs and logistical requirements. You should contact both clinics to understand the process, including any fees for packing, shipping, and receiving the embryos.

    What should I look for in an embryo storage contract?

    Look for clear terms on fee structure, payment intervals, renewal procedures, release conditions, disposal policies, and what happens if you miss a payment. Ensure all terms are in writing and ask for clarification on anything you don't understand.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Interpret PGT-A Results: Euploid, Aneuploid, and Mosaic Embryos Explained

    If you have recently received PGT-A results, you may be looking at terms like euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic and wondering what they mean for your embryo transfer. This guide explains the three main result categories in plain English, what each may indicate about an embryo, and how to approach your next steps with your clinical team.

    At a glance: PGT-A result categories

    • Euploid: The embryo appears to have the expected number of chromosomes (46 in most cases).
    • Aneuploid: The embryo has missing or extra chromosomes, which often prevents implantation or leads to miscarriage.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mix of cells with normal and abnormal chromosome counts.

    Your clinician and a genetic counselor can help you understand what your specific results mean in your context.

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a screening test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Chromosomes are structures that carry your genes. Having too many or too few chromosomes can affect whether an embryo implants, develops, or results in a healthy pregnancy.

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is one piece of information that can help you and your doctor decide which embryo to transfer.

    The three main result categories

    Euploid

    An embryo is called euploid when the cells tested show the expected number of chromosomes. For a typical embryo, that is 46 chromosomes. Euploid embryos are generally considered to have the best chance of implanting and developing into a healthy pregnancy, but they are not a guarantee. Other factors, such as the embryo’s quality, the uterine environment, and your overall health, also play a role.

    Aneuploid

    An embryo is called aneuploid when the cells tested show missing or extra chromosomes. For example, an embryo might have 45 or 47 chromosomes. Aneuploid embryos often fail to implant or result in miscarriage. If they do implant, they may lead to conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or other chromosomal disorders. Most clinics do not recommend transferring aneuploid embryos, but you should discuss your specific situation with your doctor.

    Mosaic

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of cells: some with the normal number of chromosomes and some with an abnormal number. The percentage of abnormal cells can vary. Mosaic embryos are sometimes classified as low-level or high-level mosaicism, depending on the proportion of abnormal cells. The meaning of mosaicism is still being studied, and outcomes can vary. Some mosaic embryos may develop into healthy babies, while others may not. Your clinic may offer genetic counseling to help you understand the potential risks and benefits of transferring a mosaic embryo.

    How to read your PGT-A report

    Your PGT-A report will typically list each embryo and its result. You may see terms like:

    • Euploid (or normal)
    • Aneuploid (or abnormal)
    • Mosaic (with a percentage, e.g., 20% mosaic)
    • No result (inconclusive)

    It is important to remember that PGT-A tests a few cells from the embryo, not every cell. This means the result may not perfectly reflect the entire embryo. Also, the test itself has limitations, and false positives or false negatives are possible.

    What do these results mean for transfer decisions?

    Your doctor will consider your PGT-A results along with other factors, such as:

    • Your age and medical history
    • The number of embryos you have
    • The quality of the embryos
    • Your previous pregnancy history
    • Your personal preferences and values

    In general, euploid embryos are prioritized for transfer. Aneuploid embryos are usually not transferred, but there may be exceptions in certain cases. Mosaic embryos are a gray area; some clinics may offer transfer if no euploid embryos are available, but this decision is made on a case-by-case basis.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    When you receive your PGT-A results, consider asking your doctor or genetic counselor:

    • What does this result mean for my specific embryo?
    • How reliable is this result?
    • What are the chances of implantation and live birth with this embryo?
    • Are there any additional tests I should consider?
    • What are the risks and benefits of transferring a mosaic embryo?
    • How does my age affect the interpretation of these results?

    Next steps: a checklist

    1. Schedule a follow-up appointment with your doctor to review your results.
    2. Ask for a genetic counselor to explain the results in detail.
    3. Discuss all your embryo options, including transfer, further testing, or discarding.
    4. Take time to consider your options and ask for written information if needed.
    5. Make a decision that aligns with your values and medical advice.

    Remember, PGT-A is a screening tool, not a guarantee. Your clinical team is there to help you interpret the results in the context of your unique situation.

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, see our PGT in Thailand guide. You can also explore our other guides or visit our FAQ page for common questions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between euploid, aneuploid, and mosaic embryos?

    Euploid embryos have the expected number of chromosomes (46 in most cases). Aneuploid embryos have missing or extra chromosomes. Mosaic embryos have a mix of cells with normal and abnormal chromosome counts.

    Can a mosaic embryo result in a healthy baby?

    Some mosaic embryos may develop into healthy babies, but outcomes vary. The percentage of abnormal cells and the specific chromosomes involved can influence the outcome. Your doctor or genetic counselor can provide more personalized information.

    Is PGT-A 100% accurate?

    No, PGT-A is a screening test and has limitations. It tests only a few cells from the embryo, so it may not reflect the entire embryo. False positives and false negatives are possible.

    Should I transfer an aneuploid embryo?

    Most clinics do not recommend transferring aneuploid embryos because they often fail to implant or result in miscarriage. However, there may be rare exceptions. Discuss your specific situation with your doctor.

    What does 'no result' mean on a PGT-A report?

    A 'no result' or inconclusive result means the test could not determine the chromosome status of the embryo. This can happen for technical reasons. Your clinic may offer retesting or discuss other options.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Read a PGT-A Laboratory Report Before Embryo Transfer

    If you have undergone preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), your laboratory report is a key document that summarizes the chromosome status of each embryo. Reading it clearly can help you have more informed conversations with your fertility team. This guide explains the common sections of a PGT-A report, what terms like euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, and no-result mean, and what questions to ask before embryo transfer.

    At a Glance: Key Points

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer.
    • Results are typically reported as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or no-result.
    • Your report includes embryo identifiers, biopsy date, and chromosome findings.
    • Always discuss results with your clinic; they can explain what they mean for your specific situation.

    What Is PGT-A and Why Is It Done?

    PGT-A is a test performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF). It checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with the expected number of chromosomes are called euploid; those with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid. Mosaic embryos have a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby, but it can provide information that helps you and your clinic decide which embryo to transfer.

    Understanding the Structure of a PGT-A Report

    Most PGT-A reports include the following sections:

    • Patient and cycle information: Your name, date of birth, and cycle number.
    • Embryo identification: Each embryo is labeled with a unique ID or number.
    • Biopsy details: Date of biopsy and number of cells tested.
    • Chromosome results: For each embryo, the report lists the chromosome status (euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or no-result).
    • Interpretation: Some reports include a brief explanation of what the result means.

    Not all reports look the same. Your clinic can help you locate each section.

    Key Terms on Your Report

    Euploid

    Euploid means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. This is often considered a favorable result, but it does not guarantee implantation or a live birth. Other factors, such as embryo quality and uterine environment, also matter.

    Aneuploid

    Aneuploid means the embryo has missing or extra chromosomes. These embryos are generally not recommended for transfer, but your clinic can explain the specific implications.

    Mosaic

    Mosaic embryos have a mixture of normal and abnormal cells. The report may show a percentage of mosaicism. Some clinics consider transferring mosaic embryos in certain situations, but this decision is complex and should be discussed with your medical team.

    No-Result

    Sometimes the test fails to produce a result, often due to insufficient DNA or technical issues. Your clinic may recommend re-biopsy or additional testing, depending on your situation.

    How to Interpret Chromosome Numbers

    Humans typically have 46 chromosomes. PGT-A checks for the correct number in each embryo. The report may list specific chromosomes that are abnormal, such as trisomy 21 (three copies of chromosome 21) or monosomy X (one X chromosome). Your clinic can explain what these findings mean for embryo transfer.

    What to Ask Your Clinic About Your Report

    • What does this result mean for my chance of implantation?
    • Is this embryo considered transferable?
    • If the result is mosaic, what percentage of cells are abnormal?
    • Are there any additional tests recommended?
    • How does this result affect my overall treatment plan?

    Next Steps: Before Embryo Transfer

    1. Review your report with your fertility specialist.
    2. Ask about the quality of the embryo and any other factors that may affect transfer.
    3. Discuss the timing of your transfer cycle.
    4. Confirm any additional procedures, such as assisted hatching, if recommended.
    5. Make a plan for follow-up testing after transfer, if applicable.

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy. Embryos can still have abnormalities that PGT-A does not identify. Also, the test itself has limitations, such as the possibility of a no-result or the risk of biopsy affecting the embryo, though this is rare.

    Conclusion

    Reading a PGT-A report can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. Your fertility team is there to explain the results and help you make an informed decision. Use this guide to prepare questions and understand the basics before your next appointment.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does euploid mean on a PGT-A report?

    Euploid means the embryo has the expected number of chromosomes. It is often considered a favorable result, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    Can a mosaic embryo be transferred?

    Some clinics may consider transferring mosaic embryos in certain situations, but this decision is complex and should be discussed with your medical team.

    What should I do if my PGT-A report shows no result?

    If your report shows no result, your clinic may recommend re-biopsy or additional testing. Discuss your options with your fertility specialist.

    Does PGT-A guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No, PGT-A is a screening test and does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or live birth. It provides information about chromosome status but cannot detect all genetic conditions.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Prepare for a PGT-M Cycle with a Known Genetic Condition

    Understanding PGT-M

    PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) is a technique used during IVF to identify embryos that do not carry a specific genetic condition. It is an option for couples or individuals who know they have a genetic mutation and want to reduce the chance of passing it on to their children. Preparing for a PGT-M cycle involves several steps, from genetic counseling to embryo biopsy. This guide outlines the process and provides questions to ask your clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Steps

    • Genetic counseling to understand your condition and testing options.
    • Probe development to create a personalized test for your mutation.
    • IVF cycle with embryo biopsy and genetic testing.
    • Transfer of unaffected embryos, if available.

    Step 1: Genetic Counseling

    Before starting a PGT-M cycle, you will meet with a genetic counselor. This session helps you understand the inheritance pattern of your condition, the risks of passing it on, and the accuracy and limitations of PGT-M. The counselor will also review your medical and family history to confirm that PGT-M is appropriate for your situation.

    What to Discuss with Your Genetic Counselor

    • Your specific genetic mutation and its inheritance pattern.
    • The risk of passing the condition to a child.
    • How PGT-M works and its success rates (ask for clinic-specific data).
    • Alternative options, such as prenatal testing or using donor gametes.
    • Emotional and ethical considerations.

    Step 2: Probe Development

    PGT-M requires a personalized test, called a probe, that detects your specific mutation. To develop this probe, you and often your partner or a family member will provide blood samples. The laboratory uses these samples to design a test that can identify embryos carrying the mutation. This process takes time, so it is important to start it well before your IVF cycle.

    Questions to Ask About Probe Development

    • How long does probe development take?
    • What samples are needed from me and my partner or family members?
    • What is the cost of probe development, and is it included in the PGT-M package?
    • What happens if the probe cannot be developed?

    Step 3: IVF Cycle with Biopsy

    Once the probe is ready, you will undergo an IVF cycle. This involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, and embryo culture. On day 5 or 6, a few cells are removed from each embryo (biopsy) and sent to the genetic laboratory for testing. Only embryos that are unaffected by the condition are considered for transfer.

    Understanding the IVF Process

    • Ovarian stimulation: You will take medications to produce multiple eggs.
    • Egg retrieval: A minor procedure to collect eggs.
    • Fertilization: Eggs are fertilized with sperm in the lab.
    • Embryo culture: Embryos grow for several days.
    • Biopsy: Cells are removed for genetic testing.
    • Genetic testing: The probe is used to analyze the embryos.
    • Transfer: An unaffected embryo is placed in the uterus.

    Step 4: Embryo Transfer and Follow-Up

    After testing, your doctor will discuss the results with you. If you have unaffected embryos, you can plan a frozen embryo transfer. If not, you may need to consider other options. After transfer, you will have a pregnancy test and follow-up care.

    Checklist of Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is your experience with PGT-M for my specific condition?
    • What is the timeline from initial consultation to embryo transfer?
    • What are the costs for genetic counseling, probe development, IVF, biopsy, and testing?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage?
    • What is the accuracy of PGT-M for my mutation?
    • What are the risks of the biopsy procedure?
    • How are embryos with uncertain results handled?
    • What support services are available?

    Next Steps

    Preparing for a PGT-M cycle requires careful planning and coordination. Start by scheduling a genetic counseling session and discussing probe development with your clinic. Use the questions above to guide your conversations. For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our patient resources or FAQ for additional guidance. When you are ready, contact us to discuss your options.

    Frequently asked questions

    How long does it take to prepare for a PGT-M cycle?

    Preparation time varies. Genetic counseling and probe development can take several weeks to months, depending on the laboratory and your specific mutation. Your clinic can provide a timeline based on your situation.

    What is the success rate of PGT-M?

    Success rates depend on many factors, including the laboratory's experience, the number of embryos produced, and the accuracy of the probe. Ask your clinic for their specific success rates and what they mean for your case.

    Are there risks to the embryo from biopsy?

    Embryo biopsy is generally considered safe, but there may be a small risk of damage to the embryo. Your clinic will explain the risks and how they minimize them.

    Can PGT-M be used for any genetic condition?

    PGT-M can be used for many single-gene disorders, but not all. The feasibility depends on the specific mutation and the ability to develop a reliable probe. Your genetic counselor can advise you.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Is the Cost of PGT-M in Thailand? A Guide for Patients with Genetic Disorders

    If you are considering PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) in Thailand, the cost is likely one of your first questions. While exact prices vary widely, understanding the components that make up the total cost can help you plan and compare options effectively. This guide explains the main cost factors, why quotes differ, and what to ask clinics before you commit.

    At a Glance: Key Cost Components

    • Probe development: A custom genetic test created for your specific condition.
    • IVF cycle costs: PGT-M requires IVF to create embryos for testing.
    • Embryo biopsy and testing: The laboratory work to remove and analyze cells from embryos.
    • Medications and monitoring: Fertility drugs, blood tests, and ultrasounds.
    • Additional services: Genetic counseling, shipping of samples, and storage fees.

    Understanding PGT-M and Its Costs

    PGT-M is a technique used during IVF to identify embryos that may carry a specific genetic disorder. Unlike PGT-A (which screens for chromosomal abnormalities) or PGT-SR (which checks for structural rearrangements), PGT-M is tailored to a single-gene condition. This customization is a major reason why costs can be higher and more variable.

    Probe Development: The First Major Expense

    Before any embryo can be tested, a laboratory must create a probe—a specialized test that detects the specific genetic mutation in your family. This process requires samples from you, your partner, and often other family members. The cost of probe development is usually a separate, one-time fee. It can take several weeks to complete, and the probe is then used for all embryos in your cycle.

    Because each family’s genetic situation is unique, probe development costs are not standardized. Factors that may influence the price include the complexity of the genetic condition, the laboratory’s technology, and the number of family samples needed.

    IVF Cycle Costs

    PGT-M cannot be done without IVF, as embryos must be created in the laboratory. The IVF cycle itself includes ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, and embryo culture. These costs are typically bundled into a package, but the exact inclusions vary by clinic. Some packages may include medications, while others charge them separately.

    Embryo Biopsy and Genetic Testing

    Once embryos reach a certain stage (usually day 5 or 6), a few cells are removed in a process called biopsy. The cells are then sent to a genetic laboratory for analysis. This step involves both the biopsy procedure and the genetic testing itself. The testing fee may be per embryo or per cycle, and some clinics offer discounts for testing multiple embryos.

    Medications and Monitoring

    Fertility medications are a significant part of IVF costs. The type and dosage of drugs depend on your individual response to stimulation. Monitoring appointments, including blood tests and ultrasounds, are also necessary to track follicle development. These costs are often itemized separately.

    Why Quotes Vary: What to Compare

    When you request quotes from different clinics, you will notice that prices can differ substantially. This is not just about profit margins—it reflects differences in services, technology, and what is included. To make a fair comparison, ask each clinic for a detailed breakdown of costs, including:

    • Probe development fees
    • IVF cycle base cost
    • Embryo biopsy and genetic testing fees
    • Medication costs (and whether they are included)
    • Monitoring and consultation fees
    • Any additional charges for embryo freezing, storage, or shipping

    Also ask whether the quote is in Thai baht or another currency, and whether it includes VAT. Some clinics may offer package deals that bundle multiple services, but ensure you understand what is not included.

    Questions to Ask a Clinic

    Before choosing a clinic for PGT-M, consider asking these questions:

    • What is the total cost for a complete PGT-M cycle, including probe development and testing?
    • Are medications included in the quote? If not, what is the estimated cost?
    • How many embryos are included in the testing fee? What is the cost for additional embryos?
    • What is the timeline for probe development and when will we know if it is successful?
    • Are there any additional fees for genetic counseling, embryo storage, or shipping samples?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on refunds if the cycle is canceled or no embryos are suitable for transfer?

    Next Steps: Planning Your Budget

    Once you have gathered quotes and asked the right questions, you can begin to plan your budget. Keep in mind that PGT-M is a complex procedure, and the cost is an investment in your family’s future. It is wise to set aside a contingency fund for unexpected expenses, such as additional testing or a second cycle.

    If you are considering PGT-M in Thailand, take the time to research clinics thoroughly. Look for experience with your specific genetic condition, and ask about their laboratory partnerships and success rates—though remember that success rates are not a guarantee of outcome.

    For more information on PGT in general, see our PGT in Thailand guide. If you have further questions, our FAQ section may help, or you can contact us for personalized assistance. You may also find our guides useful as you navigate your fertility journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    Why is PGT-M more expensive than PGT-A?

    PGT-M requires a custom probe to detect a specific genetic mutation, which involves additional laboratory work and often family samples. PGT-A is a more standardized test for chromosomal abnormalities, so it does not require the same level of customization.

    Does the cost of PGT-M include the IVF cycle?

    Typically, PGT-M costs are separate from the IVF cycle, but some clinics offer packages that bundle both. Always ask for a detailed breakdown to understand what is included.

    Are there any additional costs I should expect?

    Yes, you may encounter costs for medications, monitoring, embryo storage, shipping of samples, and genetic counseling. Some clinics also charge for consultations or additional tests.

    Can I use my own genetic counselor or laboratory?

    Some clinics may allow you to work with an external genetic counselor or laboratory, but this can affect the overall cost and coordination. It is best to discuss this with the clinic directly.

    Is PGT-M covered by insurance in Thailand?

    Insurance coverage for PGT-M is rare and varies by policy. Most patients pay out of pocket. Check with your insurance provider to see if any part of the treatment is covered.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.