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  • What Is a Mosaic Embryo and Can It Lead to a Healthy Baby?

    A mosaic embryo is an embryo that contains a mixture of cells with different genetic makeups—some cells may have the expected number of chromosomes, while others have an abnormal number. This is different from a uniformly normal or uniformly abnormal embryo. The presence of mosaicism is detected during preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) of embryos created through IVF. Many patients wonder whether a mosaic embryo can lead to a healthy baby. The short answer is that it might, but the outcome depends on many factors, and it is not guaranteed. This article explains what mosaicism means, how it is interpreted, and the important steps you can take to make an informed decision.

    At a Glance

    • Mosaic embryos have both normal and abnormal cells.
    • Mosaicism is detected through PGT, but the test has limitations.
    • Some mosaic embryos may lead to healthy babies, but outcomes vary.
    • Genetic counseling is essential to understand your specific situation.
    • Your clinic can provide details about your embryo’s mosaicism and options.

    Understanding Mosaicism

    Mosaicism arises from errors in cell division after fertilization. The embryo starts as a single cell, and as it divides, some cells may acquire an abnormal number of chromosomes. The proportion and type of abnormal cells can vary widely. For example, an embryo might have 20% abnormal cells or 80% abnormal cells, and the abnormal cells might involve different chromosomes. This variability makes each mosaic embryo unique.

    During PGT, a few cells are biopsied from the embryo (typically from the trophectoderm, which becomes the placenta). The genetic material in those cells is analyzed. If the test finds a mix of normal and abnormal cells, the embryo is classified as mosaic. However, the biopsy samples only a small number of cells, so the test may not perfectly reflect the entire embryo. This is an important limitation to discuss with your clinic.

    Can a Mosaic Embryo Lead to a Healthy Baby?

    Yes, there are reports of healthy babies born from mosaic embryos. However, the likelihood of a healthy outcome depends on several factors, including the specific chromosomes involved, the percentage of abnormal cells, and the embryo’s overall quality. Some abnormal cells may be eliminated or corrected during development, but this is not predictable. It is also possible that a mosaic embryo may not implant, may miscarry, or may result in a child with a genetic condition. Because of this uncertainty, it is crucial to have a detailed discussion with your fertility specialist and a genetic counselor.

    The Role of Genetic Counseling

    Genetic counseling is a key step when you have a mosaic embryo. A genetic counselor can help you understand the specific type of mosaicism in your embryo, what it might mean for a potential pregnancy, and what prenatal testing options are available. They can also help you weigh the risks and benefits of transferring a mosaic embryo versus pursuing other options, such as testing additional embryos or considering donor embryos. Genetic counseling is not a one-time conversation; it is an ongoing process that supports you in making a decision that aligns with your values and medical situation.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    When discussing a mosaic embryo with your clinic, consider asking the following questions:

    • What is the exact percentage and type of mosaicism in this embryo?
    • Which chromosomes are affected, and is that associated with any known conditions?
    • What is the embryo’s overall quality grade?
    • What are the potential outcomes if we transfer this embryo?
    • What prenatal testing options are available if I become pregnant?
    • Are there any additional tests we can do to learn more?
    • What are the costs and timelines for further testing or a new cycle?

    Next Steps and Decision-Making

    Deciding whether to transfer a mosaic embryo is personal and complex. Here is a step-by-step approach to help you move forward:

    1. Schedule a consultation with your fertility specialist to review the embryo report.
    2. Meet with a genetic counselor to understand the medical implications.
    3. Discuss all options, including transferring the mosaic embryo, testing other embryos, or starting a new cycle.
    4. Consider the emotional, financial, and practical aspects of each option.
    5. Take time to make a decision that feels right for you and your partner.

    Remember, you are not alone in this process. Your clinic and genetic counselor are there to support you. For more general information, visit our FAQ and guides. If you have specific questions about your situation, contact us for assistance.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between a mosaic embryo and a normal embryo?

    A normal embryo has cells with the expected number of chromosomes in all cells. A mosaic embryo has a mixture of cells with normal and abnormal chromosome numbers. The abnormality may involve whole chromosomes or segments, and the proportion of abnormal cells can vary.

    How is mosaicism detected?

    Mosaicism is detected through preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) during IVF. A few cells are biopsied from the embryo and analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities. If the sample shows a mix of normal and abnormal cells, the embryo is classified as mosaic.

    What are the chances of a healthy baby from a mosaic embryo?

    There is no guaranteed chance. Some mosaic embryos can lead to healthy babies, but outcomes vary. Factors such as the type of mosaicism, the chromosomes involved, and the embryo's quality play a role. Your clinic and genetic counselor can provide more personalized information based on your embryo's specific characteristics.

    Should I transfer a mosaic embryo?

    The decision to transfer a mosaic embryo is personal and should be made with the guidance of your fertility specialist and a genetic counselor. They can help you understand the potential risks and benefits, and discuss alternative options such as testing other embryos or starting a new cycle.

    What prenatal testing is available if I become pregnant with a mosaic embryo?

    If you become pregnant after transferring a mosaic embryo, you may have options for prenatal testing, such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis. These tests can provide more information about the baby's chromosomes. Discuss the timing, risks, and accuracy of these tests with your healthcare provider.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Managing Fertility Medication Schedules Across Time Zones When Traveling to Thailand

    When you’re traveling to Thailand for fertility treatment, keeping your medication schedule consistent is important for the effectiveness of your cycle. Crossing time zones can disrupt your routine, but with a clear plan, you can manage your medications confidently. This guide offers practical steps to adjust your schedule, use reminders, and stay in close contact with your clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Steps for Medication Management

    • Confirm your medication timing with your clinic before you travel.
    • Decide whether to adjust gradually or switch immediately to Thailand time.
    • Use alarms and apps to stay on track.
    • Keep a medication log and update your clinic regularly.
    • Pack medications properly and carry a doctor’s note.

    Understanding Time Zone Changes

    Thailand operates on Indochina Time (ICT), which is UTC+7. Depending on where you’re traveling from, the time difference can be significant. For example, if you’re coming from the US East Coast, the difference is about 12 hours; from the UK, about 7 hours. This shift can affect when you take your medications, especially if your usual schedule is tied to your home time zone.

    The key is to maintain a consistent interval between doses, not necessarily the same clock time. Your clinic will guide you on the best approach based on your specific medication and treatment plan.

    Step-by-Step: Adjusting Your Medication Schedule

    1. Consult Your Clinic Before Travel

    Before you depart, discuss your travel plans with your fertility clinic. Ask for specific instructions on how to adjust your medication times. They may recommend a gradual shift over several days or an immediate switch to Thailand time. Always follow their advice.

    2. Choose an Adjustment Strategy

    • Gradual adjustment: Shift your medication time by 1-2 hours each day leading up to your departure. This can ease your body into the new schedule.
    • Immediate switch: On the day you arrive, take your medication at the new Thailand time. This is simpler but may require a longer interval or a shorter one on the first day.

    Your clinic will help you decide which method is safest for your treatment.

    3. Set Up Alarms and Reminders

    Use your phone’s alarm or a medication reminder app to alert you when it’s time for your dose. Set the alarm to the new time zone as soon as you land. Consider setting multiple alarms if you’re prone to forgetting.

    4. Keep a Medication Log

    Track each dose you take, noting the date, time, and any side effects. This log is valuable for your clinic to review and for your own peace of mind. You can use a simple notebook or a smartphone app.

    5. Communicate with Your Clinic

    Stay in touch with your clinic while you’re in Thailand. They may want to adjust your schedule based on your monitoring results. Share your medication log and any concerns you have.

    Practical Tips for Traveling with Medications

    • Carry all medications in your carry-on luggage to avoid loss or temperature extremes.
    • Keep medications in their original packaging with pharmacy labels.
    • Bring a doctor’s note explaining your treatment and the need for the medications.
    • If you need to store medications at a certain temperature, use a travel cooler or insulated bag.
    • Check with your airline and Thai customs about any restrictions on bringing fertility medications into the country.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • How should I adjust my medication times for the time zone change?
    • Is it better to gradually shift or switch immediately?
    • What should I do if I miss a dose or take it late?
    • How will my monitoring appointments be scheduled in Thailand?
    • Who should I contact if I have questions while I’m abroad?

    Next Steps: Your Pre-Travel Checklist

    • Schedule a pre-travel consultation with your clinic.
    • Get written instructions for medication adjustments.
    • Set up your alarm and reminder system.
    • Pack your medications and necessary documentation.
    • Confirm your clinic’s contact information for while you’re in Thailand.

    By planning ahead and staying organized, you can focus on your treatment and enjoy your time in Thailand. For more resources, visit our guides and patient resources. If you have questions, feel free to contact us or check our FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    How far in advance should I adjust my medication schedule before traveling to Thailand?

    It depends on your medication and your clinic's recommendation. Some clinics suggest starting the adjustment a few days before departure, shifting by 1-2 hours each day. Others may advise switching immediately upon arrival. Always follow your clinic's specific instructions.

    What should I do if I miss a dose due to travel?

    Contact your clinic immediately for guidance. Do not double up on doses unless instructed. Your clinic will advise you on the best course of action based on your treatment plan.

    Can I use a medication reminder app to help with my schedule?

    Yes, many patients find reminder apps helpful. Choose an app that allows you to set alarms for specific times and track doses. However, always rely on your clinic's instructions as the primary source of truth.

    Do I need to bring a doctor's note for my fertility medications when traveling to Thailand?

    It's a good idea to carry a doctor's note explaining your treatment and the need for your medications. This can help with customs and security checks. Check with your airline and Thai customs for specific requirements.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • How to Verify the Credentials of a Fertility Doctor in Thailand

    Choosing a fertility doctor in Thailand is a significant decision, especially when you are considering preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). Verifying a doctor’s credentials helps you feel more confident in your choice. This guide explains how to check a doctor’s qualifications, board certifications, and experience with PGT, and provides practical questions to ask any clinic.

    At a Glance: Key Steps to Verify a Fertility Doctor

    • Check the doctor’s medical degree and Thai medical license.
    • Look for board certification in obstetrics and gynecology (OB-GYN) and subspecialty training in reproductive medicine.
    • Ask about specific experience with PGT, including the number of cycles and types of genetic testing performed.
    • Request documentation of the clinic’s laboratory accreditations and quality standards.
    • Ask for references or patient testimonials, and consider a second opinion.

    Understanding Fertility Doctor Credentials in Thailand

    In Thailand, fertility doctors are typically medical doctors who have completed a degree in medicine (MD) and then specialized in obstetrics and gynecology. Many pursue further fellowship training in reproductive medicine, which focuses on infertility and assisted reproductive technology (ART) such as IVF and PGT.

    Board certification is an important marker of a doctor’s expertise. In Thailand, the Medical Council of Thailand (MCT) oversees medical licensure and specialty certification. A doctor who is board-certified in obstetrics and gynecology has completed rigorous training and examinations. Subspecialty certification in reproductive medicine is an additional credential that indicates advanced training in fertility care.

    When verifying credentials, you can ask the clinic for the doctor’s full name and then search for their profile on the Medical Council of Thailand’s website or contact the council directly. You can also ask the clinic to provide copies of the doctor’s certificates and licenses.

    What to Look for in a Doctor’s Experience with PGT

    PGT is a complex procedure that involves testing embryos for genetic abnormalities before transfer. A doctor’s experience with PGT can significantly impact your care. Here are some points to consider:

    • Number of PGT cycles: Ask how many PGT cycles the doctor has performed or supervised. More experience often means better familiarity with the process.
    • Types of PGT: PGT-A (aneuploidy screening), PGT-M (monogenic disorders), and PGT-SR (structural rearrangements) require different expertise. Ask which types the doctor regularly performs.
    • Collaboration with geneticists: PGT involves genetic counseling and laboratory analysis. Ask how the doctor works with geneticists and whether the clinic has in-house genetic expertise.
    • Success rates: While success rates are not a guarantee, ask about the clinic’s and doctor’s success rates for PGT cycles, and how they define success (e.g., clinical pregnancy, live birth).

    Questions to Ask a Fertility Clinic

    When you contact a clinic, prepare a list of questions to ask. Here are some suggestions:

    • What are the doctor’s qualifications and board certifications?
    • How many years has the doctor been practicing fertility medicine?
    • How many PGT cycles has the doctor performed in the past year?
    • What is the clinic’s laboratory accreditation? (e.g., JCI, ISO, RTAC)
    • Can you provide references or patient testimonials?
    • What is the doctor’s approach to genetic counseling?
    • How does the clinic handle embryo biopsy and genetic testing?

    Comparing Fertility Hospitals in Bangkok

    To help you compare, we have compiled an editorial comparison of several fertility hospitals in Bangkok. This order is not a ranking of success rates or clinical outcomes; it is a starting point for your research. Always verify current information directly with each hospital.

    Hospital Location Key Features
    Deep & Harmonicare IVF Center (DHC) Rama 9, Bangkok Dedicated fertility center; provides IVF, ICSI, PGT, egg/embryo freezing; holds JCI, ISO 9001, RTAC, CAP, UK NEQAS credentials; reports 78% average embryo-transfer success rate for 2025 (not a guarantee); reference price for basic single-cycle medical package THB 490,000 (June 2026).
    Bangkok Hospital Fertility Center Huai Khwang, Bangkok In-house embryology lab; services include IVF, ICSI, PGT-A, egg/embryo freezing, semen analysis; fly-in packages from THB 335,000 (valid to 31 Dec 2026).
    Bumrungrad International Hospital Central Bangkok Large multidisciplinary hospital; reproductive medicine services; integrated setting for other specialties.
    Jetanin Hospital Pathum Wan, Bangkok Specialist fertility hospital since 1995; in-house genetics lab with PGT-A, PGT-M, PGT-SR; first IVF centre in Southeast Asia with both JCI and RTAC accreditation.
    MedPark IVF Fertility and Genetics Center Khlong Toei, Bangkok IVF/ICSI, PGT-A/M/SR, fertility preservation; ESHRE-certified embryologists; time-lapse incubation and AI-assisted embryo assessment.
    Superior A.R.T. Thailand Ratchathewi, Bangkok Specialist assisted-reproduction and genetics center; emphasizes IVF, ICSI, and PGT pathways.

    This table is based on publicly available information and should be used as a starting point. Always confirm details directly with the hospital.

    How to Request and Verify Records

    Once you have a shortlist of doctors, request their credentials in writing. You can ask for:

    • Copies of medical degrees and board certificates.
    • Proof of Thai medical licensure.
    • Documentation of any subspecialty training in reproductive medicine.
    • Records of PGT experience, such as the number of cycles performed.
    • References from other patients (with their consent).

    You can also verify a doctor’s license through the Medical Council of Thailand. If you are working with an international coordinator, ask them to help you verify these documents.

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    • List the doctors you are considering.
    • Contact each clinic and request credential documentation.
    • Ask about PGT experience and laboratory accreditations.
    • Compare the information you receive.
    • Consider a second opinion if you have doubts.
    • Make an informed decision based on your research.

    Remember, verifying credentials is an essential step, but it is also important to feel comfortable with your doctor and the clinic’s approach to your care.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is a board-certified fertility doctor in Thailand?

    A board-certified fertility doctor in Thailand has completed medical school, a residency in obstetrics and gynecology, and passed the Thai board examination. Many also have additional fellowship training in reproductive medicine, which focuses on infertility and ART.

    How can I check a doctor's license in Thailand?

    You can ask the clinic for the doctor's full name and then search for their profile on the Medical Council of Thailand's website or contact the council directly. The clinic should also provide copies of the doctor's certificates and licenses.

    What questions should I ask about a doctor's PGT experience?

    Ask how many PGT cycles the doctor has performed, which types of PGT (A, M, SR) they regularly handle, how they collaborate with geneticists, and what their success rates are for PGT cycles. Also ask about the clinic's laboratory accreditations.

    Are success rates a reliable way to compare doctors?

    Success rates can be informative, but they are not a guarantee of your outcome. They depend on many factors, including your age and diagnosis. Always ask how success is defined (e.g., clinical pregnancy, live birth) and consider the clinic's overall experience.

    Should I get a second opinion before choosing a fertility doctor?

    A second opinion can be helpful, especially for complex cases or if you have doubts. It allows you to compare approaches and feel more confident in your decision. Many clinics offer consultations for this purpose.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Egg Donation in Thailand: Process and Considerations for International Patients

    Egg donation in Thailand involves a structured medical and legal process that international patients should understand before starting treatment. This guide explains the general steps, from donor selection to embryo transfer, and highlights what you need to confirm with your chosen clinic and legal advisor.

    At a Glance: Key Steps in Egg Donation

    • Initial consultation and legal review
    • Selection of donor (anonymous or known)
    • Donor screening and legal agreements
    • IVF cycle with donor eggs
    • Optional PGT-A testing of embryos
    • Embryo transfer and follow-up

    Understanding Egg Donation in Thailand

    Egg donation involves using eggs from a donor to create embryos, which are then transferred to the intended mother or a gestational surrogate. In Thailand, the process is regulated, and international patients must navigate both medical and legal aspects. It is essential to work with a reputable clinic that can guide you through the requirements.

    Initial Steps: Consultation and Legal Review

    Before starting, you will have a consultation with a fertility specialist to review your medical history and discuss whether egg donation is appropriate. Simultaneously, you should seek legal advice to understand the Thai regulations regarding donor anonymity, parental rights, and any requirements for international patients. Legal frameworks can change, so up-to-date advice is crucial.

    Choosing a Donor: Anonymous vs. Known

    In Thailand, you may have the option of using an anonymous donor from a clinic’s egg bank or a known donor, such as a friend or relative. Each option has different implications:

    • Anonymous donor: The donor’s identity is not disclosed to you. This is often the simplest path, but you may have limited information about the donor’s background.
    • Known donor: You know the donor, which can provide more medical and genetic information. However, this requires additional legal agreements to clarify parental rights and the donor’s role.

    Your clinic can explain the availability of donors and the screening process for each type.

    Donor Screening and Legal Agreements

    All egg donors undergo medical and genetic screening to reduce the risk of inherited conditions. This typically includes infectious disease testing, genetic carrier screening, and a review of medical history. For known donors, a legal contract is essential to outline the donor’s relinquishment of parental rights and the intended parents’ responsibilities. Your clinic and legal advisor will guide you through these documents.

    The IVF Cycle with Donor Eggs

    Once a donor is selected, the IVF process involves several steps:

    1. Donor stimulation: The donor takes medication to produce multiple eggs. This is monitored by the clinic.
    2. Egg retrieval: Eggs are collected in a minor surgical procedure.
    3. Fertilization: The eggs are fertilized with sperm from the intended father or a sperm donor.
    4. Embryo culture: Embryos are grown in the lab for several days.
    5. Optional PGT-A: Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) can screen embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer.
    6. Embryo transfer: A selected embryo is placed into the uterus of the intended mother or surrogate.

    The timeline for these steps can vary, and your clinic will provide a specific schedule.

    Role of PGT-A on Donor Embryos

    PGT-A is a test that checks embryos for the correct number of chromosomes. While donor eggs are often from younger women, chromosomal abnormalities can still occur. PGT-A may help select embryos with the best chance of implantation, but it is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby. Discuss with your clinic whether PGT-A is recommended for your situation.

    Travel and Timeline Considerations

    As an international patient, you will need to plan your travel to Thailand. The IVF cycle typically requires a stay of several weeks, but the exact duration depends on your treatment plan. You may need to travel for the initial consultation, the egg retrieval (if you are the donor), and the embryo transfer. Your clinic can provide a timeline, but you should also consider time for legal procedures and any required quarantine or visa arrangements.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    • What is the screening process for egg donors?
    • Are anonymous and known donors available?
    • What legal documents are required for international patients?
    • What is the estimated timeline for the entire process?
    • Is PGT-A recommended, and what are the costs?
    • What support is available for international patients?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Research clinics and their donor programs.
    2. Schedule a consultation to discuss your medical history.
    3. Seek legal advice on Thai regulations.
    4. Confirm the donor selection process and screening.
    5. Plan your travel and accommodation.
    6. Review all costs and timelines with your clinic.

    Egg donation in Thailand offers a path to parenthood for many international patients. By understanding the process and asking the right questions, you can make informed decisions. Always confirm the latest legal and medical requirements with your clinic and legal advisor.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can international patients use egg donation in Thailand?

    Yes, international patients can use egg donation in Thailand, but they must comply with Thai regulations and clinic policies. It is important to consult with the clinic and a legal advisor to understand any specific requirements.

    What is the difference between anonymous and known egg donors?

    Anonymous donors are not identified to the intended parents, while known donors are personally known to them. Known donors require additional legal agreements to clarify parental rights.

    Is PGT-A testing necessary for donor eggs?

    PGT-A is optional and not always necessary. It can help select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, but it does not guarantee a successful pregnancy. Discuss with your clinic whether it is recommended for your case.

    How long do I need to stay in Thailand for egg donation treatment?

    The required stay varies depending on your treatment plan. Typically, you may need to be in Thailand for several weeks, but your clinic will provide a specific timeline based on your cycle.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT-A Testing Costs in Thailand: What to Expect

    If you are considering IVF with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) in Thailand, one of the first questions you likely have is: What does it cost and what does the price include? While exact figures vary by clinic and individual treatment plan, understanding the typical cost components can help you compare quotes meaningfully and avoid surprises.

    PGT-A is an optional add-on to IVF that screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before transfer. The total cost is usually separate from the base IVF cycle fee and can be broken down into several parts. This guide explains the common components, what to ask clinics, and how to plan your budget.

    At a Glance: Key Cost Components

    • Biopsy fee: The embryology lab procedure to remove a few cells from each embryo.
    • Genetic analysis fee: The laboratory test that analyzes the biopsied cells.
    • Embryo freezing (vitrification): If you freeze embryos while waiting for results or before transfer.
    • Shipping and handling: If the biopsy samples are sent to an external genetics lab.
    • Consultation and counseling: Genetic counseling before and after testing.
    • Medication and monitoring: Additional IVF medications or monitoring if the cycle is modified.

    What Is Typically Included in a PGT-A Quote?

    When you receive a quote for PGT-A, it may include some or all of the following:

    • The biopsy procedure performed by the embryology team.
    • The genetic analysis of a specified number of embryos (often up to 8 or 10).
    • A written report of results.
    • Genetic counseling to explain the results.

    However, clinics may quote a base price that covers only the biopsy and analysis, with additional fees for embryo freezing, shipping, or extra embryos beyond a certain number. Always ask for a detailed breakdown.

    Potential Additional Fees to Consider

    Beyond the core biopsy and analysis, you may encounter these extra costs:

    • Embryo freezing and storage: If you freeze embryos for future use, there is usually an annual storage fee.
    • Shipping to an external lab: Some clinics send biopsies to a genetics laboratory in another country, which adds shipping and handling charges.
    • Extra embryos: If you have more embryos than the quoted number, each additional embryo may incur an extra analysis fee.
    • Repeat testing: In rare cases, a biopsy may fail or produce inconclusive results, and a repeat test may be needed.
    • Medication adjustments: If your IVF cycle requires additional medications or monitoring due to the testing plan.

    Why Prices Vary Between Clinics

    Several factors influence the total cost of PGT-A in Thailand:

    • Laboratory type: In-house genetics labs may offer lower prices than external labs.
    • Technology used: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is common, but some labs may use different platforms.
    • Number of embryos tested: Many clinics offer a package for a set number of embryos, with per-embryo fees beyond that.
    • Included services: Some quotes include genetic counseling, while others charge separately.
    • Clinic location and reputation: Clinics in major cities or with specialized expertise may have higher fees.

    How to Compare Quotes Effectively

    When comparing PGT-A costs between clinics, ask these questions:

    • What exactly is included in the quoted price? (Biopsy, analysis, report, counseling?)
    • How many embryos does the base price cover?
    • What is the fee for each additional embryo?
    • Are there separate charges for embryo freezing, storage, or shipping?
    • Is the genetic analysis done in-house or at an external lab? If external, what are the shipping costs?
    • What happens if a biopsy fails or results are inconclusive? Is there a retest fee?
    • Are there any discounts for combined IVF and PGT-A packages?
    • What is the payment schedule and are there refund policies?

    Budget Planning Tips

    To plan your budget effectively:

    • Request a written itemized quote from each clinic.
    • Ask about package deals that bundle IVF and PGT-A.
    • Consider the number of embryos you are likely to have based on your age and previous cycles.
    • Factor in potential additional fees for freezing and storage.
    • Check whether your home country offers any tax deductions or insurance coverage for fertility treatments.

    Next Steps: Questions to Ask Before You Commit

    Before you decide on a clinic, schedule a consultation and ask:

    • What is the total estimated cost for my specific situation?
    • What is the success rate for PGT-A in your lab? (Ask for their own data, not general statistics.)
    • How long will it take to receive results?
    • What support is available for international patients, such as translation services or coordination?

    Taking the time to compare quotes and understand inclusions can help you make an informed decision that fits your budget and needs.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-A testing included in the standard IVF cost in Thailand?

    No, PGT-A is typically an optional add-on and is charged separately from the base IVF cycle fee. Always confirm with your clinic what is included in your IVF quote and what is extra.

    What factors affect the cost of PGT-A in Thailand?

    The cost can vary based on the number of embryos tested, whether the genetic analysis is done in-house or at an external lab, the technology used, and whether additional services like embryo freezing or genetic counseling are included.

    Are there any hidden fees I should ask about?

    Yes, ask about fees for embryo freezing and storage, shipping to an external lab, additional embryos beyond the quoted number, and any charges for repeat testing if a biopsy fails.

    Can I negotiate the price of PGT-A with a clinic?

    Some clinics may offer package deals or discounts, especially if you combine IVF and PGT-A. It is always worth asking about available packages or payment plans.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Can PGT-A Improve IVF Success Rates for Women Over 40?

    Understanding PGT-A and IVF at Advanced Maternal Age

    If you are over 40 and considering IVF, you may have heard about PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy). This test screens embryos for the correct number of chromosomes before transfer. Because chromosomal abnormalities increase with age, PGT-A may help identify embryos that are more likely to implant and develop normally. However, it is important to understand that PGT-A does not improve the quality of your eggs or create embryos. It only helps select among the embryos you already have.

    In this guide, we explain how PGT-A works, what it can and cannot do, and how it may affect your IVF journey. We also provide questions to ask your clinic and a checklist for your next steps.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT-A

    • PGT-A screens embryos for chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy).
    • It may help reduce the risk of miscarriage and failed transfers by selecting euploid embryos, but outcomes vary.
    • It does not increase the number of embryos you can produce.
    • It is not a guarantee of pregnancy or live birth.
    • Discuss with your clinic whether PGT-A is right for your situation.

    What Is PGT-A and How Does It Work?

    PGT-A is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF. After fertilization, embryos are cultured in the laboratory for several days, typically until they reach the blastocyst stage. A few cells are then removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) and analyzed for chromosomal number. Embryos with the correct number of chromosomes are called euploid; those with missing or extra chromosomes are aneuploid.

    Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. By selecting a euploid embryo for transfer, PGT-A may reduce the chance of a failed transfer or miscarriage, especially for women over 40, where the rate of aneuploidy is higher. However, the overall impact on live birth rates is still being studied.

    Age-Related Chromosomal Risks

    As women age, the likelihood of producing eggs with chromosomal abnormalities increases. This is a natural biological process. The risk of aneuploidy rises significantly after age 35 and continues to increase into the 40s. This means that for women over 40, a higher proportion of embryos may be aneuploid. PGT-A can help identify which embryos are euploid, allowing for a more informed transfer decision.

    However, it is important to note that even a euploid embryo may not implant or lead to a live birth. Other factors, such as uterine health and embryo quality, also play a role.

    How PGT-A May Affect IVF Outcomes

    For women over 40, the potential benefits of PGT-A include:

    • Reduced miscarriage risk: By transferring a euploid embryo, the chance of miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities may be lower.
    • Fewer failed transfers: Selecting a euploid embryo may reduce the number of transfer cycles needed to achieve pregnancy.
    • Better embryo selection: PGT-A provides information that can help you and your doctor choose the embryo with the highest potential for a successful pregnancy.

    However, PGT-A does not improve the overall success rate of IVF in terms of live birth per cycle started, because it does not increase the number of embryos available. It may improve the efficiency of each transfer.

    Limitations and Considerations

    PGT-A is not a guarantee of success. Some limitations include:

    • Embryo mosaicism: Some embryos have a mix of normal and abnormal cells. PGT-A may not always detect this, and the clinical significance is still being studied.
    • Testing errors: Although rare, there is a small chance of a false result.
    • No embryo creation: If you have no euploid embryos after testing, you may have no embryo to transfer.
    • Cost and time: PGT-A adds cost and time to the IVF process, as embryos must be frozen while testing is completed.

    It is also important to understand that PGT-A does not test for all genetic disorders. It only checks for chromosomal number abnormalities, not single-gene disorders or structural rearrangements. For those, other tests like PGT-M or PGT-SR may be used.

    Alternatives to PGT-A

    If you are over 40, you may also consider other options:

    • IVF without PGT-A: Some clinics may recommend transferring embryos without testing, especially if you have a limited number of embryos.
    • Donor eggs: Using donor eggs can increase the chance of a euploid embryo, as donor eggs are typically from younger women.
    • Other types of PGT: PGT-M for single-gene disorders and PGT-SR for structural rearrangements are available for specific genetic situations.

    Your doctor can help you weigh the pros and cons based on your specific situation.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-A, consider asking your clinic:

    • What is your experience with PGT-A for women over 40?
    • How many embryos typically reach the blastocyst stage for women in my age group?
    • What is the cost of PGT-A, and are there additional fees for biopsy, freezing, or shipping?
    • How long does the testing take, and how does it affect the timing of my transfer?
    • What is your policy on mosaic embryos?
    • What are the success rates for euploid embryo transfers in my age group?

    Next Steps: Your Checklist

    1. Consult with a fertility specialist to assess your ovarian reserve and overall health.
    2. Discuss whether PGT-A is appropriate for you, considering your age, embryo count, and budget.
    3. Ask about the laboratory’s accreditation and experience with PGT-A.
    4. Understand the costs involved and whether your insurance covers any part.
    5. Consider the emotional and physical aspects of the IVF process, including the possibility of no euploid embryos.

    PGT-A can be a valuable tool for women over 40, but it is not a magic solution. It provides information that can help you make more informed decisions about which embryos to transfer, potentially reducing the heartbreak of failed transfers and miscarriages. However, it does not change the fundamental challenge of age-related fertility decline. Work closely with your clinic to understand your options and make the best choice for your family-building journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    Does PGT-A guarantee a successful pregnancy?

    No, PGT-A does not guarantee pregnancy or live birth. It only screens for chromosomal abnormalities, and even a euploid embryo may not implant or develop normally. Other factors such as uterine health and embryo quality also matter.

    Can PGT-A improve the chance of having a healthy baby?

    PGT-A may reduce the risk of miscarriage and failed transfers by selecting euploid embryos, which could increase the chance of a live birth per transfer. However, it does not improve the quality of your eggs or increase the number of embryos you produce.

    Is PGT-A recommended for all women over 40?

    PGT-A is often considered for women over 40 because of the higher risk of chromosomal abnormalities. However, it is not mandatory and may not be suitable for everyone. Your clinic can help you decide based on your individual circumstances, such as the number of embryos you have and your budget.

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for chromosomal number abnormalities (aneuploidy). PGT-M is used to detect specific single-gene disorders, and PGT-SR is used to detect structural rearrangements of chromosomes. They are different tests for different purposes.

    What happens if no euploid embryos are available after PGT-A?

    If no euploid embryos are available, you may have no embryo to transfer. In that case, you might consider using donor eggs, trying another IVF cycle, or discussing other options with your clinic.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Ethical Considerations of PGT-P for Polygenic Risk Scoring

    PGT-P (preimplantation genetic testing for polygenic risk scoring) is a relatively new addition to the range of genetic tests available during IVF. Unlike PGT-A (which screens for chromosomal abnormalities) or PGT-M (which targets specific single-gene disorders), PGT-P aims to estimate the likelihood that an embryo might develop certain common conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, or some cancers, based on a combination of many genetic variants. While the technology is intriguing, it also brings a host of ethical considerations that you should understand before deciding whether to pursue it. This guide offers a balanced overview of the controversy, the limitations, and the questions you may want to discuss with your clinic.

    At a glance: key ethical points

    • PGT-P provides a risk score, not a diagnosis. It cannot tell you whether an embryo will definitely develop a condition.
    • The predictive value of polygenic risk scores is limited and varies by condition and population.
    • There are concerns about potential discrimination, both in insurance and in family dynamics.
    • Genetic counseling is essential to help you interpret results and make informed decisions.
    • Regulations and availability of PGT-P vary by country and clinic; you should confirm what is offered and under what conditions.

    What is PGT-P and how does it differ from other PGT tests?

    PGT-P is designed to assess the cumulative effect of many genetic variants that each have a small influence on the risk of developing a common, complex condition. This is different from PGT-A, which looks at the number of chromosomes in the embryo to identify aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes), and PGT-M, which targets a specific mutation known to cause a monogenic disorder. PGT-P uses a polygenic risk score (PRS), which is calculated by comparing the embryo’s genetic profile to data from large studies that have linked certain variants to a condition.

    It is important to note that PGT-P is not a diagnostic test. A high PRS does not mean the embryo will develop the condition, and a low PRS does not guarantee that it will not. The score is a probabilistic estimate, and many environmental and lifestyle factors also play a role in the development of these conditions.

    The controversy: limited predictive value

    One of the main ethical concerns about PGT-P is its limited predictive value. For many conditions, the genetic variants identified so far explain only a small fraction of the heritability. This means that a PRS may not be very accurate in predicting an individual embryo’s future health. The predictive power also varies across different ethnic populations, as most genetic studies have been conducted in people of European ancestry. This can lead to less accurate scores for embryos from other backgrounds, raising questions about equity and fairness.

    Furthermore, the clinical utility of PGT-P is still debated. Even if a score is somewhat predictive, it is unclear whether selecting embryos based on these scores will lead to healthier children. Some experts argue that the potential benefits are small and may not justify the costs and risks of the procedure, which include the possibility of discarding embryos that might have been healthy.

    Potential for discrimination and psychological impact

    Another ethical dimension is the potential for discrimination. If polygenic risk scores become widely used, there is a risk that individuals with high scores for certain conditions could face discrimination in insurance, employment, or even within their own families. While many countries have laws against genetic discrimination, these laws may not cover all situations or may not be consistent globally. It is important to consider how your genetic information might be used and protected.

    There is also the psychological impact on parents and children. Knowing that an embryo has a higher risk for a condition might cause anxiety or lead to decisions based on fear rather than evidence. Conversely, a low score might create a false sense of security, leading to neglect of important lifestyle factors. The child, when grown, might feel that their life choices were predetermined by their parents’ selection, which could affect their sense of autonomy.

    The need for genetic counseling

    Given the complexity and ethical implications, genetic counseling is crucial when considering PGT-P. A genetic counselor can help you understand what the test can and cannot tell you, interpret the results in the context of your family history and personal values, and discuss the potential risks and benefits. They can also help you think through the emotional and ethical aspects, such as how you would handle uncertain results or whether you would be comfortable making decisions based on probabilistic information.

    Before undergoing PGT-P, you should have a thorough consultation with a qualified genetic counselor who is independent of the IVF clinic, if possible, to ensure that you receive unbiased information. The counselor can also help you explore alternative options, such as not testing, or using the information for lifestyle modifications rather than embryo selection.

    Regulatory and availability considerations

    The availability and regulation of PGT-P vary widely. Some countries have restrictions on the use of PGT for non-medical traits or for conditions that are not considered serious. Others may allow it under certain conditions. It is essential to check the legal status of PGT-P in the country where you are considering treatment, and to ask your clinic about their policies and the evidence they rely on.

    You should also ask about the laboratory’s quality standards and how they validate their polygenic risk scores. Not all tests are created equal, and the accuracy can depend on the specific algorithms and reference data used. A reputable clinic will be transparent about these details.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • What specific conditions does your PGT-P test screen for, and what is the evidence for the predictive value of these scores?
    • How is the polygenic risk score calculated, and what reference populations were used?
    • What is the cost of PGT-P, and is it covered by any insurance?
    • How will you handle embryos with high or low scores? Are there options for re-testing or additional counseling?
    • What are the legal and ethical guidelines in your country regarding PGT-P?
    • Can I speak with a genetic counselor who is not affiliated with your clinic?

    Next steps: making an informed decision

    If you are considering PGT-P, take the time to gather information and reflect on your values. Here is a short checklist to guide you:

    1. Research the conditions you are concerned about and the current state of polygenic risk scoring for those conditions.
    2. Consult with a genetic counselor to discuss your personal risk factors and the implications of testing.
    3. Ask your clinic for detailed information about their PGT-P protocol, including validation and limitations.
    4. Consider the ethical and emotional aspects: how would you use the information? Would it change your decisions?
    5. Discuss with your partner and family to ensure you are aligned in your approach.

    Remember, PGT-P is an optional test, and you are not obligated to use it. The decision should be based on your own circumstances and values, not on pressure from any external source.

    Conclusion

    PGT-P is a promising but controversial technology. While it may offer some insights into the genetic predispositions of embryos, its limited predictive value, potential for discrimination, and the need for careful counseling make it a complex choice. By staying informed and asking the right questions, you can make a decision that aligns with your ethical principles and your hopes for your family.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-P the same as PGT-A or PGT-M?

    No. PGT-A screens for chromosomal abnormalities, PGT-M targets specific single-gene disorders, and PGT-P estimates the risk of common polygenic conditions. They are different tests with different purposes.

    Can PGT-P guarantee that my child will not develop a certain disease?

    No. PGT-P provides a risk score, not a diagnosis. It cannot guarantee that a child will or will not develop a condition, as many environmental and lifestyle factors also play a role.

    Are there laws against genetic discrimination based on PGT-P results?

    Laws vary by country. Some have protections against genetic discrimination in insurance and employment, but these may not cover all situations. It is important to check the laws in your jurisdiction and discuss privacy concerns with your clinic.

    Do I need genetic counseling before considering PGT-P?

    Yes, genetic counseling is strongly recommended. A counselor can help you understand the test's limitations, interpret results, and explore the ethical and emotional implications, ensuring you make an informed decision.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-SR for Balanced Translocation Carriers: What to Ask and Consider

    Understanding PGT-SR and Balanced Translocations

    If you or your partner carry a balanced translocation, you may have been told that PGT-SR (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Structural Rearrangements) could help during IVF. This test is designed to identify embryos that have a normal or balanced set of chromosomes, avoiding those with an unbalanced rearrangement that could lead to miscarriage or a child with health problems.

    PGT-SR is not a guarantee of a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is one option to consider, and it requires careful discussion with your fertility team and a genetic counselor.

    At a Glance

    • PGT-SR is a genetic test performed on embryos created through IVF.
    • It aims to detect embryos with unbalanced chromosome rearrangements.
    • It does not test for all genetic conditions or guarantee a live birth.
    • Your clinic will need to confirm the exact testing platform and its limitations.

    What Is a Balanced Translocation?

    A balanced translocation is a chromosomal rearrangement where pieces of chromosomes have swapped places, but the total amount of genetic material is normal. Carriers usually have no health problems themselves, but they may produce eggs or sperm with unbalanced chromosomes, which can lead to miscarriage or a child with disabilities.

    PGT-SR is specifically designed for this situation, but it is not the only option. Some carriers may consider prenatal testing after natural conception, or they may choose not to test at all. The right choice depends on your personal, medical, and ethical considerations.

    How PGT-SR Works

    PGT-SR is performed as part of an IVF cycle. After eggs are fertilized, embryos are cultured for several days. A few cells are then biopsied from each embryo and sent for genetic analysis. The test looks for the specific translocation you carry, aiming to identify embryos with a normal or balanced chromosome pattern.

    The process involves several steps, and your clinic will guide you through each one. It is important to understand that the test is not 100% accurate, and there is a small risk of misdiagnosis. Your clinic should explain the laboratory methods they use and the quality controls in place.

    What PGT-SR Can and Cannot Tell You

    PGT-SR can identify embryos that appear to have a normal or balanced chromosome set for the translocation in question. However, it cannot guarantee that an embryo is completely free of all genetic or chromosomal issues. It also does not test for single-gene disorders or other chromosomal abnormalities unrelated to the translocation.

    Furthermore, PGT-SR does not guarantee implantation, pregnancy, or a live birth. Embryo quality, uterine factors, and other medical issues also play a role. The test is a screening tool, not a cure.

    Alternatives to PGT-SR

    If you are a balanced translocation carrier, you may have other options:

    • Natural conception with prenatal testing: You could conceive naturally and undergo chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis during pregnancy to check the baby’s chromosomes.
    • IVF without PGT-SR: You could have IVF and transfer embryos without genetic testing, accepting the risk of an unbalanced embryo.
    • Using donor eggs or sperm: Some carriers choose to use a donor to avoid passing on the translocation.
    • Not testing: You may decide not to pursue any testing and accept the natural risks.

    Each option has its own benefits and drawbacks. A genetic counselor can help you weigh them based on your specific translocation and personal values.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic

    Before deciding on PGT-SR, consider asking your fertility clinic and genetic counselor the following questions:

    • What specific testing method will be used for PGT-SR, and what are its accuracy and limitations?
    • How many embryos typically reach the biopsy stage in cases like mine?
    • What is the expected turnaround time for results, and how does that affect the IVF cycle?
    • Are there any additional tests recommended, such as PGT-A for other chromosomes?
    • What are the costs involved, and are there any financial risks if no embryos are suitable for transfer?
    • What is the policy on transferring embryos with uncertain results?
    • How will the embryos be frozen and stored if needed?

    These questions can help you understand what to expect and make an informed decision.

    Next Steps and Considerations

    If you are considering PGT-SR, here is a simple checklist to guide you:

    1. Confirm your translocation diagnosis with a genetic counselor.
    2. Discuss your reproductive options, including PGT-SR, prenatal testing, and alternatives.
    3. Choose an IVF clinic with experience in PGT-SR and ask about their laboratory protocols.
    4. Understand the costs, timelines, and potential outcomes before starting.
    5. Consider the emotional and ethical aspects of embryo testing.

    Remember, PGT-SR is a personal choice. Take the time you need to gather information and support.

    Learn More

    For more information about PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ for additional insights.

    Frequently asked questions

    Is PGT-SR the same as PGT-A?

    No. PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) screens embryos for any abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-SR is specifically designed to detect unbalanced rearrangements caused by a known structural rearrangement like a balanced translocation. Some clinics may combine both tests, but they are different.

    Can PGT-SR guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. PGT-SR can reduce the risk of transferring an embryo with an unbalanced translocation, but it cannot guarantee a successful pregnancy or a baby without health issues. Other genetic conditions and factors are not covered by this test.

    What happens if no embryos are suitable for transfer after PGT-SR?

    If no embryos have a normal or balanced result, you may need to consider another IVF cycle, use donor gametes, or explore other family-building options. Your clinic will discuss the possibilities based on your individual situation.

    Does PGT-SR require IVF?

    Yes, PGT-SR is performed on embryos created through IVF. It cannot be done with natural conception. If you prefer not to use IVF, prenatal testing is an alternative to consider.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • PGT-A vs PGT-SR for Repeated Implantation Failure: What’s the Difference?

    If you have experienced repeated implantation failure (RIF), you may be exploring genetic testing options for embryos. Two tests often discussed are PGT-A and PGT-SR. Both are forms of preimplantation genetic testing, but they look for different types of chromosomal issues. This article explains the difference, how they might be used in RIF, and what to keep in mind.

    At a glance

    • PGT-A screens embryos for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy).
    • PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements of chromosomes, such as translocations.
    • Both tests require IVF and a biopsy of the embryo.
    • Neither test guarantees pregnancy or a healthy baby.

    What is PGT-A?

    PGT-A (preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy) is a test that looks at the number of chromosomes in an embryo. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell. An embryo with too many or too few chromosomes is called aneuploid. Most aneuploid embryos fail to implant or result in miscarriage. PGT-A aims to identify embryos with the correct number of chromosomes, which may improve the chances of implantation.

    What is PGT-SR?

    PGT-SR (preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements) is used when one or both parents carry a structural chromosomal rearrangement, such as a balanced translocation or inversion. These rearrangements do not usually affect the parent’s health, but they can lead to embryos with unbalanced chromosomes, which may cause implantation failure or miscarriage. PGT-SR identifies embryos with a normal or balanced chromosomal structure.

    Key differences between PGT-A and PGT-SR

    Aspect PGT-A PGT-SR
    What it screens for Abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) Structural rearrangements (e.g., translocations, inversions)
    Who might consider it People with RIF, advanced maternal age, or previous miscarriages Couples where one partner has a known structural rearrangement
    How it works Biopsied cells are analyzed for chromosome count Biopsied cells are analyzed for chromosome structure
    Goal Select embryos with the correct number of chromosomes Select embryos with normal or balanced chromosome structure

    How PGT-A might be used in RIF

    In RIF, the cause is often unknown. PGT-A may be offered to check whether chromosomal abnormalities in embryos are contributing to implantation failure. If most embryos are aneuploid, transferring a euploid embryo might improve the chance of implantation. However, PGT-A does not address other potential causes of RIF, such as uterine factors, immune issues, or embryo-endometrium interaction.

    How PGT-SR might be used in RIF

    PGT-SR is typically considered only if a parent is known to carry a structural rearrangement. If you have RIF and a family history of translocations or repeated miscarriages, your doctor may recommend karyotyping (a blood test) for you and your partner. If a rearrangement is found, PGT-SR can help select embryos with a normal or balanced structure.

    Limitations of PGT-A and PGT-SR

    • Not a guarantee: Even a genetically normal embryo may not implant or lead to a live birth.
    • Biopsy risks: Embryo biopsy is invasive and requires skilled laboratory expertise.
    • Mosaicism: PGT-A may not always detect mosaicism (a mix of normal and abnormal cells).
    • Cost and time: Genetic testing adds to the cost of IVF and may delay embryo transfer.
    • Not for everyone: These tests are not necessary for all patients and may not be recommended in every case.

    Questions to ask your clinic

    • What is your experience with PGT-A and PGT-SR?
    • What is the biopsy technique, and how many cells are taken?
    • How are results reported, and what do they mean for my embryos?
    • What are the costs for the test and the IVF cycle?
    • How long will it take to get results?
    • What are the alternatives if I do not want genetic testing?

    Next steps

    1. Discuss your history of RIF with your fertility specialist.
    2. Ask whether genetic testing is appropriate for your situation.
    3. Consider genetic counseling to understand the implications.
    4. Review the costs and logistics with your clinic.
    5. Make an informed decision based on your personal circumstances.

    For more information, see our PGT in Thailand guide, explore our guides, or check the FAQ.

    Frequently asked questions

    Can PGT-A help with repeated implantation failure?

    PGT-A may help identify embryos with an abnormal number of chromosomes, which could be a cause of implantation failure. However, it does not address other potential causes, and a normal result does not guarantee pregnancy.

    Is PGT-SR only for people with known chromosomal rearrangements?

    Yes, PGT-SR is typically recommended when one or both parents carry a structural rearrangement, such as a translocation. If you have RIF and suspect a rearrangement, your doctor may suggest karyotyping first.

    What is the difference between PGT-A and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes, while PGT-SR checks for structural rearrangements. Both require IVF and embryo biopsy, but they look for different types of chromosomal issues.

    Are PGT-A and PGT-SR guaranteed to result in a baby?

    No. Genetic testing can help select embryos with a higher chance of implantation, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a live birth. Other factors also affect success.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.

  • Understanding PGT Results: What a Normal Result Means

    Waiting for preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) results can be a time of uncertainty. You may wonder what the report will show, how to interpret the terms, and what a “normal” result really means for your embryo. This guide explains the typical structure of a PGT report, defines common terms, and offers questions to ask your clinic so you can approach the results with more confidence.

    At a Glance: Key Points About PGT Results

    • PGT results are reported per embryo, not per cycle.
    • Terms like “euploid,” “aneuploid,” and “mosaic” describe the genetic status of an embryo.
    • A “normal” result means no chromosomal abnormalities were detected by the test, but it does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby.
    • PGT is a screening tool, not a diagnostic test, and it has limitations.
    • Your clinic will explain the results in the context of your specific situation.

    What Is PGT and Why Is It Done?

    PGT is a test performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) before transfer to the uterus. It is used to identify embryos that may have certain genetic or chromosomal issues. There are three main types:

    • PGT-A (aneuploidy screening): Checks for the correct number of chromosomes. Embryos with the correct number are called “euploid,” while those with missing or extra chromosomes are “aneuploid.”
    • PGT-M (monogenic disorders): Looks for specific inherited single-gene conditions, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.
    • PGT-SR (structural rearrangements): Detects chromosomal structural changes, such as translocations, that may affect embryo development.

    PGT is not for everyone. It is often recommended for certain situations, such as advanced maternal age, recurrent pregnancy loss, or a known genetic condition in the family. Your clinic will advise whether PGT is appropriate for you.

    How Are PGT Results Reported?

    PGT results are typically provided in a laboratory report that lists each embryo tested and its result. The report may include:

    • Embryo identification number
    • Type of PGT performed (e.g., PGT-A)
    • Result category (e.g., euploid, aneuploid, mosaic)
    • Additional notes or recommendations

    Results are usually given as one of the following:

    • Euploid (normal): The embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (for PGT-A) or does not carry the specific genetic variant tested (for PGT-M/SR).
    • Aneuploid (abnormal): The embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes.
    • Mosaic: The embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. This is a newer category, and its implications are still being studied.
    • Inconclusive: The test did not yield a clear result, possibly due to technical issues or insufficient DNA.

    It is important to note that PGT results are not always black and white. For example, a “normal” result in PGT-A means no chromosomal abnormalities were detected, but it does not rule out all genetic conditions or guarantee a successful pregnancy.

    What Does a “Normal” Result Mean?

    A normal PGT result is reassuring, but it is not a guarantee. Here’s what it does and does not mean:

    • It means: The embryo appears to have the correct number of chromosomes (for PGT-A) or does not carry the specific genetic condition tested (for PGT-M/SR).
    • It does not mean: The embryo is guaranteed to implant, result in a live birth, or be free of all health issues. PGT cannot detect all genetic or chromosomal abnormalities, and it does not assess the embryo’s overall viability.

    In other words, a normal PGT result is a positive sign, but it is just one piece of information. Other factors, such as embryo quality, uterine environment, and overall health, also play a role.

    Understanding Mosaic Results

    Mosaic embryos have both normal and abnormal cells. The percentage of abnormal cells can vary, and the clinical significance is still being researched. Some clinics may consider transferring a mosaic embryo if no euploid embryos are available, but this decision is made on a case-by-case basis. It is essential to discuss the specific mosaic level and its potential implications with your clinic.

    Limitations of PGT

    PGT is a powerful tool, but it has limitations:

    • Not diagnostic: PGT is a screening test, not a diagnostic test. It cannot detect all genetic conditions or chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Technical limitations: The test may fail to amplify DNA or produce inconclusive results.
    • Embryo biopsy risks: The biopsy procedure, though generally safe, may have a small risk of damaging the embryo.
    • Not a guarantee: Even a normal embryo may not lead to a pregnancy due to other factors.

    Understanding these limitations can help you interpret your results with realistic expectations.

    Questions to Ask Your Clinic About PGT Results

    When you receive your PGT report, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

    • What does this result mean for my specific embryo?
    • How reliable is the test for the condition we were screening for?
    • If the result is mosaic, what is the percentage of abnormal cells, and what are the potential outcomes?
    • Are there any additional tests or follow-up steps recommended?
    • How does this result affect the decision to transfer the embryo?

    These questions can help you make an informed decision about next steps.

    Next Steps After Receiving PGT Results

    After you receive your PGT results, your clinic will discuss the options with you. These may include:

    • Transferring a euploid embryo
    • Discussing the possibility of transferring a mosaic embryo (if applicable)
    • Considering additional testing or consultation with a genetic counselor
    • Deciding whether to freeze or discard embryos based on results

    Take your time to process the information and ask for clarification if needed. Your clinic is there to support you.

    Conclusion

    PGT results can be complex, but understanding the basics can reduce anxiety and help you make informed decisions. Remember that a normal result is a positive sign, but it is not a guarantee. Always discuss your results with your clinic and ask questions to ensure you fully understand what they mean for your journey.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

    PGT-A screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (aneuploidy). PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders. PGT-SR checks for structural changes in chromosomes, such as translocations.

    Does a normal PGT result guarantee a healthy baby?

    No. A normal PGT result means no chromosomal abnormalities were detected, but it does not guarantee pregnancy, live birth, or the absence of all health issues. PGT cannot detect all genetic conditions.

    What is a mosaic embryo?

    A mosaic embryo has a mix of normal and abnormal cells. The clinical significance is still being studied, and the decision to transfer a mosaic embryo is made on a case-by-case basis.

    What should I do if my PGT result is inconclusive?

    An inconclusive result means the test did not yield a clear answer. Your clinic may recommend repeating the test, or you may consider other options. Discuss the next steps with your clinic.

    Can PGT detect all genetic disorders?

    No. PGT is a screening test that can detect specific chromosomal abnormalities or single-gene disorders, but it cannot detect all genetic conditions or birth defects.

    Continue your research

    Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.