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  • What PGT-A Can and Cannot Tell You: Understanding Its Limitations

    What is PGT-A?

    Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) is a screening test used during IVF to check embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes. It helps embryologists select embryos that are more likely to implant and develop normally. However, PGT-A is not a guarantee of a healthy pregnancy or baby, and it has important limitations that you should understand before deciding whether to use it.

    At a Glance: Key Limitations of PGT-A

    • PGT-A cannot detect all genetic disorders, only chromosomal number abnormalities.
    • It cannot identify structural chromosome rearrangements (that’s PGT-SR).
    • It cannot detect single-gene disorders (that’s PGT-M).
    • Mosaicism results may be uncertain and require confirmatory testing.
    • PGT-A does not eliminate the risk of miscarriage or birth defects.
    • It cannot predict the health of a future child.

    What PGT-A Can Detect

    PGT-A screens for aneuploidy, which means having too many or too few chromosomes. This is a common cause of implantation failure and miscarriage. By identifying embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (euploid), PGT-A can help reduce the risk of miscarriage and improve the chances of a successful pregnancy in certain situations.

    What PGT-A Cannot Detect

    Single-Gene Disorders

    PGT-A does not test for specific genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or Huntington’s disease. For those, you would need PGT-M (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders), which is a different test that looks for specific gene mutations.

    Structural Chromosome Abnormalities

    PGT-A does not detect balanced translocations or other structural rearrangements of chromosomes. If you or your partner have a known chromosomal rearrangement, PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) is the appropriate test.

    Mosaicism

    Mosaicism occurs when an embryo has both normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A may report an embryo as mosaic, meaning it has a mix of cells with different chromosome numbers. The clinical significance of mosaicism is not fully understood, and the accuracy of the result depends on the biopsy sample. A mosaic embryo may still lead to a healthy baby, but it carries a higher risk of abnormalities. Confirmatory testing, such as prenatal diagnosis (amniocentesis or CVS), is often recommended if a mosaic embryo is transferred.

    Epigenetic and Multifactorial Conditions

    PGT-A does not assess epigenetic changes (how genes are expressed) or complex conditions like autism, diabetes, or heart disease, which are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

    Why PGT-A Results Are Not Absolute

    PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It provides information about the chromosomes in the cells biopsied from the embryo, but it cannot guarantee that the embryo is completely normal. The biopsy samples only a few cells from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta), which may not represent the entire embryo. Additionally, technical limitations can lead to false positives or false negatives.

    The Need for Confirmatory Testing

    If you become pregnant after transferring a PGT-A tested embryo, your doctor may recommend prenatal testing, such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis, to confirm the chromosomal status of the fetus. This is especially important if the embryo was mosaic or if you have other risk factors.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What type of genetic testing does your lab use for PGT-A?
    • How does your clinic report mosaicism, and what is your policy on transferring mosaic embryos?
    • What is the accuracy rate of PGT-A at your lab?
    • Do you recommend confirmatory testing after a PGT-A pregnancy?
    • What are the costs and timelines for PGT-A?

    Next Steps: Making an Informed Decision

    Before deciding on PGT-A, discuss with your fertility specialist:

    • Your medical history and reasons for considering PGT-A.
    • The limitations and potential benefits in your specific situation.
    • Alternative options, such as not testing or using other screening methods.
    • The emotional and financial implications.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool to help you make informed choices, but it is not a guarantee. Take your time, ask questions, and consider genetic counseling if needed.

    For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand guide, visit our guides, or check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A detect all genetic abnormalities?

    No, PGT-A only screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). It does not detect single-gene disorders, structural rearrangements, or complex conditions influenced by multiple genes and environment.

    What is mosaicism in PGT-A results?

    Mosaicism means an embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A may report an embryo as mosaic, but the clinical significance is uncertain. Confirmatory testing is often recommended if a mosaic embryo is transferred.

    Is PGT-A a guarantee of a healthy baby?

    No, PGT-A is a screening test that reduces the risk of miscarriage and chromosomal abnormalities, but it cannot guarantee a healthy pregnancy or baby. It does not detect all genetic conditions or birth defects.

    Do I need confirmatory testing after PGT-A?

    Your doctor may recommend prenatal testing, such as CVS or amniocentesis, to confirm the chromosomal status of the fetus, especially if the embryo was mosaic or you have other risk factors.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders. They are used for different purposes and can be done together if needed.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How PGT-A Affects the Number of Embryos Available for Transfer

    When you undergo IVF, the number of embryos you have can drop at several stages. PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is one of those stages. It screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. Because not all embryos will be chromosomally normal, PGT-A can reduce the number of embryos available for transfer. This article explains why that happens, what it means for your decisions, and how to plan for the possibility of needing more than one cycle.

    At a Glance

    • PGT-A tests embryos for chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Not all embryos will be normal, so the number available for transfer may decrease.
    • This reduction is part of the IVF process and can affect your timeline and decisions.
    • Planning for multiple cycles can help manage expectations.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. It checks for aneuploidy, which means having an abnormal number of chromosomes. Embryos with the correct number of chromosomes (46) are considered euploid and are more likely to implant and develop normally. Embryos with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid and may fail to implant or result in miscarriage.

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy, but it provides information that can help you and your clinic decide which embryos to transfer.

    How PGT-A Reduces the Number of Usable Embryos

    During IVF, you may produce several embryos. After fertilization, embryos are cultured for a few days. At the blastocyst stage, a few cells are biopsied and sent for PGT-A testing. The results typically categorize embryos as:

    • Euploid: normal chromosome number, suitable for transfer.
    • Aneuploid: abnormal chromosome number, generally not recommended for transfer.
    • Mosaic: a mix of normal and abnormal cells, which may have reduced potential.

    Because a significant proportion of embryos can be aneuploid, especially as maternal age increases, the number of embryos that are suitable for transfer may be lower than the total number of embryos you produce. This is often called embryo attrition.

    What This Means for Your Decision-Making

    Knowing that PGT-A can reduce the number of available embryos helps you prepare emotionally and practically. Here are some key points to consider:

    • Expect attrition: It is normal for not all embryos to be normal. Discuss with your clinic what percentage of embryos typically come back as euploid for your age group.
    • Transfer decisions: If you have fewer euploid embryos, you may need to decide how many to transfer in a single cycle. Your clinic will guide you based on your situation.
    • Consider all options: If you have no euploid embryos, you may need to consider another IVF cycle, using donor eggs, or other alternatives. Your clinic can discuss these options with you.

    Planning for Multiple Cycles

    Because PGT-A can reduce the number of transferable embryos, it is wise to plan for the possibility of more than one IVF cycle. Here are some steps to consider:

    1. Discuss your goals: Talk to your clinic about how many embryos you hope to have for transfer and whether you are open to multiple cycles.
    2. Understand your ovarian reserve: Your age and ovarian reserve affect how many eggs you are likely to produce. This can influence the number of embryos you may get.
    3. Budget and time: Multiple cycles involve additional time and cost. Ask your clinic for a breakdown of costs per cycle and any package deals.
    4. Emotional preparation: The uncertainty of embryo numbers can be stressful. Consider counseling or support groups.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    To make informed decisions, ask your clinic the following questions:

    • What is the expected attrition rate from eggs to blastocysts and then to euploid embryos for someone my age?
    • How many embryos do you recommend we aim for before considering transfer?
    • What are the options if we have no euploid embryos?
    • Are there any additional tests or procedures that might help?

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT-A, take these steps:

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to understand if PGT-A is right for you.
    2. Ask for a detailed explanation of the testing process and what the results mean.
    3. Plan financially and emotionally for the possibility of multiple cycles.
    4. Explore resources on PGT in Thailand and general guides to help you prepare.

    Remember, PGT-A is a tool to provide information, not a guarantee. The number of embryos available for transfer can be lower than expected, but this knowledge helps you make the best decisions for your family-building journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A always reduce the number of embryos available?

    Not always, but it can. PGT-A identifies embryos with chromosomal abnormalities, and those are typically not transferred. The reduction depends on factors like maternal age and embryo quality. Some patients may have many euploid embryos, while others may have few or none.

    What happens if I have no euploid embryos after PGT-A?

    If no embryos are euploid, your clinic will discuss options such as another IVF cycle, using donor eggs, or considering mosaic embryos. The decision depends on your individual situation and should be made with your medical team.

    Can PGT-A improve my chances of pregnancy?

    PGT-A can help select embryos that are more likely to implant, but it does not guarantee pregnancy. It may reduce the risk of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities, but other factors also affect success.

    Is PGT-A recommended for everyone?

    No. PGT-A is often recommended for women over 35, those with recurrent miscarriage, or previous failed IVF cycles. However, it is not necessary for everyone. Your clinic can advise based on your medical history.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR: What’s the Difference?

    If you are exploring IVF and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), you may have come across terms like PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR. These are three distinct types of genetic testing that can be performed on embryos before transfer. Understanding what each test does—and what it does not do—can help you ask better questions and make more informed decisions with your fertility team.

    In simple terms: PGT-A checks for the correct number of chromosomes, PGT-M looks for a specific single-gene disorder, and PGT-SR checks for structural changes in chromosomes. Each test serves a different purpose and is used in different clinical situations. This guide explains the basics, the limitations, and the questions you may want to ask your clinic.

    At a Glance: The Three PGT Types

    • PGT-A (Aneuploidy Screening): Counts chromosomes to identify embryos with an abnormal number (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-M (Monogenic Disorders): Tests for a specific inherited condition caused by a single gene, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease.
    • PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangements): Detects unbalanced chromosome rearrangements, such as translocations or inversions.

    What Is PGT-A?

    PGT-A, previously known as preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), is designed to detect an abnormal number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is said to be aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage, though some can lead to conditions like Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

    PGT-A is often considered for patients who want to reduce the risk of miscarriage or who have had repeated implantation failure. It may also be used in cases of advanced maternal age, where the likelihood of aneuploidy is higher. However, PGT-A does not guarantee a successful pregnancy, and it cannot detect all genetic abnormalities.

    How PGT-A Works

    During an IVF cycle, embryos are cultured for several days until they reach the blastocyst stage. A small number of cells are then removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) and sent for genetic analysis. The embryo is frozen while the results are pending. Only embryos with the expected number of chromosomes are considered for transfer.

    Limitations of PGT-A

    PGT-A is not a test for every genetic condition. It does not screen for single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. Additionally, because the test is performed on a few cells, there is a small chance that the results may not perfectly reflect the entire embryo (a phenomenon called mosaicism). Your clinic can explain how they interpret mosaic results.

    What Is PGT-M?

    PGT-M, formerly known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), is used when one or both parents carry a known genetic mutation for a specific single-gene disorder. This test identifies embryos that have inherited the mutation, allowing the transfer of embryos that are unaffected.

    PGT-M is typically offered to couples who have a family history of a genetic condition, such as cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, or Huntington’s disease. It requires prior knowledge of the exact genetic mutation, which is usually confirmed through carrier screening or genetic testing of the parents.

    How PGT-M Works

    Before starting an IVF cycle, the clinic may need to develop a personalized test for the specific mutation. This often involves a “work-up” phase where DNA samples from the parents and sometimes other family members are analyzed. Once the test is ready, embryos are biopsied and tested for the presence of the mutation. Only embryos without the mutation are considered for transfer.

    Limitations of PGT-M

    PGT-M is highly specific to the tested mutation. It does not screen for other genetic conditions or chromosomal abnormalities unless combined with PGT-A. The process can be time-consuming and may require additional planning. It is also not available for every genetic condition, so you should confirm with your clinic whether your specific situation can be tested.

    What Is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR is used when one or both parents have a structural rearrangement of their chromosomes, such as a translocation or inversion. These rearrangements may not cause health problems in the parent, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may result in miscarriage, stillbirth, or a child with disabilities.

    PGT-SR identifies embryos with balanced chromosomes, meaning they have the correct amount of genetic material. This test is often recommended for couples who have experienced recurrent miscarriages or who have a known chromosomal rearrangement.

    How PGT-SR Works

    Like PGT-A, PGT-SR involves embryo biopsy and genetic analysis. The laboratory looks for specific structural abnormalities in the chromosomes. The process may be combined with PGT-A to also check for aneuploidy, as structural rearrangements can increase the risk of aneuploidy.

    Limitations of PGT-SR

    PGT-SR does not correct the rearrangement; it only helps select embryos that are balanced. It also does not detect all types of chromosomal abnormalities. As with other PGT types, there is a small risk of misdiagnosis, and the test cannot guarantee a healthy baby.

    Comparing PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR

    Feature PGT-A PGT-M PGT-SR
    What it screens for Abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) Specific single-gene disorder Structural chromosome rearrangements
    Typical reason for testing Advanced maternal age, repeated implantation failure, recurrent miscarriage Known genetic mutation in one or both parents Known chromosomal rearrangement in a parent
    Requires prior genetic information No Yes, the specific mutation must be known Yes, the rearrangement must be identified
    Can be combined with other PGT Yes, often combined with PGT-M or PGT-SR Yes, often combined with PGT-A Yes, often combined with PGT-A
    Does it guarantee a healthy baby? No No No

    Which Test Is Right for You?

    The choice of PGT type depends on your medical history, genetic background, and the reason for undergoing IVF. There is no one-size-fits-all answer. Your fertility specialist and a genetic counselor can help you determine whether PGT is appropriate and which type(s) may be beneficial.

    For example, if you are over 35 and concerned about aneuploidy, PGT-A might be discussed. If you and your partner are carriers of a recessive disorder, PGT-M may be offered. If you have a translocation, PGT-SR could be recommended. In some cases, a combination of tests may be used.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What type of PGT do you recommend for my situation, and why?
    • What is the process for embryo biopsy, and how many cells are removed?
    • How long does it take to get results, and will my embryos be frozen in the meantime?
    • What are the risks and limitations of the recommended test?
    • How does your laboratory handle mosaicism or inconclusive results?
    • What are the costs involved, and are they included in the IVF package?

    Alternatives and Additional Considerations

    PGT is not the only way to assess embryo health. Some patients may choose not to undergo PGT and instead rely on embryo morphology (appearance) for selection. Others may consider prenatal testing during pregnancy, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, to confirm genetic status.

    It is also important to note that PGT does not eliminate all risks. Even with PGT, there is a small chance of misdiagnosis, and not all genetic conditions can be tested. Furthermore, PGT does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a live birth.

    Next Steps

    If you are considering PGT, start by gathering your medical records and any genetic test results. Consult with a fertility specialist who can explain the options in the context of your specific situation. A genetic counselor can also provide valuable insight into the implications of testing.

    When researching clinics, ask about their experience with PGT, their laboratory protocols, and how they communicate results. You may also want to explore our PGT in Thailand page for an overview of what to consider when seeking treatment abroad.

    For more general information, visit our guides section, or check the FAQ for common questions about fertility treatment.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR be done at the same time?

    Yes, it is possible to combine PGT-A with PGT-M or PGT-SR in a single biopsy. This allows the laboratory to check for aneuploidy as well as the specific genetic condition or structural rearrangement. However, not all clinics offer combined testing, and the feasibility may depend on the laboratory's protocols and the amount of DNA available from the biopsy.

    Does PGT guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT can reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with a specific genetic abnormality, but it cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. There are many factors that affect pregnancy outcomes, and PGT does not screen for all possible genetic or developmental issues.

    Is PGT mandatory for all IVF patients?

    No, PGT is not mandatory. It is an optional test that may be recommended based on your medical history, age, or genetic background. Some patients choose not to undergo PGT, and the decision should be made in consultation with your fertility specialist and genetic counselor.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-M?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy), while PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene disorder. PGT-A is often used to improve the chances of implantation and reduce miscarriage risk, whereas PGT-M is used when parents carry a known genetic mutation.

    How long does PGT take?

    The time required for PGT can vary. After embryo biopsy, results may take several days to a few weeks, depending on the laboratory and the type of test. During this time, embryos are typically frozen. Your clinic can provide a more specific timeline based on their procedures.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Mosaic Embryo Results: What Information Should Patients Request?

    When you receive a mosaic embryo result, it means that the embryo contains a mixture of cells with normal and abnormal chromosome numbers. This finding can be confusing and emotionally challenging. The most important step is to gather clear, complete information from your clinic so you can discuss your options with a genetics professional. This guide outlines the key details you should request and the questions you should ask.

    At a Glance

    • Understand what a mosaic result means and its limitations.
    • Request the specific chromosome involved and the percentage of mosaicism.
    • Ask about the type of mosaicism and whether it is likely to affect embryo development.
    • Seek guidance on confirmatory testing and genetic counseling.
    • Discuss the clinical significance and your individual situation.

    Understanding Mosaic Embryo Results

    Mosaic embryos are identified through preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). Unlike a uniformly normal (euploid) or uniformly abnormal (aneuploid) embryo, a mosaic embryo has a mix of cells. The result is often reported as a percentage, such as 20% or 50% mosaicism. However, the interpretation is complex and depends on the specific chromosome involved and the laboratory’s criteria.

    It is essential to understand that a mosaic result is not a diagnosis of a child’s health. It is a screening result that indicates a potential risk. Many mosaic embryos may not implant, may miscarry, or may lead to a healthy baby. The outcome depends on the type and extent of mosaicism.

    Key Information to Request from Your Clinic

    When you receive a mosaic result, ask your clinic for the following details:

    • Specific chromosome(s) involved: Which chromosome(s) show mosaicism? Some chromosomes are more likely to be associated with viable conditions than others.
    • Percentage of mosaicism: What proportion of cells were abnormal? This is often reported as a range or a specific percentage.
    • Type of mosaicism: Is it a single chromosome or multiple chromosomes? Is it a segmental (part of a chromosome) or whole-chromosome mosaicism?
    • Laboratory criteria: What thresholds does the lab use to classify an embryo as mosaic? Different labs have different cutoffs.
    • Quality of the embryo: What is the overall grade of the embryo? This may influence transfer decisions.
    • Recommendations for confirmatory testing: Does the clinic recommend additional testing, such as prenatal diagnosis (amniocentesis or CVS) if pregnancy occurs?

    Questions to Ask Your Genetics Counselor or Doctor

    Before your consultation, prepare a list of questions. Here are some important ones:

    • What is the clinical significance of this specific mosaic result?
    • What is the likelihood that the embryo will develop normally?
    • What are the risks of miscarriage or implantation failure?
    • If the embryo is transferred and pregnancy occurs, what prenatal testing is recommended?
    • Are there any known cases of healthy births with a similar mosaic pattern?
    • What are the alternatives to transferring this embryo?
    • How does this result affect my chances of a live birth?

    Understanding the Limitations of Mosaic Testing

    Mosaic testing is not perfect. The biopsy sample may not represent the entire embryo. A small number of cells are removed for testing, and the results may not reflect the true chromosomal status of the whole embryo. Additionally, some mosaic embryos may self-correct during development, leading to a normal baby. However, this is not guaranteed.

    It is also important to note that PGT-A is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It cannot detect all genetic conditions, and a normal result does not guarantee a healthy baby.

    How to Prepare for Your Genetics Consultation

    To make the most of your consultation, gather all relevant records, including the full PGT report, embryo images, and any prior test results. Write down your questions and bring a trusted partner or friend for support. Ask for a clear explanation of the results in plain language, and request written materials if available.

    Consider asking about the experience of the genetics team and whether they have specific expertise in mosaic embryos. You may also want to ask about the clinic’s policy on transferring mosaic embryos, as some clinics have specific guidelines.

    Decision-Making Steps

    After you have all the information, you can weigh your options. Here is a step-by-step approach:

    1. Review the mosaic result details with your doctor.
    2. Seek a second opinion from a genetics specialist if needed.
    3. Discuss the risks and benefits of transferring the mosaic embryo versus other options, such as further IVF cycles or using a donor embryo.
    4. Consider the emotional and financial implications.
    5. Make a decision that aligns with your values and medical advice.

    Next Steps and Checklist

    • Request a copy of your full PGT report.
    • Schedule a genetics consultation.
    • Prepare a list of questions.
    • Ask about confirmatory testing options.
    • Discuss the timeline for decision-making.
    • Seek emotional support if needed.

    Remember, you are not alone. Many patients face this decision, and your medical team is there to guide you. Take your time and gather all the information you need.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a mosaic embryo result mean?

    A mosaic embryo result means that the embryo has a mixture of cells with normal and abnormal chromosome numbers. It is a screening result, not a diagnosis, and the outcome can vary.

    What information should I ask for when I get a mosaic result?

    You should ask for the specific chromosome involved, the percentage of mosaicism, the type of mosaicism, the laboratory criteria, the embryo quality, and any recommendations for confirmatory testing.

    Can a mosaic embryo lead to a healthy baby?

    Yes, some mosaic embryos can lead to healthy babies, but the outcome depends on the specific mosaic pattern and other factors. Your doctor can provide more personalized information.

    Is PGT-A testing accurate for detecting mosaicism?

    PGT-A is a screening test and has limitations. The biopsy sample may not represent the entire embryo, and results may not always reflect the true chromosomal status. Confirmatory testing may be recommended if pregnancy occurs.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • No-Result PGT Report: Questions to Discuss with Your Clinic

    Receiving a PGT report with no result can be disappointing and confusing. You may wonder what went wrong, whether the embryo is still usable, and what your options are. This guide explains what a no-result outcome may mean and provides a practical list of questions to discuss with your clinic. It is not medical advice, but a framework to help you have a more informed conversation with your care team.

    At a glance

    • A no-result PGT report means the laboratory could not provide a definitive genetic result for that embryo.
    • Possible reasons include technical issues, insufficient DNA, or biological factors.
    • Your clinic can explain the specific reason and discuss whether re-biopsy, transfer without testing, or other options are appropriate.
    • Ask about the laboratory’s protocols, success rates for re-biopsy, and any additional costs or timelines.

    What does a no-result PGT report mean?

    PGT (preimplantation genetic testing) is performed on embryos created through IVF. The test analyzes a small number of cells taken from the embryo to look for specific genetic conditions. A no-result report means that the laboratory could not obtain a clear genetic result for that embryo. This is not the same as a normal or abnormal result; it is an inconclusive outcome.

    There are several possible reasons for a no-result report. These may include:

    • Insufficient DNA in the sample
    • Technical issues during the testing process
    • DNA degradation or contamination
    • Biological factors related to the embryo itself

    Your clinic and the genetic laboratory can provide more specific information about your case. It is important to remember that a no-result report does not necessarily mean the embryo is abnormal or unusable. It simply means the test did not produce a definitive answer.

    Questions to ask about the no-result report

    When you receive a no-result PGT report, schedule a discussion with your clinic. Here are key questions to ask:

    About the reason for the no-result

    • What was the specific reason for the no-result in our case?
    • Was the issue related to the embryo, the biopsy, or the laboratory process?
    • How common is a no-result outcome in your laboratory?

    About the embryo and next steps

    • Is the embryo still viable for transfer?
    • What are our options: re-biopsy, transfer without testing, or discard?
    • If we consider re-biopsy, what is the success rate for obtaining a result?
    • Are there any risks to the embryo from a second biopsy?

    About the laboratory and testing process

    • Which laboratory performed the test, and what are their quality controls?
    • What is the laboratory’s track record for successful PGT results?
    • Are there alternative testing methods that might be more suitable?

    About costs and logistics

    • Will there be additional costs for re-biopsy or repeat testing?
    • How long will we need to wait for a new result?
    • Are there any implications for our IVF cycle timeline?

    About counselling and support

    • Can we speak with a genetic counsellor to understand the implications?
    • What emotional support resources are available?

    Understanding re-biopsy

    Re-biopsy involves taking another sample from the same embryo for a second attempt at PGT. This is not always possible or recommended. The decision depends on the embryo’s quality, the reason for the no-result, and the clinic’s protocols. Your clinic can explain whether re-biopsy is an option in your case and what the chances of obtaining a result might be.

    It is important to note that re-biopsy may carry some risks, such as damage to the embryo. Your clinic should discuss these risks with you in detail.

    Transfer without testing

    In some cases, you may choose to transfer an embryo without a PGT result. This is a personal decision that should be made with the guidance of your medical team. They can help you understand the potential implications for prenatal testing and the health of the child. It is essential to have a thorough discussion about the benefits and risks before making this choice.

    Questions to ask about transfer without testing

    • What are the potential risks and benefits of transferring an untested embryo?
    • What prenatal testing options would be available if we proceed with transfer?
    • How does this decision affect our chances of pregnancy and live birth?

    Emotional and psychological considerations

    A no-result PGT report can be emotionally challenging. You may feel anxious, disappointed, or uncertain about the future. It is normal to have these feelings. Consider seeking support from a counsellor or a support group for individuals going through fertility treatment. Your clinic may also have resources to help you cope.

    Next steps: a checklist for your discussion

    1. Write down all your questions before the appointment.
    2. Bring a partner or trusted friend for support.
    3. Ask for a clear explanation of the no-result reason.
    4. Discuss all possible options, including re-biopsy and transfer without testing.
    5. Ask about costs, timelines, and any additional procedures.
    6. Request written information about the laboratory and its quality standards.
    7. Consider a second opinion if you feel uncertain.

    Conclusion

    A no-result PGT report is not the end of the road. It is a signal to have a detailed conversation with your clinic about your options. By asking the right questions, you can make an informed decision that aligns with your values and medical situation. Remember, your clinic is there to support you through this process.

    Frequently asked questions

    What does a no-result PGT report mean?

    A no-result PGT report means the laboratory could not obtain a definitive genetic result for that embryo. It is not the same as a normal or abnormal result; it is an inconclusive outcome. Possible reasons include insufficient DNA, technical issues, or biological factors. Your clinic can explain the specific reason in your case.

    Can an embryo with a no-result PGT report be transferred?

    In some cases, yes. The decision depends on the embryo's quality, the reason for the no-result, and your clinic's recommendations. You may also consider re-biopsy or transfer without testing. Discuss the risks and benefits with your medical team before making a decision.

    What is re-biopsy and is it safe?

    Re-biopsy is a procedure to take another cell sample from the same embryo for a second PGT attempt. It is not always possible or recommended. There may be risks, such as damage to the embryo. Your clinic can provide more information about the success rates and risks in your specific situation.

    How common is a no-result PGT report?

    The frequency of no-result reports can vary depending on the laboratory, the testing method, and the embryo quality. Your clinic or the genetic laboratory can provide data on their own experience. It is a known possibility in PGT, and your clinic should be able to discuss their rates with you.

    What should I ask my clinic after a no-result PGT report?

    Ask about the specific reason for the no-result, whether the embryo is viable, what options are available (re-biopsy, transfer without testing, discard), the success rates for re-biopsy, any additional costs, and the timeline. Also ask about genetic counselling and emotional support resources.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Verify Who Performs Egg Retrieval and Embryo Transfer

    Why It Matters to Know Who Performs Your Procedures

    Knowing which doctor will perform your egg retrieval and embryo transfer is important for your peace of mind and treatment planning. These procedures are critical steps in your IVF journey, and you may want to ensure that the doctor you have consulted with is the one who will be present in the operating room. However, clinic staffing and schedules can vary, so it is essential to verify this directly with your clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Steps to Verify Your Provider

    • Ask your clinic directly who will perform your egg retrieval and embryo transfer.
    • Request written confirmation of the doctor’s name and role.
    • Check if the doctor is available on your scheduled procedure dates.
    • Understand the clinic’s policy on backup doctors or team coverage.
    • Review your consent forms to see if they specify the performing physician.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before you proceed with treatment, consider asking your clinic the following questions to clarify who will be involved in your procedures:

    • Which doctor will perform my egg retrieval and embryo transfer?
    • Will the same doctor who did my consultation be the one performing the procedures?
    • If my doctor is unavailable, who will be the backup? Can I meet them beforehand?
    • How are procedures assigned to doctors in your clinic?
    • Can I request a specific doctor for my procedures?
    • Will the doctor performing the procedures be present for the entire procedure?

    What to Check in Your Treatment Plan

    Your treatment plan and consent documents may contain important information about your care team. Review these documents carefully and look for:

    • The name of the physician responsible for your treatment.
    • Any clauses about substitutions or coverage by other doctors.
    • Contact information for the patient coordinator or nurse who can answer your questions.

    If you have any doubts, ask for clarification before signing consent forms.

    Understanding Doctor Roles in IVF

    In an IVF cycle, different doctors may have different roles. For example, one doctor may perform your ultrasound monitoring, another may do the egg retrieval, and yet another may do the embryo transfer. It is important to understand who does what and to confirm that the doctor you prefer is involved in the steps that matter most to you.

    What If Your Doctor Is Not Available?

    Clinics often have a team of doctors who cover for each other. If your preferred doctor is not available on your procedure date, ask about the backup doctor’s experience and whether you can have a brief consultation with them beforehand. This can help you feel more comfortable and informed.

    Your Next-Step Checklist

    • Contact your clinic and ask for the names of the doctors who will perform your egg retrieval and embryo transfer.
    • Request written confirmation in your treatment plan or a separate email.
    • Ask about the clinic’s policy on doctor availability and backup coverage.
    • Review your consent forms and ask about any clauses that allow for substitutions.
    • If you have concerns, schedule a call with your doctor or patient coordinator to discuss them.

    For more information on embryo transfer procedures, visit our embryo transfer in Thailand page. You can also explore our patient resources for additional guides. If you have specific questions, feel free to contact us or check our FAQ section.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can I request a specific doctor to perform my egg retrieval and embryo transfer?

    Yes, many clinics allow you to request a specific doctor, but availability may depend on scheduling. It is best to ask your clinic directly about their policy and whether your preferred doctor can be guaranteed for your procedures.

    What should I do if my doctor is not available on my procedure date?

    Ask your clinic about their backup doctor policy. You can request to meet the backup doctor beforehand to discuss your case and ensure you feel comfortable with the arrangement.

    Is it common for a different doctor to perform the embryo transfer than the one who did the egg retrieval?

    It can happen, depending on the clinic's staffing and scheduling. It is important to clarify with your clinic who will be performing each procedure and to confirm that you are comfortable with the assigned doctors.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-M Preparation Checklist for a Known Single-Gene Condition

    If you are considering PGT-M (preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders) for a known single-gene condition, preparation involves more than just booking an appointment. You will need to gather medical records, understand how the testing works, and ask the right questions to determine if PGT-M is feasible for your situation. This checklist will guide you through the key steps, but remember that every case is unique—your clinic will provide specific instructions based on your genetic results and treatment plan.

    At a Glance

    • Collect genetic reports and family history details.
    • Confirm the genetic diagnosis and the specific gene/mutation.
    • Ask about the need for a probe or test development.
    • Understand the IVF cycle and biopsy process.
    • Discuss timelines, costs, and legal considerations with your clinic.

    Step 1: Gather Your Genetic Records

    Your clinic will need detailed information about the genetic condition. Start by collecting:

    • The genetic test report that identified the condition in you or your partner.
    • Any carrier screening results.
    • Family history details, including affected and unaffected relatives.
    • If available, genetic test results from affected family members.

    These records help the lab understand the specific mutation and design the PGT-M test. If you have not had genetic testing, your clinic can refer you to a genetic counselor or specialist.

    Step 2: Confirm the Genetic Diagnosis

    Before proceeding, ensure that the genetic condition is clearly identified. You should know:

    • The exact gene involved.
    • The specific mutation or variant.
    • The inheritance pattern (autosomal dominant, recessive, X-linked, etc.).

    If this information is unclear, ask your genetic counselor or doctor to explain it. PGT-M requires a precise genetic target to test embryos accurately.

    Step 3: Understand Lab Feasibility

    Not all genetic conditions are equally amenable to PGT-M. The lab will need to develop a customized test, which may require:

    • Blood samples from you and your partner.
    • Sometimes samples from other family members (e.g., an affected child or parent).
    • Time to design and validate the test before your IVF cycle begins.

    Ask your clinic about their laboratory’s experience with your specific condition. They can tell you if a test is feasible and how long it will take to prepare.

    Step 4: Plan Your IVF Cycle

    PGT-M is performed in conjunction with IVF. You will need to undergo ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and fertilization. After embryos develop, a few cells are biopsied and sent for genetic testing. Consider:

    • Your overall health and fertility status.
    • Any previous IVF experience.
    • The number of embryos you hope to test.

    Your clinic will provide a personalized treatment plan, including medication protocols and timing.

    Step 5: Ask Key Questions

    Prepare a list of questions for your clinic. Here are some to consider:

    • How long will it take to develop the PGT-M test for our specific mutation?
    • What samples are needed from us and our family members?
    • What is the success rate for embryo biopsy and testing at your lab?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage?
    • What are the costs for PGT-M testing, and what does that include?
    • Are there any legal or ethical considerations we should be aware of?
    • How will results be communicated, and what support is available?

    Step 6: Consider Logistics and Support

    If you are traveling for treatment, plan for:

    • Time off work and travel arrangements.
    • Accommodation near the clinic.
    • Translation services if needed.
    • Emotional support, such as counseling or support groups.

    PGT-M can be emotionally challenging. It is important to have a support system in place.

    Next Steps

    After you have gathered your records and asked your questions, you can decide whether to proceed. Your clinic will guide you through the next steps, which may include:

    • Genetic counseling sessions.
    • Blood tests and sample collection.
    • IVF cycle scheduling.
    • Embryo transfer planning.

    Remember, PGT-M is a complex process, but with careful preparation, you can make informed decisions.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is PGT-M?

    PGT-M is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF to identify whether they carry a specific single-gene disorder. It helps families at risk of passing on a known genetic condition to select embryos that are unaffected.

    How long does PGT-M testing take?

    The timeline varies. Developing a customized test for your specific mutation can take several weeks to months. After embryo biopsy, results are typically available within a few days to a couple of weeks. Your clinic will provide a specific timeline.

    Do we need to provide samples from family members?

    Often, yes. The lab may need samples from you and your partner, and sometimes from an affected child or other relatives, to design an accurate test. Your clinic will advise on exactly what is needed.

    Is PGT-M legal in Thailand?

    The legal status of PGT-M can vary and may be subject to regulations. It is essential to confirm with your clinic and relevant authorities about the current legal framework and any restrictions that may apply.

    What are the risks of PGT-M?

    PGT-M involves embryo biopsy, which carries a small risk of damage to the embryo. There is also a small chance of misdiagnosis. Your clinic will explain the risks and limitations in detail.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • What Does a PGT-A Testing Quote Include in Thailand?

    Understanding Your PGT-A Quote in Thailand

    When you receive a quote for PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) in Thailand, it should clearly outline the costs for the laboratory procedures involved. However, quotes can vary significantly between clinics, and understanding what is included—and what is not—is essential for accurate budgeting and comparison.

    This guide explains the typical components of a PGT-A quote, the factors that can affect the final price, and the questions you should ask before committing to a clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Components of a PGT-A Quote

    • Biopsy fee: Cost of removing a few cells from each embryo.
    • Genetic analysis fee: Cost of testing the biopsied cells for chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Embryology and laboratory fees: Costs for embryo handling, culture, and freezing.
    • Consultation and administrative fees: May be separate or bundled.
    • Additional costs: For embryo freezing, storage, shipping (if samples are sent abroad), and medications.

    What Typically Appears on a PGT-A Quote

    A detailed quote should itemize the services so you can see where your money goes. Here are the main line items you can expect:

    Biopsy Fee

    This covers the embryologist’s time and materials to remove a small number of cells (typically 3-5) from the trophectoderm (the part that becomes the placenta) of a day-5 or day-6 blastocyst. The biopsy is performed using a laser and a fine glass needle. This fee is usually charged per embryo.

    Genetic Analysis Fee

    This is the cost of the actual genetic test, which screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). The analysis may be performed in-house or at an external laboratory. If the clinic sends samples to an overseas lab, the quote may include shipping and handling fees.

    Embryology and Laboratory Fees

    These cover the general laboratory services required for embryo culture, grading, and preparation for biopsy. Some clinics bundle these into a single “lab fee,” while others charge separately.

    Consultation and Administrative Fees

    Initial consultations, follow-up appointments, and administrative paperwork may be billed separately. Some clinics include these in a package, while others charge per visit.

    What Might Be Excluded from the Quote

    Be aware that some costs are often not included in the initial quote. These can include:

    • Embryo freezing and storage: After biopsy, embryos are frozen while awaiting results. The initial freezing may be included, but ongoing storage is usually charged annually.
    • Medications: Fertility drugs for ovarian stimulation and any other prescribed medications are typically not part of the PGT-A quote.
    • Additional cycles: If no embryos are suitable for biopsy or if the cycle is canceled, you may incur costs for a new cycle.
    • Shipping and customs: If samples are sent to an international lab, shipping and customs fees may be added.
    • Genetic counseling: Some clinics recommend or require a session with a genetic counselor to discuss results, which may be an extra fee.

    Factors That Can Affect the Final Price

    Several variables can influence the total cost of PGT-A in Thailand:

    • Number of embryos tested: Most clinics charge per embryo, so the more embryos you have, the higher the total cost.
    • Type of testing: PGT-A is the most common, but some clinics may offer combined testing (e.g., PGT-A plus PGT-M for single-gene disorders), which will cost more.
    • In-house vs. external lab: In-house testing may be cheaper, but external labs may offer more comprehensive analysis.
    • Clinic location and reputation: Clinics in major cities or with high success rates may charge more.
    • Package deals: Some clinics offer packages that include IVF plus PGT-A, which can be more cost-effective than separate fees.

    Questions to Ask Before Comparing Quotes

    To make an informed comparison, ask each clinic the following questions:

    1. Is the biopsy fee included in the quote? If so, how many embryos does it cover?
    2. Is the genetic analysis fee per embryo or per cycle?
    3. Are there any additional laboratory or embryology fees not listed?
    4. Are consultation and follow-up appointments included?
    5. What is the cost of embryo freezing and storage for the first year?
    6. Are there any potential extra charges, such as for shipping or genetic counseling?
    7. What is the clinic’s policy if the cycle is canceled or no embryos are suitable for biopsy?
    8. Do you offer any package deals that include IVF and PGT-A?

    How to Compare Quotes Effectively

    When comparing quotes, look beyond the total price. Consider the following:

    • Transparency: A detailed quote is a good sign. Be wary of vague estimates.
    • Inclusions: Ensure you are comparing like-for-like. A higher quote may include more services.
    • Quality and experience: Research the clinic’s success rates and the embryologists’ experience with PGT-A.
    • Accreditation: Check if the clinic and its laboratory have relevant accreditations.

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    • Request a detailed written quote from each clinic.
    • Ask the questions listed above to clarify what is included.
    • Factor in potential extra costs for medications, storage, and additional cycles.
    • Consider the clinic’s experience and success rates, not just the price.
    • Review the clinic’s policies on refunds or discounts if the cycle is canceled.

    By understanding the components of a PGT-A quote and asking the right questions, you can make a well-informed decision that fits your budget and needs.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is the biopsy fee usually included in a PGT-A quote?

    Many clinics include the biopsy fee in the PGT-A quote, but it may be listed separately. Always check whether the quote covers the biopsy procedure and how many embryos are included.

    Are there any hidden costs in a PGT-A quote?

    Potential extra costs include embryo freezing and storage, medications, shipping if samples are sent abroad, and genetic counseling. Ask the clinic for a full list of possible additional fees.

    Does the PGT-A quote include the IVF cycle costs?

    Typically, the PGT-A quote covers only the biopsy and genetic analysis. IVF cycle costs, including stimulation medications and egg retrieval, are usually separate. Some clinics offer packages that bundle these, so ask about package options.

    Can I negotiate the price of PGT-A testing in Thailand?

    Some clinics may offer package deals or discounts if you are testing multiple embryos. It is worth asking if there is any flexibility, but be cautious of clinics that significantly undercut standard prices, as quality may be compromised.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Hospital vs Standalone Fertility Clinic in Thailand: What International Patients Should Consider

    When planning fertility treatment in Thailand, one of the first decisions is whether to choose a hospital-based fertility unit or a standalone fertility clinic. Both models can provide high-quality care, but they differ in structure, services, and patient experience. This guide explains the key differences and helps you ask the right questions.

    At a Glance

    • Hospital-based fertility units are part of a larger multidisciplinary hospital, offering access to other medical specialties and emergency services.
    • Standalone fertility clinics focus exclusively on reproductive medicine, often with dedicated laboratories and specialized teams.
    • Accreditation and laboratory standards vary by provider, so verify current credentials directly.
    • Your choice should depend on your medical history, need for coordinated care, and personal preferences.

    Understanding the Two Care Models

    Hospital-Based Fertility Units

    In Thailand, several large hospitals have dedicated fertility centers. These units operate within a full-service hospital, meaning you have access to a wide range of medical specialties under one roof. For example, if you have an underlying health condition that needs monitoring during treatment, a hospital can coordinate care between your fertility specialist and other doctors.

    Hospital-based units often have in-house embryology laboratories and offer services such as IVF, ICSI, and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). They may also provide additional services like gynecologic surgery, which can be relevant if you need procedures such as hysteroscopy or laparoscopy as part of your fertility workup.

    Standalone Fertility Clinics

    Standalone fertility clinics focus solely on reproductive medicine. They are often smaller and may provide a more personalized experience. Many have their own laboratories and specialized teams, including embryologists and geneticists. Some standalone clinics are accredited by international bodies, which can be a marker of quality.

    Because they are dedicated to fertility, these clinics may have more streamlined processes for IVF and PGT. However, if you need care from other specialties, you may need to visit a separate hospital or clinic.

    Accreditation and Laboratory Quality

    Accreditation is an important factor when comparing fertility providers. In Thailand, look for international accreditations such as JCI (Joint Commission International) and RTAC (Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee). These indicate that the facility meets certain standards of care and safety.

    Laboratory quality is critical for IVF success. Ask about the embryology laboratory, including whether it is in-house, what equipment is used (e.g., time-lapse incubators), and whether the lab participates in external quality assurance programs. For example, some clinics hold certifications like ISO 15189 for medical laboratories.

    Remember that accreditation and lab standards can change, so always confirm the current status directly with the provider.

    Coordination with Other Medical Services

    If you have complex medical needs, a hospital-based unit may offer better coordination. For instance, if you need to see an endocrinologist, a hematologist, or a surgeon, these specialists are often available within the same hospital. This can simplify appointments and ensure that your fertility treatment is integrated with your overall health care.

    Standalone clinics may have referral networks, but you might need to travel to a separate facility for certain tests or procedures. Consider your own health history and whether you anticipate needing additional medical care during your fertility journey.

    Comparing Costs and Packages

    Cost is a major consideration for international patients. Both hospital-based and standalone clinics offer packages, but the inclusions vary. For example, some packages cover only the basic IVF cycle, while others include PGT, freezing, and medication. Always request a detailed written quotation that lists what is included and what is not.

    Be aware that published prices may change and may not include all potential costs, such as medications, additional tests, or storage fees. Ask about the validity of the quote and any exclusions.

    Questions to Ask Any Provider

    • What accreditations do you currently hold, and what is the scope of those certifications?
    • Is your embryology laboratory in-house? What equipment and quality assurance measures do you use?
    • Who will be my treating doctor, and what are their qualifications and experience?
    • What is included in the quoted package? Are medications, PGT, freezing, and transfer included?
    • How do you coordinate with other medical specialties if needed?
    • What is your policy for international patients, including communication and follow-up?

    Next Steps

    1. Shortlist providers that match your medical needs and preferences.
    2. Contact each provider to request a detailed written quotation and confirm current accreditations.
    3. Ask about the specific laboratory and genetic testing pathways they use.
    4. Consider your need for coordinated care with other specialties.
    5. Review all documents carefully before making a decision.

    Editorial Note

    This article provides general guidance. For specific provider comparisons, see our hospital rankings and hospital directory. Our editorial policy explains how we select and review providers.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the main difference between a hospital-based fertility unit and a standalone clinic in Thailand?

    A hospital-based fertility unit is part of a larger hospital, offering access to other medical specialties and emergency services. A standalone clinic focuses exclusively on fertility treatment, often with a dedicated laboratory and specialized team. Your choice depends on your medical needs and preference for integrated care.

    Are standalone fertility clinics in Thailand accredited?

    Yes, many standalone clinics hold international accreditations such as JCI or RTAC. However, accreditation status can change, so always verify the current credentials directly with the clinic.

    Do hospital-based fertility units have in-house embryology laboratories?

    Many do. For example, some hospital-based centers describe in-house embryology labs. However, this varies by provider, so confirm with the specific hospital.

    Can I get PGT (preimplantation genetic testing) at both types of facilities?

    Yes, both hospital-based and standalone clinics may offer PGT. However, the specific methods and laboratory capabilities vary. Ask about the PGT pathway and whether it is performed in-house or referred out.

    Which type of facility is better for international patients?

    There is no universal answer. Consider factors like your medical history, need for coordinated care, communication preferences, and budget. Both types can provide high-quality care, so evaluate each provider individually.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Embryo Storage in Thailand: Costs and Logistics for International Patients

    Embryo Storage in Thailand: What International Patients Need to Know

    If you are considering IVF treatment in Thailand, you may also be thinking about storing embryos for future use. Embryo storage—also called embryo cryopreservation—allows you to freeze embryos created during an IVF cycle for later transfer. For international patients, understanding the costs, logistics, and consent requirements is essential for planning. This guide explains the key factors to consider and provides a framework for comparing clinic storage fees.

    At a Glance: Embryo Storage Considerations

    • Cost components: Storage fees are typically separate from IVF treatment packages and may be charged annually or per cycle.
    • Duration: Storage periods can vary; confirm the maximum duration allowed by the clinic and any renewal policies.
    • Consent: You will need to provide informed consent for storage, including decisions about embryo disposition in case of death, divorce, or other circumstances.
    • International shipping: If you plan to move embryos to another country, you will need to arrange for specialized shipping and comply with import regulations.

    Understanding Embryo Storage Costs

    Embryo storage costs in Thailand can vary depending on the clinic, the number of embryos, and the storage duration. While exact prices are not publicly standardized, you can expect the following cost components:

    • Initial processing fee: Some clinics charge a one-time fee for vitrification (the freezing process) and initial storage setup.
    • Annual storage fee: Most clinics charge a yearly fee per embryo or per batch of embryos. This fee covers the maintenance of cryogenic tanks and laboratory oversight.
    • Potential additional fees: Some clinics may charge for embryo biopsy (if PGT was performed), documentation, or administrative services.

    When comparing costs, ask for a detailed breakdown of what is included in the storage fee. Some clinics may bundle the first year of storage with the IVF package, while others charge separately.

    What to Ask When Comparing Clinic Storage Fees

    To make an informed decision, ask each clinic the following questions:

    • What is the annual storage fee, and does it vary by the number of embryos?
    • Is the first year of storage included in the IVF treatment package?
    • Are there any additional fees for vitrification, biopsy, or documentation?
    • What is the maximum storage duration allowed, and what happens if you do not renew?
    • What is the clinic’s policy on embryo disposition if you do not pay the storage fee or if you cannot be contacted?
    • Do you offer international shipping services, or can you recommend a reliable courier?

    Consent and Legal Considerations

    Before storing embryos, you will be asked to sign a consent form that outlines your rights and responsibilities. This form typically covers:

    • Storage duration: How long the embryos will be stored and the renewal process.
    • Disposition options: What happens to the embryos in case of death, divorce, or if you no longer wish to use them. Options may include donation, disposal, or continued storage.
    • Ownership: Who has legal authority over the embryos, especially if you are using donor gametes or a gestational carrier.

    International patients should also consider the legal implications of embryo storage in Thailand versus their home country. Some countries have specific regulations about the import and export of embryos. It is advisable to consult with a legal expert familiar with reproductive law in both jurisdictions.

    International Shipping of Embryos

    If you plan to transfer your embryos to another clinic or country, you will need to arrange for international shipping. This process involves:

    • Choosing a shipping provider: Specialized medical couriers handle the transport of cryopreserved embryos in dry shippers that maintain the required temperature.
    • Documentation: You will need to provide export documents from the Thai clinic and import permits from the destination country.
    • Timing: Shipping must be coordinated with the receiving clinic to ensure proper handling upon arrival.

    Shipping costs are typically not included in storage fees and can vary based on distance and courier. Ask your clinic for recommendations and obtain a quote before committing.

    Planning Your Next Steps

    If you are considering embryo storage in Thailand, here is a practical checklist:

    1. Research clinics that offer IVF and embryo storage, and compare their fees and policies.
    2. Ask for a written cost breakdown and a copy of the consent form before signing.
    3. Clarify the storage duration and renewal process.
    4. If you plan to ship embryos internationally, consult with the receiving clinic and a medical courier early in the process.
    5. Seek legal advice if you have questions about cross-border embryo transfer.

    For more information on IVF costs in Thailand, visit our IVF cost guide. You can also explore our patient resources for additional planning tools. If you have specific questions, feel free to contact us.

    Frequently asked questions

    How much does embryo storage cost in Thailand?

    Embryo storage costs in Thailand vary by clinic and may include an initial processing fee and an annual storage fee. Some clinics include the first year of storage in the IVF package, while others charge separately. It is best to ask for a detailed breakdown from each clinic.

    How long can embryos be stored in Thailand?

    The maximum storage duration is determined by each clinic and may also be subject to Thai regulations. Typically, storage can be renewed annually, but you should confirm the clinic's policy and any time limits.

    Can I ship my embryos from Thailand to another country?

    Yes, it is possible to ship embryos internationally, but it requires specialized medical couriers and proper documentation. You will need to coordinate with both the Thai clinic and the receiving clinic, and ensure compliance with import regulations in the destination country.

    What happens to my embryos if I stop paying the storage fee?

    If you stop paying the storage fee, the clinic may attempt to contact you. If there is no response, the embryos may be disposed of or used for research, depending on the consent form you signed. It is important to understand the clinic's policy before storing.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.